Many people are interested in such seemingly unexpected questions how to: paper for printing money, what is it and where is the paper for money buy? Below there will be information directly related to the above issues. We'll consider:
What properties does paper have for printing money?
What is money paper made from?
How does the process of producing specialized paper take place?
Properties of paper for printing money
Surely, all of you have seen, held in your hands and touched (some of you even sniffed) paper money. You paid attention to the many anti-counterfeit measures, thanks to which currency unit acquired a characteristic roughness And color. But that’s not what we’re talking about today. Remember the difference between the paper on which money was printed and plain paper? That's right, paper money is denser and more elastic.
In order to extend the life of money, paper for it is made very durable And wear-resistant. If ordinary paper can withstand bending about a hundred times, then paper for printing money in tests is subjected to thousands of folds. High strength allows it to withstand numerous mechanical impacts, such as friction in pockets, wallets and other storage places.
Composition of paper for money
In order to give strength and durability to money paper, it is made from cotton And flax. Unlike paper for printing documents, which is made from wood. 
The bottom line is that the production of any paper requires cellulose, which is found in tree fibers. But in wood the percentage of cellulose is about 50%, and in cotton and flax it is about 95%. Due to this, it turns out more premium and with an extended service life.
To give even more wear resistance paper, it is glued with starch or a certain resin, or special fillers are added. The result is crisp paper for printing money.
Production of paper for money
The process of making paper for printing money, doesn't have significant differences from classical paper production (I described the process itself in more detail). To produce this type of paper, two types of machines are used: flat mesh and round mesh. At the beginning of the processing of flax and cotton fibers, they are ground and mixed with water. Then it is filtered using a mesh. Both types of machine differ precisely in the shape of the filter mesh. This is followed by the process of pressing and drying the paper web.
You can buy paper for printing banknotes at manufacturing plants. IN Russian Federation, these are located in Krasnoarmeysk And St. Petersburg.
What type of printing products do you think is the most widespread in the world? No, not and not even newspapers. The most popular type is paper money. Of course, everyone is primarily interested in the financial side of the issue. But the way money is printed is also quite interesting.
Paper for money. Wear resistance
Plain paper, of course, is not suitable for printing money. And now we are not talking about watermarks. Over the course of its life, each banknote is constantly wrinkled, washed, moistened, and subjected to a variety of different influences. Therefore, money paper must be incredibly durable and durable.
In the production of such paper, natural cotton fibers are used, and before printing money begins, this paper undergoes a number of tests. The first test is to determine the paper's abrasion resistance. On special folding machines, money paper is folded many times. For example, the familiar one stationery paper, loses its properties and begins to tear after just a few bends. But money paper can withstand thousands of folds.
The next challenge facing money paper is tear resistance. This indicator is checked using a dynamometer. It shows how many meters of its own weight the paper can withstand before it breaks. For an ordinary sheet, this figure is no more than 300 m, but money paper can hold up to several kilometers of its own weight.
Water marks
Do you know why watermarks on banknotes are almost impossible to fake? Because they are not something special look seals, but are created during the production of the paper for money itself. This process is technologically very complex and in our country only two paper mills are engaged in the production of such paper: in St. Petersburg and Krasnokamsk. Of course, both of these enterprises belong to Goznak.
Printing money. What paints are used
Inks for printing money are required special requirements. In addition to being resistant to abrasion and fading, they must glow under a certain spectrum in detectors that determine the authenticity of banknotes. The composition and manufacturing technology of inks for printing money are strictly classified. It is only known that they are not produced in our country and Goznak purchases them in Switzerland.
Methods of printing money
Money is printed using 4 different ways print. The usual pattern is applied and is responsible for making indentations on banknotes. Such as the Oryol seal allows you to join the finest lines different colors without breaks or overlaps. It is impossible to achieve such accuracy by any other method. And finally, the “” seal - with its help serial numbers that are convex to the touch are applied.
Money production plant
Money production plant
Banknote production
The production of banknotes begins with production special paper. What
What makes this money paper so special? The fact is that plain paper
made of wood. And to make money they use paper from
cotton and linen.
The eight-stage process begins with 3 tons of cotton being loaded into
giant boiler and pressure cook for 2 hours.
Making paper for money
Then, the resulting mass is poured into a tank, where it is cleaned and clarified.
Next, it is pressed and filled into special devices called “softeners.” This process is what makes money paper so uniquely crispy.
While the paper pulp is still wet, specialists change its shade, add paint and watermarks.
Watermarks are created by turning paper into in a certain order pull out the fibers.
Then it’s time for the protective threads. After this, the paper is ready to dry.
Hot presses remove all the moisture from it, then the paper is rolled into huge rolls, weighing more than 4 tons. Since the paper already has watermarks and security threads, each roll is used to make banknotes of a certain denomination.
Watermark on a banknote
Paper for money
It's time for engraving. Engraving is done on a regular steel plate. This ancient art requires talent, patience and experience. One engraving can take several hundred hours.
