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Natalya Mironova 01/10/2015 | 24562

Although Walnut resistant to different types diseases and pests, the plant cannot fully resist them. Find out what diseases a walnut can get, what pests you should be wary of, and how to help the tree in such cases.

To prevent the walnut from getting sick or being damaged by pests, it is necessary to keep the main trunk, skeletal and perennial branches in order. Every year you need to trim off shoots growing inward, affected by diseases, and dried branches. Cutting areas should be covered garden varnish or oil paint, and collect and burn fallen nuts.

If autumn leaves Collect walnuts in a metal container, pour boiling water and close tightly, then by spring you will have a concentrate that can be used to prepare a remedy against aphids and the Colorado potato beetle.

What can a walnut get sick with?

The main diseases of nuts are: marsoniosis(bacterial spot) and bacteriosis.

Small light spots, turning into black over time, on the leaves of young shoots indicate damage to the nut bacterial spot. The disease begins with damage to the tops of young shoots. If you notice affected shoots, remove them immediately. In affected fruits, the kernel liquefies and acquires an unpleasant odor.

Bacteriosis affects leaves, young shoots and fruits. The first signs of the disease appear on the leaves - first, black spots form on them, which gradually grow along the veins. Affected leaves become deformed, turn black and fall off. Elongated shoots appear on young shoots brown spots, subsequently the affected shoots dry out and become distorted. In humid years with insufficient heat and frequent fogs, the disease can destroy up to 90% of the flowers. Young fruits affected by bacteriosis fall off.

How to protect a tree from diseases?

The main protection of walnuts from fungal diseases is the treatment of trees with copper-containing preparations. It is best to use ordinary Bordeaux mixture for this purpose. Its substitutes (Tsineb, Khomecin) are less effective and require more frequent spraying.

Carry out the first spraying with 3% Bordeaux mixture even before the buds open. Then switch to a less concentrated 1% solution and spray the plants with it during the following development phases:

in the phase of leaf bud opening;
before female flowers bloom;
immediately after flowering;
at the very beginning of fruit formation.

Instead of Bordeaux mixture, you can treat the trees with a 1% DNOC solution before the buds open.

Treating walnuts with Bordeaux mixture will be even more effective if you add to it a 0.3% solution of urea, which has a depressing effect on the causative agent of bacteriosis.

Walnut pests

The main pests of walnuts are American butterfly(white), which is classified as a quarantine pest, codling moth, walnut miner moth, walnut warty mite. All types of pests can be controlled with almost the same drugs, since most of them are gnawing and sucking species.

In their development, almost all pests go through the caterpillar stage, in which they overwinter on trees. Therefore, to combat them, it is imperative to use catching belts. Once on a tree, the pests form huge colonies covered with a dense web (American butterfly), roll the leaves into a tube (mite) or settle inside the leaf blade (mining moth), and then spread throughout the tree.

How to deal with pests?

The main control measure is timely pruning and burning of damaged branches. The main thing is to prevent the caterpillars from spreading across the tree.

Do not use pesticides, it is better to use one of the biological products against pests: Lepidocide, Bitoxibacillin, Dendrobacillin. Before use, be sure to read the instructions and follow the specified concentrations. The consumption of the working solution per 1 tree is at least 3-5 liters.

During flowering, walnuts cannot be treated with chemicals, because They can kill bees and other pollinating insects.

In case of severe damage by caterpillars, moths and mites during the period of fruit growth, you can spray the trees once with Decis Profi. The drug has a short decomposition period, so it does not accumulate in plants.

Despite the fact that walnuts are resistant to various diseases and pests, the tree still needs some care. And if you follow the measures described above, then healthy and beautiful tree will certainly please you with a good harvest.

Executive Director of the Association of Gardeners of Russia (APYAPM), Chairman of the Association of Gardeners and Nurseries (ASP-RUS), Doctor of Agricultural Sciences

Danilova T.A.
Specialist of the Association ASP-RUS, student of MichSAU

(Using material from N.G. Zagirov, B.R. Dzhabayev)

Control of hazelnut pests and diseases

The fight against hazelnut pests and diseases is carried out comprehensively. Chemical and biological control methods are carried out in conjunction with agricultural technology and preventive measures, with the help of which they achieve optimal conditions for the growth and development of trees. Thus, the plants receive good lighting, free air movement between plants, maintaining the soil in a loose state, as well as the systematic removal of diseased and affected branches.

