One of the most important questions when buying a plot, cottage or country house- availability of communications. And if, as a rule, there are no problems with water or electricity, then central sewerage in the private sector, especially far from the city, is a rarity. And the fastest and practical solution This problem is the purchase of a septic tank.
The two most common types of individual treatment facilities- non-volatile (autonomous) septic tank and volatile station. Both types of devices for waste disposal use several stages of purification: mechanical sedimentation of suspended matter, filtration and biological treatment. Autonomous septic tanks use anaerobic bacteria to process waste, which do not require oxygen but act slowly. In energy-dependent devices, biological filtration occurs with the help of more active aerobic microorganisms that require the use of aerators. But the level of purification in such septic tanks reaches 98%.
The choice of the optimal model of cleaning device depends on several factors:
- Required performance. For one person, a volume of wastewater is usually equal to 150 - 200 liters per day.
- Availability of electricity supply on site.
- Plot size. Autonomous septic tanks require larger area, as they are equipped with fields for additional ground filtration.
- Ground water level. High groundwater level may require the use of additional engineering solutions.
- Soil composition. For areas with hard rocks, it is better to use horizontal septic tanks, since they require a pit of shallower depth.
Our review contains models of septic tanks with the best technical and performance characteristics. When compiling the rating, the following were taken into account:
- recommendations from civil engineers;
- reviews from users who have installed specific models of treatment devices on their site;
- ratio of price and quality of septic tanks.
Useful video - how to choose the right septic tank
The best budget septic tanks for a summer residence
Septic tanks for installation on a summer cottage are small in size and relatively cheap. As a rule, these are simple stand-alone models that perform the function of a sump and are connected to the system additional filtration. They have an extremely simple one-piece design, low level of performance, and also unpretentious in maintenance.
4 TANK-1
Excellent price/performance ratio
Country Russia
Average price: 19,500 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.6
Tank-1 is the youngest model in the Triton Plastic line of non-volatile septic tanks. Its design is simplified to the extreme: there are only two chambers: coarse primary purification and secondary biological purification. But, nevertheless, this small septic tank, capable of treating up to 600 liters of wastewater per day, has all the advantages inherent in more expensive models company: it has a horizontal layout and a durable solid-cast body with special stiffening ribs, which increases service life and prevents the penetration of groundwater into the internal volume of the structure.
This compact model is ideal for installation in a country house and is designed for use by two to three people. Cleaning level Wastewater this septic tank has 75 - 80%, so it is recommended to use a special infiltrator in combination with it, in which post-treatment occurs. Buyers note the compact dimensions of the septic tank, easy installation and trouble-free operation. However, you will still have to clean the chambers from sediment every few years.
3 Termite Pro 1.2
The most durable container
Country Russia
Average price: 23,500 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.6
This miniature vertical septic tank can serve no more than two people. The degree of wastewater treatment reaches 85%. Thanks to its low weight - only 80 kg, Termit Profi 1.2 is easy to transport and install. This is a great option for small country house or a separate bathhouse. An additional advantage is that the wall thickness of the Termit Pro 1.2 tank reaches 20 mm, and the shape of the body is specially designed for optimal performance under load.
According to user reviews, this septic tank is easy to install and maintain. Experienced summer residents recommend that the container be sprinkled with sand cement to increase the service life of the structure. Among the disadvantages is the impossibility of using this septic tank at high groundwater levels on the site.
2 MICROB 450
Best price
Country Russia
Average price: 12,400 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.8
For a dacha visited by 1-2 people, a guest house or a cabin during the construction of a house, the best option would be the budget septic tank Microbe 450. Its capacity is 150 liters per day, and its weight is only 35 kg. Of course, to install it you will need to make a sand cushion and apply a layer of insulation on top, since its walls are thin. But this septic tank can be installed in areas with any groundwater level - of course, following the manufacturer’s design recommendations.
Buyers especially like the device’s reasonable price and easy installation. Of course, for a country house you will need a septic tank with a higher capacity, but for periodic trips to the country and on a limited budget, Microbe 450 is ideal.
