During exams, school graduates are given tasks to determine the type of connection in the text. Many people have difficulty doing this, although it is not that difficult.
A complex connection in sentences or phrases is a sentence (phrase) in which one of the parts is subordinate to the other. When carefully studying the rules of subordinating relationships, many examples are given independently.
There are only three types of subordination - coordination, adjacency and control.
- Coordination.
The dominant word is a noun, and participles, adjectives, possessive pronouns or ordinal numbers are dependent words, i.e. subordinate, consistent. Cases, gender and numbers change following the main word.
For example: our dacha, open book, first warrior. In the first phrase, the pronoun acts as a predicative word, and the type of subordinating connection will be agreement.
- Control.
The predicative word changes from the dominant one in the case. Parts of speech are very diverse. You can find familiar combinations: adjectives and nouns, participles (gerunds) and nouns, verbs and nouns, numerals and nouns, even nouns and nouns.
Example: watch a movie, death threats, pea soup, five stars.
During final exams, applicants are often faced with the task of changing the type of communication from coordination to management or vice versa. Typically, two nouns are examples. The above is split pea soup. To change a phrase, you need to transform one noun into an adjective, so you get pea soup. To convert back, you need to turn the adjective into a noun. For example, a silk dress will become a silk dress.
- Adjacency.
In adjacency, the dominant word is connected with the dependent word only logically, that is, in meaning. Typically, the following parts of speech have this type of connection: verb and verb, verb and adverb, verb and gerund, adjective or participle, verb and degree of comparison in an adverb. Feature adjacency is that the dependent word has no case and gender.
For example: it’s sad to watch, he says laughing, I can’t fly, to be kinder, it was better.
There are several types of subordinating connections in complex sentence. There is one main simple clause and several subordinate clauses. The subordination of phrases differs from each other, so it is not always easy to distinguish them.
- Consistent submission.
In this case, the main phrase comes first, and the dependent ones obey it sequentially one after another.
For example. She looked at the guy from whom she once asked for a lecture, but he didn’t write it down either.
The main clause here is “She looked”, the first subordinate clause is “from whom she asked for a lecture”, and the second subordinate clause is “he did not write down”.
- Parallel subordination.
This is the subordination in which subordinate clauses depend on one main thing, but on it different parts speech.
For example. That evening, which smelled wonderfully of bird cherry, he told his son about the moments when he and his mother met.
The main thing here is “That evening he told his son about the moments.” The first subordinate clause answers the question: “What evening?” And the answer immediately follows: “Which smelled wonderfully of bird cherry.” Another dependent phrase sentence poses the question: “About what moments?”, the answer will be: “When he and his mother met.”
You need to know: what it is, examples of it in the literature.
From this we can see that there is a main sentence and two subordinate clauses, which depend on different words.
- Homogeneous submission.
This method of subordinating communication has a peculiarity. With such subordination, predicative sentences answer the same question and depend on the same part of speech.
For example. She knew that it couldn't get any better and that it was better for her to leave forever.
The main thing: “She knew.” The first subordinate clause answers the question - did you know about what? That it won't get any better. The second subordinate clause also answers the question “About what?”, the answer is that it is better for her to leave forever.
After analyzing the text, it turns out that it is complex with a homogeneous method of subordination.
- Subordination is allied.
This is a way of subordination using conjunctions and allied words.
For example. She didn't know she was being watched.
The dominant phrase “She didn’t know,” the subordinate clause, answers the question “About what?” The answer will be “That she is being watched.”
- Indirect interrogative submission.
Subordinate clauses answer the main question using relative interrogative adverbs or pronouns. The main idea of a predicative sentence is expressed using a verb or noun that describes a state or feeling.
For example. She didn't know how much it hurt. The main one is “She didn’t know.” The subordinate clause “how painful it was” answers the question “I didn’t know about what?”
- Subordination.
Subordinate and main clauses are dependent on each other, and the main idea is expressed using lexico-syntactic means.
She had not yet laid out her things when she was surrounded by children.
The dominant thing is that she did not put things away. It answers the question “what happened” (she was surrounded by children).
Knowing the principles of constructing complex sentences is important for every Russian person, especially for schoolchildren before final exams. You don’t carry knowledge behind your back, and it’s nice to talk to a competent person.