Photo 1. Powdery mildew on hazelnuts

There are 70 species of pests that damage industrial hazelnut plantations. The most malicious of them are the hazelnut beetle, walnut weevil, alder leaf beetle, bud mite, catkin gall midge and scale insects.

Also, great damage to hazelnut plantations is caused by mice, dormice and squirrels, which sometimes destroy up to 30-50% of the crop.

Photo 2. Dormouse, a small rodent from the Dormouse family, resembles a small squirrel

Nut weevil

The nut weevil is common in all hazel and hazelnut growing areas. In the Caucasus, it is one of the most serious pests, capable of destroying up to 50% of the nut crop.

Bug ovoid, black, covered with gray hairs, body length 6-9 mm. The proboscis is thin, long, arched. The antennae are geniculate and covered with hairs. The larvae overwinter in the soil. In the spring, in the second half of April, they pupate. The pupal phase lasts 12-15 days. Beetles appear at an average daily temperature of 15-16°C. The flight of beetles takes place at the end of April – May – beginning of June. Emerging beetles concentrate in the crowns of hazelnuts, where they feed on its leaves and non-lignified shoots.

Photo 3. Walnut weevil.

Mass hatching of larvae occurs around mid-June. The larvae are yellowish-white, with brown heads, legless, fleshy. They feed on the nut kernel. Larval development is 20-25 days.

There are practically no weevil-resistant varieties. Different varieties are damaged to varying degrees of intensity.

Pest control measures

In the spring, before the beetles emerge, 10% granulated Bazudin is added to the soil at a consumption rate of 25-30 kg/ha.
At the end of April - beginning of May, when beetles appear, plants are sprayed with intestinal poison - Fozalon 35% 2-4 kg/ha, or Karbofos 0.6 kg/ha.
Collection and destruction of prematurely fallen fruits.
Loosening the soil under bushes in autumn and in early spring.
Shaking off beetles from bushes early in the morning onto spread canvases, followed by their destruction.

Hazelnut beetle

The hazelnut beetle is a dangerous pest. The beetle is black, covered with sparse gray hairs, legs are yellow, length 11-15 mm.

Photo 4. Adult hazelnut beetle

The beetle season begins in early May and lasts until mid-June.

Beetles lay eggs under the bark of young shoots. The first larvae usually appear from mid-June. In the first years of their life, the larvae gnaw through the core of the shoots to a depth of 20 cm, as a result of which shrunken branches of young growth appear on the bushes. The upper leaves on the shoots turn yellow, dry out, and curl. After overwintering, the larvae continue to feed, delve deeper into the thicker part of the branch, and infect 2-3 year old branches.

Larvae of the second genus gnaw through branches with a diameter of 1 cm and a length of up to 40 cm, causing the entire branch to wither. The longhorned beetle damages hazelnuts, hazel, hornbeam, beech, and elm.

Pest control measures

Trimming all dried branches in March-April 10-15 cm below the dried part and then burning them.
The second pruning of infected young shoots is 10-15 cm below the withered leaf, capturing 2-3 healthy leaves, from the beginning of July and in August.
During the period of additional feeding of beetles, before oviposition: in the second ten days of May, spraying hazelnuts with 2% Bi-58 New, or 1% Karbofos.

Alder leaf beetle

The most dangerous leaf-eating pest. This beetle causes great harm industrial hazelnut plantations. Elytra purple, antennae and paws are black, body length 6-7 mm.

Photo 5. Leaf-gnawing pest - alder leaf beetle

The body of the larvae is dark green, 10-12 mm long. The beetles overwinter under fallen leaves in the soil. In April they emerge from wintering.

Beetles feed on leaves. Around the first ten days of May, egg laying begins. The development of the larvae occurs on the surface of the leaves for 20-25 days. At the end of June - beginning of July, beetles of a new generation appear.

Damages hazelnuts, hazel, alder, willow, etc.

Pest control measures

In April–May and July, during the feeding period of beetles and larvae, it is necessary to spray the plants with 2% Rogor or 1% Karbofos.
During the period of pupation of the leaf beetle (second half of June), it is necessary to dig up the soil.
Removal of alder thickets surrounding hazelnut plantations.

Other pests

Hazelnut leaves are also damaged by beetles: hazel flea beetle, yellow leaf beetle and others.