As mentioned above, septic tanks are divided into autonomous and energy-dependent. What are their features, what are their strengths and weak sides– we find out from the detailed comparison table:
|
Septic tank type |
pros |
Minuses |
|
Autonomous |
Low cost compared to a volatile septic tank Generally higher reliability Does not depend on power supply Does not create additional energy costs |
– The need for ground filtration of wastewater – In some cases, it does not isolate the surrounding area from a fetid odor – Gradual accumulation of sediment requires periodic pumping – The need to equip access roads for sewage disposal vehicles |
|
Volatile |
No sediment accumulation Possibility to move the septic tank to a third-party location, there is no need to equip an access road Complete isolation from unpleasant odors No installation of filtration fields required (for ground wastewater treatment) |
– Compared to stand-alone models, higher price – Dependence on electricity and, as a result, significant additional expenses - Availability more constituent elements reduce theoretical reliability |
1 Rostok Mini
Stable operation in any conditions
Country Russia
Average price: RUB 24,120.
Rating (2019): 4.9
Inexpensive autonomous septic tank for a small country house. According to user reviews, due to the small volume (1000 liters) and light design (total weight is 65 kilograms), installation does not cause much difficulty. The filtration capacity is 200 liters per day - this is not much, but the septic tank is designed for one or two users. Rostok Mini copes well with the assigned functions; it requires pumping once or twice a year (provided that all connections and the system are in good order). A very good option for equipping a summer house or house, which will not put a big dent in the pockets of potential consumers.
Advantages:
- seamless, durable and lightweight (65 kilograms) plastic body;
- the presence of additional stiffening ribs to add strength to the structure;
- completely blocks unpleasant odors;
- low but stable performance;
- does not require frequent maintenance;
- attractive price.
Flaws:
- for its price category - it does not.
The best volatile septic tanks
Treatment stations whose biological filters are populated with aerobic microorganisms are the most technically advanced version of septic tanks. They output water that is 98% purified - it can be used for irrigation, other technical needs, or discharged directly into the ground. Cleaning the tanks of sludge is necessary once every couple of years, and the organic sediment itself is an excellent fertilizer for plants on the site. Since the wastewater does not require additional ground filtration, the structure takes up minimal space.
The main disadvantage of such systems is the need for electricity. The aerobic system always includes an aerator-compressor, which saturates the liquid with oxygen necessary for the life of bacteria. It is this fact that explains the higher cost of volatile stations - both during purchase and installation, and during operation.
5 ERGOBOX 4
Optimal price-quality ratio
Country Russia
Average price: 60,900 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.7
The body of this treatment station is manufactured using rotational molding technology, which guarantees the absence of seams and uniform thickness of the material. Japanese compressors and German pumps are used as part of the septic tank in order to ensure uninterrupted operation the entire system. If there is a loss of power, the station can operate normally for two days, after which it switches to the mode of an autonomous septic tank with an anaerobic filter.
Users note, first of all, the excellent price-quality ratio of this model. With a capacity of 800 liters, it consumes only 1.5 kW per day and provides a volume of water disposal sufficient for the permanent residence of 4 people. You can choose either a gravity-flow version of the installation or an option with forced release of wastewater for areas with high groundwater levels.
4 Tver-0.5P
The best aerator
Country Russia
Average price: 75,000 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.7
The service life of this septic tank declared by the manufacturer is 50 years. This becomes possible due to the fact that special structural plastic is used for casting the body, and compressor equipment- Japanese production. The degree of water purification in this line of treatment facilities reaches 98%, which makes it possible to eliminate the need for additional ground filters.
The maximum productivity of the equipment is 500 liters per day, so Tver-0.5P can be recommended for a summer house or country house with permanent residence of 2 - 3 people. Customer reviews are almost the same: the device copes with its functions perfectly, there are no smells or noise, and periodic maintenance is required only once a year. The only drawback is the high price with relatively low performance.
3 Unilos Astra 5
User selection
Country Russia
Average price: 76,000 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.8
One of the most famous septic tank models on the domestic market, which does not have a single visible weak point. If you do not take into account the price level, then the fifth Astra fully meets the requirements of a premium class product (if this is acceptable in in this case). The system is based on a very fine filtering effect on incoming wastewater - thanks to aerobic and anaerobic filters, it is possible to achieve almost 100% purification rates. In this way, up to one cubic meter of wastewater is processed per day, which is a normal average value. The drain pipe entry can be arranged at heights from 0.6 to 1.2 meters relative to ground level, which greatly simplifies the installation of the tank.
Advantages:
- high degree of aerobic and anaerobic purification (98%);
- reliable container body;
- good throughput (filtration of up to one cubic meter of wastewater per day).
2 Eco-Grand 15 (Topol)
Better processing ability
Country Russia
Average price: RUB 148,230.