Complex sentences always contain two or more simple ones (also called predicative clauses) connected various types connections: union coordinating, non-union and union subordinating connection. It is the presence or absence of conjunctions and their meaning that allows us to establish the type of connection in a sentence.
Definition of subordinating connection in a sentence
Subordination or subordination- a type of connection in which one of the predicative parts is the main, subordinating part, and the other is the dependent, subordinate part. This connection is conveyed through subordinating conjunctions or allied words; from the main part to the subordinate part it is always possible to ask a question. Thus, a subordinating relationship (as opposed to a coordinating relationship) implies syntactic inequality between the predicative parts of the sentence.
For example: In geography lessons we learned (about what?) why there are ebbs and flows, Where In geography lessons we learned- main part, there are ebbs and flows - subordinate clause, why - subordinating conjunction.
Subordinating conjunctions and allied words
Predicative parts of a complex sentence connected by a subordinating connection are connected using subordinating conjunctions, allied words. In turn, subordinating conjunctions are divided into simple and complex.
Simple conjunctions include: what, so that, how, when, barely, yet, if, as if, as if, for sure, for, although and others. 
We want all peoples to live happily.
Complex conjunctions include at least two words: because, because, since, in order to, as soon as, while, until, despite the fact that, as if and others. As soon as the sun rose, all the songbirds woke up.
Relative pronouns and adverbs can act as allied words: who, what, which, whose, which, how many(in all cases); where, where, from, when, how, why, why and others. Conjunctive words always answer any question and are one of the members of the subordinate clause. I have taken you there, where the gray wolf has never gone before!(G. Rosen)
You need to know: what it is, examples of it in the literature.
Types of subordination in a complex sentence
Depending on the means, connecting predicative parts, the following types of subordination are distinguished:
- conjunctional subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected by simple or complex conjunctions. He opened the doors wider so that the procession could pass through freely.
- relative subordination - between the predicative parts there is a conjunction word. After death, people return to the same place they came from. they came.
- interrogative-relative subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected through interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs. The subordinate part explains the member of the main sentence expressed by a verb or noun, which has the meaning of a statement, mental activity, feeling, perception, internal state. Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what frightened him.(M. Bulgakov).
Often one complex sentence contains more than two predicative parts that are dependent in relation to the main one. Due to this There are several types of subordination:
This is interesting: in the rules of the Russian language.
Based on which member of the main sentence explains or extends the dependent one, subordinate clauses in some sources are divided into subjects, predicates, modifiers, additional and adverbial.
- Every, whom he met here offered to help him. The subordinate clause extends the subject of the main clause every.
- Never think that you already know everything.(I. Pavlov) The subordinate part explains the predicate of the main think.
- You should never regret something that can no longer be changed. IN in this case the subordinate clause answers the question of the prepositional case.
A more common classification is that depending on the questions they answer, subordinate clauses are divided as follows:
Coordinating connection
Means of expressing syntactic connections in phrases
III. Adverbial phrases
1. Phrases with an adverb (for example: very successful, still good).
2. Collocations with nouns (for example: far from home, alone with my son, shortly before exams).
Syntactic connection - formal structural relationships between components syntactic units, revealing semantic connections (syntactic relations) and expressed by means of language.
Means of expressing syntactic connections in phrases and simple sentences X:
1) forms of words:
· case form of nouns;
· number, gender, case of adjectives;
· person, number, gender of conjugated forms of verbs.
2) prepositions;
3) word order;
4) intonation (in writing expressed using punctuation marks).
Syntactic connections are divided into coordinating and subordinating, which oppose each other based on the presence/absence of the “master” and “servant” relationship in the syntactic structure.
At essay the components are single-functional. This connection is characterized by the number of combined structural components, i.e. a sign of openness/closedness.
At closed coordinating connection only two of its components can be connected ( not a sister, but a brother; you love sadly and difficultly, but a woman’s heart is a joke). Must be expressed by adversative conjunctions ( A, But), gradational ( not only but; yes and), explanatory ( namely, that is).
With an open coordinating connection, an indefinite number of components can be connected at once. Can be expressed without conjunctions or using connectors ( And, Yes) and separating ( or, or, Also etc.) unions.
At subordination The role of the components in creating a design is different, they have different functions. The Russian language has different formal means of expressing subordinating relationships. These funds are grouped into three main types.
