Drilling water wells is the right technology. Features of water well drilling technology. Using the Auger and Rotor

Security country house water is a top priority. Without water it is even impossible to carry out construction, not to mention a normal stay at the dacha all year round or seasonally. There are several options: connect to a centralized system, dig a well, or drill a well for water. The simplest option is the first one, but if it is not available, it is easier to dig a shallow well. But the quality of the water will be low, so many people prefer to make their own water well with their own hands. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the drilling technologies that are available for home use.

Drilling methods

Water wells are drilled different ways. In particular, there are such technologies:

Percussion-rope drilling.
Rotary drilling.
Auger drilling.
Hydro drilling.

Let's consider all the features of do-it-yourself well drilling technologies.

Percussion cable drilling

The rope technique involves the use of a special mechanism. The process of drilling water wells using this method is considered the most accessible for home use. At the same time, the process is quite lengthy. If there is no mechanism, then the process of raising the impact element will also require serious labor.

Drilling a water well with your own hands using the shock-rope method can be done in different types soil. It is important to select the appropriate shells. Below we describe some of the devices that summer residents use to drill a well on their own site:

Thick-walled metal pipe. In its lower part there is a cut and a cutting edge. Such a structure is also known as a drill-glass. Many craftsmen make a similar drill for drilling a well manually on their own. The best option for a non-flowing layer of clay soil.
If the soil is predominantly hard rock, such as crushed stone or sand, then a bailer is used. A valve is welded at the bottom of the drill. When the drill hits the ground, the valve opens and the soil falls inside the glass. At the moment of lifting, the valve closes. Thanks to this, the rock does not spill out, but is taken out.
In such soil, when manually drilling a water well, you can use a spoon drill. It received this name due to its specific shape.
If you encounter rock while manually drilling a well, a drill bit is used. First, the rock must be crushed and then removed from the source.

All these drills are based on a rope and a special installation - a tripod. To automate the process of removing the drill, a motor can be installed on the tripod. In this case, shock — The rotational method will significantly speed up the entire drilling process.

Important! The heavier the projectile you have, the faster the water well will be ready. Therefore, it is recommended to put effort into making it.

Rotary drilling

In this case, special mobile MGBU equipment with a small-sized installation is used. Drilling a water well will happen much faster. Important condition– provide free access for equipment access. The rotary method is effective in cases where a well in a country house is needed in a short time.

Rotary drilling scheme

Auger drilling

In this situation, drilling a water well is carried out using an auger drill. This means a steel pipe with welded blades in a spiral direction. As the auger rotates, the projectile gradually goes deeper into the ground. During its immersion, it should be regularly lifted outwards, the blades cleaned and the pipe extended for greater immersion. It is important that the bottom of the pipe has a thread and a retaining ring. In this case, it will be possible to carry out manual drilling of a water well with high quality.

But this method of drilling water wells is effective only if the soil is soft. With loose soil, the wellbore will constantly crumble. And with rocky rock, the method is generally ineffective.

Hydro drilling

Water wells are also drilled using hydrodrilling technology. Based on the name, it becomes clear that water is used in the work process. Its exit by gravity occurs directly through the drill, where there is a special hole. Additionally, a pump is used. The technology of drilling wells using hydrodrilling does not require a large volume of water, since its circulation is observed.

Choosing a place to drill a well

Before drilling a well, it is necessary to determine the location for the work. Most The best way use all kinds of diagrams and maps of the area in your region. From them you can more likely find out whether a water well will have a good aquifer supply or not. For example, in some regions of the country only perennial water is available. It lies at a depth of 10 meters. This water can be eaten only if regularly submitted for analysis to the relevant authorities. In all other cases, it is necessary to install a deep cleaning system. But as a rule, it is not cost-effective to drill a water well to such a depth; it is enough to make a small well.

A water well is preferably made in a place where artesian water is available. This source will provide water of excellent quality. This aquifer is located at a depth of 55 m or more. However, it is prohibited to raise this water without the appropriate permits. For domestic needs and without any permits, you can drill a hole in a free-flow well. As a rule, such sources are called needle on sand. Sand well drilling is often done independently without the use of special equipment. This aquifer is located at a depth of 5 to 20 meters. But before drinking it, you should thoroughly pump the well on the site.

As for a specific location, there are many ways to determine water on a site. For example, when planning to drill sand wells, an exploration well is first prepared. There are also traditional methods. But the best thing is to find maps and diagrams of the occurrence of the aquifer in your region.

Types of wells and their features

The type or type of well on a site determines the geology of the site at a specific drilling point. So, this is influenced by several factors:

Depth.
Rock hardness.
Features of the geological section.

Well drilling technology also influences the specific type. Now we propose to compare 4 types of sources with each other:

Industrial.
Exploration.
On the sand.
Abyssinian well.

Industrial

This is a limestone water intake well with a diameter of 600 mm. As a rule, the depth is more than 500 m and has a high flow rate of up to 100 cubic meters per hour. Drilling a water well of this type is effective for large agricultural and technological buildings and industries. It is used for cottage villages and so on. The well drilling method used is rotary.

Exploration

If hydrological or geological exploration work is carried out, an exploration hole is drilled. In most cases, rotational technology is used. As a rule, the diameter is very small, and the well design is very simple. Plus, it is the cheapest investment. Thanks to this, there is a real opportunity to find out exactly where large-scale work can begin.

Well on sand

This water well is made manually using rotary technology. A screw is used for this. In just two days you can complete all the work. It is classified as low-yield, up to 1 cubic meter per hour. Vibrating pumps are used for pumping. If you follow the technology for drilling a water well, it will last up to 10 years. In order for everything to work properly, it is recommended to use it constantly.

Abyssinian well

The Abyssinian type structure is a source that is easy to make with your own hands. It cannot even be fully called for drilling, because it is based on a special rod that is driven into the soil. A special filter mesh is attached to its lower part, allowing good quality water to rise to the top. The process uses extension rods. The connection is made via thread. Unlike other technologies for drilling wells under water, the pipe itself remains in the ground, since water will flow through it. The pipe diameter can reach up to 32 mm. It is extremely important that all connections are as tight as possible, since the needle is driven into the soil for a long time.

