Double letters at the root of a word. Double consonants at the root of a word: examples

1. Double and written in the roots of the words reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and cognates with them. Wed: kindle (cart + burn) - you will kindle (cart + burn), also kindled.

Note 1. In the presence of sound alternation zg–zzh, H&H not written double and, A zzh, for example: squeal (squeal), arrive (arrival). Compare: to squeal, to grumble, to rattle, cerebellum, etc.

Note 2. In the words mesentery, mesentery, only one thing is written and.

2. Double With at the root it is written in the words quarrel, loan and those of the same root.

3. Double consonants are written in compound words if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: chief physician, public sector, council, maternity hospital.

Note. In the first part of compound words, which is a stem that ends with a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: gramophone record, grouporg, cavalryman.

4. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before the suffix are preserved, for example: score - five-point, Gaul - Gallic, Hun - Hunnic, compromise - compromise, group - group, diagram - diagram, program - program , telegram - telegram. The same - in proper names eg: University of Canberra, Cannes Film Festival, Lausanne Conference, Bonn Government, Tallinn Antiquities, etc.

Exceptions. In some words, in the case under consideration, one consonant is written, for example: crystal - crystal, Finn - Finnish, column - column, ton - five-ton, Finn - Finn (usually double n is contracted into one n before the suffix -k-a), operetta – operetta; in names of persons with a suffix -To, for example: Alla - Alka, Anna - Anka, Kirill - Kirilka, Rimma - Rimka, Savva - Savka, Philip - Filipka, Emma - Emka.

5. Double consonants are written at the junction of a prefix and a root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: selfless - heartlessness, appeal - rebellion, fake, provoke - story, seditious; the same applies to prefixes of foreign language origin, for example: dissimilation, counter-revolutionary, trans-Siberian.

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words like submit (prefix By-) and give in (prefix under-). Wed: The door gave way under the blows (no longer remained in its original position). – The door succumbed to the blows of the crowbar (could not hold back the pressure).

6. The spelling of double consonants in words of foreign language origin is determined by spelling dictionary, for example: abbreviation, abscissa, acclimatization, accommodation, letter of credit, accessory, allergy, alliteration, ammonia, ammonite, appeal, appendicitis, applique, appreture, approximation, assessor, assembler, atoll, attentate, attic, attraction, babbitt, ballast, balloon , run, barrel, fiction, bisector, boss, buffoon, vendetta, gibbon, hippopotamus, gum arabic, gutta-percha, depressant, jobber, dilemma, distill, differential, idyll, illumination, indifferent, irrational, irrigation, calligraphy, cassation, terminal, collegiate , colossus, coral, corrosion, corruption, coefficient, crystal, mantissa, monsoon, opposition, parallelepiped, parallelogram, trade wind, apron, pessimism, spring, summit, setter, settlement, syllabic, symmetry, spaghetti, rack, streptococcus, tennis, terrace , waste heap, territory, trolleybus, hippie, chlorophyll, hobby, cellulose, cirrhosis, cheddar, chassis, chinchilla, excess, ellipse, essence.

Note 1. The following words are written with one consonant: unit, aluminum, attribute, bachelor, balustrade, barcarolle, broker, vernissage, volleyball, gallery, landing, dessert, decibel, dealer, amateur, impresario, caricature, Qatar, corridor, midget, level, office, pilgrim, polites, privilege, producer, pudding, resource, wolverine, Russianism, sidewalk, unison, etc.

Note 2. In the suffix -ess-a spelled two With(poetess, flight attendant, clown), in the suffix -is-a one thing is written With(abbess, actress, headmistress).

In the suffix -etta spelled two T, for example: arietta, operetta, symphonietta.

The word generalissimo contains two With.

Double consonants at the root of a word: examples

Spelling of consonants is one of key topics school curriculum. Children begin to master it from the first grade and continue to study it until the end of their schooling. Teachers do not consider the spelling “double consonants at the root of a word” to be difficult, but difficulties in writing still occur, and as in junior schoolchildren, and high school students.

What is a double consonant, its place in a word

By observing pronunciation and writing, students notice that there is a group of words where a long consonant sound is sounded, and in writing it is indicated by the same letters standing next to each other. Since there are usually two such letters, this combination of consonants began to be called doubled.

The next task is to develop the ability to determine the place of a doubled consonant in a word. Later, children learn that it can be located not only in the root, but also in other parts of it.

In words group, chord, alley, burns, ton there is a spelling “double consonants at the root of the word.” Examples of such words can be continued. It is worth noting that the doubled -zhzh- is found in the roots of words of Russian origin - yeast, reins, juniper, zhuzhat - and all forms derived from them.

Consonant at the border between prefix and root

For example, in words lawlessness, consider, get angry, fake, story, introduction the double consonant is written at the border of the prefix and the root. Having analyzed them by composition, the student will easily notice this feature.

To avoid mistakes in writing words of a similar structure, the child must be very good at parsing by composition and correctly identifying the prefix and root. In addition, it is necessary to remember the peculiarities of writing prefixes ending in a consonant in the case when the root also begins with it.

Compound words and their spelling

Double consonants at the root of words are written when they are part of complex words. They lack a connecting vowel, for example, head physician. The first part of it ends with a consonant, and the second begins with the same letter. Let's say words like maternity hospital, Mosselmash have similar method education.
Writing them correctly again depends on the student’s ability to see the roots and understand them lexical meaning.

Double consonants in the root of a word at the junction of a root and a suffix

Double consonants -nn- And -ss- most often occur in cases where the first letter when parsing a word by composition belongs to the root, and the second to the suffix. This is usually observed where there are suffixes -stv-, -n-, -sk-, For example: lemon, moon, cast iron, Russian.

Double consonants in the root of a word at the junction of a root and a suffix are written in past tense verbs with a reflexive particle -xia-, For example: grazed, rushed.

Double consonants in a suffix

Errors in the spelling of doubled consonants in a suffix can be caused by the fact that there are many variants of their spelling, e.g. -enn-, -en-, -ann-, -an- and so on. The child needs not only to memorize the rule that regulates the process of competent writing, but also to clearly understand all the actions that he needs to perform.
Adjectives formed from nouns are written with double -nn- ( cranberry, lunchtime, sickly, windless but windy). Tin, wood, glass- these are exception words, and they are also written with a double consonant.

General rules

Double consonants in the root of a word, prefix and suffix are subject to general rules their writing. For example, three or more identical letters are never written side by side, although the generally accepted rule requires this. We are talking about words like quarrel, three-ton, Odessa and others.

Words containing double consonants retain them during the process of word formation. For example: group - group - group, class - cool. But there is an exception to the rule: Anka, column, condensed milk.

Double consonants in the primary school curriculum

After the children become familiar with the topic “Double consonants at the root of a word” (examples of them are given below), students primary classes It is necessary to teach how to use a spelling dictionary. The reference book is an example of the correct spelling of words with various spellings, including those with double consonants.

Schoolchildren can be offered exercises where it is necessary for given words, for example, such as quarrel, platform, gram, select related ones from the dictionary, writing them into one group.

In russian language -ss-, -dd-, -ll-, -rr-, -zh-, -pp-, -mm-, -bb- are used most often as double consonants at the root of a word. Grade 3 is studying a list of words for memorization, where all the listed letters are presented as double ones. There are more than a dozen such examples on the list.

A large number of words with double consonants appeared in the Russian language due to the process of borrowing. Sometimes it is useful to compare what their style looks like in Russian and foreign versions. But this method must be treated very carefully, since foreign words Once in the Russian language, they may undergo certain changes. For example, classe - “class”, profession - “profession”, But adresse - “address”. This technique only in some cases helps to better remember how double consonants are written at the root of a word.

The rule for hyphenating words with double consonants has its own characteristics, and it is also included in the program material primary school on studying the rules of the Russian language. The result of working on the entire topic is the formation of the following skills in younger schoolchildren:

choose the correct spelling;
transfer words with letters of double consonants;
justify your choice using the learned rules and spelling dictionary.

To check the level of skill development, tasks are offered where you need to insert missing letters into words. The selection of material is such that not in all cases it is necessary to write a double consonant. Children must notice this and complete the task correctly.

When testing the ability to transfer words with a double consonant, it is necessary to offer different structures in terms of the presence of parts and the number of syllables. These could be words like burns, cash register, alley, I'll tell you and others.

Expanding the topic of spelling double consonants

As the child progresses in mastering the laws of Russian spelling, the number of orthograms that use double consonants at the root of a word increases. The morphological composition also becomes diverse. In addition, the lexical material becomes more complex, using the example of which double consonants at the root of a word are studied. The 5th grade of the school curriculum can serve as proof of this.

In addition to adjectives, nouns, and verbs, students are offered adverbs, participles, and gerunds to observe the spelling of double consonants. The material for analyzing the spelling of words are excerpts from classical literature, oral folk art. Children become familiar with these works in class.