Rating (2019): 4.8
Large-sized energy-dependent septic tank, ideal for equipping large country houses. Except for the fact that the container weighs 380 kilograms, there are no problems with installation. Yes and by operational indicators everything is very good: the entire volume of the septic tank is divided into four compartments, two of which are equipped with aerators. After the wastewater enters the receiving chamber (a salvo discharge can reach 450 liters), thanks to aeration, solid fractions begin to decompose.
In a separate compartment under the controls there is a compressor for pumping waste water through the system. By the way, the latter consumes a total of up to 2.8 kilowatts of energy per day - not much, but over a long period of operation a decent amount accumulates.
Advantages:
- active filtration and aeration of incoming wastewater;
- good productivity (1.8-2.0 cubic meters of wastewater per day);
- capacity equal to six cubic meters.
Flaws:
- high price;
- increased energy consumption.
1 TOPAS 8
The most economical model
Country Russia
Average price: RUB 99,875.
Rating (2019): 4.9
One of the most economical energy-dependent septic tanks available to a wide range of consumers. It is not entirely justified to install such a tank in a country house - it would be much better suited to a small country house. Convenience of manual installation (as in stand-alone models) can no longer be ensured here - the entire structure weighs almost 350 kilograms. Thanks to the installed filters, it does not require cleaning, effectively limits unpleasant odors, and also filters up to 1.5 cubic meters of wastewater per day. According to users, the cost of power supply is noticeable, but much less than that of competitors and older models of this series - the septic tank consumes only 1.5 kilowatts per day.
Advantages:
- popularity among users;
- low power consumption;
- highly efficient filtration;
- reliable case;
- ease of operation and low maintenance requirements.
Flaws:
- not detected.
The best autonomous septic tanks
Autonomous septic tanks that do not require connection to the mains - best option for a summer cottage or a country house in a remote area where there are problems with electricity. Their design does not contain moving mechanical parts, so they are simple, reliable and will perform their functions in any case.
Of course, there are also disadvantages - lower productivity, worse level of wastewater clarification. The best models provide no more than 85% purification, and, therefore, the water requires additional filtration. There are several methods - drainage fields, infiltrators, filtration wells - and all of them mean additional monetary costs and reduce usable area plot. However, for houses with periodic residence, such structures may be more preferable, since they do not consume electricity and can be easily mothballed if necessary.
3 Uponor Sako
Good quality plastic
A country: Sweden/Finland (made in Russia)
Average price: 67,575 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.7
The Scandinavian concern for the production of serious household equipment has quite successfully entered the Russian market. The domestic branch has launched the production of autonomous Uponor Sako septic tanks, suitable for installation both in a private house and in a summer cottage. In general, the system is not bad: it reliably retains unpleasant odors, filters wastewater without problems (but not perfectly), and does not impose high maintenance requirements. The problem area, judging by user reviews, is extreme intolerance to the drainage of rain and drainage water into the local treatment system. Why this happens is a matter of heated debate. But the fact that this is an obvious disadvantage is supported by everyone unanimously.
Advantages:
- good standard filtration efficiency;
- high-quality case materials.
Flaws:
- entry into the rain or drainage water treatment system leads to a deterioration in filtering ability.
2 Termite Pro 3.0
Maximum cleaning degree in the classroom
Country Russia
Average price: 49,100 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.7
The productivity of this model, which uses the principle of anaerobic clarification of wastewater, is 1200 liters per day. At the same time, the purification level reaches 85%, which allows minimizing the area of final ground filtration. Such a septic tank with a sufficient supply provides permanent residence six people. The tank is washed only once a year, and the structure is completely autonomous.
According to user reviews, the septic tank fully complies with the characteristics declared by the manufacturers, is reliable and practical. It is especially convenient to use it for seasonal living: mothballing it for the winter and then putting it into operation again is not a problem. The disadvantages include a rather complicated installation procedure.
1 Triton-ED-3500 Horizontal
Profitable price
Country Russia
Average price: 43,500 rub.
Rating (2019): 4.8
This one is relatively inexpensive option purification system for a dacha or country house where there are significant problems with the power supply. The model's capacity is 700 liters per day, which meets the needs of 4 - 6 people. At the same time, the septic tank does not require an electrical connection, and sludge can be pumped out once a year. Of course, in order for the water discharged into the ground to be sufficiently purified, it will be necessary to additionally use a drainage field or infiltrator.
Buyers especially like the horizontal layout of the septic tank, which allows you to limit the depth of the pit, as well as its independence from the electrical network. The disadvantages of the device are that it must be placed away from residential premises, since it is not possible to completely get rid of odors. This treatment plant is especially suitable for a country house in which a family of 2-3 people lives, but guests periodically come.
