Animated creature. Animate and inanimate objects are the rule. How to tell if an object is animate or inanimate

Lesson type: explanation of new material.

Goals:

Educational: to familiarize students with the concept of animateness and inanimateness; consolidate the ability to distinguish between animate and not animate names nouns
Developmental: give the concept of personification as a technique used in fiction.
Worldview: students will be convinced that knowledge of the method of determining the animation and inanimateness of nouns will help them in drawing up a “morphological portrait” (morphological analysis) of a noun.

Pedagogical objective of the lesson: create conditions for joint educational modeling activities; to develop students’ communication skills and skills of conducting educational dialogue on a meaningful basis.

Epigraph for the lesson:“Language is a treasury from which we take pearl words that are spoken more than once. Sometimes they give “cracks and dents.”

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizational moment

Five-minute warm-up.

A game: Who can remember more names in two minutes? fairy-tale heroes so that their names contain hissing w, h, sh, sh with vowels and, u, eh? (Cipollino, Miracle Yudo, Jumping Bunny, Shapoklyak, Princess and the Pea, Pike...)
– Who can remember more names of animals and birds that contain a combination of hissing words zh, sh, h, shch with the letters i, a, y? (Giraffe, toad, seagull, siskin, hedgehog, crane, bear cubs, lapwing, etc.)

2. Self-test homework by the key “Check yourself”

Helpers report homework results to the teacher during recess.

Competition “Who Lives in the Forest?”

– What animal is called this:

Oblique spiny clubfoot
Longhorned gray.

- Who's doing what? Write five sentences with homogeneous members.

3. Entering the learning situation (“inclusion in the lesson”)

"Intrigue"

- Guys, today we have an unusual lesson. Every student seems to dream that the lesson begins with a game. Our game is linguistic.
- What does it mean? (Language)
– What knowledge is required in this game? (Spelling, phonetic, lexical, syntactic)

"Lexical warm-up"

– Let’s read the epigraph to the lesson: “Language is a treasury from which we take pearl words that are spoken more than once. Sometimes they give “cracks and dents.”
– How did you understand this statement? (Language is our wealth. We must treat our language, words, as a treasury with care. We must avoid mistakes in our speech).

4. Spelling workshop

– Let’s write down a short vocabulary dictation for work “Until the first mistake.” (Words chosen to introduce a new topic)

Sunset, dawn, sprout, shoots, rustle, pike, giraffe, miracle, numbers, art, craftswomen, age, bee, quote, acorn, building.

"Entering a learning situation"

– Let’s read words that contain recently learned spellings. (Students name all the words except the word “art.”)
– Let’s designate spelling patterns or “error-dangerous” places graphically.
Nikolai Maksimovich Shansky, a linguist, advises using a “linguistic microscope” to see all spelling patterns.

Vocabulary work

– What is a microscope? Let's look into the explanatory dictionary. Microscope is a device for viewing objects that are indistinguishable to the naked eye).
– Let’s name all the spellings found in the vocabulary dictation:

1. Roots with alternation.
2. I-Y after C.
3. O-Y after hissing ones.
4. Spelling of prefixes.

– What do these words have in common? What part of speech do they represent? (They are all nouns).
– Who can prove it? (They all answer the questions: Who? What?)
– The main goal of our lesson: to find out why we ask the question who? What about others?

5. Topic movement

– Let’s write down the title of our lesson, which contains the main idea of our work, and explain the punctuation marks in this sentence.
Animated means alive... (We will put a dash in the sentence, since a dash is always placed before the words “this”, “here”, “means”).
– Why did they put an ellipsis at the end of the sentence?

“Page of History” (From the history of punctuation marks, the student gives a little information about ellipses).

Student message.

M.V. Lomonosov, the creator of the first Russian grammar, called this sign “ellipsis”. An ellipsis placed at the end of a sentence suggests that the thought is unsaid, unsaid.

– So, in the process of work we must finalize, that is, continue the thought in the form of reflection, reasoning.

Animated means alive... We are surrounded by different objects in the world. Among them there are those who live, breathe, move. This means they are alive or animate.

- Let's go back to our vocabulary dictation and find all the animate nouns. Let's highlight them with one line. Think out loud! Giraffe, pike, craftswomen, bee - these are animate nouns, because they answer the question Who?. They move, they breathe, they live.

