15.05.2009
The statue "Liberty Enlightening the World", commonly known as "Lady Liberty" or "Statue of Liberty", was built by Frenchman Frederick Auguste Bartholdi and donated by French citizens to Americans. She is a symbol of friendship, freedom and peace.
Short story Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty, rising 46 meters into the sky, is perhaps the most popular monument in the world. In 1924 it was declared national monument. The Statue of Liberty is located on Liberty Island (until 1956 Bedloe's Island), where it was inaugurated on October 28, 1886 by US President Grover Cleveland.
Liberty Island is located at the top of New York Bay, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Its area is about 10 acres.
Built by the Frenchman Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, the statue "Liberty Enlightening the World" was presented by the French to the Americans in honor of the 100th anniversary of America's independence and as a sign of friendship between these countries.
Work on the statue began in France in 1875 and was completed in 1884. Before the statue was sent to New York in 1885, it had to be dismantled.
Facts about the Statue of Liberty
The real name of the statue of the Statue of Liberty is "Liberty Enlightening the World."
In addition to this name, the gentle nickname "Lady Liberty" stuck to her.
The height of the statue reaches 46 meters.
The statue was built from copper sheets placed on metal frame.
To create "Freedom Enlightening the World", 300 sheets of copper attached to each other were used, and it weighed 225 tons.
At the very beginning, the statue was not green, it turned green due to atmospheric conditions, the main of which is acid rain.
The statue is a standing woman in flowing clothes, wearing a crown with seven teeth on her head.
It is believed that the crown with seven teeth symbolizes the seven continents or the seven seas.
V right hand, high above her head, Lady Liberty holds a torch, and in her left hand she presses a tablet to her body.
The inscription on the tablet reads: "JULY IV MDCCLXXVI", which means "July 4, 1776" - the date of the signing of the Treaty of Independence of the United States of America.
The exact height of the statue is 151 feet and one inch, but for convenience it is usually written "151 feet" or "152 feet", which is approximately 46 meters.
The pedestal of the statue (pedestal and base in the form of a star with 11 rays) is 154 feet (about 47 meters).
In 1984, the statue underwent a complete renovation process, and then by July 4, 1986, it was reinstalled in its original place.
During the renovation, 1,350 heavily corroded iron slats were replaced with stainless steel slats.
The torch we see today is not the historic 1886 torch. It was replaced during the 1984-86 renovation as it was deemed inappropriate to restore it. The original torch was modified quite heavily in 1916. Today, this torch is displayed in a museum located inside the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.
A plaque in the statue's museum bears lines from Emma Lazarus's sonnet "The New Colossus":
"Keep, ancient countries, your legendary splendor,
And give me your tired, your poor ...
And give me from the bottomless depths
Your outcasts, your downtrodden people,
Send me the outcasts, the homeless,
I light a golden candle for them at the door ... "
Liberty Island is closer to New Jersey than it is to New York (but it is part of New York).
Liberty Island has a very colorful past, its owners were the British, the French, and the Americans. Today the island is owned by the federal government and administered by the National Park Service.
Massive steel frame The Statue of Liberty was designed by Gustave Eiffel.
Gustave Eiffel is the same architect who designed the world-famous Parisian Eiffel Tower (La Tour Eiffel).
The base of the pedestal is made in the form of a star with 11 rays.
With the image of the Statue of Liberty, the following coins were minted: November 11, 1922 - a coin in denomination of 15 cents; June 24, 1954 - a coin of 3 cents; April 9, 1954 - an 8 cent coin and June 11, 1961 - an 11 cent coin.
On a New York 25 cent coin minted in
2001, depicts the Statue of Liberty with the words "Gateway to Freedom".
Until 1956, Liberty Island was called Bedloe's.
The plinth for Lady Liberty was designed by Richard Morris Hunt.
On the second floor of the statue's plinth, the American Museum of Immigration was founded in 1972.
In order to get to the top of the statue, you need to climb the 354 steps of a spiral staircase (not open to the general public).
The crown of the statue can also be reached by an elevator (not open to the general public).
Since September 11, 2001, access to Liberty Island has been closed to the public, but in December of the same year it was reopened.
Visitors only have access to the museum and the 10-story pedestal.