The variety of designs and models of local treatment plants even experienced craftsman can be confusing. Before choosing a septic tank, you have to analyze more than one review detailed characteristics. The presented rating of autonomous sewers with a description of the features of each option will help you make your choice. This decision should be made with knowledge of the matter, otherwise the VOC may not cope with the assigned tasks.
The sewer system of the cottage consists of an internal and external part. The first collects wastewater from plumbing fixtures, and the second receives it and processes it or accumulates it for pumping.
Classical autonomous sewerage for a country house - septic tank and infiltrator (drainage)
The option with a storage tank can be immediately discarded, since with a large volume of sewage from a private house, it quickly overflows. And the constant call for sanitation workers will make a hole in the budget of any family. Wastewater from sewers must be treated on site and then drained into the soil.
Organize wastewater treatment in country house can be done using:
- cesspool;
- anaerobic septic tank with multiple cameras;
- aerobic wastewater treatment plant.
The cesspool is simple and cheap to manufacture, but without problems it can only cope with a small volume of wastewater. Structurally, this is a container with drainage made of gravel and sand instead of a bottom. When entering the cesspool, organic matter from the wastewater is processed by anaerobic bacteria living in the ground, and the clarified water is drained into the ground.
You can make a cesspool from a variety of building materials. The undisputed leader in the cheapest rating is factory-made reinforced concrete rings. They just need to be brought to the site and folded into a single well structure.
It is even easier to install a plastic or fiberglass cesspool. It's already ready installation, which just needs to be lowered to the bottom of the dug pit and sprinkled with soil.
Besides low power You can also add sewer odors and inconsistency to the list of arguments against septic tanks. sanitary requirements for private houses. Completely get rid of amber in the case of cesspool almost impossible. And when it overflows, all the untreated wastewater from it immediately ends up on the ground, polluting the ground and water sources around it.
Criteria for selecting treatment plants
When choosing an autonomous sewer system for a country house, you first need to decide on the material for its manufacture. The most practical and popular are plastic, concrete and fiberglass. The last option is the most durable, but it is also more expensive than all the others.
It will cost the least concrete structure. However, almost all ratings are topped by plastic septic tanks. They are the undisputed leaders in terms of a combination of indicators and price/quality criteria.
A septic tank made of concrete rings is cheap, but is installed using special equipment
All septic tank models are divided into two categories:
- Anaerobic.
- Aerobic.
It is simply incorrect to compare them with each other in any single rating of autonomous sewers for a home. These types of septic tanks differ greatly in how they operate. Aerobes need constant supply of oxygen, but anaerobes do not.
Aerobic plants refer to local treatment facilities with bioremediation, which allows water after processing to be reused for irrigation or technical needs. And after anaerobic treatment, they can only be sent to a wine filter or drainage for final purification.
Reference! Stations with anaerobes are non-volatile installations, the operation of which does not require a connection to the electrical network. But for aerobes to live, they need a constant supply of oxygen, which is supplied using an aerator and a compressor.
The choice of septic tank model depends on:
- the number of people living in the house;
- regularity of sewerage use;
- terrain;
- soil characteristics and groundwater levels.
Also, when compiling ratings of autonomous sewers, the cost of the system and the need for its maintenance are taken into account. It’s one thing to install a septic tank and forget about it for a year. In the spring I cleaned it, preparing it for the new season, and no more worries. It’s a completely different matter if you have to constantly monitor the operation of the treatment plant.
TOP 3 non-volatile septic tanks
All treatment plants discussed below are made of plastic, which guarantees a housing life of up to half a century. By default, all processes of overflowing wastewater into them occur by gravity, but it is also possible to install a drainage pump for pumping out purified water.
"TANK" - high-performance versatility
In first place in the ranking of anaerobic autonomous sewers is the Tank septic tank. The body is made of high-strength plastic with a thickness of 10–17 mm and stiffening ribs allow this installation not to be afraid of any loads arising from the ground in winter and spring. Flood and high groundwater, as well as soil heaving, are not a problem for the Tank.
Installation diagram of a septic tank “TANK” with an infiltrator
The wastewater treatment in this septic tank is carried out in two stages:
- Settling and clarification.
- Decomposition of organic matter using a biofilter.
Drainage of purified water occurs through an infiltrator. The presence of a high neck allows you to place the “Tank” at any depth, and the design of universal modules allows you to assemble a septic tank of a very large volume.