Vocabulary work.

– Who are the craftswomen? Let's look into the explanatory dictionary. Craftswomen– these are people who have achieved high art in their field.
– Let’s make a sentence so that it contains a comparison or phraseological turn with the word

Lacemakers work like bees.

– Let us explain the meaning of this phraseological unit. (Very hard).

"Linguistic experiment"

- Let's think and think out loud! Let's look at our words and find out: do linguists and biologists have the same opinion about living things? Let's prove it. (From the point of view of biologists, sprouts and shoots are living organisms, because they live, breathe, grow. Our historical ancestors also considered a tree, a tulip, a stone to be alive).

Conclusion: Linguists now consider as animate only those who... (continue my thought further) know how to move: people, insects, animals.

– What does living, animate mean? Let's highlight the root in the word animate - -shower- (One who lives, breathes, has spirit, breath, the ability to move).
- Let's name inanimate nouns. What do they mean? (They depict the “inanimate world”: the plant world, the objective world).

6. Consolidation

– Now let’s try to divide the words into two columns.

Young man, fungus, monster, child, face (meaning “part of the body”), violet, slob, moss, feather grass, swallow, swift, hare, goat, bear, bee.

Who? What?

Youth Mushroom
Monster Face
Child Violet
Sloppy Moss
Swallow Feather grass

– What are the names of the words in the first and second columns?

Remember: All nouns are divided into inanimate and animate. Animate nouns denote persons and animals and answer the question WHO?
Inanimate nouns denote objects, plants, and inanimate phenomena. They answer the question WHAT?
– Do you think names are animate or inanimate?
– Name the heroes of literary works (stories, novels, etc.) you have read.
– Do you think THESE proper names are animate and inanimate nouns?
– To what category of nouns (animate or inanimate) do the names of Russian heroes belong? fairy tales(Baba Yaga, Koschey the Immortal, Serpent Gorynych)?

7. Physical education minute

They stood up together - one, two, three -
We are now heroes.
We'll put our palms to our eyes,
Let's spread our strong legs,
Turning to the right
Let's look around majestically.
And you need to go left too
Look from under your palms,
And to the right. And further
Over the left shoulder.
Bowed left, right
It turns out great!

– Do you think it is easy to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns? Not always, you can make a mistake. Let's look at this specific examples.

1. There are no foxes in our zoo. (R.P.)
2. I saw funny little foxes. (V.P.)
3. I picked a basket of chanterelles. (R.P.)
4. Collected red chanterelles. (V.P.)

Conclusion:

Matching plural endings in Gen. and Vin. case is a sign of animation, and discrepancy is a sign of inanimateness.
– How will we recognize animate and inanimate nouns?

"Knot for memory"

Remember: You need to know the gender of nouns in order to:

1. Correctly ask them the question (WHO or WHAT?).
2. Correctly form the Accusative case form of masculine and neuter nouns in the singular and all genders in the plural.

Exercise: Put these nouns into the form Vin. case singular And plural: zoo, forest, deer, flock, dream, sparrow.

8. Working with the textbook

Let’s read the additional material in the textbook “Take Note”, page 263 (textbook edited by M.M. Razumovskaya.)

– What new things did you learn from the textbook material? (Animate nouns are mainly masculine and feminine. There are very few animate nouns of the neuter gender: child, animal, mammal, insect, monster, creature, monster. Nouns denoting plurality and answering the question what? are inanimate.)

– Let’s verbally make sentences with the following nouns... (My family consists of three people.) See exercise 673
– The division of nouns into animate and inanimate does not always coincide with the scientific idea of living nature.
– What category of nouns are:

1. Names of figures in checkers, chess ( queen, pawn, knight, queen)?
2. ...names of religious objects (God , angel, saint, brownie, water, goblin)?
3. ...names of microorganisms in professional speech ( ciliate-slipper, microbe)?
4. ...designations (characteristics) of people through the names of objects ( rag, mattress, stump and etc.)
5. ...designations of the dead ( deceased, corpse, corpse).

– In all cases we are talking about animate objects, except for the word corpse!
- We work with text.

Nature is a magician. She not only gives us joy, but also creates amazing things. You just have to bend down and look for them.