First view formal expression Dependency is the likening of the form of the dependent word to the forms of the dominant word; such assimilation is carried out in cases where the dependent word changes by cases, numbers and genders (this is an adjective, including pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers and participles), by cases and numbers (this is a noun) or by cases other than them. n. and, for some. excl., wine n. (numerals); eg: new house (new home, new home...), late passengers, my brother, first flight; tower house, giant plant; three tables, four tables, several athletes. The condition for the formation of such a connection is the possibility of coincidence in the connecting words of case, number and gender - in case of dependence of the adjective, or case and number, or only case - in case of dependence of the noun ( tower house, in the tower house..., nursery-new building, V nursery-new building...).
Second type formal expression of dependence - setting the dependent word in the form oblique case without a preposition or with a preposition (attaching a case form of a name to a word); in such a connection, the main word can be a word of any part of speech, and the dependent word can be a noun (including a pronoun-noun, cardinal and collective numeral): read a book, angry with a student, drive into the yard, pass for the groom, monitor the instruments, be in the city, work for seven, father's arrival, buying a house, award to the winners, math exam, city on the Volga, scientifically gifted, alone with myself, stronger than death, someone in a mask, first from the edge.
Third type formal expression of dependence - the addition to the dominant word of a word that does not have forms of change: an adverb, an unchangeable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund, which syntactically behave as independent words. The main word can be a verb, a noun, an adjective, a cardinal numeral, and also, when combined with an adverb, a pronoun-noun. With this type of connection, the formal indicator of dependence is the immutability of the dependent word itself, and the internal, semantic indicator is the emerging relationships: run fast, right turn, beige, saddle coat, golden side, sixth from left, three upstairs, order to advance, decide to leave, act smarter, older people, someone more experienced.
In modern Russian, there are traditionally three types of subordinating connections: coordination, control and adjacency. When distinguishing and defining these connections, not only strictly formal types of connection must be taken into account, but also the significant side of the connection inseparable from these types, i.e., the relationships arising on its basis.
Coordination- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by assimilating the form of the dependent word to the form of the dominant word in gender, number and case, or in number and case, or only in case, and means relations that are actually attributive: new house, someone else's, tower house, nursery-new building. The main word in agreement can be a noun, a pronoun-noun and a cardinal numeral in the form of noun-vin. n. With words that are informatively insufficient, agreement combines a defining meaning with a complementary meaning and thus acquires signs of a strong connection: fun thing, unfathomable things.
Control- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by joining the dominant word of a noun in the form of an indirect case (without a preposition or with a preposition) and means a complementary or objective relationship or a contaminated one: object-complementary or object-defining. The main word in control can be a word of any part of speech: become a scientist, be in the dark, master of inventions, brooding, two students, alone with myself; read a book, buying a house, angry at everyone; run into rudeness; get home, move down the mountain..
Adjacency is a subordinating relationship that exists in two forms, each of which receives an independent definition. There is a distinction between adjacency in the narrow sense of the word (or adjacency itself) and adjacency in the broad sense of the word (case adjacency). The actual junction - this is a connection in which the role of a dependent word is played by unchangeable words: an adverb, an unchangeable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund. In this case, various relations may arise: when the infinitive is adjacent - complementary (), objective ( learn to draw, agree to go), or adverbial determinatives ( come in and talk); when adjoining adverbs, gerunds - attributives ( To talk slowly, read faster, extremely interesting, city at night, second from left) or determinative-replenishing ( be nearby, costly, be listed here, become smarter); when adjoining an unchangeable adjective - the actual attributives ( indigo, tsunami waves, mini skirt, older boy). A word of any part of speech can dominate in this connection.
Case adjunction- this is the attachment to the main word (any part of speech) of a case (without a preposition or with a preposition) form of a name with a defining meaning: come on the fifth of May, come in the evening, wooden spoon, city on the Volga, house with two windows, checkered gray, handsome face , teapot lid, one step ahead, someone in blue, first in line. With case adjacency, attributive, subject-attributive relations arise, or - with informatively insufficient words that require an adverbial extender - adverbial-complementary ( be on the shore, be registered at the plant, cost a hundred rubles, long before dawn).
Complex sentences (CSS) – syntactic constructions, containing two or more simple sentences, connected by a subordinating relationship and connected by appropriate conjunctions. The subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is of several types, depending on the semantic relationships between its structural elements.