V given time inner part the statue remains closed to the public, but through the glass separator one can see a wonderful iron frame, created by Gustave Eiffel.
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"Freedom Enlightening the World" has been meeting all travelers who have arrived in New York Bay for more than a hundred years, and is one of the world's most famous monuments, a symbol of the United States.
History of the Statue of Liberty
Shortly after cessation civil war In the United States, the French scientist and writer Edouard de Laboulet, who admired the ideas of the American system of statehood, came up with the idea of creating a monument that personified the acquisition of US independence.
The idea was picked up by another Frenchman Frederic Bartholdi (architect of the Statue of Liberty), who at that time was working on the creation of a female sculpture with a torch in his hand. Already in 1870, the French sculptor made the first sketches of the monument, with which he went to the USA for approval of the project. The project is approved by the American side (including Ulysses Grant, who was then President of the United States), and representatives of the two powers (France and the United States) decide to start building a monument called "Liberty Enlightening the World."
With the mutual consent of the parties, it is decided that the monument will be a gift to the United States from France on the centenary of the Declaration of Independence of the United States - July 4, 1876. By agreement between the countries, the sculpture itself was to be designed by the French side, and the American side would work on the creation of the pedestal.
However, the construction of the monument dragged on for a long 10 years ...
Hand with a torch
After the start of work on the project, it becomes clear that there is a catastrophic lack of money to create a monument. On both sides of the ocean, the initiators of the project begin to raise funds for the construction, various charitable events are organized.
In August 1876, Bartholdi was forced to bring part of the sculpture (a hand with a torch) to the United States, where the fragment was installed at the Centenary Exhibition in Philadelphia, and then in Madison Square. Visitors are charged a fee to visit the torch hand, but the proceeds are still not enough to complete the construction.
The US Congress is refusing to allocate funds for the construction of the monument, citing the plight of American finances and the untimeliness of the erection of an "allegorical" monument, while the country needs monuments to the heroes of the Civil War.
A young journalist, Joseph Pulitzer, comes to the rescue by launching a large-scale fundraising campaign for the monument in the press. The journalist calls on Americans to unite, fiercely criticizes the indifferent, and promises to write about everyone who has made at least a small donation. The campaign is a success and after a few months the required amount was collected.
The fragment returns to France, where Bartholdi begins to work hard on the project: by 1878, the head of the sculpture had already been completed by the sculptor, and in 1879, Gustave Eiffel was involved in the creation of the monument. It was this talented engineer who designed the steel frame of the statue and spiral staircases leading to the crown. Bartholdi and his assistants made 350 skin parts that were supposed to be put on the frame. The parts were made of copper, which is easy to cut and bend, which made it possible to “fit” the parts right during the assembly process.
The figure of Liberty was hung by the French in 1884, after which the structure was dismantled, and all the details of the sculpture were delivered by ship in June 1885 to the United States.
The American side also did not waste time: the statue's pedestal, designed by Richard Hunt, began to be erected in 1883. With the consent of Congress and taking into account the wishes of Bartholdi, Fort Wood, which had the shape of an eleven-pointed star, and was located on Bedloe Island in the harbor, was chosen as the site for the installation of the statue.
In April 1986, the pedestal was completed and assembly began. complete construction monument. Finally, on October 26, 1886, the grand opening of the Statue of Liberty took place: President Cleveland, after holding the parade, went to Bedloe Island, where, to the general rejoicing, he tore off the French flag that covered the statue and proclaimed that “Liberty itself chose this place as its home!”
general description
Three kilometers from busy Manhattan, in the bay, the majestic Statue of Liberty welcomes all guests, travelers and its citizens.
The monumental monument with a height of 93 meters consists of the female figure(46 meters) and a concrete pedestal (47 meters). The female figure is holding a torch in her right hand, and in her left she is clutching a tablet, on which with Latin letters the date of the Independence Day of the United States is carved.
At the foot of the monument lies a broken chain, representing the cast off fetters of slavery and the victory of democracy. There are windows in the crown, symbolizing the rays of the sun and gems earth. To get to the windows you need to overcome 354 steps, and if you climb just to the top of the pedestal - 194 steps. There is an elevator inside the pedestal.