Photo 6. New yellow leaf beetle damaging hazelnut leaves

The leaves are damaged by butterfly caterpillars. The fight against leaf-eating pests is not difficult - timely use of enteric-contact drugs. They damage leaves by making mines in them, various mining caterpillars, for example, hazel moth, hazel moth, hazel pocket moth. Mining moths are rare on hazelnuts. IN last years a slight increase in the number of leafmining moths in gardens was noted. Measures to combat leafmining moths have not been sufficiently developed. Sucking pests include aphids, bedbugs, and mites.

Photo 7. Mining moth mines leaves, which causes them to fall off

Hazel is a genus of shrub that is often grown by gardeners. Hazelnuts are especially valued - their cultivated variety, the fruits of which differ large sizes and increased content of useful and nutritional components.

Various microorganisms and pests (for example, hazelnut beetle) provoke diseases in hazel

A healthy hazel bush can produce harvests annually - at the junction of summer and autumn. The main thing is that the owner of the plant promptly identifies hazelnut diseases, finds pests, taking measures that best suit the specifics of the situation.

The most common diseases

Most diseases of hazelnuts and hazel are of fungal origin. The most common diseases are:

It is important to remember that the causative agents of these diseases can persist for a long time in the areas affected by them. A relapse is possible, which is favored by resistance to cold and other negative factors.

Specific diseases of hazelnuts

When talking about the ailments that affect representatives of the Hazelnut genus, it is impossible not to list those diseases that are specific to hazelnuts. They are caused by a fungal infection, and their key symptom is the appearance of various spots:

yellowish-brown (phyllosticosis);
red-brown;
ocher-brown;
cercospora;
cylindrosporium;
black.

These pathologies are characterized by the appearance of spots on hazelnut leaves, the development of necrotic processes in the latter, and premature falling off. It is worth noting that such troubles significantly slow down the ripening of shoots and negatively affect the frost resistance of the nut-bearing plant. The causative agents of these diseases are able to persist in the tissues affected by them, greatly increasing the likelihood of relapse.

In the fight against hazelnut blight, attention should be paid to the collection and disposal of its affected and fallen leaves. In addition, it is reasonable to carry out preventive spring spraying using 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes based on copper oxychloride.

Ways to effectively fight infections

Countermeasures in case of infection with diplodia or stem rot:

timely removal of affected branches and trunks;
disinfection of saw cuts with 1% solution copper sulfate, oil paint coating;
spring spraying of shrubs using 1% Bordeaux mixture or its analogues.

In case of infection with diplodia or stem rot, it is necessary to spray the bushes in spring using 1% Bordeaux mixture

Actions to effectively combat powdery mildew:

collection and destruction of affected plant leaves;
when the first symptoms appear, spray the foliage with fungicides (“Tiovit Jet”, “Skor”, “Rayok”, etc.).

If the fungal infection does not go away, then the hazel can be re-treated with the drugs mentioned above after 10 days.

Experience shows that many diseases and pests are resistant to the chemicals used against them, and therefore such a measure is justified.

Major pests

Pests that attack nut varieties and reduce their fertility:

Hazelnut barbel. This beetle poses a threat to hazelnut and hazel shoots. The larvae, deposited under the bark of the hazel tree, first gnaw through young shoots, and then reach branches that are 2–3 years old. Pest control involves cutting off the affected shoots 12–15 cm below the dried area and then burning them. In mid-May, it makes sense to spray using a 1% solution of karbofos.
Hazel weevil. It lays larvae in the ground, which move onto the leaves of the bush and its non-lignified shoots, using them for food. To combat the weevil, spray the plant with karbofos or a 35% fozalone solution and dig up the soil under the bush in late autumn or early spring.
Hazel pipe maker. Lays eggs in leaves. The foliage affected by the tubeworm dies and falls to the ground along with the larvae, after which they go into the ground. Countermeasures include preventive treatment of hazel trees with kemifos and fufanon, collection and disposal of affected leaves.
Alder leaf beetle. Feeding on leaves, this gnawing beetle causes enormous damage to the trees and shrubs it infects. It overwinters in the ground and lays larvae in early May. It is most rational to fight the leaf beetle during periods of its feeding by spraying with 1% karbofos or 2% rogor. From mid-June it is necessary to carefully dig up the soil.

There are other pests of hazelnuts, these include rodents - mice, squirrels and dormouse, whose gluttony can deprive the owner of a hazel tree of 30-40% of the harvest. To combat them, it is necessary to pay increased attention to cleanliness garden plot, reducing the likelihood of rodents establishing nests. To get rid of these pests, it is reasonable to use mechanical or electronic repellers, as well as traps and poisoned baits.