Assignment to the text.

1. Let's explain punctuation marks.
2. Let’s name “error-dangerous” places in words.

- Which artistic device used by the author ? (Personification. The author compares nature with a living wizard.)
- Which helpful advice can be extracted from this text? (The author reminds us that we need to take care of all living things that surround us. We must be attentive and observant to the world around us.)

“Take note!”

IN fiction and in folklore the PERSONALIZATION TECHNIQUE is widely used - images of inanimate beings as living ones. Remember that in fairy tales not only the goldfish and the clattering fly can speak, but also the mirror. Examples: “And the forest stands there, smiling,” “The sky was already breathing in autumn,” “the sensitive reeds are dozing.”

– Orally perform the exercise. 675.

Let's solve a grammar problem.

"Find the odd one out."

1. Cabbage, newspaper, driver.
2. Plant, proposal, doll.
3. Ace, jack, kids.
4. Waterman, water, driver.

Slide show. Frames depicting objects of the living and inanimate world are shown. ( Annex 1 )

9. Let's summarize the lesson

– Let’s summarize our linguistic research (i.e. scientific study) of the topic. Let's draw a scientific conclusion based on the reference words.

The world around us is rich and diverse. We are surrounded by living and inanimate objects. Animated are those that have the ability to move. They answer the question who?
Plants and natural phenomena are the inanimate world. These are inanimate nouns, they answer the question what?

What we learned:

1. We learned that animate nouns answer the question WHO? And inanimate ones - to the question WHAT?
2. Coincidence of plural endings in Gen. and Vin. cases is a sign of animation, and discrepancy is a sign of inanimateness.
3. The words doll, dead, dead, ace, jack, trump refer to animate nouns.
4. K inanimate names nouns include the words: people, crowd, platoon, flock, group, youth, peasantry, children, etc. All of them denote plurality.

10. Homework. Add text.

Why do you need to know this?
– The absent-minded person from Basseynaya Street does not understand why it is so important to know whether this noun is animate or not, and does not want to learn the rules.
Please explain to HIM why this is necessary.

11. Grading

Bibliography:

1. Sergey Yesenin. Poems. Moscow. Publishing house " Soviet Russia", 1985
2. M.S. Lapatukhin, E.V.Skorlupovskaya, G.P.Snetova. School Dictionary Russian language. M.: Education, 1998, p.179.
3. OK. Skorokhod. Vocabulary work in Russian language lessons. M.: Education, 1990.
4. Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook for general education institutions. Edited by Dr. pedagogical sciences M. M. Razumovskaya, Doctor of Philology P. A. Lekant. M.: Bustard, 1998, pp. 263-266.

More from primary school you have an idea of living and inanimate nature. Nouns also name objects of living and inanimate nature. And nouns are divided into animate and inanimate. But it's not that simple. Many interesting linguistic discoveries await you as you learn to distinguish animate nouns from inanimate ones.

All common nouns in the Russian language are divided into two categories: animate and inanimate. Animate nouns answer the question “who?”, and inanimate nouns answer the question “what?”

For example, "who?" - boy, dog, bird; "What?" - book, stone, earth.

1. Category of animation - inanimateness - grammatical category

It seems that everything is simple: the category of animateness - inanimateness is based on the distinction between living and inanimate. However, in the Russian language there are often cases when grammar contradicts common sense. Suffice it to remember the synonyms dead body And dead man.

The noun "corpse" is inanimate, and the noun "dead" is animate. The difference is found only in the form of V.p. units: I see a dead man - I see a corpse, cf.: I see an elephant - I see a chair.

Animate nouns have the same plural forms V.p. and R.p. (and for nouns m.p. of the 2nd declension and forms V.p. and R.p. singular), but for inanimate ones - not. Inanimate nouns have the same I.p. forms. and V.p. plural.

I see (who?) elephants, but there are no (who?) elephants; I see (who?) mice, but there are no (who?) mice.

I see (what?) books, no (what?) books; I see (what?) at homé, there are no (what?) houses.

Animate nouns include the names of people, animals, insects, etc., that is, living beings. Inanimate nouns are the names of objects, phenomena of reality that are not classified as living beings.