Water well drilling tools

If you plan to manually drill wells, then the optimal technology is shock-rope, it is the most common and affordable. To do this you will need the following tools and material:

Shovel.
A drill having a cutting part. To increase the weight of the drill, steel screws or other metal objects can be welded onto it.
Wheelbarrow for transporting soil.
Pump.
Container with water.

You will also need the following material:

Wire.
Pipe.
Steel wire for filter.
Gravel or crushed stone.

Do-it-yourself water well drilling

The well at the dacha is made by hand using shock-rope technology. The essence of the technology is to drill holes in the soil using a driving glass. A tool falls from a height and breaks the rock. Afterwards, it is lifted and the soil is removed from the glass. To do this, it is necessary to create certain conditions. Now we propose to consider in detail how to make a well with your own hands.

Before you drill a well in your dacha, you need to make a pit. This means digging a shallow hole to make it easier to drill a well on the site. First of all, due to this, the drilling depth is reduced and the possibility of collapse of the top layer of soil is eliminated. Its size can have the following dimensions: 1.5 by 2.5 meters. Along the edges of the pit walls are reinforced with plywood. Thanks to this, the soil will definitely not crumble.

Next, the water well drilling technology includes installing a tripod. This is a special shock-rope mechanism that allows you to drill a well for water. The tripod serves support installation to hold the drill bit. It is made from wood or metal profile. The length of the beam/pipe should reach up to 5 meters. Be sure to attach the winch with a cable. The drill bit is attached to the cable.

Drilling on a summer cottage

The resulting installation is compact in size, does not require the use of a small-sized drilling rig for drilling wells, and is made by hand. You can drill a well in this way at different times. Speed determines the nature of the soil. In one blow, the drill can travel up to one meter. If the soil is rocky, then up to 200 mm.

Advice! To speed up the process of making a well on the site, you can pour water into the hole. It will soften the rock. Moreover, the glass must be constantly cleaned.

As for the cable, it must have sufficient reserve so that the drill does not come off and remain at the very bottom of the hole. As you progress, you can immediately install the casing pipe or after drilling the water well manually.

If the first method is chosen, then drilling wells for water, the process technology will include a casing pipe having a larger diameter than the drill itself. With this method, it is important to control the depth of the well for drinking water. Otherwise, you can skip the aquifer and cover it with a pipe. Therefore, the moisture level of the soil raised outside should be strictly controlled.

You can determine this point when making a water well at your dacha using the following criteria:

The knot began to shrink very quickly.
You have discovered aquiferous rock in the wash.
In the storm after the clay, you discovered sand.
A static pressure is formed.
Water began to drain from the pit.
The drill begins to vibrate.

Therefore, when drilling a well in this way, it is important to be extremely careful.

As soon as you have reached the aquifer, a well in your dacha with your own hands requires pumping and cleaning of dirty water. Thanks to this, you will be able to find out whether this well at your summer cottage will meet all the needs of your family in terms of its debit.

If during the pumping process the water is cloudy for a long time, then you should deepen the well at the dacha with your own hands.

Casing

The design of a water intake well necessarily includes casing. For this you can use plastic or metal pipes. It is not recommended to use galvanized pipes, as they can negatively affect the chemical composition of the water.

So, by installing a casing pipe, the following goals are achieved:

The walls of the source do not crumble.
The water intake does not silt.
The possibility of ingress of perched water, which is not the best in the category of wells, is eliminated.
The source will remain pure.

As already mentioned, a water intake well can be equipped with a casing pipe during the drilling process or after. If the pipe goes into the ground with difficulty, then it is necessary to make physical efforts and work with a sledgehammer.

Flushing a well for water after drilling

After drilling a well with your own hands and installing a casing pipe, flushing is carried out - a mandatory step. The essence of this process comes down to the fact that a pipe is lowered into the source, through which water is pumped under pressure. Due to the pressure, sand and clay will be completely removed from the hole. All this will be pumped out. As soon as clean water flows, be sure to submit it for analysis at the appropriate organization.

Advantages and disadvantages

This method of drilling a water well has its pros and cons.

Advantages:

The design of the water well allows you to create a source with a high flow rate and a long service life.
Equipment for drilling wells can be made with your own hands, which is a saving, as if you had to rent a small-sized installation for drilling a well.
The ability to control the water level and see the aquifer.
Designing water intake wells allows you to create an inlet with a large diameter.
These drilling methods allow work to be carried out even in winter time of the year.

Flaws:

There are other types of well drilling that allow work to be carried out much faster.
A large amount of equipment will be required to drill water wells, especially with regard to casing.
These types of water wells require serious physical and labor resources.
Before drilling a well for water, it is necessary to determine the nature of the soil; shock-rope technology is not always relevant.
Damage to landscaping local area. For this reason, before drilling a well with your own hands, you should not carry out landscaping work.

Conclusion

So, here we have looked at all the features of how to make a water well with your own hands. Among other things, we learned about the varieties of this source, which under different circumstances receives different names, for example, absorption wells, thermometric wells, sand well and others. To consolidate the whole theory and know how to cope with the work yourself, we suggest watching the prepared video material at the end of the article.

For autonomous water supply to a suburban area, it is necessary to carry out a set of works to drill a water well and install pumping equipment.

The process of creating a well for a particular region always has its own characteristics. In this article we will analyze the technology of drilling water wells in the Moscow region.

Basic terms

Drilling is the process of constructing a well using rock destruction.

Well- This is a cylindrical mine, constructed using special tools, which is characterized by a large length and small diameter. The main parts of the well are the mouth - 1, the trunk - 2 and the bottom - 3 (Figure 1).

Well flow rate(not to be confused with accounting debit) - the volume of water that can be extracted from a well per unit of time. Measured in l/s or m3/h. Most important parameter for the selection of water-lifting equipment and uninterrupted operation of the source.