"TRITON" - variety of model range
The most compact model "Triton-Mini" is single-chamber septic tank which is ideal for country houses. It easily copes with wastewater up to 250 liters. And if a more powerful station is needed, then it is better to take “Triton-ED” or “Triton-N” with a capacity of 600 l/day and a volume of 1800 and 2000 liters, respectively.
Installation of autonomous sewage system "Triton-Mini"
A durable, sealed plastic housing prevents waste from getting into the ground. A wide range of models allows you to choose a unit with a volume from 2 to 40 cubic meters. And after cleaning, water is drained to a remote filtration field or infiltrator.
"AQUA-BIO" - high degree of purification in five chambers
Step-by-step wastewater treatment in the Aqua-Bio septic tank occurs in five separate containers located in one building. In the first three chambers, gradual sedimentation of solid suspensions occurs, and in the last two, organic matter is decomposed by anaerobes living on a special bioload.
The presence of several cameras significantly increases the efficiency of autonomous sewage systems. As a result, 97–99% purified water, practically free of silt, reaches the filtration field. The drainage does not become clogged and will need to be cleaned less often.
The range includes models with a capacity from 600 to 1300 l/day. You can always choose the best option for a particular country house.
Three of the best energy-dependent autonomous sewers
An aerobic septic tank requires a constant connection to the electrical network; a compressor and hydraulic pumps require electricity to operate by definition. Only with a continuous supply of air do aerobes absorb organic matter at the proper speed. It is this kind of autonomous sewage system that is a full-fledged deep biotreatment station.
"BIODECA" - minimalist design with maximum performance
The operation of a BIODEKA septic tank is based on the treatment of wastewater with suspended sludge in which aerobes live. In general, the installation is a classic aerobic station, but the developers managed to place all the working chambers and units in a single cylindrical body made of foamed polyethylene. The result is a light, cheap and robust design weighing up to 150 kg.
Cylindrical body of the septic tank "BIODEKA"
“BIODECA” operates according to a one-cycle scheme, which made it possible to get rid of an extra compressor and expensive automation. At the same time, the remaining aerator and pump are constantly activated, reducing the risk of airlift overgrowing to a minimum.
"TOPAS" - reliability of aerobic technology
Reliable septic tank Topass with low energy consumption cleans wastewater by 99%. This is a classic system with two cleaning cycles. First, the sewage masses enter the primary chamber, where solid debris is filtered out. Then they enter containers with anaerobic microorganisms, which break down all the organic matter they contain.
Topas modifications depending on the depth of the sewer pipe from the house
Models differ not only in performance, but also in the level of depth sewer pipe. The removal of treated wastewater from the TOPAS septic tank is carried out by gravity or forcedly using a drainage pump.
Advice! At the same time, forced and gravity modes of water removal from the Topas septic tank cannot function. This issue should be decided in advance, even before installation begins. After backfilling with soil, switching the station to another operating mode is problematic.
UNILOS is the best option for harsh Russian conditions
Another classic among septic tanks is the UNILOS station. Two types of treatment (mechanical and active-biological) guarantee a high degree of water purification. First, mechanical impurities are removed from the wastewater, and the remaining organic pollution eaten by aerobes.
Autonomous sewage system "Unilos"
The design provides for possible interruptions in the power supply. The system is also resistant to voltage surges. Another feature is the ability to manually remove accumulated sludge. In many other septic tanks this can only be done using a built-in pump.
choosing VOC for a country house
When choosing a septic tank, you should focus less on the ratings of autonomous sewers for private houses, and on specific operating conditions. For each plot and cottage sewage treatment plant should be selected individually. In some places there are problems with electricity, in others there is a high level of groundwater, and in others the sewer system is idle almost all the time. Only an experienced specialist can take into account all the nuances and choose the optimal installation.
To connect plumbing fixtures to the water supply network, a flexible water supply is used. It is in demand when connecting faucets, showers, toilets and other water intake points, and significantly simplifies the installation process. Flexible eyeliner also used during installation gas equipment. It differs from similar water devices in its manufacturing technology and special requirements security.
Characteristics and types
The flexible hose for connecting plumbing is a hose of different lengths made of non-toxic synthetic rubber. Thanks to the elasticity and softness of the material, it easily takes the desired position and allows installation in hard-to-reach places. To protect the flexible hose, there is an upper reinforcing layer in the form of a braid, which is made from the following materials:
- Aluminum. Such models can withstand no more than +80 °C and retain functionality for 3 years. At high humidity Aluminum braiding is prone to rust.