In addition, schoolchildren should be able to freely determine the place of a doubled consonant in a word. To develop this skill, they are regularly asked to perform exercises where they need to divide words into groups depending on the location of the doubled consonant.

Children must be able to justify their choice, which is helped by the students’ oral responses by formulating rules and giving their own examples.

Writing double consonants in the roots of words

In the Russian language, in a number of words there is a double spelling of consonants at the root.

Double consonants in words of original Russian origin

In words of original Russian origin double consonants are written "LJ" fundamentally:

in the burning, trembling, burning, maybe the burning of the evel, maybe the burning of the evel, buzzing, burning, buzzing;

in formations from the verb burn - burnt, burnt, burns, burning.

These spellings should be distinguished from words in which a combination of consonants is written "zzh", which sounds like a long [ and‘]:

At the root of these words there is an alternation of combinations of consonants "zg" And "zzh":

bruise - bruise - bruise

squeal - squeal

mo zg - mo zzh echok

rattle zg - rubbish zzh

Double "ss" written in the roots of words “ss ora”, “quarrel”, “Russia”, “Russian” and other similar words.

Writing double consonants in compound words

Double consonants are written in compound words at the junction of roots if the first part of the word ends and the second begins with the same consonant, for example:

ro dd om, glav vv rach

If the stem of a word ends with the writing of double consonants, then in the derived word two letters are also written before the suffix, for example:

group pp a - group pp ka;

telegra mm a - telegra mm ka;

score - five points;

program mm a - program mm ka;

compromise ss - compromise ss.

Exceptions

In Russian spelling there are words - exceptions to the rule of writing double consonants at the root of a word.

Word "crystal" and all its derivatives have double consonant spellings "l":

crystall ic, crystall ic, crystallize,

crystal, crystal, crystal, crystalline.

Let's continue this list of exception words:

operetta a - operetta, operetta exact;

column nn a, column nn ada - column ka, benzo-, water column;

man annaya (cereal), man nn ik - man ka;

Finns - Finnish, Finnish, Finland;

then nn a, then nn azh - three ton, one and a half ton;

antenna nn a - antenna ka, antenna box.

Double consonants in borrowed words

In words borrowed from other languages, we remember the spelling of double consonants, for example:

trainer, merchandiser, ss istent, ap arat, terrace, ball ada, effect, annul, o pposition, symmetry, perron, rack, ress ora, te nn is, troll eybus.

If there is any difficulty, check their spelling in a spelling dictionary.

It should be remembered that in the following borrowed words only one consonant is written at the root of the word:

address, aluminium, actress, atribute, afera, bal justrada, business, gallery, galeta, humanism, galantery, dessert, and imitation, impre sario, caloria, cavalry, caricature, corridor, privilege, producer, race, race ist, panorama, pudding etc.

Video lesson “Words with double consonants. Hyphenation of words with double consonants"

russkiiyazyk.ru

II. Double consonants

§ 58. Double consonants are written when a prefix and a root are combined, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: po dderzhat', predvere', vvesti', o tretet, piss, vozstanovit, be zz akonny, counter pp evolution.

§ 59. Double consonants are written when combined components complex abbreviated words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: Mo ss council, head vv rach.

§ 60. Double n and double s are written when combining a root and a suffix, if the root ends and the suffix begins with a consonant n or s:

with the suffix -n-, for example: long (length), ancient (antique), stone (stone), domain (domain), legal (law), temporary (basis of tenses-);

with the suffix -sk-, for example: Kotlas (Kotlas), Arzamas (Arzamas), Russian (Rus), but: Tartu (Tartu), Hankou (Hankow);

with the suffix -stv-: art (cf. skillful).

Double s is also written in past tense verbs when combining stems -s with the reflexive particle -sya, for example: saved, rushed.

Note. Double n is written in the numeral eleven.

§ 61. Double n is written in the suffixes -enn-, -onn- of adjectives formed from nouns, for example: straw, painful, cranberry, artificial, internal, bucket, peculiar, dining, revolutionary, positional.

Note. In the word windy and in its derivatives one n is written, but in prefix formations it is written -nn- (windless, leeward).

Adjectives with the suffix -yan- (-an-), formed from nouns, are written with one n, for example: hair, wood, clay, leather. The adjectives wooden, tin, glass are written with double n.

With one n the suffix -in- is written in adjectives, for example: nightingale, chicken, living room, as well as in the noun hotel.

§ 62. Double n is written in passive past participles, for example: reports read at a ceremonial meeting; a soldier wounded by an enemy bullet; collective farm, organized in 1930; a detachment reinforced by two companies; deputies elected to the Supreme Council.

§ 63. Double n is written in all adjectives formed from passive participles past tense (or according to their type), if these adjectives have prefixes or end in -ovanny, -evanny (except chewed and forged), for example: the patient was prescribed enhanced nutrition, a volume of selected works by Pushkin was published, sublime style, inscribed triangle, aged wine , trusted person, temperate climate, refined manners, abstract question, absent-minded student, worn dress, used books, tear-stained face, rusty key, risky step, spoiled child, uprooted plot.

But with one n you should write adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense (including complex ones, see § 80, paragraph 2), if these adjectives do not have a prefix and are not formed from verbs in -ova, -evat, for example : scientific works, wounded border guards, torn clothes, smoked sausage, boiled milk, dried fish, slaked lime, pickled cucumbers, soaked apples, boiled potatoes, plain-dyed fabric.

The words desired, sacred, unexpected, unprecedented, unheard, unexpected and some others, defined in dictionary order, are written with two n.

§ 64. Double n is written in adverbs ending in -o and in nouns with suffixes ending in -ik, -its, -ost, formed from adjectives if the latter are written with two n, for example: accidentally, unheard of, excitedly, excitement (excited); confidently, confidence (confident); education, pupil, pupil (educated); protégé (installed); captive (captive); birthday boy (birthday); sennik (hay); korennik (indigenous); in-law (inherent).

If the adjective has one n, then the adverbs and nouns formed from it are written with one n, for example: confused, confused, confused (confused); learned, learned (scientist); hemp (hemp); silversmith (silversmith). Also, with one n the words silver (in the meaning of a coin) and bessrebrenik (unselfish person) are written.

§ 65. Double n is written as plural. h. and in feminine and neuter gender units. h. short adjectives, formed from passive past participles, the full form of which is double n, for example: the groups are disciplined and organized, the girl is well-mannered and smart; they are very absent-minded.

Short passive participles are written with one n, for example: broken, broken, broken, broken, the young man was raised as a Komsomol member; the girl is pampered by her upbringing; we are limited by time; The students are organized into a group.

§ 66. The double w is written in the words reins, yeast, juniper, zhuzhzhat and in derivatives from them, as well as in some formations from the verb to burn, for example: zhzhёsh, zhzhet, zhzhenny, zhzhenka, zzhzhenka.

If there is an alternation zg - zzh, zd - zzh, you should write not double zh, but zzh, for example: grumble (grump), cerebellum (brain), arrive (arrival), later (old, late, lie, late), clutter up (clutter up ), as well as to squeal (cf. old squeal - “dawn”).

§ 67. More than two identical consonants in a row are not written, even if this is required by the composition of the word, for example: quarreling (ra s + quarreling), ode sskiy (ode ss + s kiy), prusskiy (pruss + sskiy) s cue), five-note nn-y (five-note nn + n-y).

§ 68. The spelling of double consonants in foreign words is determined in dictionary order, for example: irrigation, corrosion, cassation, excess, essence, but: poster, letter, official, etching, report.

§ 69. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group; program - program, software; kilowatt – kilowatt; Calcutta - Calcutta; class - cool; Hun – Hunnic; point (unit of measure, evaluation) – five-point, Gall – Gallic; libretto - librettist.

But it is written: kristalny (although crystal ll), finka, Finnish (although Finn), column (although column), five-ton ka (although tonna), operetta (although opera tt a).

Note. In the first part of compound words, which is a stem ending with a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: gram record, group com.

The letter of double consonants at the root of the word rule

§ 93. Double consonants are written at the junction of a prefix and a root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant letter, for example: lawless, heartless, introduce, restore, freeze, wear out, wipe off (but cf. wipe off where the prefix is o-), support, threshold, pre-diploma, pour out, scatter, ring out, intersedelnik, counter-revolution, post-totalitarian.

Note. They differ in spelling, on the one hand, words with the root -chet - (calculation, calculated, prudent; calculate, pay off), and on the other hand, words with the root -chit - (calculate - count).

§ 94. Double consonants are written at the junction of the constituent parts of complex abbreviated words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: chief physician, state property, Mossovet, pommastera.