A water well is drilled directly to the aquifer and, depending on the depth and flow rate, is an excellent source of water for both domestic and industrial purposes.

Figure 1. Well diagram

A water well, like any other, is a complex technical structure and its productivity, service life and water quality depend on compliance with drilling technology, as well as the correct choice of well design.

The determining factors when choosing a technology for drilling a water well are the depth of groundwater, as well as the rocks that make up the section at the drilling site. The correctly chosen technology will allow you to drill a well in the shortest possible time, eliminate accidents and complications during the drilling process, and most importantly, obtain the maximum flow rate corresponding to the given geological conditions.

Well types

Water wells can be divided into three main types, depending on the target aquifer (Figure 2):

shallow sand;
deep sand;
limestone (artesian aquifer).

Figure 2. Location of aquifers

In the Moscow region, the location of aquifers varies in the following intervals:

first (shallow sand) – 10 – 30 m;
second (deep sand) – 40 – 90 m;
the third (limestone) reaches 220 m.

Wells for limestone - an aquiferous complex of Paleozoic coal deposits that feeds the Moscow region and is divided into several horizons:

Serpukhovskaya (Lower Carboniferous);
Podolsko-Myachkovsky (Middle Carboniferous);
Kashira (Middle Carboniferous);
Kasimov layer (upper Carboniferous);
Gzhel (Upper Carboniferous).

The Moscow region is divided into the following aquifer areas:

southern - the water level is at a depth of 10 - 70 m, the depth of the wells is from 40 to 120 m;
southwestern - has a small flow rate, well depth on average 50-70 m;
the central region is the largest in area, the waters are predominantly carbonate, carbonate-sulfate;
eastern - the depth of the aquifer is 20 - 50 m, the waters are highly mineralized.

Assessing the state of groundwater in the Moscow region is significantly complicated by the high intensity of their use in a relatively limited area.

Although the population of Moscow is almost 100% provided surface waters, then in the region, on the contrary, most water consumption facilities use groundwater. At the same time, the number of autonomous consumers is growing every year - these are new cottage villages, industrial enterprises and holiday homes.

According to data for 2011, the potential of water resources in the Moscow region is 11.3 million m 3 /day. The highest operational density of water intake (up to 2 l/s per km 2) is located in the central part of the region.

As a result of the high intensity of consumption of groundwater resources, an extensive depression crater has formed in the region, which unevenly covers various aquifers, and its center is located in Moscow.

Technology for drilling wells in shallow sand

In the Moscow region, aquiferous sands lie at a depth of 10 - 30 m, the flow rate of such wells will be up to 1 m 3 / h, which is quite enough to supply a small suburban area. Although, with the right engineering solution, such a well is quite capable of supplying a small country house. To do this, you need to use a storage container in which borehole pump will pump water from a well, and another surface pump deliver water directly to the consumer.

Drilling for shallow sand is possible in the Volokolamsk, Voskresensky, Yegoryevsky, Mytishchi, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Podolsky, Ramensky, Ruzsky, Solnechnogorsk regions, for more details - drilling water wells. The first aquifer in these areas is located at a depth of 10 - 30 m, the flow rate of wells is from 0.5 to 1 m 3 / h. However, due to the high density of industrial sites in many areas, the water quality of the upper aquifers is not high.

The advantages of wells for the first aquifer are:

low cost;
fast drilling process;
Possibility of operation using an inexpensive vibration pump.

Disadvantages of a well for shallow sand:

relatively short service life;
small flow rate;
unstable water quality;
dependence of water level on seasonal fluctuations and neighboring water outlets.

It should also be noted that the sand well filter must be washed periodically due to silting. Such a filter cannot be replaced, so if it fails you will have to drill new well. Despite the presence of a filter, it is difficult to protect the water supply system of a sand well from sand particles, which can significantly reduce the service life of the well pump.

For drilling shallow wells in loose rocks, auger drilling is most popular. The auger is a pipe with spiral blades (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Drilling auger

The design of the drilling auger resembles a corkscrew, due to which drilling occurs through a rotational process with immersion in the ground and removal of drilled rock on the reverse stroke (Figure 4).

Auger drilling is carried out using installations on trucks and passenger cars. You can screw the auger into the ground manually, or using an electric drive or a motor drill. Manual drilling allows you to get water on the site yourself, but drilling with an electric drive, although expensive, can significantly facilitate and speed up the process.

Drilling with an auger is only possible in soft rocks. If rocks are encountered along the way, further drilling will be impossible. You can increase the length of the auger using connections with additional augers or rods.

1 – wellbore, 2 – auger, 3 – drilled rock.

Figure 4. Scheme of rotary drilling using an auger

At the end of drilling, the well walls are strengthened with casing. The design of a well for shallow sand consists of one casing with a perforated filter part.

For casing water wells on sand, two types of pipes are used:

metal;
plastic.

The classic solution for casing a water well is black steel pipes. Having a wall thickness of 4.5 mm, the steel pipe will maintain its integrity for 10-30 years, withstanding any soil movements, and will not add anything to the water except rust. However, the presence of rust (ferric iron) in water is not big problem, it can be easily removed using a regular household filter. The only harm that rust can cause is damage to the pump, provided that it is designed only for clean water.

The main disadvantage of steel pipes is their high cost, therefore, for casing wells in shallow sand with a relatively short service life, the use of steel pipes is not always advisable.

An alternative for casing shallow wells are plastic pipes - uPVC, HDPE.

The main advantages of plastic pipes are non-corrosion and the absence of any additives in water, as well as low price, relative to steel pipes.

The disadvantage is their low strength.

In sand wells, the use of a filter is mandatory. The filter zone, however, like the production pipe itself, cannot be replaced, so the actual period well service life depends on the filter service life. Also, the quality and design of the filter play a determining role in how much water the well will produce.

Sand well design

The classic design of a well for deep and shallow sand is the same and consists of a casing pipe with a filter. The filter can be installed “hidden” (Fig. 5) or mounted on a casing pipe (Fig. 6).