The result is an engraving consisting of a complex interweaving of fine lines and tiny dots that is almost impossible to accurately fake.
engraving
When the engravings are ready, heavy machines are used. A special press adds some details to the banknotes: thin stripes of different shades and barely noticeable numbers. The ink takes 72 hours to dry. Then comes the turn of intaglio printing.
A special press presses the paper into ink-filled recesses, creating a texture that is difficult to copy. No color copier can achieve such an effect. Intaglio printing is applied to each side of the banknote in turn. At the same time, metallic ink is applied to the front of the banknote: its peculiarity is that the color changes depending on the angle at which the banknote is held.
intaglio printing
At this stage of money making, optical scanners are used. Scanners create an image of each banknote from both sides and look for the smallest flaws. The money verification process is surprisingly fast and accurate—it only takes a second to check each sheet. Defective bills are so rare that they instantly become prey for collectors who are willing to pay a thousand times their face value for them. After inspection, the sheets are assigned serial numbers and Federal Reserve designations.
money production
In the workshop, where the money arrives at the last stage of its production, the sheets are finally cut.
Then, the bills are counted and packaged. The process of making money is completed - now they are ready for use.
Money is the medium of exchange throughout the world. They express the value of a product. In the old days, this function was performed by various things and objects - from pebbles and shells to furs and precious metals. Today, not only gold or silver is used as a medium of exchange, but also government bonds - banknotes. In themselves they have no value, but they are a legally recognized medium of exchange. In this article we will talk about how money is made in Russia and other countries of the world, what materials are used for this and how much it costs the state to mint coins.
A short excursion into history
The first paper money appeared in China in the 11th century. IOUs were drawn up on dried bark mulberry tree. They were sealed and signed. It is also believed that the first “bills of convenience,” as they were then called, appeared a little earlier in the Tang Dynasty of Sichuan Province. How is money made in China today? Also made of mulberry wood. But the money supply these days is guaranteed by the state. The Bank of Stockholm was the first institution to issue banknotes for circulation in 1660. These bearer certificates of deposit were equivalent to coin money. Four years later, the organization went bankrupt because it could not meet all the “bills of exchange” presented.
Times change: economic growth is followed by recession, which is most often accompanied by inflation. There is not enough money in the country. What to do in this case? In times of crisis, they were used to make money. various materials. So, in 1574, the Dutch released cardboard coins made from... prayer books. In Alaska in the 19th century, money made from seal skins was distributed. In 1902, military uniform fabric was used in Africa. Hyperinflation after the First World War led to the fact that the cost of banknotes was higher than their face value. The German government was forced to make currency from playing cards, since the production of a one-krona gold coin cost the government a 15-kilogram roll of paper notes.
How money is made from paper in different countries of the world
Banknotes are made from cotton and linen. Their fiber contains less acids and therefore wears out more slowly. In the UK, this fabric is soaked in gelatin to increase strength. Its shelf life is two years. In Austria, Mexico, Brazil, New Zealand, Israel and Ireland, plastic banknotes made from polypropylene have been used for several years. They are much more difficult to counterfeit due to the large number of holograms. In Bulgaria, banknotes are made from a hybrid of cotton and polymer. In the EU - from cellulose, in the USA - from a mixture of wood and plastic, in Russia - from cotton with the addition of hemp.
The composition of paper is constantly being improved. Modern Russian banknotes They are afraid of fire, but can withstand 4 thousand bends and 19 chemical reagents. The story about how money is made in Ukraine is no less interesting. Cotton is the raw material for making hryvnia. It is first bleached and then boiled. But the story of how money is made in Kazakhstan greatly amazed the US government. They wanted to use similar technology to produce local currency. In the process of making banknotes, double-sided printing, specific inks, holographic elements and unique system numbering. Today, the Kazakhstan banknote factory produces binary passports, excise stamps, diplomas and other paper products with security elements.
Coins of Russia
In addition to paper money, coins made from different metals. It determines their nominal value. A special alloy of steel clad with cupronickel (the so-called bimetal) is used to make coins in denominations of 1 and 5 kopecks. Inexpensive and lightweight steel is the “core”, and the cladding gives white shade. Yellow coins of 10 and 50 kopecks are given by brass without impurities.
An alloy of copper with nickel or cupronickel is used to make metal money. Since copper itself is red in color, it is the “core”. Until 2010, the largest coin by denomination was made from a cupronickel disc and a lute ring. Four years ago, metal money coated with copper by “building up” with electric current - galvanic treatment - appeared in circulation. This is how money is made at the mint. Now let’s return to banknotes and talk about ways to protect them from counterfeiting.
How money is made out of thin air, or the success of counterfeiters
The recipe for making money is protected big amount patents. Only 10 countries of the world, including the Russian Federation, can create such signs on banknotes as color-changing moire and diving metallized thread. We owe this to the counterfeiters. Their talent has led banks to hand over more than 120,000 counterfeit banknotes every year. Watermarks, multi-colored and magnetic stripes, luminous marks, fluorescent printing - they have long learned to counterfeit all these security elements. Even microprinting is no longer a problem. Therefore, Gosznak is constantly developing new levels of protection. Recently, ink has appeared on banknotes that changes color at different angles.