2. Please pay attention

Note:

names of chess and card pieces and nouns “dead”, “dead”, as well as names of dolls ( parsley, puppet) and the word “doll” itself are animate nouns;
and words that name a collection of living beings: army, people, crowd, flock, students, humanity etc. are inanimate nouns.

Basically, animate nouns include masculine and female. There are few animate neuter nouns in the Russian language. This includes several nouns with the suffix -ishe ( monster, bogeyman), individual nouns (formed from adjectives or participles): mammal, insect, animal And

nouns child, face(meaning “person”).

3. Common mistakes

Errors in the use of the category of animation - inanimate nouns can be divided into two groups:

First- using inanimate nouns as animate ones, for example: Everyone looked at him like he was ghost. Let's check using the formula “V.p. plural = R.p. plural": (I see) ghosts- (No) ghosts. The endings don't match, so it's a noun ghost - inanimate, therefore the sentence, according to the grammatical norms of the Russian language, should look like this: Everyone looked at him like he was ghost.

Second- using animate nouns as inanimate ones. For example: When he was carrying securities, he was given two people to accompany him. Right: When he was carrying securities, they gave him a guidetwo people.

Remember: in constructions with compound numerals ending in two three four, V.p. the numeral retains the form Imp.p., regardless of the category of animation. For example: The driver needed to deliver twenty three athlete.

Bibliography

Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

Terver.ru ().
Hi-edu.ru ().

Homework

Exercise 1.

Write the words in 2 columns - animate nouns and inanimate nouns:

Creature, janitor, monster, tin, journalism, youth, insect, engine, coal, corpse, warmth, stubbornness, student, hazel grouse, mushroom, doll, peddler, midges, foot soldier, spirit, Sakhalin, kids, squad, steel, coal, poverty, cap, infantry, small fry, general, herd, canned food, table, larva, aluminum, snake, red tape, crow, fox, humanity, relatives, boyar, Karakum, horse, young animals, genius, youth, bell, milk, chick, silk, stuffed animal, pea, tentacle, peas, comrade, cooking, oil, dishes, cement, poor, relative, sugar, tea, honey, teapot, yeast, tea leaves, herd, whiteness, pity, stubborn, hero, furniture, radiance, delight, heroism, running, journalist, walking, pearls, generality, pearl, freshness, crow.

Exercise No. 2

Read the fairy tale by L. Uspensky:

A raft is floating along the river. A fat lazy cat sits motionless on the shore. The raft asks the cat:

Are you alive?

How can you prove it?

I'm moving.

I'm swimming and you're sitting.

If I want, I will move.

I am a great raft, alive, and cats are inanimate. You are a thing, and I exist.

The cat thought and said:

I will prove to you grammatically exactly who is who and what is what. I you accusative case I'll kill you. Your nominative cannot resist my accusative.

Help the cat, prove that he is right. Using the elements of an argumentative essay, complete the fairy tale.

Animate nouns include names of persons and animals: man, daughter, son, Vera, Petrov, Dima, duty officer, cow, goat, goose, starling, carp, spider etc. These are mostly masculine and feminine nouns. Neuter nouns are few in number: child, creature (in meaning “living organism”), face (meaning “person”), words in -ishche (monster, monster), substantivized adjectives and participles ( animal, insect, mammal). As a defining feature of animate nouns, the ability of the “objects” they call to independently move and move, which inanimate objects do not possess, is often noted.

This semantic classification does not coincide with the scientific division of everything that exists in nature into living and nonliving: in the natural sciences, plants are also classified as living. It also does not fit into the framework of the “everyday” understanding of living and nonliving things. Thus, animate nouns include the words dead man, deceased, seemingly contrary to logic. Boiled duck and roast goose are also animate in grammar. This also includes a doll, a ball (in the language of billiard players), ace, trump, jack etc. - words that have nothing to do with the living world. The category of inanimate includes nouns denoting a collection of living beings ( people, crowd, platoon, flock, swarm, group etc.), as well as collective nouns type youth, peasantry, children, proletariat and others, denoting a collection of persons.