Figure 5. Design of a sand well with a hidden filter. Figure 6. Conventional sand well design.

The design of a filter for a sand well is quite simple, so the quality of the material from which it is made is of decisive importance in choosing a filter.

The filter consists of the following elements (Figure 7):

perforated base - 1;
filter layer frame - 2;
direct filter layer – 3.

Figure 7. Sand well filter

The main advantage of a well design with a conductor and a hidden filter installed (Figure 5) is the reliable isolation of water entering the well from surface contaminants, which is impossible with a conventional single-pipe design.

Although, due to its technological complexity, this filter is more expensive, it provides better water quality, and most importantly, it can be replaced, which is much more profitable than drilling a new well.

The main disadvantage of this technology is the difficulty of installing a reliable seal designed to prevent sand from entering the well and isolating the interval between the working and filter column.

The limitation for installing a filter “inside” is the presence of fine silty sands in the aquifer due to the impossibility of creating a gravel backfill for the filter, and therefore a slight reduction in well flow due to the use of fine meshes.

However, in layers of coarse sand and pebbles, this technology is possible, including in the Moscow region.

The most common sand well design in the Moscow region is shown in Figure 6.

Based on the type of filter layer, three types of filters are used:

frame-rod;
mesh;
combined.

The most effective are stainless steel frame-rod filters, but such filters are expensive. Good enough operational characteristics have mesh filters made of stainless steel, while having a much lower cost than frame-rod ones. In addition, the mesh filter can be installed on PVC pipes. Thanks to this, such a filter is optimal for wells with shallow sand.

Filters with a polymer mesh are also used, but they are technologically inferior metal mesh, since they can withstand external loads worse.

Filter with PVD spraying (polyethylene high pressure) is a perforated pipe with a special fibrous-porous material placed on it.

This coating perfectly protects the well from the penetration of solid particles, including silty sands, from the aquifer. At the same time, this filter is able to provide good permeability on water-logged sands, due to the porosity of the material.

PVD spraying consists of three layers:

supporting - large-cell;
worker - medium cellular;
protective – fine-mesh.

The advantage of this filter is its versatility: it works equally in alkaline and acidic environments, it is environmentally safe and non-toxic, it does not release into water chemical elements, protected from hardness salts. Thanks to the fibrous-porous barrier, it perfectly protects the well pump from any mechanical impurities.

To increase the flow rate of the well, increase the life of the filter, and reduce the process of clogging (siltation), the filter is graveled (Fig. 8).

Figure 8. Filter gravel packing

Gravel packing can only be done with rotary circulation drilling. In some cases, coarse sand may be used instead of gravel. A layer of gravel between the filter and the aquifer increases the area of the filter, prevents the ingress of silty sand, reduces the abrasive effect of sand on the mesh and extends the life of the filter several times.

Effective results are possible if the above technology is followed and highly qualified personnel are used.

Technology for drilling wells in deep sand

In some areas of the Moscow region, the nearest aquifer is located at a depth of more than 30 m.

For example, in the Klinsky district of the Moscow region, shallow aquifer sands are not everywhere. At the same time, wells drilled into deep sand (from 40 m) give a flow rate of up to 2 m 3 /h. Wells for deep sand are also drilled in the Istrinsky, Solnechnogorsky, Dmitrovsky, Pushkinsky and Sergiev Posad regions.

For example, in the Yaroslavl and Belgorod regions almost no wells are drilled for limestone, due to the fact that aquiferous limestones lie quite deep, at 150 - 250 m. Accordingly, such wells require more complex design, the use of two or three casing strings of different diameters, as well as more powerful downhole equipment.

Wells for deep sand have a number of advantages over shallow and artesian wells:

the production rate of wells for deep sand is higher than for shallow sand (1.5 – 2.5 m 3 /h);
water quality is better (more stable) than in shallow wells;
drilling time and cost are lower than for artesian ones;
Unlike drilling deep artesian wells, a subsoil use license is not required.

However, the problems with using a filter for a sand well remain the same as for shallow sand wells.

The most optimal method for drilling a well into deep sand is rotary drilling.

Rotary drilling is performed using a frame drilling derrick on which lifting equipment is attached to allow the drill string to be raised and lowered. The rotary drilling installation can be carried out on a vehicle (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Rotary drilling rig

With the rotary drilling method, rock is destroyed by a rotating bit, which is subjected to an axial load from the rotor using a drill string, which consists of drill pipes connected to each other by couplings. The upper shaft of the column is suspended to the tackle system through a swivel, which ensures free rotation of the load. This system ensures the supply of drilling mud through drill pipes to the bit. As a result, the drilled rock (sludge) rises to the surface along with the drilling fluid.

The rotary drilling diagram is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10. Rotary drilling diagram.
1 - bit, 2 - drill string, 3 - drill pipe, 4 - drilling rig floor, 5 - rotor, 6 - winch, 7 - kelly, 8 - swivel, 9 - hook, 10 - traveling block, 11 - crane block .

Limestone well drilling technology

Within the Moscow region, aquiferous limestones occur extremely unevenly, from 20 m in the south to 200 m in the north, but the most common distribution of the artesian horizon is at a depth of over 100 m.

Due to the great depth of artesian waters and, accordingly, high formation pressure, a water well on limestone can be pressurized, sometimes self-flowing.

Advantages of an artesian well:

possibility of drilling anywhere;
stable water quality;
long service life;
high performance.

Disadvantages of an artesian well:

technological complexity of drilling;
high cost of drilling;
high mineralization of water is possible;
legal entities require a license to use subsoil.

Due to the ubiquity of water-saturated limestones, as well as the high flow rate of artesian wells, such a well is optimal solution for monumental buildings, housing cooperatives, as well as industrial purposes.

Drilling artesian wells is a rather complex process due to the depth and hardness of the rocks. Depending on the geological conditions in different areas of the Moscow region, certain problems arise during the drilling process.