§ 95. Double n and double s are written at the junction of a generating stem and a suffix, if the stem ends and the suffix begins with the same consonant n or s:

in words with suffixes -n(y, oh), for example: long (from length), ancient (old), stone (stone), pocket (pocket), domain (domain), legal (law), gostinny (from n. .living room: living room conversations, living room regular), minted (mint), temporary and temporary (time, time), wall (wall); -n(s): autumn (autumn), side (side), early (early); -nick: price tag (price); -nits(a): belfry (ringing); -nicha(t): to monkey (monkey);

in words with suffixes -sk(ii), for example: sailor (from sailor), Russian (Rus), Arzamas (Arzamas), Circassian (Circassian); -stv(o): art (skillful).

Double n is also written in the numeral eleven (from one); double s - in male forms. of the past tense of verbs when combining the root na with with the final part (postfix) -sya, for example: rushed, saved.

Double l is written in the word gullivy (from walk, suffix -liv-).

Note 1. In adjectives with the suffix -sk-, formed from indeclinable geographical names with a vowel, while preserving this vowel, one s is written, for example: Tartu - Tartu, Bordeaux - Bordeaux, Chardzhou - Chardzhou.

Note 2. In words such as young, pig, one and is written, since they do not contain a suffix

§ 96. In words written together, no more than two identical consonants are written in a row, even if this is required by the composition of the word, for example: quarrel (quarrel+quarrel), columnar (from column: column+ny), bathroom (from bath: bath+ naya), five-ton (from ton: five+ton+ny), Odessa (from Odessa: Odessa+sky), Prussian (from Prussia: Prussian+sky), Donbass (from Donbass: Donbass+sky). But cf. saving three
identical consonants in hyphenated words: press secretary, press service, mass start, gram-molecule, kilogram-meter.

Double n and single n in suffixes of adjectives and nouns

§ 97. The suffixes -enn(y), -stven-n(y), -enn(y) and -onn(y) of adjectives formed from nouns are written with double n, for example: straw (from straw), lunch (dinner), vital (life), characteristic (property), cranberry (cranberry), smallpox (smallpox), bucket (bucket); mental (mind), gift (gift); morning (morning); positional (position), emigration (emigration), excursion (excursion); the same in the word internal (from the adverb: inside, inside).

Note. In the words windy and tundra (from wind, tundra), as an exception, one n is written in the suffix. However, the prefix adjectives windless, windward, leeward are written with double n.

Adjectives with the suffix -yan(y), -an(y) should be distinguished from adjectives with the suffix -enn(y); they are written with one n, for example: clay, silver, linen, leather (see § 45).

Three adjectives - wooden, tin and glass - have the suffix -yann-, which is written with a double n.

The suffix of adjectives -in (y) is written with one n, for example: nightingale, chicken, mouse, gostiny (gostiny dvor); the same in the nouns living room, hotel (but compare the adjective living room, see § 95).

Note. The spelling of the following adjectives is determined in dictionary order: with one n they write smart, sophisticated; with two n - exhausted, exhausted, pompous, slow, desperate.

In nouns with the suffix -ennik a double n is written, for example: traveler (from travel), predecessor
(precede), relative (property), compatriot (fatherland), like-minded person (thought, think), attacker, accomplice (intention), drowned (drown), protege (put), number (number), noodle maker (noodles).

However, one n is written in the words student (to teach), toiler (to work), martyr, unmercenary, silver (name of the coin), dumpling.

Note. For double consonants in borrowed (foreign language) suffixes of nouns, see § 108.

Double n and single n in suffixes of passive past participles and correlative adjectives

Full forms

§ 98. The suffixes of full forms of passive past participles are written with nn: -nn- and -yonn- (-enn-). Adjectives correlative to them in form are written in some cases also with nn in the suffix, in others - with one n.

1. Participles and adjectives in -ovanny, -evanny, -evanny (formed from verbs in -ova, -evat) are written with NN, for example: spoiled, uprooted, lined, painted, organized; uprooted, spoiled, painted on, lined, reorganized. Wed: a child spoiled by everyone and a spoiled child; recently uprooted stumps and uprooted area.

For writing the same forms from the verbs chew, peck, forge, see below, paragraph 3.

2. Also written with nn participles not on -ovanny (-yovannyy, -evannyy) verbs perfect form and correlative adjectives; the vast majority of such verbs contain a prefix.

a) Examples of forms formed from prefixed verbs: bleached, washed, knitted, fried, written on, dyed, peeled, scolded, dyed, counted, unraveled, made. Compare: a resolution read at a meeting and a book read; a group strengthened by new members and increased attention.

b) A list of forms of native verbs without prefixes, as well as some verbs in which the prefix can only be distinguished etymologically: abandoned, given, finished, bought, deprived, captured, forgiven, released, decided, captured, revealed; met, started, offended, acquired, obliged, visited, supplied. Compare: a stone thrown by a boy and abandoned children; goods purchased on credit and journalists purchased.

According to this rule, two-specific forms (meaning both perfect and perfect) are written. imperfect form) verbs to crown, bequeath, promise, execute, give birth: crowned, bequeathed, promised, executed, born. For writing forms of the two-type verbs shell-shock, baptize and wound, see paragraph 3.

Exceptions. Adjectives that are correlative with participial forms are written in the following stable combinations: finished man, named brother, named sister, imprisoned father, imprisoned mother, Forgiveness Sunday.

3. Participles not on -ovannyy (-ёannyy, -evannyy) of imperfective verbs (they are formed only from unprefixed verbs) and correlative adjectives with them are written differently: participles with nn, adjectives with one n, for example: loaded with firewood carts, fried fish, oil painting, barber-cut hair and short-cropped hair, dyed green paint benches, a floor that has not been swept for a long time, walls that have not yet been whitewashed, money that has been counted more than once, an offer made many times; but: a loaded barge, fried fish, a painted beauty, cropped hair, painted benches, a swept floor, whitewashed walls, a few minutes, feigned indifference; likewise knitted and knitted, ironed and ironed, braided and braided, brushed and brushed; they are also written: chewed and chewed, pecked and pecked, forged and forged.

According to this rule, the forms of the two-type verbs shell, baptize and wound are written. Compare: a shell-shocked soldier, a seriously wounded soldier, a soldier wounded in the leg, a newly baptized baby, but: a shell-shocked commander, a wounded soldier, a baptized child.

Note. As can be seen from the examples, the participle is recognized by the presence of dependent words. There are, however, rare cases when the dependent word is not a sign of the participle. For example, you should write: his mustache is clearly dyed (cf. obviously artificial, where the word is clearly used with an adjective); the walls, formerly whitewashed, are now covered with green paint (cf. walls, formerly white).

Exceptions (to § 98 - 99). Written with nn instead of n:

a) adjectives desired, expected and (as part of stable combinations) has it been seen?; Is it unheard of? They are formed from imperfective verbs to wish, to wait and to see, to hear.

Special cases: adjectives put on and (as part of a stable combination) spilled sea; they are formed from imperfect prefixed verbs to put on, pour out, i.e. from verbs with the suffix -va-, which naturally do not form passive past participles;

b) adjectives with the prefix un-: unknown, unseen, unforeseen, unwanted, unexpected, undressed, unexpected, unheard, unintentional and (as part of a stable combination) an unsleeping eye;

c) complex adjectives long-awaited, home-grown and (as part of a proper name) Andrei Pervozvanny.

The second parts of these prefixes and compound adjectives also correlate with imperfective verbs.

§ 99. In words with the prefix non-, in difficult words ah and in some repetition combinations, the forms of participles and adjectives are written in the same way as in separate (without a prefix and not as part of a compound word or repetition combination) use, i.e. according to the rules of § 98. Examples:

1. Words with the prefix not-:

written with nn: uneducated, unlined, untested, unfinished, unbought, unforgiven’,

written with n: unbleached, unironed, uninvited, unforged, unfed, unpainted, unmeasured, unpaved, unplowed, uninvited, uncounted.

2. Difficult words:

written with NN: highly qualified, fully stamped, acquired, freshly painted, purposeful, born blind, insane’,

written with n: plain-dyed, homespun, finely crushed, impostor, seriously wounded, whole-cut.

3. Repeat combinations with the prefix re- in the second part, which have an intensifying meaning. In them, the second part is written in the same way as the first (with nn or n), for example:

written with nn: mortgaged-remortgaged, resolved-resolved;

written with n: patched-re-patched, washed-re-washed, repaired-re-fixed, read-re-read, darned-re-darned.

Short forms

§ 100. Short forms of passive past participles are written with one n, for example: chitan, chitana, chitano, chitany; read, read, read, read; tagged, tagged, tagged, tagged; marked, marked, marked, marked. Neuter forms are also written in impersonal use, for example: smoky, dirty, ezzheno, khozheno, ezzheno-moved, khozheno-crossed.