The total weight is over 200 tons (together with a cement base, copper coating and a steel frame), and the length of the Statue of Liberty is 93 meters (including the pedestal).
At the bottom of the pedestal there is a bronze plate with poems by Emma Lazarus, which appeared here in 1903. The words of the poetess were written after a wave of pogroms that swept Europe in the late 1880s, after which crowds of immigrants rushed to the shores of America in the hope of finding a new homeland. The poems convey the idea of the Statue of Liberty - the readiness to take under its roof all the outcasts and the destitute, and the promise to give them freedom and equality on this shore.
The very visit to the island of Liberty and the Statue is free, but you can only get to it by water - on ferries and boats, where you have to pay a certain amount for the trip. You can get to the Statue itself without hindrance, but the number of visitors is strictly fixed. If you do not book a ticket in advance, the visit will be limited to a walk around the pedestal and climbing to the observation deck, where you can view the Statue from the inside through a special glass ceiling.
The Statue of Liberty is open to the public all year round, but it is better to make an excursion in the warm season - in winter, a boat trip will bring very dubious extreme pleasures due to the cold northern winds characteristic of this time of year.
Interesting Facts
The history of the Statue of Liberty is inseparable from the history of the United States itself, so it is accompanied by a lot of amazing and entertaining facts:
- The personification of the friendship of two peoples: French and American, which formed the basis for the creation of the monument, was safely forgotten over time. Now the Statue of Liberty is presented in the world exclusively as the main symbol of the United States, embodying the victory of democracy and the independence of the country.
- The seven rays emanating from the crown are the seven seas and continents of light, from which travelers sail to America, hoping to find shelter and a new homeland. It is a symbol of hope for all the persecuted, the destitute, a harbor for sailors and refugees from all over the world.
- Initially, Bartholdi worked on the creation of a female figure with a torch in her hand to install it at the entrance to the Suez Canal - this project was never realized, but served as a prototype for another monument. The Statue of Liberty combines two images - the goddess of freedom ancient rome Libertas and symbol of Colombia.
- Characteristic green color The statue is attached with sheathing sheets of the structure, made of copper. Initially, projects were proposed to clean the surface, but then they decided not to touch the skin that protects the statue from further destructive corrosion.
- Initially, the Statue of Liberty was supposed to be used as a lighthouse, but the lamps built into the structure did not differ in power. Not finding practical application To the statue, the government's lighthouse management division donated a monument to the United States War Department in 1901. Already in 1933, the monument was transferred to the US National Park Service.
- Bedloe Island, previously considered a slum area, significantly changed status with the establishment of a monument, and in 1956 was renamed Liberty Island, and 10 years later it was included in the National Register of Historic Places of the United States.
- By the 100th anniversary of the creation of the monument, a thorough reconstruction of the monument was carried out ( sea spray and cold winds thoroughly spoiled appearance Statues), initiated by President Reagan. This time, funds for reconstruction among American citizens were collected in the shortest possible time, and more than covered the two million dollars spent on repairs.
- Access for visitors since the establishment of the Statue was closed several times: for the period from 1982 to 1986 (reconstruction), from September 2001 until the end of 2004 (due to the threat of terrorist attacks), and also in October 2013 (during the period of suspension of the government ).
- After the successful Norman operation, the lights of the beacon on the statue broadcast the news of victory to the whole world in Morse code.
UNESCO has listed world heritage American statue in 1984, describing it as a symbol of peace, glorifying the power of the human spirit, the abolition of slavery, the victory of democracy and human rights.
The erected Statue of Liberty became at the beginning of the twentieth century the personification of independence, prosperity, free life for the many travelers who crossed the Atlantic in search of a better life.
