In the scientific literature, the issue of complete and incomplete sentences is covered in contradictory ways.
Incomplete is a sentence in which any member of the sentence or group of members of the sentence is missing, the omission of which is confirmed by the presence of dependent words of the sentence, as well as data from the context or situation of speech.
Types of incomplete sentences are distinguished taking into account the following factors:
Written or oral sphere of use
Monologue or dialogue
Interaction of a sentence with context
Not complete sentences there are:
contextual(incomplete - incomplete sentences in monologue speech; dialogue lines - incomplete sentences in dialogic speech)
situational
Incomplete lines of dialogue are very common in colloquial speech. They are usually short and contain something new that the speaker wants to tell the interlocutor.
According to the target orientation, incomplete dialogue lines can be divided into 3 groups:
Responses. Contains the answer to the question asked in the previous response.
Questions.
Continuing remarks convey something additional to what was said in the initial sentence.
Situational cues are a type of incomplete sentences for colloquial speech. They are used as full-fledged units of communication only in a certain situation. When the very setting of the speech suggests to the interlocutors the concepts about which we're talking about, but which are not expressed verbally as part of this replica. Going.
Elliptical sentences.
Sentences like " I am going home" In linguistic literature, the term elliptical sentences is used in different meanings:
instead of the term "incomplete sentence"
denotes a type of incomplete sentence
serves as the name of the type of sentences adjacent to incomplete ones.
Ellipsis – is an abbreviation of a verb phrase in a sentence; elimination of the verbal component without replacing it in the context.
Types of elliptical sentences:
A sentence with the meaning of movement - movement. Actor + word denoting direction, goal, final point of movement. The function of an independent member of a sentence is a pronoun, a noun in a singular form, denoting a person, animal or object capable of movement. The second member is adverbs of place, nouns in v.p. with a pretext in, on, or in d.p. with a pretext To
A sentence with the meaning of speech or thought. They have an object in p.p. with a pretext O or about or in v.p. with the preposition about.
A sentence meaning to hit, hit. Subject of action + dependent words in v.p. and so on. Here I am - with a stick!
Offer equivalents
This is a special grammatical device used in communication to express agreement or disagreement, as well as emotionally expressive reactions to the speech of the interlocutor. Yes. No! No matter how it is! Still would.
They do not have an independent informative meaning, but only confirm, deny or evaluate the content of the specific sentence with which they are correlated.
As sentence equivalents, they have only intonation design, but lack grammatical form and are not articulated.
By value they are divided into 3 groups:
word-sentences expressed by particles with general meaning affirmation or denial
modal words-sentences with the additional meaning of probability/supposition.
Interjective words are sentences that are divided into: emotional-evaluative sentences that represent a reaction to a situation, a message, a question. Well?!; incentive offers; sentences that are an expression of speech etiquette.
By the presence or absence of the necessary members of the proposal distinguish between complete and incomplete simple sentences.
Complete sentences- these are simple sentences that contain all the members necessary for the semantic completeness of the sentence. Being strong is good, being smart is twice as good.
Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which any member of the sentence (main or secondary) or several members of the sentence are missing. Missed sentence members are easily restored from previous sentences or from the speech situation. The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge . Compare: ... and a person is illuminated by knowledge.
Incomplete two-part proposals should be distinguished from one-part complete, in which there is only one main member sentences, but the second is not and cannot be in the structure.
Both two-part and one-part sentences can be incomplete. Sentences in dialogue are often incomplete.
- What's your name?
- Alexei.
- What about your father?
- Nikolaich.
The second part may be an incomplete sentence complex sentence. Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him. The predicate in the second part of the complex sentence is omitted. You received the letters, but I did not. Addendum omitted.
The omission of sentence members in pronunciation can be expressed by a pause, and in writing it is indicated by a dash. It dawns early in summer, and late in winter.
In the so-called situational incomplete sentences missing members are not restored. They are not named anywhere in the text by words, but are inferred from the speech situation, that is, their meaning is revealed by extra-speech circumstances, gestures, and facial expressions. Behind me! Cheers! Bon Voyage!
Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing that is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of the given sentence.
Missed sentence members can be restored by communication participants from knowledge of the situation or context.
For example, if in the subway one of the passengers, looking at the track, says: “It’s coming!”, all other passengers will easily restore the missing subject: the train is coming.
Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very often observed in dialogues.
For example: – Is your westra performing a song tomorrow? - Alyosha asked Maxim Petrovich. - My. Maxim Petrovich's answer is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, adverbial place and adverbial time are missing (For example: My sister is performing a song tomorrow).
Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:
Everyone is available to her, but she is accessible to no one. The second part of the difficult non-union proposal(she is not available to anyone) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (For example: She is not available to anyone).
Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.
IN one-part sentences one of the main members of the sentence is missing, but the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself has a certain meaning.
For example, form plural The predicate verb in an indefinite-personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown (There was a knock on the window), unimportant (He was killed near Moscow) or is hiding (I was recently told a lot about her).
In an incomplete sentence, any member of the sentence (one or more) may be omitted. If we consider such a sentence outside the situation or context, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (For example, out of context: Mine; She is to no one).
In the Russian language there is one type of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or the previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation:
Behind is a field. To the left and right are swamps.
Such sentences are called "elliptic sentences". They usually contain a subject and a secondary member - adverbial or complement. The predicate is missing, and often we cannot say which predicate is missing.
For example: There is/is/is a swamp behind you.
Most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.
Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-component nominal predicates (swamp) and b) from two-part ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed indirect case noun or adverb with a zero connective (All the trees are golden). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be taken into account:
1) one-part denominative sentences cannot contain adverbials, because the adverbial circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among the minor members in denominative sentences, the most common are agreed upon and inconsistent definitions.