The legendary counterfeiter Viktor Baranov spent 12 years studying the “craft” of counterfeiting banknotes. The result is a magnificent copy of a 25-ruble banknote with the highest level protection. After his arrest, he not only handed over his recipe for copper melt, but also drew the attention of Gosznak specialists to the repeating lines on paper money, which are easy to copy.
Realities of today
In the Russian Federation, coins are minted at the Moscow Mint. This is a giant gray 9-story building the size of a football field. Inside there are countless corridors and doors that can only be opened with a magnetic pass. In the main semi-automatic press shop, 750 coins are produced per minute. 10 kopecks are minted from brass, and a 5-ruble coin is minted from copper, plated with nickel on both sides. Filling machines distribute products into bags and seal them.
Here, on modern milling machines the size of a cabinet with built-in software They make not only coins, but also stamps. The design for the product is loaded through the control unit, which is located next to the machine. Engravers manually improve the relief of stamps. This is how money is made in Russia today.
Appearance of the ruble
Regardless of the technology used to manufacture banknotes, they appearance was constantly changing. Today in circulation there are banknotes of 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 rubles. The smallest one depicts a bridge over the Yenisei, a chapel and a hydroelectric power station in Krasnoyarsk. The Peter and Paul Fortress, the Rostral Column and the Exchange building are present on the banknote of the larger denomination. The Quadriga of Apollo and the building of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow formed the basis of the “hundred”. The monument to Peter the Great, the Solovetsky Monastery of Arkhangelsk, as well as the Church of John the Baptist and the monument to Yaroslav the Wise are depicted on banknotes in denominations of 500 and 1000 rubles.
Some statistics
The Russian Federation has always been able to print money. High-quality banknotes are expensive. Gosznak issues banknotes for India, Cambodia, Syria, Indonesia and China and five other countries of the world for a decent fee. The revolution of the 90s did not affect the work of the Gosznak factory. More than a hundred billion rubles were printed there every day. In 2012, the Russian Federation exported two thousand tons money supply. How much is this in money? The weight of one thousandth bill is one gram. Then one ton contains one billion rubles.
How much does production cost?
Making coins does not bring profit. Metal is becoming more expensive, and money is becoming cheaper. The cost of one five-kopeck coin is 14 times its face value, even when using the cheapest material. "Colored change" costs even more. According to official data, in 2013 the state spent 8 billion rubles on the production of money. The nominal value of the currency supply on hand is 5.7 billion rubles. Of the 6.8 trillion in cash - 53 million coins. 25% of them are with a denomination greater than the ruble. There are no exact data on the cost of producing paper money. Depending on the level of protection, the price of a batch of one thousand units ranges from 600 to 3000 rubles. If you divide the total mass of coins by the number of people, it turns out that there are 40 rubles per person, and if you take into account their weight, then each of us should have one kilogram of change.
Summary
It is useful to know what Russian money is made of and how it is protected, not only for the sake of interest, but also to avoid falling for the tricks of counterfeiters. On the other hand, the more often banknotes are counterfeited, the more patents Gosznak offers to protect them. And even though all sorts of resources are filled with nightingales, telling how they make money out of thin air, in fact, you can only earn your hard-earned money. And to produce banknotes, cotton is required...
Currency paper is paper that is used in the production of paper money.
The production of money paper is a difficult process based on physical and chemical processes. A sheet of such paper consists of cellulose fibers processed in a special way. Mechanical weave and chemical bonds provide a strong connection between plant fibers.
Money paper production
The liquid paper mixture, which consists of fibrous components and water, is cast on a special mesh of the papermaking machine, while the water flows down, leaving only a layer of fibrous mass on the mesh. After low tide, excess water is removed by pressing, then the paper layer is dried. This is how paper is made, including money paper. To make it, cotton and flax fibers are used, consisting of 90% pure cellulose.
To make money paper durable, it is sized using starch, melamine-formaldehyde resin or other materials, and fillers are also added to it. The degree of fiber grinding affects mechanical strength paper. The higher the grind, the higher the strength.
Requirements for money paper
Wear resistance, characterized by resistance to fracture and tearing, is one of the most important requirements. Samples of currency paper, which must withstand several thousand double folds, are tested for wear resistance on a folding device. The dynamometer determines the tensile strength of the paper. Money paper must have a certain degree of whiteness, smoothness, opacity and light fastness. High-quality paper does not change whiteness when exposed to light rays and does not reduce its mechanical strength. The paint on the paper must be well fixed, its layer must be resistant to abrasion.
Security watermarks
Watermarks on paper money protect against counterfeiting and increase their artistic level. Watermarks are created when paper is formed due to the different thickness of the fibrous layer, and creating beautiful watermarks is difficult task. A sign can be general or local. In the first case, it is a continuously repeating pattern, and in the second, it is a drawing that is located on the bill in one place or another.
Engravers and other specialists work on the watermark design in the watermark workshop. Sometimes thin colored fibers, metallized thread, fibers that can only be seen in a certain light, etc. are added to money paper. This is done to protect against counterfeiting.