In the Volokolamsk region, difficulties can be created by granite deposits found near Sychevo and Cheredovo. Although in some settlements Aquiferous limestones are not located deep, from 30 to 50 meters. Also, aquiferous limestones do not lie deeply near the bed of the Moskva River in the Voskresenskaya region. In the Kashira region, the first limestones lie at a depth of about 40 m, however, they do not have sufficient water yield and only complicate further drilling to water-saturated carbonate rocks located at a depth of 70 - 140 m. In addition, unstable rocks are found in the section, which leads to an increase in consumption drilling fluid. It is necessary to select casing pipes of larger diameter to cover these rocks. In the Lotoshinsky, Ruzsky and Odintsovo regions, drilling is complicated by boulders found in the rock. In the rock section of the Chekhov region there are crumbling limestone rocks that require reliable metal casing.

The optimal solution for drilling artesian wells is rotary drilling. Due to the simultaneous impact of axial load and torque on the rock cutting tool, drilling productivity is significantly increased.

Hydraulic drilling is suitable for rocks of categories V-XII. The hydraulic hammer is installed between the core set and the drill pipes. By means of drill pipes, drilling fluid is supplied to the bit and rotated. The flushing fluid removes cuttings from the bottom, cools the bit, and also drives the impact machine. As the drilling fluid flow rate increases, the energy of a single impact increases, which leads to an increase in the intensity of rock destruction.

In relatively soft rocks, an increase in the axial load speed increases the drilling speed, and in hard abrasive rocks, with an increase in the axial load, the wear of the rock cutting tool increases.

In hard rocks, it is advisable to use a pneumatic hammer. Pneumatic percussion drilling is a type of rotary impact drilling, using a submersible drill hammer - a pneumatic hammer, powered by compressed air energy. The piston striker of the air hammer applies translational and reciprocating movements along the shank, which is part of the bit, which rotates along with the hammer. The bottom hole is cleared of drilled rock by blowing the well. As the well deepens, the drill string increases in size.

The diagram of air percussion drilling is shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11. Diagram of air percussion drilling
1 – bit, 2 – air hammer, 3 – drilling tool, 4 – rotator with an electric motor, 5 – feed mechanism, 6 – compressed air supply hose, 7 – compressor, 8 – control panel.

Design of wells for limestone

The design of a well for limestone can be of four types:

classic - includes a casing pipe that reaches the aquiferous limestone, and then an open trunk of a smaller diameter (suitable for strong limestone);
with double casing - consists of casing pipes of two diameters: a larger one in the upper part to the aquifer and a smaller one in the aquifer (Figure 12);
with a conductor - used when it is necessary to cut off quaternary deposits with a casing pipe of larger diameter;
telescopic - the design consists of three or more casing columns of different diameters, where each subsequent column is smaller in diameter than the previous one, used in areas with complex geology to cut off unstable and water-bearing rocks.

Depending on the geological section of the drilling area and the depth of the aquifer, one or another well design or a combination of several designs is preferable.

Let's look at a few examples.

Example 1: Classic two-pipe design with plastic.

Figure 12. Double-cased well design

Drilling technology can be described as follows:

Having drilled through the plant layer, the thickness of sand with gravel inclusions, and the thickness of clay, we reach the limestone (see Fig. No. 12). Based on the nature of drilling, rate of penetration, visual inspection of the drilled rock raised (washed with drilling fluid) to the surface, we determine the lithological section.
We drill a little into the limestone and raise the tool.
We casing a metal pipe on a limestone roof.
We change the bit and flush out the drilling fluid from the wellbore. It is necessary to use clean water (without bentonite) for further drilling.
We continue drilling through the limestone inside the metal pipe.
After passing through a layer of dry limestone, we reach fissured, aquiferous limestone. Cracks in limestone can be identified by the absorption (sink) of circulating water into the opened crack. The drilling tool can also fall 10-15 cm.
Raise the drilling tool and change the bit to a smaller diameter.
We continue drilling, uncover the fractured limestone, carefully monitor the process to determine the presence of layers of marl, clay, and sand in the limestone, if any.
Having opened 5,10 or 20 meters of aquiferous limestone, a plastic pipe is cased. The depth of opening of limestone is determined by the drilling master using indirect signs, depending on the thickness, thickness, aquifer, required quantity water and lithological features.

Since there are no layers of clay and sand in the limestone, the limestone is difficult to drill, undestroyed, we plant a plastic pipe up to the aquiferous limestone, and open the cracks with an open shaft.

Example 2: Single-pipe design with complications.

Figure 13. Single-pipe well design

The process of drilling to limestone is described in example No. 1. There are differences when drilling on limestone and building a water intake part. Let's look at them.

If we do not block the clay and sand in the limestone and assemble the structure as in the 1st example, we will get muddy water with sand.

It can go on continuously or occur after a period of inactivity (no water drawn from the well).

A driller who does not carefully monitor the drilling process may not notice the layer of clay and sand when assembling the structure as in example No. 1. Having carried out an experimental pumping and discovered turbidity and sand, you will be forced to dismantle the plastic and install a metal pipe of a smaller diameter to cover the sand layer. The transition between the pipes must be sealed with a packer to prevent the possibility of muddy water with sand along the transition between the pipes.

Figure 14. Well design with complications during the drilling process.

The clay layer can be covered plastic pipe, it is problematic to cover the sand layer with a plastic pipe. Therefore, a metal pipe of smaller diameter is used. If the initial pipe is Ø133 mm, then a pipe Ø114 mm is installed inside. A HDPE pipe with a diameter of 94 or 90 mm fits into a Ø114 mm pipe; a well pump with a diameter of 3 inches (76 mm) can be installed into a 94 mm pipe. It is no longer possible to install a pump with normal pressure characteristics in HDPE Ø90mm.

Figure 15. “Telescope” design.

When the water level is formed above the transition 133-114 (no less than 15-20 meters, to be able to install a pump above the transition), you can assemble a structure with plastic - 90 (94) HDPE inside 114 metal and 117 inside 133 (see Figure No. 14 ).