§ 101. Short forms (except for the masculine form) of adjectives with a qualitative meaning, coinciding in form with the passive participles of the past tense of perfect verbs, are written with nn, for example: brought up, brought up, brought up (from the adjective brought up 'discovering the results of good upbringing' ); spoiled, spoiled, spoiled (from the adjective spoiled ‘accustomed to fulfilling one’s whims’); sublime, sublime, sublime (from the adjective sublime ‘full of high content’). Such adjectives have the forms comparative degree: more educated, more spoiled, more elevated.

Wed. the following examples in pairs with short forms of participles and adjectives: She was raised by a distant relative. - She has good manners, she is well-mannered. She's spoiled good conditions. - She is capricious and spoiled.

§ 102. Short forms of adjectives in -nny are written with one n, if these adjectives require dependent words and do not have a comparative form. Examples: attached to someone ‘feeling attached’ - She is very attached to him; filled with something ‘full, imbued’ - The soul is filled with sadness; heard about something ‘well informed’ - We have heard a lot about his tricks. (See the dependent words in the examples given: to him, sadness, about his tricks.)

Note. Some adjectives have different meanings short forms spelled differently. Wed. different spellings of short forms of the word devoted: She is kind and devoted and She is dedicated. In the first example, devoted is the same adjective as well-mannered, spoiled, exalted (see § 101), it has a comparative degree of more devoted; in the second - the same as attached, fulfilled, heard (requires dependent words: to someone, to something).

Short forms of adjectives expressing various emotional states can be written with n or with nn, depending on the conveyed shades of meaning. Eg: She is excited (she experiences excitement) - Her speech is excited (her speech reveals, expresses excitement). In the first case, it is possible to write excited (which would emphasize that her appearance expresses excitement), but in the second case, writing excited is impossible (since speech cannot ‘experience excitement’).

IN difficult cases To distinguish between such short forms, you should refer to the academic “Russian Spelling Dictionary”.

§ 103. Short forms of complex adjectives, the second parts of which coincide with participles in -nny, are written with n or nn depending on the meaning. Adjectives expressing characteristics
which can manifest themselves to a greater or lesser extent, i.e. formative forms of the comparative degree, have short forms (except for the masculine form) with nn; adjectives that do not allow comparative forms in meaning have short forms with one n, for example:

well-mannered, -no, -nny; landscaped, -no, -nny; self-confident, -no, -nny; purposeful, -no, -nny; purposeful, -no, -nny (there are forms of the comparative degree who are more well-mannered, more comfortable, more self-confident, more purposeful, more purposeful);

interconnected, -but, -us; interdependent, -but, -us; generally recognized, -but, -us; contraindicated, -but, -ny (no forms of comparative degree).

§ 104. Short forms of adjectives with a qualitative meaning, the full forms of which are expressed in writing with one n, are written in the same way as the full ones. Examples: delana, done, done (from done ‘unnatural, forced’); confused, confused, confused (from confused ‘illogical, confusing’); learned, learned, learned (from learned ‘knowing something thoroughly’). Forms of the comparative degree (more elaborate, more confused, more learned) and adverbs ending in -o (more done, more confused, more learned; see § 105) are also written.

Note. Such adjectives are few in number; the overwhelming majority of adjectives correlative with participles in -н have no qualitative meaning; these are boiled, boiled, soaked, dried, chiseled, etc.

Double n and single n in words formed from adjectives and participles

§ 105. Adverbs ending in -o, nouns with the suffixes -ost, -ik, -its (a), formed from adjectives and passive participles, are written with double n or single n - depending on how the corresponding adjective or participle is written. Examples:

written with nn: accidentally, unheard of (from inadvertent, unheard), excitedly, excitement (excited), confidently, confidence
(confident), good manners, pupil, pupil (educated), direction (directed), captive (captive), koronnik (indigenous), matinee (morning);

written with n: confused (confusedly argues), confused, confused (from confused), learned (expressed very learnedly), learnedness (from scientist), delano (delano grinned), delanost (from done), konoplyanik (hemp), moss ( mossy), silversmith (silversmith), anemone, anemone, frivolity, windy (it’s windy outside today).

However, before the suffixes -ets, -k(a), -stv(o), -ist(y), -e(t), -i(t), double n is not written, but one n is written, for example: adherent ( cf. committed), divorcee and divorcee (divorced), ragamuffin and ragamuffin (ragged), messenger (sent), semolina (semolina), condensed milk (condensed milk), constancy (constant), perfection (perfect), woody (wooden) , glassy (glassy), become pregnant (pregnant), render (official), modernize (modern), settle down (sedate).

Double consonants in Russian roots

§ 106. Double consonants are written in the roots of Russian (not borrowed) words in the following cases.

The double is written in the words reins, yeast, buzz, juniper and in derivatives from them, for example: yeast, buzz, juniper, as well as in some forms of the verb to burn and words derived from it, for example: zhzhesh, burns, burnt, scorched , kindled, burning, burning (the second appears here as a result of the alternation of g - g: cf. burn - burn).

However, in words where there is an alternation zg - zzh, zd - zzh, instead of a long consonant w, it is written not double zh, but zzh, for example: splashes (cf. splashes), grumble (grumble), squeal (squeal), rattle ( to pieces), clutter up (clutter up), cerebellum, smash (brain), later (late), arrive (arrival); the same in breezit (from obsolete brezg ‘dawn’).

The double s is written in the word quarrel and its derivatives: quarrel, quarrel, etc., as well as in words with the root ross-, for example: Russia, Russians, Russian, Great Russian, Little Russian.

Note. Words with the root Rus- are written with one s, for example: russist, russification, russified, russophile, russophobe, russet, belarusian; but in the presence of the suffix –sk - double s: Russian, Russian-speaking, Russian-speaking, Belarusian, Great Russian; The word Belarus is also spelled with double s.

Double consonants in borrowed (foreign) roots and suffixes

§ 107. The spelling of double consonants in the roots of borrowed (foreign) words is determined in dictionary order, for example: abbreviation, acclimatization, accompaniment, accreditation, neat, alley, antenna, appeal, apparatus, association, attraction, bacillus, gross, Buddhism, bath , watt, gram, grammar, flu, group, illusion, illustration, immigration, irrigation, cash register, cassette, killer, class, collection, column, comment, commune, compromise, correspondent, bullfight, corrosion, corruption, mass, metal, mission , novella, opposition, pizza, press, press, program, professor, rabbi, spinning, rack, Saturday, terrace, terror, ton, thriller, troupe, chlorophyll, hockey, excess, essence.

Wed. foreign words with single consonants: aluminum, gallery, dessert, dealer, amateur, impresario, corridor, office, official, offshore, report, race, soffit, bullfighter, sidewalk, plug, emigration and many others.

Double consonants are also written in some proper names, for example: Haggai, Apollo, Vissarion, Gennady, Hippolytus, Cyril, Philip, Alla, Anna, Apollinaria, Bella, Henrietta, Inna, Rimma; Akkerman, Bessarabia, Bonn, Holland, Essentuki, Odessa.

Note. In the variants diamond - diamond and derivative words (diamond - brilliant, brilliantik - brilliant, brilliantine - brilliant), the second members of these pairs are written with one letter l before ь. The same applies to variants such as million - million, million - million, billion - billion (the second members of such pairs, limited in use, are found more often in poetry).

§ 108. Double s is written in the borrowed suffix -ess (a), for example: poetess (from poet), patroness, baroness, viscountess, princess, stewardess, clown, critic. Double t is written in the borrowed suffix -ett(a), -etto (in musical terms): symphonietta (from symphony), operetta, arietta, canzonetta, allegretto, larghetto, gruppetto; but in the words cigarette, floppy disk - one thing.

§ 109. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group, group; program - program, software, program; point - five-point, Gauls - Gallic, metal - metallic, metallurgist; class - class, cool, classmate; compromise - compromise, kilowatt - kilowatt, libretto - librettist, Normans - Norman, antenna - antenna man, bath - bathtub, Dardanelles - Dar Danelles, Calcutta - Calcutta, Cannes (and Cannes) - Cannes, Ravenna - Equals.

However, instead of a double consonant, one consonant is written in the following cases: 1) in diminutive and familiar forms of personal names with the suffix -k(a), for example: Alla - Alka, Stella - Stelka, Emma - Emka, Zhanna - Zhanka, Inna - Inka, Rimma - Rimka, Vassa - Vaska, Mirra - Mirka, Marietta - Marietka, Savva - Savka, Kirill - Kirilka, Philip - Filipka (also: Filipok, b. Filipka and Filipchik); 2) a single letter n - in any words with the suffix -k(a), for example: finka (cf. Finn), five-tonka, three-tonka (ton), kolonka (column), antenna (antenna); 3) in the following words: crystal (crystal), Finnish (Finn), operetta (operetta).

Note. In the endearing forms of names starting with -ochka, -ushka (Zhannochka, Allochka, Filippushka, Kirillushka, etc.), double consonants are preserved.