Nut fruit crops in our gardens they are rarely damaged, which makes it possible to harvest an environmentally friendly harvest of fruits every year. And yet, sometimes pests and diseases appear on these plants, dominate with impunity and destroy a significant part of the crop. You can fight them only by knowing them in person.

There are more than 70 species of pests that damage industrial hazelnut plantations. The most malicious of them are the hazelnut beetle (Oberea linearis L.), nut weevil (Curculio nucum L.), alder leaf beetle or alder leaf beetle (Agelastica alni L.), kidney mite (Cecidophyopsis ribis) and others. Also, great damage to hazelnut plantations is caused by mice, gray tops and squirrels, and hares, which sometimes destroy up to 30-50% of the crop. Large and medium-sized spotted woodpeckers and wild boars also like to profit from nuts.

Hazelnut (hazel) longhorned beetle (Oberea linearis L.)

The hazelnut (hazel) barbel is the most dangerous pest. The beetle is black, covered with sparse gray hairs, legs are yellow, length 11-15 mm. The beetle season begins in early May and lasts until mid-June. Beetles lay eggs under the bark of young shoots. The first larvae usually appear from mid-June. In the first days of their life, the larvae gnaw through the core of the shoots to a depth of 20 cm, as a result of which shrunken branches of young growth appear on the bushes. The upper leaves on the shoots turn yellow, dry out, and curl. After overwintering, the larvae continue to feed, delve deeper into the thicker part of the branch, and infect 2-3 year old branches. Larvae of the second genus gnaw through branches with a diameter of 1 cm and a length of up to 40 cm, causing the entire branch to wither. The longhorned beetle damages hazelnuts, hazel, linden, beech, and elm.

Pest control measures: Pruning all dried branches in March-April 10-15 cm below the dried part and then burning them. The second pruning of infected young shoots is 10-15 cm below the dried leaf with 2-3 healthy leaves from the beginning of July and in August. During the period of additional feeding of beetles, before oviposition: in the second ten days of May, spraying hazelnuts with insecticides and acaricides.

Nut weevil (Curculio nucum L)

The nut weevil is common in all hazelnut growing areas. This pest can destroy up to 50% of the nut crop. The beetle is ovoid, black, covered with gray hairs, body length 6-9 mm. The proboscis is thin, long, arched. Antennae covered with hairs. The larvae overwinter in the soil. In the spring, in the second half of April, they pupate. The pupal phase lasts 12-15 days. Beetles appear at an average daily temperature of 15-16°C. The flight of beetles takes place at the end of April-May - beginning of June. The beetles concentrate in the crowns of hazelnuts, where they feed on its leaves and non-lignified shoots. Females gnaw through green, still soft hazelnut fruits and lay one egg in each of them. The revived larvae feed inside the nut, completely eating away the kernel. Having finished feeding, the larva leaves the nut and burrows into the ground. Massive rebirth of larvae around mid-June. The larvae are yellowish-white, with brown heads, legless, fleshy. They feed on the nut kernel. Larval development is 20-25 days. There are practically no weevil-resistant varieties. Various varieties damaged with varying degrees of intensity.

Pest control measures: In the spring, before the beetles emerge, an insecticide against earthen pests is applied to the soil. At the end of April - beginning of May, when beetles appear, the plants are sprayed with insecticides and acaricides. Collection and destruction of prematurely fallen fruits. Loosening the soil under bushes in autumn and early spring. Shaking off beetles from bushes early in the morning onto spread canvases, followed by their destruction.

Alder leaf beetle or alder agelastika (Agelastica alni L.)

The most dangerous leaf-eating pest. This beetle causes great damage to industrial hazelnut plantations. The elytra are purple, the antennae and tarsi are black, the body length is 6-7 mm. Body of larvae dark green, 10-12 mm long. The beetles overwinter under fallen leaves in the soil. In April they emerge from wintering. Beetles feed on leaves. Around the first ten days of May, egg laying begins. The development of the larvae occurs on the surface of the leaves for 20-25 days. At the end of June - beginning of July, beetles of a new generation appear. Damages hazelnuts, hazel, alder, willow, etc.