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- . And in 6 states there is not a single city at all where more than 99,999 people would live. Unique US cities can be called because they all differ from each other not only in climatic and historical indicators, but also because almost every city has its own individual ethnic composition. A large number of immigrants from all over the world created settlements and, settling in the territory of the States, gave the existing culture their flavor. Maybe it is because of this that not a single language has been officially approved in the United States, but English is the most common American style. Los Angeles - the 2nd largest city in the USA The names of US cities are symbolic, but some may seem unusual to us, to put it mildly. For example, Big Ugly, which we translate as "Big and ugly." And on the US map there are as many as three cities bearing official name"Santa Claus". A lot of other things may seem strange in US cities. For example, the fact that almost 1/3 of the cleaners, janitors and waiters here have full higher education, but they are not at all shy about such work. Or the fact that by law no one forbids smoking to minors, but it is strictly forbidden to sell cigarettes to them. The world's first skyscraper, a local TV channel, the first parking lot and a traffic light system, the most high mountain and a large freshwater lake - all these are the advantages of different cities in the United States, so there are many reasons to visit each of them. 10 "most" cities in America You can't argue that each city in the United States is unique, but among them you can still distinguish leaders according to certain criteria: Old city in the USA - St. Augustine, which was founded in 1565 in the state of Florida; the city, the largest in area, is Sitka. It occupies almost 7.5 sq. km in the state of Alaska; the largest population lives in New York - more than 8 million people. But in the same city, the most strict definition of the boundaries of each district is observed; the most populous cities are located in California; the very first city in which a cinema opened was Los Angeles, this happened in 1902; the city with the "lowest" buildings, that is, without the skyscrapers familiar to America, is Washington. The height of each building, except for the Capitol, does not exceed 40 m; the largest outflow of the population was observed in the city of Detroit. In the middle of the 20th century, almost 2 million people lived in it, and today - less than 700 thousand. By the way, this is the city with the most intense criminal situation in the United States; the poorest city in the States is Allen, just over 95% of its population are Indians; the very first city to have electricity was Wabash, Indiana; the most "British" city in the US - Byron. 5.3% of its inhabitants were born in the UK. ">Cities 2
- and cultural and historical (they were created by man in a relatively short history of the development of this land. Miraculous wonders of American nature Times SquareFrom many historical monuments, it is recommended to visit Times Square, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Walt Disney amusement park, the Pentagon, The White house, the Empire State Building and, of course, the symbols of the United States - the Statue of Liberty and Mount Rushmore. Disneyland - the world's largest amusement park - is located in Florida. It brings together themed kingdoms, each of which is home to a fairy tale for children and adults. The White House Times Square is an iconic place in New York. A little over 100 years ago, the construction of the American subway began on this site. The square is named after the New York Times, the most read American newspaper, the publisher of which is located here. The White House in Washington is the main building of America. It houses the state government. The complex of buildings is surrounded by gardens, which were created by the first ladies of the country. Tons of others interesting places you can see with your own eyes by visiting the United States."> sights1
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- and equated to them by the status of the city. In total there are more than 3 thousand districts. The districts are administered by municipalities, whose rights are determined individually by each state. The USA also includes federal district Columbia, in which the capital of the state is located - the city of Washington. In cooperation with the United States, there are several independent territories, which may later become full states or terminate relations. These include Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Eastern Samoa and other regions. How many states are there in the USA? State of AlaskaThe list of US states consists of fifty items. When the federation was formed, thirteen colonies became part of the state. The rest of the states joined voluntarily, or as a result of commercial transactions or military actions. Among them there are record holders. In terms of maximum area, the first place is occupied by snowy Alaska, acquired in Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century. The most populous state is sunny and warm California, with more than 35 million inhabitants. 1
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A very large number of tourists visiting the United States of America go there with only one purpose - to see the Statue of Liberty. What features of this sculpture have been attracting the attention of travelers and local residents for many years, with what interesting facts the history of its appearance is connected, as well as the city where the Statue of Liberty is located, and in what other countries of the world can you see copies of this work? You will learn this and much more from this article.
Symbol of New York and USA
Anyone who is at least a little interested in history knows where the Statue of Liberty is located. One of the most famous sculptures of the whole world is located in the state of New York on an island that once bore the name Bedloe, but after the placement of this masterpiece on it, it is not called anything other than “Liberty Island”. In addition to its stunning size, it differs deep meaning and fullness, and the art of execution that a talented sculptor was able to show even when working with such a huge structure is simply amazing. Even the indigenous people regularly visit the place where the Statue of Liberty is located, and what can we say about tourists. This monument is interesting not only externally. It distinguishes rich story. He has seen a lot in his almost two hundred years of his life and will see a lot more. From a height of almost 70 meters, given the height of the pedestal, this symbol of independence and peace looks at a person.