§ 110. When abbreviating words containing a double consonant, only one consonant is retained in compound abbreviated words, for example: gramophone recording (gramophone recording), korpunkt (correspondent point), terrorist act (terrorist act), grupkom, gruporg, special correspondent.

Note 1. In the first part of complex words written with a hyphen, double consonants are preserved, for example: mass indicator, mass culture, press mold, press center, express analysis, watt-second; the same in the word wattmeter.

Note 2. At the end of the words Donbass, Kuzbass (-bass from pool) a double s is written.

Note 3. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of complex abbreviated words and graphic abbreviations: the latter retain double consonants at the end before the period, for example: spetskor, sobkor, but: spets. corr., personal corr. (see § 209).

A hyphen (also called a dash) is a non-literal spelling sign that is used in various functions. It is used in the rules of merged, hyphenated and separate writing(see § 117 - 156), as a sign of transfer (see § 211 - 219). Other uses of the hyphen are discussed below in § 111 - 113.

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It came unexpectedly, silver streams ran along the sloppy paths. Winged wanderers have returned from distant lands, these feathered workers tirelessly build their nests.”

The spring picture conveyed by this text makes us remember the rules for writing double consonants.

Double consonants in borrowed words

If the spelling of double consonants in a word cannot be checked in any way, then they are called double. These words must be memorized. As this rule requires, we remember the words with double consonants given below.

1. Some Alla, Anna, Vassa, Inessa, Ella, Rimma, Kirill, Savva.

2. terrace, ton, effect, tennis, repression, program, column, correspondent, assembly, alley, ball, etc.

3. Some original Russian words: Russia, burns, buzzes, yeast, quarrel.

4. In all words that are the same root as the above.

Differences between words with different numbers of consonants

When some words have one consonant and others have double consonants, the rules are as follows:

1. If it differs in the number of consonants, then it is most likely different words, having different lexical meanings:

ton - a measure of weight, tone - the case form of the word tone - a shade of sound or color;
cash register - a device for storing money, touch - connection at any point;
point is a unit of assessment, ball is an evening of relaxation with dancing.

Example sentences:

A ton of coal has already been loaded onto the ship.
Igor had never heard such a pure tone before.
The cash register is closed today.
The touch was weak.
I got a high score in the exam.
Natalya was invited to the ball.

2. There are cases when the number of identical letters does not affect the lexical meaning of words: Alla - Alka, crystal - crystal, art - skillful, correspondent - junkor, column - column, Finn - Finnish, ton - five-tonka.

There are no double consonants

If we take, for example, the word “aluminum”, then it contains one letter “l”. Remember these words that are missing Examples of words:

apartments;
balustrade;
gallery;
humanist, humanistic;
decibel;
dealer, dealer;
amateur, amateurish;
drama, dramatic, dramatic;
imitation, imitate;
corridor, corridor;
midget;
producer, producer

with double consonants

Usually words are transferred into syllables: ma-shi-na. doubled consonants are:

Part of the word with one consonant remains on one line, and part of the word with the second consonant is transferred to another: column-na, tone-na, Al-la, Russia.
If possible, transfer words with doubled consonants in a place where there is no doubled consonant: art, terrace, correspondent.

Unfortunately, even adults sometimes make mistakes, or don’t know how to correctly pronounce such words. To prevent confusion from happening to you, let's discuss in what cases hyphenation of words with double consonants is unacceptable. Examples:

alley;
terrace;
art.

In addition, the rules for transferring double consonants prohibit transferring words with one vowel sound: class, score, burns.

At the junction of morphemes

When the end of a prefix and the beginning of a root, the end of a root and the beginning of a suffix, or a suffix are the same letter, double consonants appear. The rules dictate the following spelling:

permanent;
fearless;
selfless;
toothless;
lawless;
to provoke;
razzyava;
story;
become angry;
pickle;
dissect;
dry up;
be pinched with cold;
vestibule;
give in;
pry;
thaw;
outflow;
beat down;
enter,
up;
entrusted;
art;
Russian;
sailor;
Novocherkassk;
picture;
old;
true;
cardboard;
cup holder;
windowsill;
supporter;
wanderer;
chosen one;
pickpocket;
raspberry;
aspen tree

Doubled consonants appear when adding abbreviated stems:

head physician;
maternity hospital

In adjective suffixes

In the Russian language, one of the most difficult spelling patterns is one and two letters N in suffixes that occur in words different parts speech. Let's consider spelling -n- And -nn- in adjectives. And the table will help us with this.

There are several exceptions to this rule: windy (windless), glass, tin, wood.

Particularly worth mentioning are words that are formed without a suffix:

pork;
mutton;
young;
scarlet;
blue;
green.

In participle suffixes

To apply the rule correctly, words with doubled participle consonants must be distinguished from adjectives. They are formed from verbs:

proceed - walked;
paint - painted;
write - written;
expel - expelled;
desire - desired;
buy - purchased;
uproot - uprooted;
elect - chosen;
heat up - red-hot;
fry - toasted;
wake up - awakened;
delimit - delimited;
print - printed;
draw - drawn;
interrogate - interviewed;
grab - grabbed.

Spelling double consonants. Rule for participles with one letter N

In short participles	All tasks have been completed.
In imperfect participles without dependent words and prefixes	The bench is painted.
Spelling doubled consonants with two letters N

There are consoles	Tables arranged.
There are dependent words	A bench painted yesterday.

Words to remember: unprecedented, unexpected, unexpected, unexpected, unread.

In adverb suffixes

The same amount is written in adverb words N, how much is in the generating word. This is the simplest rule. Words with double consonants with this spelling exist in the Russian language along with those written with one letter:

sincere - sincerely;
accidental - accidentally;
beautiful - wonderful;
interesting - interesting.

Test

Now that the topic “Double Consonants” has been studied, the rules are familiar and understandable, you can check how high the level of assimilation of the educational material is.

A. Point. B. Group. B. Class. G. Alley. D. Gallery.

A. You need to leave both letters on the line.

B. Both letters need to be moved to the next line.

A. Definitely need to check.

B. No, you need to remember.

A. Saturday. B. Telegram. B. Story. G. Hockey.

5. In what word are LJ written? Write it _____________________

bubbling...chewing liquid;
the iron began to rattle;
drive across the bridge;
annoying and...burning;
release the trap;
ra..complain to mom;
you...married land;
a well-dressed horse;
see...screaming child.

beech a(l/ll)ya, television(n/nn)aya ante(n/nn)a, dra(m/mm)atic co(l/ll)izia, friendly co(l/ll)ective, interesting piece (s/ss)a, seizing (n/nn) that (r/rr)history, (s/ss)fighting with friends, old dro(f/lj)s, showing gu(m/mm)anism, krista (l/ll) honesty, submit a(p/pp)e(l/ll)ation, a(l/ll)yuminium alloy, inventive art(s/ss)tvo, a(k/kk)urately decompose, talk intelligently, go to the opera(t/tt)u, Ma(s/ss)onskaya lodge, am fond of be(l/ll)ethristics, a(p/pp)etite pie, art(n/ nn)aya ga(l/ll)ery.

Assignments in GIA format

The snow has already melted.
The banks are...heated in the spring.
The sun mercilessly eats up the snow drifts.
The rays... pitilessly burn the yellowed fields.
The streams... dried up.
The travelers walked along the road…holding each other.
Everyone sat around the fire.

It’s a pleasure to walk with a filled bucket along a barely visible path to the hut.
He liked everything here and delighted him: how large drops splashed, falling from the leaves of the trees, how peacefully the fire crackled and the breathtaking smell of the forest soil.
My grandmother collected herbs: St. John's wort, plantain, fern, and always told me about their healing, mysterious properties.
His tanned face was furrowed with deep wrinkles.
The owner spoke unusually tenderly when talking to the pigeons.
We approach the house and see that the gate is open: it is flapping from the wind, and the latch is torn off... ah.
The next day the gate was more painted...and its hinges were greased.
In the park, right at the entrance, there is a wooden bench.
Near the bench there were new pillars dug in..s.
The waves lazily crawled onto the sand and slowly crawled away, leaving behind an edge of snow-white foam.
The dog stood and looked into the distance of the sea, numb, with its tail drooping.
Grandmother was sitting at the table, silent and slowly chewing bread.
The dog was huge, with a big head and lion paws.
He was wearing faded, incredibly wide canvas pants.
Posters were posted all over the city.
Everyone left, and only the sleek faces of the lackeys flashed in the corridors.
In the center of the room there was a table covered with a gold-woven tablecloth.