Pest control measures: In April-May and July, during the feeding period of beetles and larvae, it is necessary to spray plants with insecticides and acaricides. During the period of pupation of the leaf beetle (second half of June), it is necessary to dig up the soil. Removal of alder thickets surrounding hazelnut plantations.

Other pests

Fruit weasel (Erannis defoliaria)

A male butterfly with a wingspan of 30-35 mm, the fore wings are light yellow or brownish-yellow with two dark curved transverse lines bordering the middle light field. In the center of the wing black spot. The hind wings are light yellow, covered with dark brown pollen. The female is wingless, 11-13 mm long, dark yellow with black spots on the back and abdomen. The egg is 0.5-0.7 mm in size, initially yellow, later light orange. The caterpillar is 30-35 mm long, red-brown on the back, a double black line along the back, the underside is yellow with two lines, the head is yellow or red-brown. The pupa is up to 15 mm, dark brown, shiny, with a V-shaped process at the end of the body. The eggs laid overwinter. The caterpillars are reborn in April. First, the blossoming buds are damaged, later they skeletonize and gnaw through the leaves, and at an older age, the leaf blade is completely eaten. During mass reproduction, the tree crown is largely exposed. Caterpillars go through 5 instars in 30-35 days of development. Having completed feeding, the caterpillars leave the food tree, move to the surface layer of soil and pupate there. They remain in the pupal stage for 3-4 months. The emergence of butterflies occurs in September-October. Male butterflies fly in the evening and at night. After fertilization, the female lays eggs in cracks in the bark, forks of branches, and bud scales. Fertility – 200-300 eggs. The eggs laid remain until spring. One generation develops per year.

Pest control measures: In early spring, before buds open, if there are more than 5 eggs per 1 m of branches, treat with ovicides. During bud break, when the number exceeds 9 caterpillars per 1 m of branches, or when more than 10% of the buds are damaged, spray with biological products or insecticides.

American white butterfly (Hyphantria cunea Drury, Lep.)

Creates its nest from cobwebs, enveloping branches. The web is quite large in size; a caterpillar is located inside it, laying eggs on the lower part of the leaf, after which it dies. The caterpillars, having been revived, after 7 days begin to quickly create a small silk web around the leaf on which they feed and completely eat up the leaves on the branches. When they grow up, they spread throughout the tree, and in the absence of food they can migrate to other trees. The remains of these spider nests remain throughout the winter. It overwinters as a pupa in a cocoon, which can hide in deep cracks in the bark or in crevices in the soil. Adults usually emerge in mid-June, but may continue to breed into small quantity throughout the summer. They are usually white in color with a silky tint and black spots; the wingspan of the butterfly reaches 32 mm. The lifespan of caterpillars is 35-45 days, but even during this period they manage to cause irreparable harm to plants. Even if at first glance it seems that the damage is not too significant for the plant, it still loses its decorative appeal.

Pest control measures: Compliance with a set of quarantine measures that limit the possibility of the pest spreading. If 20% of the leaves are damaged after bud break, treat the trees with biological products or insecticides.

Nut bud mites (Phytoptus avellanae Nal.; Cecidophyopsis vermiformis Nal.)

small insects white up to 10 mm in size, cigar-shaped. They usually overwinter in the buds, and in the spring they damage young leaves and lay eggs. After they mature, larvae form on the surface of the leaf and by the end of summer they become adults. When damaged by this pest, the kidney acquires an unnatural shape and size. At the end of summer, damaged buds die and dry out.

Pest control measures On young seedlings, affected buds can be collected by hand; on large bushes, an acaricide should be used.

Spider mites (Tetranychinae)

Pest control measures To combat this pest, acaricides or insectoacaricides should be used. To combat it, you will have to use enteric contact chemicals.

Aphids (Myzocallis coryli Goeze)

Larvae hatch from overwintering eggs in late April – early May. During the growing season, two peaks of high population numbers form - spring and autumn. Among the many species of aphids that damage forest and fruit plantings, yellow aphids, which inhabit the lower part of leaves, and green aphids, which can completely cover young shoots, are predominantly found on hazelnut plants. “Honey dew”, which forms on the leaves as a result of the functioning of aphid colonies, is good substrate for the mycelium of smut pathogens, which increases damage from aphids. The damage caused by aphids manifests itself in suppressed shoot growth, premature leaf fall, decreased fruit quality, and freezing of plants. Damaged leaves begin to curl into a ball, which is filled with sticky honey dew, where entire colonies of this pest can be seen. By sucking the sap of a plant, aphids capture a lot of viruses and diseases and transmit them healthy plants in a matter of minutes.