In order to identify sentences with a subordinating connection, you need to check them for compliance with the following parameters:
- two or more simple sentences that represent unequal parts: one is the main one, the second is the subordinate clause;
- there is a subordinating conjunction or allied word;
- in writing, its parts are separated by a comma.
In the IPP, from the main part to the subordinate part, you can pose a question. The type of connection depends on it. Examples: “We were unable to receive instructions on time (why?) because we were very tired and went home early,” “When I need help, I will turn to the right sources (when?).”
Connection in a phrase
Useful video: what are complex sentences
Means of subordinate communication
Parts of a sentence are connected using subordinating conjunctions: while, as, if, so that, since, as if and many others. Each union expresses a certain type of relationship that differs in meaning.
Sometimes, to connect the main and dependent parts, other linguistic means are used - allied words, which include:
- relative: who, what, which, etc.;
- relative pronominal adverbs: why, how, when, etc.
Conjunctive words and conjunctions that express different semantic relationships are presented in the table:
| Communication type | Meaningful relations | Examples |
| Explanatory | formulates an explanation | I told my mom not to worry about me |
| Temporary | Indicate the time of action, specify the time | Marina ordered flowers when she heard that it was Masha’s birthday |
| Causal | expresses the reason for an action | I never thought about this before because I didn't know it could happen. |
| Conditional | Formulate conditional relationships | Dmitry would have placed an order immediately if he knew that the product would become more expensive. |
| Target | Formulate target relationships | Oksana sang to earn money |
| Concessive | Formulate concessionary relations | Even though it was raining outside, there were a lot of people on the beach. |
A conjunction and a connecting word are elements that connect parts of a complex sentence. In the schematic representation, the conjunction belongs to the subordinate clause, it is not a member of the sentence.
Attention! The conjunction word not only connects two structural elements, but also plays a syntactic role in the subordinate clause.
For example: “There are no events that could be changed.” In this example, the word “which” is not a conjunction, but a conjunction word.
Types of subordination
A complex sentence may have more than one dependent part. They communicate with each other different ways. Depending on this, the following types of subordination are distinguished:
- homogeneous;
- parallel;
- sequential;
- combined.
Each type has its own characteristics and differs from the others in certain characteristics.
Types of subordinating connections
Homogeneous and parallel
A homogeneous connection is formed provided that all dependent parts belong to the main one or belong to the same type. For example: “It seemed to me that I saw daylight, that I heard strange sounds, that I felt cold.”
Three subordinate clauses in this example answer one question and relate to the main one according to one characteristic. They refer to the same word and belong to same look. In this case, all dependent elements are of the same type and answer the same question.
Parallel subordination occurs in constructions in which one of the conditions of homogeneity is not met.
For example, subordinate clauses can refer to the same word, but answer different questions. For example: “When I finished reading the book, it was difficult to understand (when? what?) what exactly I felt for its characters”, “When a storm was raging outside the window, I read a book (when?, which one?), which talked about story that happened to the children when they were relaxing in the forest with their parents.”
Homogeneous connection
Sequential and combined
Sequential subordination is connections in a sentence in which the dependent parts are interconnected by a “chain”, i.e. that is, each subsequent element depends on the previous one. They are defined as subordinate clauses of varying degrees. For example: “Maxim saw a film (which one?), where the actor (which one?) played, whom he loved (when?), when he was a child (which one?), who was in love with pictures about heroes.”
In this example, the second clause depends on the first, the third on the second, and the fourth on the third. Questions in such sentences are asked sequentially from one part to the next. They can be different and express different semantic relationships.
In combined subordination, all types of subordination are used: parallel, sequential, and homogeneous are mixed. This is typical for long structures with big amount dependent. For example: “Yesterday I was so tired that I couldn’t understand whether my head hurt from the weather or from being overwhelmed at work.” In this example, two types of communication are used: sequential and homogeneous submission.
Note! In order to determine the type of connection, use diagrams and symbols for the main members, arrows for questions and brackets to indicate the beginning and end of dependent elements.
SPP with combined subordination
Punctuation marks
In SPP, the position of the subordinate clause can be different:
- is found after the main clause;
- “surrounded” by the main one on both sides;
- located in front of the main one.
Subordinate clauses are always separated by commas.