3. Select the sentences in which the numbers are correctly indicated, in the place of which NNs are missing.

On the table there are (1) a lot of vases with flowers and a pile of (2) branches, so that the dishes stand as if in a sacrament (3) more often. (3)
At the end of the nineteenth century, the variable-fill thermometer was invented. Behind such a wise (2) name was hidden a device designed (3) to measure temperature in a small range. (13)
On a hot day, I sat by a wooden (1) pier and ate ice cream (2) with crushed (3) nuts. (1)
The peaches (1) laid out on the table, prepared (2) for the compote, are not yet clean. (2)
The glass (1) doors were loose (2), and their constant (3) ringing merged with the ringing of the chandelier. (13)
At the end of the long (1) corridor there was a fenced off (2) closet that served as a guest (3). (1)

Answers

1. Which word is spelled incorrectly?

D. Gallery.

2. What is the answer to the question: “How to transfer a word?” will it be true?

B. Leave one letter on the line and move the other.

3. Answer: is it possible to check double consonants?

B. No, you need to remember.

4. Which word has a double consonant rather than a double one?

B. Story.

5. In what word are LJ written? Write it: scorched.

6. One or two letters are missing in brackets:

Beech Alley, TV antenna, dramatic collision, art Gallery, friendly team, interesting play, captured territory, quarrel with friends, old yeast, show humanism, crystal honesty, file an appeal, aluminum alloy, inventive art, carefully lay out, talk intelligently, go to an operetta, Masonic lodge, am fond of fiction, delicious pie .

Assignments in GIA format

1. Which sentences contain words that are written with double consonants?

The streams have dried up.
The travelers walked along the road, supporting each other.
Everyone sat around the fire.

2. Which sentences contain words with two letters N?

It’s a pleasure to walk with a filled bucket along a barely visible path to the hut.
He liked everything here and delighted him: how large drops splashed, falling from the leaves of the trees, how the fire crackled peacefully and the breathtaking smell of the forest soil.
My grandmother collected herbs: St. John's wort, plantain, fern, and always told me about their mysterious healing properties.
The owner spoke unusually tenderly when talking to the pigeons.
There is a wooden bench in the park right at the entrance.
The waves lazily crawled onto the sand and slowly crawled away, leaving behind an edge of snow-white foam.
The dog stood and looked into the distance of the sea, numb, with its tail drooping.
Grandmother was sitting at the table, silent and slowly chewing bread.

The answers to the third task are given in the text itself, in brackets.

It is found in foreign borrowings and words of original Russian origin. Rules and examples are presented in the article.

Double "w"

The doubled consonant at the root of a word is written in words such as burning, yeast, buzz, juniper. But such cases should not be confused with a combination of the sounds “zh” and “z”. Example:

Every evening a huge German shepherd ran out to meet him and began to act unnaturally and mournfully. scream.
Come it became increasingly difficult to get to him, because the driver of the only bus in this city ignored the schedule posted at the stop.
In the courtyard of his house it is dark, only a light that barely glimmers from the outbuilding window, illuminates the road.
The teacher came into the classroom and first of all hung a diagram over the board cerebellum.

Double "s"

Double consonants "ss" are written in words such as cash desk, assorted, passenger, cassette, class, compromise. The spelling of these lexical units must be remembered. This doubled consonant at the root of the word is written in foreign borrowings. Except for token argument and words that are of the same root with it. Examples:

In old age, her character deteriorated to such an extent that she managed quarrel with all relatives.
Quarreled That day, the neighbors no longer wasted energy on scandals, but for almost three years they remained completely silent, as if a cold war had been declared between them.

The double "s" is also written in words such as poetess, flight attendant.

Compound words

Double consonants are written in words formed from two parts. But only if the first ends with the same consonant with which the second begins. Examples: maternity hospital, head physician

If in a compound word the first part is formed from a lexical unit in which there is a double consonant, only one is written. Examples:

More than a hundred items were stored in a dilapidated barn behind the house. gramophone records, produced about a hundred years ago, a couple of rickety chairs and other unnecessary junk.
Three people entered the office, one of whom introduced himself grouporg. The positions of the others sounded just as mysterious.
The writer was in the past cavalryman, and because of how honestly he portrayed the class struggle he witnessed, he was shot in 1938, calling him a traitor to his homeland.

Names

The full forms of some names are written with double consonants. Diminutive forms - with one consonant. Examples:

Youngest daughter - Alka- was a restless and overly curious child.
Kirilka He grew up quickly and increasingly asked his parents uncomfortable questions.
Anka She was a simple woman, kind as a peasant.

The examples above contain names with double consonants: Alla, Kirill, Anna. The spelling of the full and diminutive forms is different.

Adjectives

In words that are formed from nouns, the doubled consonant at the root of the word is retained and written immediately before the suffix. Examples:

Parents are used to five-point system and for a long time they could not figure out whether to praise or punish their son because in his diary, next to the teacher’s signature, there were the numbers “6”, “7” and “8”.
All these tribes united into the so-called th Hun union.
He did not like to discuss and, whenever possible, tried to accept compromise solution.

The same can be said about the diminutive form of a noun. Examples:

The cemetery, where figures of Soviet and Russian culture are buried, has been abandoned by foreigners. All that's left is group sedate but inquisitive Japanese.
He didn’t like the performance, and therefore during the first act he looked tiredly at program and thought about his own.
Telegram- and this is precisely what one can call a message of such frivolous content - was brought in the evening by a tired and, as always, irritated postman.

At the junction of root and prefix

Nouns in which the prefix ends with the same letter as the root begins are also written with double consonants. Examples:

on his appeals No one had been paying attention for a long time, and therefore he had to leave the podium.
Forge He learned his father's signature in the third grade.
Pedagogical views this teacher had nothing in common with the theories of Makarenko and Soroka-Rosinsky.

Borrowing

Spellings of words foreign origin with double consonants should be remembered. Examples:

Vikenty Timofeevich held the position collegiate assessor.
Oxygen cylinders banned for use both at home and in offices.
On platform he met her husband and suddenly became afraid that the trip, which had been planned for so long, would fail.
Boardwalk terrace was covered thin layer early clean snow.
Idyll, which reigned in their house for almost five years, as it turned out, was imaginary.

One consonant

There are words in the Russian language in which double consonants are often mistakenly written. Perhaps the point is that these lexical units, as a rule, are of foreign language origin. For example: balustrade, dealer, vernissage, amateur.

1. Replace the phrase with one word.

* Making designs from glued or sewn pieces

paper, fabric.

* Device, technical device.

* Great desire to eat food.

* Belts, ropes for controlling horses.

* A substance from microscopic fungi that causes fermentation.

Words are helpers: a......etit, vo......i, a......arat, dro......and, a......lication.

2. Read the words. Write them down alphabetically, separating them for transfer. How do you understand the expression “fresh press”?

Applique, trolleybus, press, hippopotamus, tennis, score, commentary, metals, racks.

3. Read and guess the riddle.

splashing warm water

on cast iron banks.

Guess, remember:

What kind of sea is in the room? (B__ __ ___a,)

Write down the riddle and the answer. A word with a double consonant is divided for hyphenation.

Gru pp ah, gri pp, A pp arat, and pp lication, and pp awesome, Fili pp.

Ho kk to her, and kk urate, and kk hord.

Dro LJ and, in LJ and, zhu LJ ah, mo LJ evelnik.

Co. ll active, and ll hey, Kiri ll, A ll a, e ll a, ta ll in, mi ll ion, co ll lecture, and ll justration, and ll jumination, meta ll, tro ll eybus, bree ll iant, Chipo ll ino, mi ll imeter, vi ll a, bah ll He.

Gra mm atika, telegra mm ah, su mm ah, kilogram mm, gra mm, E mm ah, Ri mm A.

That nn a, wa nn and those nn IS, A nn a, I nn a, but nn ah, Zha nn ah, Suza nn a, Ge nn adiy, ra nn yy, long nn oh, morning nn oh, ose nn yay, weight nn yay, podoko nn ik, odi nn hello, foliage nn Itsa, Kolo nn a, ante nn A.

Ma ss ah, ka ss And what ss e, cla ss, pa ss Azhir, Komi ss and I, ss ora, ba ss ein, ra ss kaz, ra ss vet, cro ss, prof ss op, ru ss cue, cla ss ik, daffodils ss, lawsuit ss yours, Ro ss Iya, Novoro ss Iysk, Ode ss ah, warm up ss, express ss, compre ss, A ss istent, rezhi ss er, compromise ss, process ss.

Those pp history, ne pp he, those pp asa, co pp respondent, co pp section, those pp op.

Su bb ota.

E ff ect, su ff X.

Ca bb A.

Charlot tt A.

5. Write down the words in alphabetical order: first proper names, and then the rest of the words. Underline the doubled consonants and the spelling - the capital letter in proper names.

Perron, Inna, class, Alla, alley, Kirill, neat, Anna, Philip, hockey.

6. Strip for transfer.

Alley, program, cavalry, highway, passenger, application, buzzing, yeast, cashier, grammar, apparatus.

7. Read. What topic are these words about? Compose and write down 3 sentences on the topic “At the station”. Highlight the doubled consonant.