- Of stainless steel. Thanks to this reinforcing layer, the service life of the flexible water line is at least 10 years, and the maximum temperature of the transported medium is +95 °C.
- Nylon. This braid is used for the manufacture of reinforced models that can withstand temperatures up to +110 °C and are designed for intensive use for 15 years.
The fasteners used are nut-nut and nut-fitting pairs, which are made of brass or of stainless steel. Devices with different indicators permissible temperature differ in the color of the braid. Blue ones are used for connecting to a pipeline with cold water, and red ones - with hot ones.
When choosing a water line, you need to pay attention to its elasticity, reliability of fasteners and purpose. It is also mandatory to have a certificate that prevents the rubber from releasing toxic components during operation.
Features of gas connections
When connected gas stoves, speakers and other types of equipment also use flexible hoses. Unlike models for water, they have yellow and are not tested for environmental safety. For fixation, end steel or aluminum reinforcement is used. There are the following types of devices for connecting gas appliances:
- PVC hoses reinforced with polyester thread;
- made of synthetic rubber with stainless steel braid;
- bellows, made in the form of a corrugated stainless steel tube.
Santekhkomplekt holding offers engineering equipment, fittings, plumbing and devices for connecting it to communications. The assortment is represented by products and materials from famous foreign and domestic producers. Discounts apply for bulk purchases, and product quality is confirmed by standard certificates. For information support and assistance, each client is assigned a personal manager. The ability to arrange delivery within Moscow and to other regions of the Russian Federation allows you to quickly receive the purchased goods without unnecessary hassle.
Drainage is a drainage and drainage measure to remove excess groundwater.
If water does not leave the site for a long time, the soil becomes gleyed, if shrubs and trees quickly disappear (get wet), you need to urgently take action and drain the site.
Causes of soil waterlogging
There are several reasons for soil waterlogging:
- clay heavy soil structure with poor water permeability;
- aquifer in the form of gray-green and red-brown clays is located close to the surface;
- high groundwater table;
- technogenic factors (construction of roads, pipelines, various objects) that interfere with natural drainage;
- disruption of the water balance by the construction of irrigation systems;
- The landscape area is located in a lowland, ravine, or hollow. In this case, precipitation and the influx of water from higher places play a big role.
What are the consequences of excess moisture in the soil?
You can see the results of this phenomenon yourself - trees and shrubs die. Why is this happening?
- the oxygen content in the soil decreases and the content increases carbon dioxide, which leads to disruption of air exchange processes, water regime and nutrition regime in the soil;
- oxygen starvation of the root-forming layer occurs, which leads to the death of plant roots;
- the supply of macro and microelements by plants (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc.) is disrupted, because excess water washes out mobile forms of elements from the soil, and they become unavailable for absorption;
- intensive breakdown of proteins occurs and, accordingly, the processes of decay are activated.
Plants can tell you at what level groundwater lies
Take a close look at the flora of your area. The species inhabiting it will tell you at what depth the groundwater layers are located:
- perched water - it is best to dig a reservoir in this place;
- at a depth of up to 0.5 m - marigold, horsetails, varieties of sedges grow - bladderwrack, holly, foxweed, Langsdorff's reed;
- at a depth of 0.5 m to 1 m - meadowsweet, canary grass, ;
- from 1 m to 1.5 m – favorable conditions for meadow fescue, bluegrass, mouse pea, china;
- from 1.5 m - wheatgrass, clover, wormwood, plantain.
What is important to know when planning site drainage
Each group of plants has its own moisture needs:
- at a groundwater depth of 0.5 to 1 m they can grow on raised beds vegetables and annual flowers;
- water depth up to 1.5 m is well tolerated vegetable crops, cereals, annuals and perennials (flowers), ornamental and fruit and berry bushes, trees on a dwarf rootstock;
- if the groundwater is more than 2 m deep, fruit trees can be grown;
- optimal depth of groundwater for Agriculture– from 3.5 m.
Is site drainage necessary?
Record your observations for at least some time. You yourself can understand how much drainage is needed.
Maybe it makes sense to simply redirect melt and sediment water along the bypass channel, rather than allowing it to flow through your site?
Perhaps it is necessary to design and equip a storm drain and improve the composition of the soil and this will be enough?
Or is it worth doing drainage system only for fruit and ornamental trees?
A specialist will give you the exact answer, and we strongly recommend calling him. But after reading this article, you will gain some awareness on this issue.