Let's look at the technology of drilling a well, taking into account the presence of unstable rocks in the section. The situation discussed below is typical for deep wells (150-200 m), sections with boulders and wells with intermediate aquifers. For the purpose of interval strengthening of layers, a “telescope” design is used (Figure No. 15).

The customer set the task - to drill a well into limestone and assemble structure 133/117.

The work order is as follows:

We begin to drill a well for a 133 metal pipe with a 146 or 155 (161) mm bit. But, before reaching the limestone, we encounter boulders along with aquiferous sand in the section.
When drilling below boulders, the tool begins to get stuck - stones fall onto the guide with the bit and overwhelm it, preventing further drilling from continuing, blocking it, and preventing the tool from being lifted out of the wellbore.
When trying to coordinate the installation of a conductor with the customer, he does not give permission to increase the cost of the well and is ready for a result without plastic. We decide to isolate unstable rocks by installing a pipe with a diameter of 133 mm into the drilled shaft.
We continue further drilling inside the pipe with a 124 mm bit.
Having reached the limestone, we install a 114 mm metal pipe. We seal the transition between the pipes with a packer to prevent the flow of dirt and water into the gap between the pipes.
We flush the wellbore from drilling mud. We explore a further section in the limestone with a 76 mm chisel in clean water.
When opening the limestone, we find layers of clay in it, the upper part of the aquiferous limestone is destroyed.
We make decisions to isolate the layers of clay metal pipeØ89 mm, and equip the destroyed limestone with a perforated pipe.
To do this, we drill out the exposed limestone with a 98 mm chisel - to strong limestone. We raise the drill string and casing the 89th pipe.
In strong limestone, we leave the water intake part with an open trunk Ø76 mm.

In such a situation, it is not possible to assemble a structure with plastic. Since the water formed at level 114 of the pipe, metal Ø89 mm is located below. The HDPE pipe into which the pump can be installed does not fit into the 89 pipe. The customer will be faced with the fact that it was not possible to implement the planned design 133/117. The cost of the well will be recalculated. The service life of the resulting well will be significantly less than the planned 40-50 years.

This is why we recommend using a Ø159 mm starting pipe or using a jig in areas with complex geology. This is more effective and durable, and allows you to assemble a structure with a plastic liner inside the pipe in almost any complication - see Figure No. 16.

Figure No. 16. Well design with conductor.

When contacting a drilling company, it is necessary to clearly set the task for the well's flow rate, the diameter of the planned pump, and its power.

Experts begin to plan the well design from the filter and the near-filter zone, depending on the lithological section and the thickness of the aquifer. That is, they begin to plan the structure from the bottom up, and not vice versa.

If we talk about the initial diameters and average parameters of a well with good geology, then we can roughly name the following values:

Pipe Ø133 mm - will provide a flow rate of up to 3 m 3 / h, suitable for providing water to one or two cottages;
Pipe Ø 159 mm - will provide a flow rate of up to 8 m 3 / h, an option for a large house with additional buildings or for several households;
A pipe Ø 219 mm will provide a flow rate of up to 15-40 m 3 /h; such wells are industrial and can provide water to an industrial facility or a small village.

For those wishing to study this issue more closely, we recommend using additional literature - Bashkatov D.N., Rogovoy V.L., DRILLING WELLS FOR WATER. We recommend this book as a reference guide for beginning drillers. Unfortunately, it was written in 1976 and does not take into account some modern materials and technology.

Conclusions: the process of drilling a well is complex technological process. Drilling will be successful, and the well will remain operational for several decades, provided:

Possession by the drilling organization of comprehensive information about the geological features of the site where the work will be performed. Experience in this location is required.
The presence of professional drillers on staff who are capable of responsibly and scrupulously treat the drilling process and the construction of the correct well design.
Integrity and responsibility of the organization. Today, in pursuit of maximum profit, many lose these important human qualities, coming up with various schemes to deceive customers.
Integrity and responsibility of the drilling crew. The desire to make quick money often leads to deception of the employer and the customer at the same time. Sales of uninstalled well pipes and drilling tools. An agreement with the customer on the depth of the well (let's write 30, and make 50, 20 meters in half...) thereby depriving the customer of the guarantee.
The organization must own the material and technical base. Repair equipment, manufacture parts for wells to suit your needs (turn a transition, make a packer, cut threads), store the necessary tools and equipment. Have a qualified staff capable of ensuring the functioning of the base and ensuring the continuous work process of drilling and installation crews.

The combination of all these criteria is the key to constructing a well using technology and obtaining reliable well on your site. The company “Water Help” meets these criteria.

If you are planning to equip your country house autonomous water supply and acquire a well, you need to familiarize yourself with drilling technology. This will save a lot of time when searching for drillers and funds during the drilling process.

Types of drilling technologies

When installing a water supply system in a private home, as a rule, one of three drilling technologies is used:

Rotary;
Auger;
Shock-rope.

The difference between these technologies lies in the methods of destroying the rock inside the well, as well as in the methods of extracting soil to the surface. Naturally, depending on the technology, the set of necessary equipment also depends.

Why does the customer need to know these technologies? This will give an understanding of how the well will be drilled, what equipment will be used for this and how long it will take. In addition, the price of the work, as well as the quality of the final result, depends on the type of technology.

In the photo - drilling a well using an auger method

Screw method

The cheapest and simplest option is auger drilling. Therefore, most small-sized drilling rigs are based precisely on this technology. It is based on a conventional Archimedes screw (auger), with the help of which soil is extracted to the surface.

To make it easier to imagine this method, you should remember how fishermen drill a hole in the ice. Using this method, you can drill wells no more than 10 meters deep.

A special feature of this method is the ability to make holes only in relatively dry and soft soils. If there are hard rocks or quicksand at depth, then it is impossible to carry out further work using the auger method.

It must be said that the technology of drilling wells under water with an auger is usually used by private “drillers” who have small-sized installations. As a rule, finding organizations that provide such services is not difficult.