The division of nouns into animate and inanimate is built not only on semantic grounds, but also on
grammatical. Accusative plural
in animate nouns it coincides with the genitive, and
in inanimate - with the nominative. Wed:
I see trees, mountains, rivers, clouds, I see people, cows, birds,
flocks of insects, geese, I will buy cucumbers, notebooks, buttons, I will buy sheep, pigeons, dolls, I ate tangerines, oranges, ate chicken, crayfish, they served fried eggplants, they served fried partridges.

In the singular, the distinction between animate and inanimate nouns is consistently expressed morphologically in masculine words. Compare: inanimate nouns and animate nouns I’ll make soup, broth, I’ll cook a goose, a rooster, we’ll see off the ship, we’ll see off a friend, we’ll plant potatoes, we’ll plant a guest.

The exception is masculine words ending in -a. In them, like in feminine nouns, the accusative case does not coincide with either the genitive or the nominative. Wed: I. - boy, girl; R. - boys, girls; IN. - boy, girl.

In animate nouns of the neuter gender, as in inanimate nouns, in the singular the form of the accusative case coincides with the form of the im. case. For example: Oh, how I love this empty creature! - Pavel Petrovich groaned(Turgenev). The same is observed for feminine nouns with zero ending in them case: I see a lynx, a mouse.

A deviation from the basic norm of expressing the meaning of animation is the formation of wine forms. pad. pl. h. with the preposition in nouns - names of persons expressing an attitude towards a certain social group: student, nanny, livestock breeder, etc. In constructions with the meaning “to become (do) who,” these words form the form of wines. case as inanimate nouns: promoted to general, elected to academician, joined as a janitor, joined the partisans, candidate for deputy and so on.

The names of microorganisms fluctuate between animate and inanimate nouns: microbe, bacillus, ciliates, bacterium, amoeba etc. They have two forms of the accusative case: study microbes and germs; examine viruses and viruses under a microscope; destroy bacilli and bacilli. In professional language, such words are usually used as animate nouns, and in the non-professional sphere as inanimate.

The same noun in one meaning can refer to animate things, and in another to inanimate ones. Thus, the names of fish in direct meanings are animate nouns ( catch crucian carp). When used as names of foods, they act as inanimate nouns: there are sprats, invite for trout etc. Wed. Also: I see a huge stump And I see this stump (who?) every day.

Animacy/inanimateness in words is manifested in a peculiar way dunce, idol, idol, graven image and others, which figuratively designate people. In the meaning of “statue” these words clearly gravitate towards inanimate nouns, and in the figurative meaning of a person - towards animate nouns. True, this feature is expressed inconsistently. Wed: set up an idol and it is difficult to convince this idol, But: On the banks of the Danube, the Russians placed a wooden idol (A.N. Tolstoy); From shaving his beard, he creates an idol for himself (Saltykov-Shedrin) and... makes an idol out of this old useless man (L. Tolstoy).

Titles works of art according to their heroes they act as animate nouns. Wed: get to know Eugene Onegin and listen to “Eugene Onegin”; call Rudin and read “Rudin” and so on.

Wed. Also: treated a Muscovite and bought a “Moskvich”, feed a horse and sculpt a horse, but feed a crocodile and buy a “Crocodile”; see a kite, fly a kite and make a kite.

The names of the ancient gods are animate nouns, and the names of the luminaries homonymous with them are inanimate: anger Mars and look at Mars, honor Jupiter and see Jupiter and etc.

The words type, image, character, which are the names of the characters in works of art, are used as inanimate nouns: create a strong character; characterize negative types and positive images. Wed: list the characters in the novel, the heroes of the fairy tale, the characters in the fable, But: bring out the comic character.

It seems that distinguishing between animate and inanimate objects is indecently simple: it’s like a game of animate and inanimate. But those who are guided by this principle are very mistaken. Animation, like, accordingly, inanimateness, is a separate category in the characteristic that has nothing to do with external signs some object. How can we explain the fact that, according to the rules, the word “corpse” is considered inanimate, and “dead” is considered animate? Acting at random? In no case! We'll figure out.

For the little ones

Let's start with the very basics. Animate and inanimate objects answer different questions - "who" and "what" respectively. We can say that asking a question is the most primitive, albeit very unreliable, way of defining this category. Usually children are introduced to it in the first or second grade. To practice this method, you can fill in the gaps in the following text with your students:

« The great (what?) flows in sleepy oblivion. Around (what?) and (what?). (Who?) slowly moved his skis, shook (what?) his hats from his ears. (Who?) quickly made a hole, and (what?) began. Soon he pulled out a huge one (who?). His mirror (what?) glittered brightly in the sun" Words to be inserted: ice, scales, fisherman, frost, river, carp, snow, fishing. One word is repeated twice.