Pest control measures Control involves removing insects from plant leaves by hand or washing them off with water pressure, which is only justified in the case of pest control on a small number of plants. Insecticides can be used.

Brown hare causes great damage to gardens in winter when it gnaws branches, buds, and gnaws the bark on the trunks of young trees. To protect them, it is necessary to tie the trunks with a net, stocking, plastic film, sunflower stems, reeds, sedge or matting. In winter, young plantings need to be protected from hares, as they eat them up to the level snow cover. To protect yourself from them, you need to make strokes on the outer branches with a strong-smelling soap, previously moistened warm water or put rags that smell like dog under the bushes. They do not cause noticeable damage to adult bushes.

In order to grow hazelnuts, you need to purchase hybrids and varieties zoned for your area. Southern hazelnuts will simply freeze, and of course you need to take care of them so that they give you a harvest every year.

Planting in holes

A year before planting, lime acidic soils and apply one square meter 500 grams of lime and dig it onto the bayonet of a shovel. It is better to plant hazel trees in autumn. it is possible in the spring, and the seedling must have a well-developed fibrous root system. We also plant several bushes at the border of the site for better pollination at a distance of 4 meters. In planting holes 50 centimeters deep and 60 centimeters wide, we pour a nutrient mixture, which consists of one bucket of humus, 50 grams of potassium salt, 200 grams of superphosphate and fertile soil, and you should definitely take the land from under mature hazel trees, if you have any.

This soil is rich in microsa and will help a young plant take root in a new place. We cut the branches to 20 centimeters before planting and dip them in clay mash. Make a hole after planting and water, using one bucket of water for each. After this, mulch with peat or humus in a layer of about 5 centimeters. Feeding and watering If the soil is fertile, then hazelnuts live longer and bear fruit well, and therefore fertilizers must be used when growing hazelnuts. But if you've done it well landing hole upon landing. then in the first years it does not need feeding. And at the age of 6 years, plants need to be fed with mineral fertilizers.

We contribute nitrogen fertilizer during bud break in early spring, urea per square meter is about 40 grams. In the spring we feed fruit-bearing bushes, but we already apply 100 grams per square meter, we use complex fertilizer in the form of a solution in the summer, when the fruits are set and the ovaries are growing. For 10 liters of water we take 50 grams. We introduce organic matter - compost or humus once every 3 years, about 10 kilograms per square meter. To this fertilizer you can add superphosphate - 60 grams and potassium salt - 30 grams per square meter.

Irrigation is very important for hazel, especially for the formation of fruits and the formation of flower buds; if watering is not enough, then the yield is reduced. We water the hazelnuts several times: during the formation of the ovaries in June, during the filling of the kernels in July, and we carry out water-replenishing watering after the leaves have fallen. We feed the plants while combining them with watering.

It is better to mulch the soil around the bush, then you do not need to loosen it after each watering and rain, but if you have not mulched the soil, loosen it after watering and rain to a depth of 7 centimeters. Digging up trunk circle 10 centimeters in the fall, do not dig deeper, otherwise we will damage the roots of the plant.

Trimming and shaping

Hazelnut bushes grow very large and need pruning. to form bushes. Before planting, we shorten all branches to 20 centimeters, as this stimulates the growth of root shoots. on next year we leave from 6 to 10 of these shoots, the strongest and growing from the middle of the bush to different sides. This way we will create optimal conditions for ventilation and lighting of the bush.

Every year in the fall and spring we cut out the shoots; if necessary, they can be left to replace the knocked-out shoots. We carry out sanitary pruning, and at the same time remove dry and damaged branches. It is impossible to shorten annual shoots on fruit-bearing bushes, because the future harvest is formed on them.

We rejuvenate the bushes after 25 years of age, they yield less, every year we remove 3 trunks and leave 2 young shoots in return. We shorten the trunks slightly so that side branches appear, and we replace them over several years.

You can do it differently to rejuvenate the bushes. We cut out all the branches in one go and leave no stumps. We form a bush from grown young branches, select the strongest 10 branches for this and form a bush.

Protection from diseases and pests

Insects also love nuts, and we must fight them because they spoil them.

Hazel bud mite- this is a small insect and the earliest pest; it spoils flower and leaf buds, female flower buds become ugly and infertile.