What does the Statue of Liberty look like, where is it, in what country?
Although the creation of this masterpiece was timed to coincide with the centenary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence of the United States and is considered a gift from the French, it would be correct to call it a joint work the best craftsmen these two peoples. Even when work was in full swing, what the final version of the Statue of Liberty would look like was not fully known. There is an opinion that even the Egyptian government was asked to receive this work of art as a gift, but it considered it too costly to transport and install it.
If the execution of the sculpture itself was laid on the shoulders of the French, then the Americans were required to find appropriate place where the Statue of Liberty will be located after arriving in the country, and prepare a reliable pedestal for it.
Merit of two nations
Both peoples simply did not have enough funds to complete the work, so they went to various tricks to raise money. Theatrical performances, auctions, charity gatherings, various entertainment events were held, the purpose of which was to attract as many as possible more sponsors. As a result, the goal was achieved right amount Money collected and the work was completed, although ten years late from the planned deadline, but today it is not so important.
Not less well-known analogues
The statue, located on Liberty Island, has no less professionally made copies and analogues in many countries of the world. They also receive the attention of tourists and local residents, but always, despite their value to the owner country, on a global scale they will remain only a semblance of the world-famous cultural and historical heritage of America.
Those who are interested in where the Statue of Liberty is located in France will be given seven answers at once. There are four in Paris alone. The Parisian museum holds a smaller model of the New York statue and is the most significant for history buffs. Just two meters high, a copy of the famous sculpture can be seen in the Luxembourg Gardens in Paris, and near eiffel tower there is already a rather large, eleven-meter analogue. It is already a return gift from the Americans to the French and is installed in the direction to the west, that is, as if facing the original. It symbolizes peace between the two nations.
It deserves attention
In the place where the life of everyone's beloved Princess Diana tragically ended, there is also a monument to Freedom. It was erected long before the tragic events, but it became especially visited after them. His torch is constantly filled with bouquets of flowers brought by the fans of the deceased.
Tourists who visit Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer do not leave this city without a photo taken near the gilded sculpture. Its form is copied from the New York original, but the luminous torch distinguishes it from all its fellows. "Glowing Freedom" - that's what the locals call it.
On the small area in Poitiers, in memory of Frederic Bartholdi, who created that very American statue, a copy of the masterpiece he created was also installed on the centenary of his death. The area has the same name, and it is not at all difficult for tourists to find it.
For those who are interested in where the Statue of Liberty is located, the country of Japan has prepared a wonderful surprise. On the island of Odaiba in Tokyo, there is a beautiful monument, which is almost an exact copy of the world-famous statue. It was made very skillfully, and every person who visits the capital of Japan will definitely bring memorable pictures taken near it.
Did you know?
It turns out that even in Russia and Ukraine you can find places where the Statue of Liberty is located. Few people know in which city such specimens are located, but in Moscow, guides will definitely tell you about the monument to Nikolai Andreev, which, unfortunately, has not survived to our time, as it was destroyed, but the head of the monument is still kept in the Tretyakov Gallery. In the Ukraine special attention deserves the smallest statue of Liberty in the world, located in Uzhgorod. Its height is only 30 cm, and its weight is 4 kg, but nevertheless it brings quite great benefit, as it is an active lighthouse on the river Uzh. And in Lviv there is the only sitting Statue of Liberty in the world, a huge number of tourists come to see it every year.
Symbols of freedom have always been and will be relevant for any nation. Freedom and peace are among the greatest values of mankind. Being close to the majestic monuments of architecture, one can simply physically feel that pressure, that fortitude that was inherent in the fighters for a free and independent existence and allowed them to free themselves from the oppression of the invaders.
The Statue of Liberty has been one of the symbols of the United States for more than a century. But very many ideas about it are wrong, and something is extremely little known. Let's find out more about this unusual monument.
First of all, we note that officially it is called differently - "Illuminating the World of Freedom." The sculpture is located on the island of the same name, three kilometers southwest of Manhattan. For a long time it was called Bellow Island. The monument holds a torch in its right hand (which, as it were, “illuminates” the world), and in its left hand, a tablet with the date of the US Declaration of Independence, written in Latin numerals. One of the legs of the “Illuminating” tramples on torn shackles.