Saturday, class, excursion, museum, station, ticket office, platform, tickets, electric train, carriages, passengers..

8. Selective dictation. Write down words with double consonants. Emphasize them.

During a Russian language lesson, teacher Alla Sergeevna dictates words with double consonants. The guys write: balloon, certificate, collection, attraction. After the Russian language lesson there will be a physical education lesson. The guys will run cross-country along the school alley.

(According to A. Foroshchuk).

9. Emphasize double consonants. Form and write words that answer the questions Which? which? which? which?

Early - …………………, …………………., ……………….. .

Morning - …………………., …………………., ……………….. .

Spring - …………………., …………………., ……………….. .

1. Early spring has arrived.

2. Saturday is a day off.

3. Anna has a good collection of butterflies.

4. In the morning they brought a telegram.

5. A group of guys from our class visited the museum.

10. Copy the text, inserting the consonants N or NN where necessary.

The weight has come...ah. Snowdrops and other colorful flowers appeared. Summer will pass. Heaven will come…..the golden axis. The wasp's sun will still shine tenderly. But every day it will get colder, the first morning frosts will begin.

Emphasize doubled consonants.

11. Read. Make up the correct combinations of words and write them down. Underline the doubled consonants.

urgent class

spelling friendly

the alley is complicated

shady program

familiar telegram.

Name the words that contain common element- “gram”. What does it mean? What other words with this element do you know?

12. Insert the consonants PP, KK, LJ.

Gru......a, dro......i, ho......ey, gri......, zhu......at, a......arat, a......uratny, a......lication, a......ord, mo......evelnik, a ……fucking, in……and, Fili…… .

13. Insert the consonants LL, MM, NN.

Dli......y, gra......atika, wa......a, a......ee, Ri......a, te......is, Kiri......, su......a, A......a, Ta......in, Ge ......adiy, But......a, mi......ion, I......a, co......section, Zha......a, A......a, E......a, Suza......a, and......justration, odi ......adsat, telegra......a, meta......, ose......ii, gri......, tro...eibus, then......a, and......jumination, weight......ii, kilogram......, morning......ii, co……active, ra……i.

14. Insert the consonants SS, RR, BB, FF, TT, BB.

Ma......a, ka......a, sho......e, Ode......a, cla......, pa......azhir, Sa......a, Komi......iya, ra......vet,......ora, su ......ix, ba......ein, ra......kaz, te......asa, cro......, prof......or, te......itory, eh......ect, ru......ky, cla......ik, lawsuit... ...your, su......ota, narci......, Ro......iya, Novoro......iysk, Sharlo......a, pe......on.

15. Guess the riddles, write the answers.

* As always, needle and green,

I look quite similar to a Christmas tree.

But relatives, in fact,

Cypress and thuja for me.

(M - - - - - - - - - - - .)

* There is no fire on the river,

Burning over the river……. .

(R - - - - - -)

* What kind of room is this -

Very light, big,

Desks in straight rows,

And at the desks - we ourselves?

16. Vocabulary dictation.

Anna, bath, sum, mass, class, Russia, Russian, Alla, alley, group.

Cool, early, autumn, spring, morning, slow.

17. Write it down in one word.

1. School premises (classroom).

2. Day of the week (Saturday).

3. One of the types of ball games (tennis).

4. Playing on ice with skates (hockey).

5. Place where tickets are sold (box office).

6. Road with rows of trees on the sides (alley).

7. Road covered with asphalt (highway).

8. Female names(Alla, Anna, Rimma, Zhanna, Inna).

18. Vocabulary dictation.

Autumn day, spring wind, morning frost, early vegetables, Russian language, cool magazine, Saturday evening, eleven years.

19. Selective dictations.

1. B younger group the jokes died down

Lost appetite.

Mishutka got the flu -

The doctor threatens with vaccinations.

2. Inna slowly stood up,

Hearing the early bird cry.

I yawned eleven times

I wiped my eyes sleepily,

Afterwards I took a bath.

And, of course, I was late

For a spring matinee.

3. Saturday in a shady park

went to Alla Kirill, carried

stamps.

He looked through the collection

carefully in the morning

brought them back in the spring.

20. Visual dictations.

1. The autumn wind rises in the forests,

It's noisy going through the thicket.

(I. Bunin)

2. Made a gray bunny

Ears are too long.

(A. Barto)

3. In a cozy, spacious classroom

There is silence in the morning.

4. It was a cheerful day

Early spring.

5. Lady on the Wire

It goes like a telegram.

6. Lots of fun on the road

The passenger is seven years old...

7. The autumn moon is bright,

The lace alley sleeps.

8. The school is quiet and bright

At this early hour.

Through the window glass

The branches look straight into the classroom.

(S. Marshak)

21. Creative dictations.

I. Compose and write down a story of 4-5 sentences using the given words.

Excursion.

Saturday, group of guys, class, museum, ticket office, cashier, tickets;

guide, interesting story;

rich collection.

O g o r o d.

Spring day; seedling; long beds; excellent harvest.

III. Form other words from these words so that they contain -НН-.

Autumn - autumn, spring, antiquity, length, stone, lemon, sleep, window, desert, horse.

22 Form and write down adjectives.

Co......section, gra......atica, co......ective, tro......eybus, mi......ion.

23 Replace the phrase with one word.

* Acute viral disease.

* An executive person who maintains order in everything.

* Several objects or people located close

from each other or connected together.

* Combination of several musical sounds of different pitches

* Produce a monotonous rattling sound, whistling noise.

Words are helpers: a......curate, gr......, a......ord, zhu......at, gr......a.

24. Guess the riddles of Anatoly Arsirius. Say the words of the answer syllable by syllable and write it down. Indicate the spelling. Divide the words - guesses for transfer. Make up sentences with one of them and write them down.

1. I have two To, Do not forget,

always be like me:

I'm precise, clean, and neat,

in other words - ……………..

2. He is always at the station,

trains approach it

double R it contains

and is called ……………. .

3. The riddle is simple and easy:

I always write in two To ;

Hit both the ball and the puck with your stick,

and my name is …………..

25. Read the titles of the books. Do you know their authors? Which of these books are you already familiar with? Write down the names of the books (they are written in quotation marks), underline the doubled consonants.

"Rikki - Tikki - Tavi"

"Pippi Longstocking"

"Winnie the Pooh and everything - everything - everything"

"The Adventures of Cipollino."

Hint: Rudyard Kipling, Astrid Lingren, Alan Milne, Gianni Rodari.

26. Insert double consonants.

Long......y, ro......iyskoe, va......chka, ma......ovoe, a......ordnaya, ho......eyny, morning......ee, su......otnik, ra......yaya, a......etitny, graphic......atic, group......ipovalised, for e......ekta, cla......icheskoe, os....ii, weight......yaya, ka......ovy, sho......eynaya, pa......azhirskoe, ra......kaz , A….points.

27. Copy the words. Explain the spelling of one and two letters n.

Spring - spring, autumn - autumn, length - long, early - early, stone - stone, lemon - lemon, sleep - sleepy, telephone - telephone, window - window, fog - foggy, nebula.

28. Select the root and suffix. Explain the spelling of one and two letters n.

At the horse-drawn, desert, to the eggplant, behind the long, spring, on the carriage, in the stone, with a suitcase, spring, pasta, to the suitcase, from the balcony, lawn, in the booth, balcony.

29. Open the brackets. Explain the spelling of one and or two n.

Beto(n,nn)oe, card(n,nn)ka, empty(n,nn)aya, balo(n,nn)aya, ko(n,nn)b, telefo(n,nn), ra(n ,nn)him, weight(n,nn)imi, with diva(n,nn)yh, makaro(n,nn)y, ose(n,nn)b, ra(n,nn)o, baraba(n, nn)aya, with lemon(n,nn)th, in stone(n,nn)th, beam(n,nn)chik, at weight(n,nn)him.

30. Remember all the words you covered with double consonants LL, MM. Open parenthesis.

Co(l,ll)ective, gra(m,mm)atika, a(l,ll)oe, a(l,ll)ea, Kiri(l,ll), po(l,ll)kovnik, telegra(m) ,mm)a, A(l,ll)a, co(l,ll)section, so(l,ll)onka, ki(ll,l)o(m,mm)eters, tra(mm,m)vay , Ri(m,mm)a, Di(mm,m)a.

31. Creative work.

Come up with and write down the text of the telegram (1-2 sentences), include 1-2 words with double consonants in the root.

32. Read the names and surnames of famous foreign authors of literary fairy tales. Name the famous fairy tales that these authors wrote. Write it down, underline the doubled consonants and the spelling - capital letter in proper names and surnames.

The Brothers Grimm (Wilhelm and Jacob), Charles Perrault, Selma Ottilie Lagerlöf, Joel Harris.

33. Fill in the missing letters.

Swimming pool, a huge the......history, and......justifications for the fairy tale, a collection of......stamps, a friendly team.......