Note!
To make a well, it is not enough to simply drill a hole in the ground.
It is also necessary to properly protect the aquifer from high water, as required by the instructions.
Therefore, despite the fact that the process itself is not complicated, the qualifications of the performers are very important.

Rotary method

The technology of drilling a well under water using the rotary method is by far the most common. To make a hole in the ground using this method, a drill pipe is used, inside of which there is a rotating shaft with a bit at the end.

The load is transferred to the tip by a hydraulic installation. This method is attractive because it allows drilling to almost any depth, regardless of the type of rock.

The soil is washed out by constantly flushing the well with drilling fluid.

The solution can be supplied in two ways:

With a pump inside the drill pipe, in this case the soil with the solution flows by gravity into the annulus.
Gravity flow into the annulus, while the solution and rock are forcibly pumped out of the drill pipe.

It must be said that the second method, which is called backwashing, is a better way to open the aquifer, due to which the well will have a higher flow rate. However, this method is more labor-intensive and requires more complex equipment, respectively, and costs significantly more.

Therefore, the choice of technology depends on in this case, depending on your budget and the required amount of water. As a rule, if it is necessary to provide water to one household, then drilling with direct flushing is quite sufficient.

Now let's consider this technology step by step:

First, a large-diameter chisel is driven into the soil.
The bit then rotates under the influence of a rotor, which is driven by a motor.
Weighted pipes are installed between the drill pipes and the bit, which add additional load.
During operation, soil is removed by liquid pressure from the mud pump.
Having completed drilling the first section of soil, a casing pipe is inserted into the borehole so that the top layers of soil do not spill into the well.
For stability, the space between the soil and the first casing is filled with solution.
Drilling then continues with a smaller bit, after which a narrower casing pipe is inserted.

Shock-rope method

This technology for drilling a water well is the oldest, slowest and most labor-intensive. However, the quality of such work is the highest. Its essence lies in the fact that the rock is destroyed by crushing it with a powerful heavy projectile, which first rises to a certain height, and then drops sharply.

As a result, the projectile destroys the soil with its weight, which is multiplied by the free fall coefficient. The destroyed rock is removed from the trunk using a bailer. If the ground is soft, then, as a rule, the bailer and chisel are combined into one projectile.

The main advantage of such drilling is that it does not require the use of drilling fluid or water. Thanks to this, it is possible to open the aquifer more accurately and thereby ensure the longest service life of the well and the highest possible flow rate. As a rule, wells made in this way last more than 50 years.

The main disadvantage of this technology for the customer is the high cost of services. In addition to the fact that this method is labor-intensive in itself, during the work it becomes necessary to isolate all the upper aquifers. In other words, as many aquifers and quicksand are in the well, so many casing pipes need to be used, which means additional costs for material and the work of specialists.

Which technology to choose?

In reality, the customer does not have much choice, especially if site conditions do not allow the use of an auger. The percussion-contact method has been almost completely replaced from the market by rotary drilling, which most likely will have to be used.

However, it is necessary to take an interest in the technology at least in order to determine the adequacy of the cost of services. If the soil conditions are suitable and the aquifer is not deep, then it is much more profitable to use the auger method.

Is it possible to drill a well yourself?

It is quite possible to drill a well with your own hands, the only question is how much time and effort it will take from you, and also how well it will be possible to isolate the trunk from the upper aquifers.

Often, developers underestimate the complexity of the work, which results in either “puddle water” being extracted from great depths, or the work is completed by specialists. At the same time, drillers have to pay almost the full cost, as if they were doing the work “from scratch.”

Therefore, before deciding to independent execution work, you need:

Study drilling technology in detail;
Understand what equipment and consumables are needed;
Make sure that your site can be drilled with a small-sized drilling rig.

Small-sized installations come in two types:

Screw type - as a rule, these installations are homemade.
Shock-rope type - installations can have Electrical engine or an internal combustion power unit. This is important if there is no electricity on the site.

Advice!
The installation for drilling using the percussion-rope method is considered less demanding on the soil and simpler.
With its help you can drill a well in almost any soil.

Conclusion

All existing technologies well drilling are fundamentally different from each other, however, if the work is carried out by professionals, then each of them allows you to achieve the desired result. At the same time, preference should be given to one or another technology in accordance with one’s own financial capabilities, soil conditions and the depth of the aquifer.

For more information on this topic, watch the video in this article.

The most effective and economical design for the extraction of groundwater is a borehole. This is an excellent alternative to centralized water supply for farming, gardening or a country house.

You can build a water well different ways. Let's look at the main drilling technologies and focus on general recommendations to create your own autonomous source of drinking water.

Choosing the type of water well

Drilling a water well is a rather labor-intensive process that requires the performer to have certain knowledge and skills. Depending on the geological characteristics of the soil and the expected water needs, it is necessary to select the optimal type of well and technology for its construction.

There are several types of well shafts:

filterless (artesian);
filter (sand wells);
wells.

Drilling artesian wells on water is carried out to porous limestone, the depth of which is more than 150 meters. An artesian well can provide several country houses uninterrupted water supply all year round (water does not freeze in such faces). The period of operation of a filterless artesian well reaches 50 years.

Water well drilling depth filter type(on sand) is 15-30 meters. The sand well device is a buried pipe, at the end of which there is a filter that filters out large sand fractions. Such a well is enough for a small country house or summer cottage.

The advantages of a sand well include:

ease of drilling;
low cost of well development.

Disadvantages of sand filter wells:

low productivity (about 1 m3 per hour);
service life - up to 10 years;
high probability of siltation;
penetration of surface and ground water into the bottom hole.

Tube (Abyssinian) well has a depth of 8-12 meters, is constructed using concrete factory rings. If there is a good spring on the site, the well quickly fills and accumulates water (average capacity - 2 m3 of water).

When choosing a wellbore design, you need to take into account the expected water needs and the regularity of its consumption. For a summer cottage with a seasonal stay, a filter shaft is suitable, but to provide water to a large private house, you need to equip an artesian well - the most reliable option for autonomous water supply.