The seven rays in the crown crowning the statue symbolically represent the seas and continents. And yet, what is the Statue of Liberty made of in the USA? It would seem that it should be steel or stone, judging by the perception.
However, not all so simple. Steel is present there - 125 tons. The sculptors also used 31 tons of copper, which covers it with a layer of just over two and a half millimeters. However, the numbers of both steel and copper simply pale in comparison with concrete base, which reaches twenty-seven thousand tons. Thin copper sheets are mounted on top of a steel frame. Together with the foundation and the pedestal, the height to the top of the torch reaches ninety-three meters.
Where was the Statue of Liberty made?
The monument symbolizing the USA was not actually made in America and not even in the Western Hemisphere!
The author of the sculpture is the Frenchman Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. The idea was to present it as a gift for the centenary of the United States. It is interesting that they were going to install it in the Egyptian Port Said and call it "The Light of Asia". However, the Cairo government decided not to spend money on installation and transportation.
When France and America entered into an agreement, they were supposed to make, respectively, the sculpture and installation at the expense of Paris, and the pedestal at the expense of Washington. But the material difficulties that arose on both sides of the ocean slowed things down.
What material was used for manufacturing?
It seems that we already know the answer to this question. But ... let's not rush. Copper for that very statue was either mined in Bashkiria or smelted in Nizhny Tagil. The pedestal under it is made of German cement.
However, that's not all! In addition to the sculpture itself, there are many copies of it. There are four in Paris alone; gilded version with a lantern instead of a torch in Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer. There are many other versions - for example, in one of the casinos in Las Vegas, in Japan, the beaten off head of the once-existing "freedom" in the Tretyakov Gallery, in Dnepropetrovsk, Lvov, Budapest, Riga.
After the September 11 tragedy, the original Statue of Liberty was closed to the public. At present, it is available to everyone, but subject to a thorough search, similar to that carried out in international airports. Consequently, the symbol of the United States is one of the safest objects for tourists in the world.
The Statue of Liberty is a national landmark and one of the main symbols of the United States of America. This one was a gift to the US from the French people supporting them in their fight for independence. According to the ideas of the architects, the Statue of Liberty is positioned as a symbol of democracy and independence.
The idea of this architectural structure appeared in 1865 and belongs to a Frenchman named Edouard de Laboulaye. To put this idea into practice, he was helped by a then unknown sculptor named Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. As a result, it was conceived to design a huge lighthouse in the form of a woman holding a torch in her right outstretched hand. According to the idea, it is the torch that lights the way for sailors heading to the port of New York.
This monument-lighthouse was designed and built by the famous Gustave Eiffel (of the Eiffel Tower in Paris). The result was a steel frame weighing 125 tons and a height of 93 meters along with a pedestal. The lighthouse was built in such a way that you can move freely inside the statue and climb the stairs to the most important observation deck, located in. By the way, the lighthouse has already been restored several times: lighting elements (laser illumination) were added to it.
Where is the Statue of Liberty
It was erected by Bedloe (Liberty Island) in New York. The opening of this architectural landmark took place in 1886, accompanied by cannon shots, fireworks and a siren. Since then, the legendary Statue of Liberty has greeted ships entering the port of New York every day and has received tourists from different parts Sveta. By the way, the full name of this monument sounds like this: "Freedom, illuminating the world." Currently, there is also the very first layout of the Statue of Liberty, which can be seen in Paris near the Eiffel Tower.
Why is the Statue of Liberty in New York?
The fact is that the place for the future lighthouse was chosen by the sculptor Bartholdi himself. It was he who decided that the future pedestal should stand on Bedloe Island (Liberty Island), located 3 kilometers from southern Manhattan. The sculptor assured that - the best solution at the disposal of a woman with a torch, who will meet the ships heading for New York day by day and light their way. According to Bartholdi, it is Liberty Island that makes it possible to bring the original idea to life most fully.
According to some reports, the Statue of Liberty was originally planned to be erected in Port Said, located in the Suez Canal, which, in turn, connects two seas - the Red and the Mediterranean. However, this project was not implemented, and it was decided to erect the future lighthouse in the United States.