Winter forest; Entrance to the office;
2) The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate - a noun or adverb in a two-part complete sentence indicates a sign-state.
For example: All trees are in gold. - All trees are golden.
Omitting a member within a sentence in oral speech is marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is placed on the letter:
Behind is a field. To the left and right are swamps;
Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases:
In an elliptical sentence containing a subject and adverbial place, an object, only if there is a pause in oral speech:
Behind the high hill is a forest;
In an elliptical sentence - with parallelism, i.e. the same type of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc. structures or parts thereof:
In incomplete sentences constructed according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonation division of the sentence into parts:
For skiers - a good track; For young people - jobs, for young families - benefits;
In an incomplete sentence forming part of a complex sentence, when a member is missing, usually this predicate is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:
The nights have become longer, the days shorter (in the second part the bundle of steel is restored).
Plan for parsing an incomplete sentence
A) Indicate the type of proposal (complete – incomplete).
b) Name the missing part of the sentence.
Sample parsing
Warriors are for weapons.
The sentence is incomplete; missing predicate grabbed.
Based on their meaning and structure, sentences are divided into complete and incomplete sentences.
Complete sentences
Complete a sentence is a sentence with all the members necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. For example: I am reading an interesting article. Marya Ivanovna solemnly presented the first-graders with bright alphabet books. The forest revealed its dark green groves overgrown with thick mosses to people.
The predicate in this sentence agrees with the subject and also controls the object. The result is a continuous chain that connects all members of the sentence with logical meaning.
Incomplete sentences
Incomplete sentences are sentences in which members necessary for completeness and structure are absent. Missing sentence members in incomplete sentences are often restored from the context. Most often, incomplete sentences are found in dialogues. For example:
In the morning the girl ran up to her mother and asked:
What about the Tooth Fairy? Did she come?
“I came,” my mother answered...
Is she beautiful?
Certainly.
We see that each subsequent replica of this dialogue adds to the topic specified in the dialogue itself. Very often incomplete sentences are one-piece offers.
Petya, what class are you in?
At nine.
Incomplete sentences can be part of complex sentences. For example: The sun warms the earth, but labor warms man.
Incomplete sentences also include sentences with a missing predicate. For example: Our strength is in unity.
Incomplete sentences, as well as complete sentences, are divided into two-part and one-part, extended and non-extended. It should be noted that an incomplete two-part sentence, the predicate or subject in which the missing one remains two-part, despite the fact that only one main member is presented.
Using complete and incomplete sentences
Due to the fact that missing sentence members in incomplete sentences greatly simplify the process of communication, such sentences are widely used in colloquial speech, as well as in works of art. In scientific literature, as well as in business language, complete sentences are used predominantly.
incomplete sentences
08.09.2011 22596 1052Incomplete sentences.
1.Full sentences –
Incomplete sentences –
1.In dialogical speech.
elliptical
Incomplete sentences.
1.Full sentences – sentences that contain all the main and minor members of the sentence necessary to understand the meaning.
Incomplete sentences – sentences in which individual members - main or secondary - may be omitted.
Missing sentence members can be easily restored from a previous context or situation. Incomplete sentences occur:
1.In dialogical speech.
2. In context (A light flashed at a bend in the river. Flashed brightly, strongly.)
Incomplete sentences can be either two-part or one-part common and non-common sentences:
You understand me? (two-part, common, complete) - I understand. (two-part, unextended, incomplete).
Punctuation marks in incomplete sentences.
1. A dash is placed when there is a pause in elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with an absent predicate): There are pale circles around the month.
If there is no pause, the dash is not placed: Again at the hour of a night cloud above the ground.
2. A dash is placed in elliptical sentences, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the dative and accusative cases, without subject and predicate, with a clear division into two parts: To the Motherland - our inspired work.
3. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence, forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the place of the omission: They stood opposite each other: Oleg - confused and embarrassed, Nina - with an expression of challenge face. Petya went to the theater, and Sasha went to the cinema.
4. A dash is placed in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence when any member of the sentence is omitted or even without omission: Money disappears, work remains.
3. There are bright stars in the sky.
3. Words-sentences.
Incentive and emotional-evaluative (interjective): Come on. Let's go. Ay. Ay, ay.
4.Mini test.
A) 5 B) 4 C) 7 D) 6 E) 8
2. Describe the proposals. Place punctuation marks where necessary.
1.Vera ran from the kindergarten onto the balcony, followed by Sergei, who was jumping three steps.
2.Mironovites sailed here on a self-propelled barge. We landed on the shore.
3. There are bright stars in the sky.
4. Every young worker has a secondary education.
5. One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms.
3. Words-sentences. Can be used in dialogue. Are divided into:
Affirmative: Yes. Certainly. Maybe.
Negatives: None. Not at all.
Incentive and emotional-evaluative (interjective): Come on. Let's go. Ay. Ay, ay.
4.Mini test.
1.Identify an incomplete sentence.
A) The happiness of noble minds is to see contentment around.
B) On the table is an open volume of poems given to you.
C) The greatest of books is the book of life.
D) Honesty and accuracy are twins.
D) The true purpose of man is to live, not to exist.
2. In the sentence On the side of it that faces the sea, the waves have thrown mud of algae chips and the stone hung with them seems tied to a narrow strip of sand separating the sea from the mountains. you need to put:
A) 7 commas B) 9 commas C) 8 commas
D) 6 commas E) 6 commas and a dash.
3. Indicate the number of missing commas in the sentence: The hazel grouse fluttered up all at once, appeared in the air, flew towards us, but suddenly took off in fear, turned to the side in a hurry, touched a branch and quickly, quickly working with its wings, disappeared into the forest twilight.
A) 5 B) 4 C) 7 D) 6 E) 8
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