34. Copy words with double consonants from S. Bondarenko’s couplet.

1. If there is a lot of litter in the house,

A quarrel may break out in the house.

2. Salt and cereals are needed,

To cook porridge for the group.

3. Today there will be a “cinema panorama”.

What an interesting program!

4. It’s more pleasant to find a mushroom under the tree,

How to get a sore throat or flu.

Divide words with double consonants for hyphenation. In which couplets did you hear the same sounding words? How do you write them down? Explain.

35. Open the brackets.

Kla(s,ss), ve(s,ss)na, pa(s,ss)azhir, mi(s,ss)iya, plya(s,ss)ka, so(s,ss)na, ba(s ,ss)ein, (s,ss)ofa, ra(s,ss)kaz, o(s,ss)en, ru(s,ss)kiy, profe(s,ss)or, but(s,ss) ok, ka(s,ss)ka, ka(s,ss)a, shaking(s,ss)ka, sho(s,ss)e, narci(s,ss), Novoro(s,ss)isk, Ro (s,ss)iya, Mo(s,ss)qua, anana(s,ss).

36. Form and write adjectives.

Dro......and, gr......a, ho......ey, a......urtness.

Replace the phrases with one word.

A person with great internal culture.

An urgent message sent by telegraph.

Explanatory drawing.

Units of mass measurement.

Decorative lighting of parks, streets, on the occasion of some celebration.

Helping words: kilogra…., gra……., then…..a, telegra……a, and……jumination, inte…..agent, and…….justration.

37. Creative dictations.

Class, excursion, group, autumn leaves, collection, story

Anna, telegram, cash register, visit, spring flowers.

Make up sentences using these words.

38. Educational dictations.

Yesterday our class was in the park. Beautiful autumn park! The guys collected autumn leaves. In Russian language class we made up a story about autumn. (23 words)

Our class.

I'm in second grade. We have a friendly team. On Saturday, a group of children held a matinee. They wrote a story about this in a cool newspaper. (24 words)

39. Preventive dictation with visual preparation.

Read it. Which words have double consonants? ? Underline these consonants. What other spellings did you see? Label them. Take dictation.

1. In Africa there are sharks, in Africa there are gorillas, in Africa there are big angry crocodiles…. (K. Chukovsky)

2. Here is a telegram from a hippopotamus! (K. Chukovsky)

3. We have four Asya, four Vasya, five Marus and two Petrovs in the class. (A. Barto)

Open the book, check yourself.

40. Take dictation. Underline the doubled consonants.

The hippopotamus is a powerful animal.

His body weight is more than two tons.

And one ton is a thousand kilograms.

And with such weight, the hippopotamus is very fast

swims and dives well!

41. Explain the spelling of one and two letters.

Give in to your sister - go to the mountains, hold a hammer - support a friend, forge a document - do gymnastics, give in to the heat - give an idea.

42. Open the brackets. Explain the spelling of one or two letters.

Un(z,zz)working, un(z,zz)uchny, ra(s,ss)pad, (s,ss)oda, po(d,dd) removable, ra(z,zz)adorit, ra(s) ,ss)kaz, without(z,zz)dna, (s,ss)ora, po(d,dd)arit, ra(s,ss)olnik, o(t,tt)optat, s(t,tt) ashchil, ra(z,zz)burn, ra(s,ss)verlil, o(t,tt)ayat, be(s,ss)urgent.

43. Write words with the same root and one letter n

Early - ………, spring - …………, autumn - …………,

long - …………., foggy - …………….

44. The vowels “escaped” from the words. Restore the words.

PP - gr...pp..., gr...pp, ...pp...r...t, ...ppl...k...c..., ...pp...t...t, Fi...l...pp.

KK - h...kk...th, ...kk...r...tn...th, ...kk...rd.

LJ – dr...zh..., v...zh..., w...zh...t, m...zh...v...flax...k.

LL - k...ll...kt...v, ...ll......, K...r...ll, ...ll..., T...ll...n, m...ll......n, k...ll...kts... …, ...ll…str…t……. .

MM - gr...mm, t...l...gr...mm..., s...mm..., k...l...gr...mm, R...mm... .

BB - S...vv... .

TT - Sh...rl...tt... .

45. Selective dictation with preparation. Read it. Fill in the missing letters and open the brackets. Indicate spelling patterns, explain spellings, write only words with a double consonant.

Dre (ss, s)ist and le...

“How meek: (without) a command - step….

That’s how I tamed him, the damn thing!”

That's how the dre (ss, s)ist (po) thought about l..ve

Le... reasoned, by the way, like this:

“How brave! No fucking... yeah...

If he weren't so clever and brave,

I would oblige him... but I... ate!”

(A. Shibaev)

46. Page - test. Open the brackets.

Kla(s,ss), weight(nn,n)yaya, pa(s,ss)azhir, ka(s,ss)a, ose(nn)yaya, a(l,ll)ya, tro(ll,l )eybus, do(k,kk)tor, balaga(nn,n), ra(n,nn)iy, ra(n,nn)ka, co(l,ll)section, ra(z,zz)loaded, Ro(s,ss)iya, let(nn,)iy, (s,ss)ora, Ode(s,ss)a,

kame(n,nn)oy, makaro(n,nn)y.

47. Warning dictation with continuation. Visual preparation. Read the text. Find words with a double consonant at the root of the word. What other spellings did you find in the text? Explain the spelling.

In one zoo, a small gorilla refused to eat. The director of the zoo volunteered to save the animal.

Every day in front of the cage he ate a delicious lunch with gusto. Soon the monkey began to imitate the man.

And the director is now losing weight.

(based on materials from the magazine “Klepa”)

Write down the text from dictation. Identify all familiar spellings. Come up with a continuation of the text of 1-2 sentences. Include the word kilogram. Check what you wrote.

48. Dictation - text.

In su bb otu ra nn im in the morning A ll and Kiri ll ova walked along a narrow path near a kk urate green fence. Behind the bushes LJ meta was visible ll ic roof country house. Coming soon A ll and married those pp history of the village of Chashniki and walked along the bank of the Smorodinka River. Ma grew in the meadow ss and flowers. Zhu LJ or bees. The meadow seemed beautiful pp lication or colorful and ll illustration from a children's book. There was a gru standing by the water pp and weeping willows with long nn with flexible branches. A ll and dived into the water. I rose up ll splash ion. Have a good morning nn no swimming! (72 words)

If a student made mistakes in the highlighted spellings, then there are gaps in the study of the topic “Double Consonants”. To eliminate them, you need to continue doing exercises on this topic.

49. Guess the riddles and write the answers.

Christmas tree or not a Christmas tree?

Green needle,

And not a peg at all! (L - - - - - - - - - - .)

I become myself in captivity of fire.

There wouldn't be a world without me

No bicycles, no machines,

No cars, no skates. (M - - - - - .)

A steeplejack stands on the roof

And catches news for us. (A - - - - - - .)

This eye is a special eye

He will quickly look at you -

And will be born

The most accurate portrait of you. (F - - - - - - - - - - .)

50. Replace the words with opposite meanings with words with a double consonant.

Sloppy, tasteless, evening, sunset, late.

Words are helpers: morning….iy, a…..uratny, ra…..iy, a…..etitnyy, ra…..vet.

51. Dictation - preparation.

Case.

On a ll her in the bushes LJ An old pine tree fell over the tree. How to remove it kk hurriedly? She has a long nn th trunk. She weighs more than that nn s. Ra nn im overweight nn im in the morning Kiri ll and Ge nn Adiy took a saw and began to cut down the tree. I'm in the meadow LJ or the first insects. According to sho ss Rare cars passed by. Kiri ll and Ge nn adiy sawed the tree and removed it from the ll ee. Left ma ss and sawdust. Sawers a kk they removed them quickly pp history.

If a student makes mistakes in the highlighted spelling, he needs to write down the words in which the mistakes were made and select words of the same root for them.

52. Dictation - test.

Autumn time.

Days of ra nn it's autumn in Ro ss and they are very beautiful. Sometimes in the morning the fog spreads over the nn oh valley. Ma ss and bright leaves cover the grass, paths, paths, and ll hey, sho ss e. Mi ll Leaf ions still remained on the branches. In the rays of the sun nn my foliage, how wonderful and ll jumination. Growing at the edge of the forest pp and green Christmas trees. YU nn aty E mm ah, Zha nn a, and Sa bb and on those pp history of forest school kk carefully remove leaves. Kiri's friends are on the set ll and Fili pp play those nn is. Length nn on winter evenings they will play ho kk to her. (74 words)

If a student makes more than four mistakes in spelling a double consonant, then it is necessary to repeat the rules and exercises.

November 3, 2016

The doubled consonant at the root of a word is found in foreign borrowings and words of original Russian origin. Rules and examples are presented in the article.