Upon completion of technological and production tasks related to the arrangement sewer system in an apartment building, industrial building, as well as in private households, it is necessary to test the involved system using the forced flow method. This task is used to identify possible defects or improper installation of the entire involved sewerage part, and the test report for internal sewerage and drainage systems will be material evidence of the work on acceptance of the facility.
A visual inspection should be accompanied by inclusion in the test report of internal sewerage and drainage systems according to SNIP, which is currently represented by the current regulations of the “D” series appendix, which corresponds to SP 73.13330.2012 “Internal sanitary systems of a building”, recently a new one has been applied updated working edition according to SNiP 3.05.01-85.
When building cottages or major renovation The owners of existing country houses want to get comfort. One of these mandatory points is autonomous.
Autonomous systems sewer systems make it possible to solve the issue of disposal of household waste even in the absence of centralized networks nearby. The device includes:
- internal wiring;
- external pipeline;
- design for collection and disposal of wastewater.
There are three types of systems:
- cesspools;
- septic tanks;
- local treatment facilities (WTP).
Which system is better: principles of operation
Cesspools
The most traditional structure for collecting wastewater is. It is laid out either from ceramic bricks, or constructed from ready-made reinforced concrete rings, the bottom is made from concrete base. Disadvantages: poor seal sewage will enter the soil and groundwater. If the structure is well sealed, you will often have to call a sewer truck to pump out waste.
A cesspool can serve as an autonomous suburban sewer system in case of rare use.
Septic tanks
Autonomous septic tanks are two or three chambers interconnected, in which wastewater undergoes two stages of purification:
- Freeing wastewater from solid insoluble particles that settle to the bottom of the first chamber. The liquid, cleared of the solid fraction, is poured into the next one.
- In the second (and third, if available) chamber, wastewater passes biological treatment anaerobic bacteria. The process can last about 3 days. The filtered liquid exits through the outlet pipe into the collector or onto the filtration field.
- A filtration well is a structure for the last stage of wastewater treatment and discharge. It consists of:
– filter bottom;
– walls;
– covers;
– ventilation pipe.
To ensure the filtering function, the bottom is a layer of gravel, crushed stone or crushed brick about 1 m high. The walls of the well must be perforated (holes with a diameter of 40–60 mm are drilled in the finished concrete rings), the gaps should be up to 10% of the total area of the fence. If you install the system yourself, then to save money, the walls can be made of brick.
The well is covered from above with a slab into which a ventilation pipe with a diameter of 10 cm and an inspection hatch from 70 to 80 cm are mounted. The well itself should be about 3 m deep and 2 m in diameter. Provided that the calculations require a shaft area of more than 4 m2, it is better to build several filter wells. A sewer truck is called when the bottom of the pit silts up and water stops seeping into the ground.
- A filtration field is a fairly extensive area of land up to 25 m long. It undergoes the last stage of purification of liquid from a septic tank, consisting of:
– collector;
– drainage pipeline systems;
– ventilation pipes;
– filter bottom.
From the last chamber of the septic tank, the treated wastewater enters the collector - the distribution well. From there, drains - a network of special (perforated) pipes - are supplied to a filter bed consisting of a sand-gravel mixture. Base thickness: 350 - 150 mm of gravel layer and 200 mm of sand, geotextiles are laid under it. The soil layer on top of the filter tunnel should be 400 mm.
The total thickness of the filtration field is at least 1 m. The height of the ventilation risers is from 50 cm above ground level, the interval between them must be less than 4 m. The length of the drains cannot be more than 20 m. The diameter of the pipes is 110 mm. The drain spacing should be 1500 mm.
Groundwater from the bottom of the field should be at a distance of 1.5 m.
Fields, as well as seepage reservoirs, require soil with a low clay content.
Such systems are well suited for country houses and cottages, as they are non-volatile - they are not at all affected by power outages. The disadvantage is that it cannot be used if groundwater is close to the surface.
- An alternative is a septic tank with an infiltrator. This is a container with a plastic top and a cushion of crushed stone (resembles an inverted trough). The structure must be equipped ventilation pipe. Depending on the topography of the site, an intermediate prefabricated well with a pump and check valve, preventing the return of wastewater into the mine.
An infiltrator with a volume of up to 0.4 m 3 can replace a filtration field 35 m long. It is quite simple to install, it can cope with salvo discharge and does not require frequent maintenance. The silted gravel bed will need to be cleaned or replaced after a few years. The infiltrator can be installed in areas with high groundwater levels and poorly absorbent soils. Among the disadvantages: the design with an intermediate well requires a constant supply of electricity to operate the pump.