Remedies - we spray the plant during the period of migration of the larvae, when they are on the surface of the leaves. At a temperature of 11 degrees and above and when 6 leaves appear and we begin to spray, migration occurs within 50 days kidney mite. We process it about three times every 10 days, for this we take karate for 10 liters - 20 grams, spark - for 10 liters - 1 g tablet, actara - for 10 liters - 10 grams.

Nut weevil- this pest spoils the kernels and leaves; it is the most dangerous pest of hazelnuts and hazel. Black beetles about one centimeter long settle in the crowns of bushes in mid-June. They first feed on the leaves, and then the females lay eggs in young nuts. The emerging larvae feed on the nut kernel and by mid-July they have completely eaten it. After that, they go 25 centimeters into the ground and spend the winter there. At a temperature of 16 degrees, beetles fly out of the pupae, damage to hazelnuts reaches up to 90%.

Hazel catkin gall midge- this pest damages male earrings, the earrings swell and become pear-shaped, and then dry out.

Hazel aphids damage young shoots. leaves, pluses, young leaves are eaten by leaf beetles, only veins remain from the leaves, bedbugs are very dangerous, because the damaged kernels dry out by bedbugs.

Protection - we treat all these pests with drugs against kidney mites, you can also folk remedies - onion pass through a meat grinder. to make one glass, ground red or black pepper 1 tablespoon, wood ash 3 tablespoons per bucket of water. Let this solution steep for 2 days, then filter and pour in one tablespoon of liquid soap so that the solution sticks better and spray the hazel with this solution.

Gray mold or moniliosis- a fungal disease, flowers may die, a burn appears on the branches or stem when infected with this disease. If the disease manifests itself after the formation of fruits, then they cannot be eaten as they are inedible.

During flowering, a massive disease of moniliosis occurs; the infection enters through the stigma of the pistil, and then goes to the ovary and peduncle, and then enters the fruit branch from the peduncle. The branch dies as soon as the mycelium envelops it in a ring. This fungus overwinters on annual twigs and diseased branches and infects the plant in the spring, forming sporulation.

Protection - first of all, we remove the source of infection, cut out the branches and burn them, this should be done not only in the spring, but also in the summer and autumn. In case of severe damage, we spray with Chorus three times per 10 liters, using 2 grams. We start spraying 3-4 days before flowering, then after flowering and 3 weeks after the second treatment.

You can also spray with 1% Bordeaux mixture; we spend up to 4 liters per bush. if the bushes are severely affected, then use a 3% solution and spray in the fall. Before the buds open in the spring, we use the drug HOM for 10 liters - 40 grams for prevention.

Anracnose is a fungal disease that is transmitted by plant debris and contaminated seeds. This disease is spread by insects and wind. with raindrops. This disease manifests itself in the form of brown spots, the spots merge, they disrupt the movement of nutrients throughout the plant. When plants are severely affected by leaves, they dry out and the entire above-ground part dies. Lack of potassium and phosphorus in the soil. high humidity. acidic soil contributes to the spread of the disease.

The means of protection we use are exactly the same as for miniliosis.

Pink mold - if nuts are stored incorrectly, they are affected by this fungus. The nut kernels become covered with a white and then pinkish powdery coating and become bitter.

Protection - the kernels must be sorted and placed in a dry, ventilated area.

Brown leaf spot- This is a fungal disease, large ocher-brown spots appear, and then become dirty white. The leaves appear severely burned, and the infection is transmitted through plant debris.

Protection - we burn fallen leaves, because pathogens overwinter on them.

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects leaves on the underside. A powdery coating forms and instead of plaque, the fruiting bodies of the fungus appear in the second half of summer, they become golden and then black.

Protection - upon appearance white plaque Spray with ash infusion twice every 10 days. To prepare the solution, take two glasses of ash per 10 liters of water and leave for 24 hours. Then strain and add two tablespoons of liquid soap. We spray in the afternoon, while trying to wet the underside of the leaves well.

Can also be used chemicals, if many leaves are damaged. We spray Vectra before and after flowering with a 0.02% solution. Once a year, the same concentration as with Vectra Strobi after flowering and also after flowering with a solution of thiovit jet.

Wood rot - a grayish-waxy film appears on the wood of the branches and reaches up to 50 centimeters in length when affected by the fungus. Branches break easily and become rotten.

Protection - we cut off all diseased branches and burn them, thin out the bushes so that air can circulate freely.