Useful video: punctuation marks in BSC and types of BSC
A subordinate relationship is a relationship between the parts of a complex sentence or phrase in which one part is the control one, and the second is subordinate to it. Based on this, we will analyze the types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences. For clarity, each of the above cases will be considered with an example.
Types of subordinating connections in phrases
There are only three of them. These are coordination, control and adjacency.
Coordination
Gender, number and case of the main word in this type of connection are consistent with the dependent word.
Examples: beautiful flower, another world, ninth day.
As you can see, this type of connection is typical for phrases where the noun is the main word, and the adjective, participle or ordinal number is the dependent word. Also, a possessive pronoun can act as a dependent word, for example, in the phrase “our souls.” The type of subordinating connection here will be agreement.
Control
The main word in management makes the secondary one dependent with the help of case. The combinations of parts of speech here can be quite varied: verb and noun, participle or gerund and noun, noun and noun, numeral and noun.
Examples: sitting on a bench, knowing the truth, entering a room, a clay bowl, ten sailors.
In GIA and Unified State Examination tasks, students are often faced with the task of changing the type of phrase from control to coordination or vice versa. Without understanding the material, a graduate may make a mistake. The task is actually quite simple. To do this, it is enough to know the types of subordinating connections and be able to use them.
The classic version of the task is a connection of two nouns. For example, “corn porridge.” The subordinating word must be changed into an adjective. Then it turns out to be “corn porridge”; accordingly, no other types of subordinating connections, except agreement, are suitable here. This means that everything has been done correctly.
If it is necessary to change the connection from agreement to control, then we change the adjective to a noun and put it in a certain case in relation to the main word. So, from a “strawberry cocktail” you get a “strawberry cocktail”.
Adjacency
In this case, the main word is connected with the dependent word solely in meaning. Such a connection is made between a verb and an adverb, a verb and a gerund, a verb and a verb, a verb and an adjective or an adverb of comparative degree.
Examples: “smile happily”, “speaks while sobbing”, “I can swim”, “be smarter”, “it has become worse”.
It is quite simple to determine this connection: the dependent word does not and cannot have case or gender. This can be an infinitive, a gerund, comparative degrees of an adjective and an adverb.
We looked at all types of subordinating connections in a phrase. Now let's move on to a complex sentence.
Subordinating connection in a sentence
Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence can be distinguished when there are several subordinate clauses. They connect to the main clause in different ways. For this reason, it can be noted that the subordination relationship, the types of which we will analyze, can be expressed in different ways depending on the nature of the subordination.
Consistent submission
With this type of connection, subordinate clauses come into subordination to each other sequentially. This sentence pattern resembles a nesting doll.
Example. I asked a friend for a guitar who was helping me put on a show where we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.
The basis of the main sentence here is “I asked.” The subordinate clause that enters into a subordinating relationship with it has the stem “which helped to arrange.” From this sentence comes another subordinate clause, subordinate to it - “we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.”
Parallel subordination
This is a type of complex sentence in which several subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main clause, but at the same time to different words.
Example. In that park where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring, I was walking with a friend whose image seemed cute to you.
The main sentence sounds like this: “I was walking in that park with a friend.” It has a built-in subordinate clause “where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring.” It obeys the phrase “in that park.” From him we ask the question “in what?” Another subordinate clause - “whose image seemed cute to you” - is built from the word “familiar”. We ask him the question “which one?”
Thus, we see that subordinate clauses are connected by a subordinating relationship with one main sentence, but at the same time with different parts of it.
Homogeneous Subordination
Subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination associated with one main sentence. They refer to the same word and answer the same question.
Example. They guessed that their action would have consequences, that it was better to abandon the idea and let everything be as it was.
The main sentence is “they guessed.” From him we ask the question “about what?” Both subordinate clauses answer this question. In addition, both the first and second subordinate clauses are connected to the main sentence using the predicate “guessed.” From this we conclude that the sentence is with homogeneous subordination.
All the examples given refer to sentences where there is a subordinating connection, the types of which we have discussed. This information will be necessary for everyone who is going to take exams in the Russian language, especially the State Examination and the Unified State Exam, where there are a number of tasks to test such knowledge. It is important to remember that without understanding how phrases and sentences are constructed, it is impossible to fully master literate speech. Any person who wants to learn how to write without errors needs to know this.