Containers for septic tanks are either purchased ready-made or poured from concrete. You can buy biofilters by contacting specialized companies.
VOC
Local treatment station (LOS) is ready-made systems sewerage with a degree of household wastewater treatment up to 98%. How does it work and what stages does it include?
- Mechanical cleaning. Just like in the simplest septic tanks, solid particles settle in the first chamber, and the drain is filtered through grease traps.
- Treatment .
- Processing by anaerobic microorganisms. At the exit from the chamber, liquid waste is filtered from organic matter.
- Final mechanical filtration.
The final filtered liquid can be used as process water, for example, for irrigation, regardless of the type of soil on the site. VOC maintenance consists of a monthly inspection of the internal chambers, and filters are cleaned every six months. Parts may need to be replaced after several years of use. Manufacturers and installation companies provide a warranty on their equipment.
VOC is a ready-made solution for treating household wastewater. Installation should only be carried out by qualified personnel - the manufacturer or construction organizations who have a license to carry out this type of work.
Among the disadvantages of VOCs are the rather high cost and energy dependence.
If there are constant power outages, you need to take care of an electric generator or choose a non-volatile septic tank.
Which autonomous sewer system is suitable for a private home?
General points on how to choose a scheme for cleaning liquid household waste:
- Frequency of sewer use. Do they live in the house permanently or seasonally? Some cleaning stations with biofilters do not allow equipment downtime for more than two weeks due to the death of microorganisms.
- Volume of daily effluents or one-time discharges.
- Uninterrupted power supply. Designs with forced aeration and pumps require constant power supply. Or the power of the electric generator must cover the lack of electricity.
- Relief and soil type on the site. The ability to filter the earth, the level of groundwater, the presence/absence of wells with drinking water influence the choice of design.
- Financial opportunities. The most expensive equipment is VOC with forced aeration and biofilters. But the quality of the purified liquid justifies the investment.
Design standards and calculations
According to SNiP 2.04.03-85 “. External networks and structures" septic tanks, filtration fields, wells and infiltrators must be located according to the following rules:
- The sewage disposal structure must be located below the level of the house.
- there should be more than 25 m between the extreme point and the well.
- Storage and discharge of wastewater should occur further than 5 m from the house. Cleaning stations with a capacity of more than 8 m 3 are located at least 8 meters from a residential building.
- The distance from the septic tank to the border of the site must be at least 1.5 m.
- Sewage wells are laid downstream of groundwater to prevent household waste from getting into drinking water wells.
- It is prohibited to plant plants that will be used for food, trees and shrubs on top of filtration structures. The area is allowed to be landscaped with a lawn or flower beds.
According to the standards, the specific volume of average daily water disposal is 550 l/day per person in the city and 150 l/day in rural areas. The number may fluctuate between 10–20% depending on the degree of improvement, climatic conditions or other local parameters.
Based on the standards, the volume of the treatment plant will be equal to the product of the average daily water consumption per person, the number of people and the time required for processing (three days). To convert liters to cubic meters, the resulting value must be divided by a thousand. It is advisable to make allowances for the presence of pets, guests, and a possible increase in family.
It is quite possible to make and install it yourself. Containers can be made of concrete, reinforced concrete or plastic tanks. Local devices are ready-made designs for installation.
Conclusion
The market offers a wide selection of systems for collecting and treating wastewater. The owners just have to choose the option that is suitable for their home. The installation of such systems can be entrusted to specialized teams or done by yourself.
Installing a septic tank is a practical way to solve the problem of wastewater disposal when arranging a local sewage system. But, you must admit, it is sometimes not easy to make a choice among the variety of ready-made designs.
To simplify the task, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with an overview of the main types of treatment facilities and popular models from leading manufacturers. We will tell you which septic tank to choose based on the characteristics of its operation, and outline the main parameters of the device that must be taken into account when purchasing.
For a better understanding of the issue, we have supplemented the information with photographs. various models recyclers, as well as diagrams for their installation.
A septic tank is a waterproof structure consisting of one or more sections or divided into two or three compartments or chambers. But any sewage treatment plant has its own characteristics.
Therefore, in order to choose a recycler wisely, it is necessary to analyze the types of equipment on the market, understand the principle of their operation and determine for yourself the feasibility of using a particular model.
Types of materials used
Septic tanks serving as the main element local sewerage, are classified according to different criteria.
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