Grammar explanation

But it's worth moving on, right? How to determine whether animate or inanimate object, relying on rules rather than intuition? The difference between these two categories lies in the different case forms of the nouns. Inanimate nouns have the same nominative and plural form, while animate nouns have the same genitive and accusative form in the same number. Of course, it will be much easier to understand with specific examples.

Let's take the noun " cat" We put it in the plural “cats” and begin to decline: nominative - “ cats", genitive - " cats", accusative - " cats" - as you can see, the forms of the genitive and accusative cases coincide. Whereas for the noun " table", which to define this category turns into " tables" when declension " tables-tables-tables» the accusative and the accusative are the same

Thus, the rule allows dividing an animate and an inanimate object only by placing them in the plural and subsequent declension. And then, based on the coincidence of case forms, this category is determined.

Exceptions

But, as you know, there are very few rules in the Russian language that do not have any exceptions. Thus, it is sometimes possible to separate animate and inanimate objects logically. Yes, all living beings will be animate, but at the same time mythical creatures belong to the same category ( goblin-goblin-goblin-goblin) and names of toys ( matryoshka-matryoshka-matryoshka) - here you can still find a logical explanation. As well as card and chess suits ( pike-pike-pike, pawns-pawns-pawns), which even in their shapes do not fit this category.

Go ahead. Inanimate nouns, in turn, include large groups of people ( crowd-crowd-crowd) and some living organisms ( germs-germs-germs; microbes-germs-germs) - it is impossible to explain this phenomenon, you just have to accept and remember.

More difficulties

I would also like to add that animate and inanimate objects in the grammatical sense have their own characteristics. So, for example, for animate masculine nouns the forms of the genitive and accusative cases coincide in the singular: Anton-Anton-Anton, accountant-accountant-accountant However, this phenomenon is observed only in second declension nouns (compare: Dima-Dima-Dima, although this is also an animate masculine noun). So, in principle, this pattern can be used as another simple, albeit not very well-known, way to determine the category of animation in nouns.

I want to confuse

It is worth noting that in the Russian language there is an image of an inanimate object as an animate one. This is usually associated with the use of the word as an analogy to a living being: There is a mattress in the barn - Yes, it is a weak-willed mattress! or The Russian language is great and powerful! - This tongue (=captive) will tell us everything.

Exactly the same phenomenon occurs with the use of animate nouns as inanimate ones: Soaring in the blue sky kite; The fighter began to descend. Here the category of animate and inanimate is determined based on the semantic content of the noun.

It is worth noting that, despite all the demands of teachers to use the rules, most students continue to rely on intuition. As the above examples show, gut instinct is not always reliable assistant in matters of philology. We can definitely say that names of professions, names of people by family affiliation, nationality and other groups will always be animate, and this also includes the names of animals. By the way, among animate nouns, as some researchers believe, there are only masculine and feminine words, while the neuter gender is already inanimate, like all names of natural objects and other objects.

Practice for the little ones

Now that we have figured out how to distinguish one category of nouns from another, it is worth summarizing all of the above. Animate and inanimate objects for preschoolers, who still have no idea what cases are, differ in the questions of “who” and “what,” respectively. For practice, you can play “living-non-living” with your kids, where a word is called, and the child must determine what this object is.

Or another interesting task for junior schoolchildren- offer a number of animate nouns that can be turned into inanimate by replacing one letter: fox (linden), goat (braid), heron (drop).

I would like to finish the article on how to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects by saying that, no matter how simple this topic may seem, it is better not to tempt fate and not act at random, trusting your intuition. Taking a minute to check the category of a noun can sometimes change the way you think about it. So spare no effort and practice the great and mighty Russian language.

Since elementary school, you have an idea of animate and inanimate nature. Nouns also name objects of living and inanimate nature. And nouns are divided into animate and inanimate. But it's not that simple. Many interesting linguistic discoveries await you as you learn to distinguish animate nouns from inanimate ones.