Drilling water wells: reviews and tips for choosing the type of well

Methods of drilling water wells: technology, advantages and disadvantages of the method

Drilling methods can be classified according to two main criteria.

According to the mechanisms used:
- manual drilling;
- mechanical drilling.
According to the operating principle of the drilling tool:
- impact method;
- rotational method;
- shock-rotational.

Let's look at the most popular methods of drilling water wells.

Manual method of drilling wells

You can drill a well manually, the depth of which will not exceed 25 meters. Drilling is carried out until the waterproof layer is reached.

For manual drilling water wells use the following equipment:

If the well depth is shallow, the drill string can be controlled manually. Drilling rods can be made from pipes, connecting them with threads or veneer. The drill head is attached to the end of the lower rod.

The entire technological process of manual well drilling can be divided into several stages:

To completely purify water, it is usually enough to pump out 2-3 buckets of dirty groundwater. For this you can use a submersible pump

Manual drilling has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the method include:

low cost of work;
invariability of the structure of the passable soil.

Disadvantages of this method:

limited drilling depth;
small well yield due to the small diameter of the structure;
The service life of a “manual” well is from 2 to 10 years (depending on operating conditions).

Rotary method: reverse and forward flushing

The rotary drilling method is the most common method for constructing deep water wells.

The rotational method involves the use of special installations. Water wells are drilled using the following equipment:

Drilling rigs are equipped with a special pipe, in the cavities of which there is a rotating shaft with a bit. Due to the hydraulic installation, an impact is created on the bit. The soil from the well is washed out with drilling fluid.

There are two technologies for drilling wells with water:

Direct flush. The fluid is supplied through the wellbore in the direction from top to bottom. The solution, washing out the rock, exits through the annulus to the outside.

The advantages of the rotary direct flushing method include:

universality of the method (you can create a well of any depth);
large well yield due to the large drilling diameter.

The disadvantage of direct flushing is the erosion of the aquifer.

Backwash. The drilling fluid flows by gravity into the annulus. Subsequently, the solution is pumped out using a pump.

The advantage of drilling a well with water pressure with reverse flushing is that the maximum opening of the aquifer ensures the maximum flow rate of the well.

Main disadvantage this method- its high cost. The work requires the use of sophisticated equipment and qualified specialists.

Drilling wells with water: video

Percussion-rope drilling

With the percussion-rope method of drilling a well for water, soil breakdown is achieved by dropping a heavy tool (driving glass) from the tower.

At independent drilling you can use a homemade drilling rig and additional tools(downhole glass, rope, equipment for extracting soil).

Sequence of percussion-rope drilling:

To drill deep wells using the percussion-rope method, it is necessary to use special installations: UKS-22M2, UGB-1VS, UGB-50.

Auger method of well construction

The main working tool for auger drilling is the classic Archimedean screw (auger). Blades are welded to the drill rod, which bring the rock to the surface with rotational movements.

The auger method is suitable for drilling shallow wells (no more than 10 meters)

To implement this method, small-sized, easily transportable drilling rigs are used.

Advantages of the auger drilling method:

the cost-effectiveness and effectiveness of the method when drilling small wells (up to 50 meters) on sandy-clayey soils;
availability of the method;
soil layers are not washed away.

Disadvantages of the auger method for constructing water wells:

Suitable only for sandy soil;
If during the work the auger hits a stone, the process will have to be stopped and drilling started in another place.

Core drilling method

The core method is rarely used for drilling water wells. More often it is used as a method of engineering-geological and hydrogeological research.

When drilling, equipment (ZiF 650, ZiF 1200) with an annular carbide or diamond bit is used. During the drilling process, through the cavity of the crown, it is possible to extract a column of rock and determine the presence of certain natural resources.

When drilling using the core method, annular destruction occurs and subsequent washout of soil occurs.

Advantages of the core method:

high speed of well construction;
the ability to drill very hard soil;
Drilling rigs are compact and can be used in hard-to-reach areas.

Disadvantages of the core method:

quick grinding of the working crown;
the small cross-section (about 150 mm) does not allow the use of powerful submersible pumps.

Regardless of the drilling method, a water well must meet certain requirements:

the aquifer must be disclosed qualitatively with minimal resistance of the near-filter zones;
content metal elements in design - minimal;
if different aquifers are not exploited together, then they must be isolated from each other;
possibility of carrying out repair work;
well reliability.

Drilling a water well is a complex technological process, the competent implementation of which will be the key to an uninterrupted supply of high-quality water throughout the entire life of the well.

Availability of a well suburban area, is often a necessary condition to create comfort. Many people prefer to have an independent source, even if there is a centralized water supply. The absence of this necessitates the need to extract water from the subsoil. The level of modern technology has significantly expanded the possibilities of drilling. But a do-it-yourself water well remains a reality and in an inexpensive way providing it.

Providing water is a primary task when arranging any living space. Today there are several ways to extract water:

well;
Abyssinian well:
sand well;

artesian well.

Construction of a well is a labor-intensive and therefore expensive process.

Another disadvantage is that water is drawn from the upper layers, which creates a high probability of contamination, both external and entering through the upper layers of the soil. The amount of water is limited, the average flow rate is 0.5 cubic meters per hour. The well requires constant cleaning and repair, all these processes are carried out manually.

The well is more modern, reliable, durable and affordable way obtaining water. You can drill a well for water in any plot of land. Depending on the depth of the aquifers, the type of construction is selected: Abyssinian well, sand or artesian well. If the aquifer is located at a depth of up to 12 m, an Abyssinian well is drilled. If this indicator is 50 m, water can be extracted using a sand well. Artesian is necessary if the water is at a depth of up to 200 m.

The Abyssinian well has a small diameter; surface dirt and dust do not fall into it. Cheap and reliable option for moderate amount water use. A sand well has an average flow rate of 1.5 cubic meters per hour. This is a filter view, i.e. on aquifer sand is placed from polymers or stainless metal. The artesian well is filterless, the water is supplied clean, without impurities. The flow rate ranges from 5 to 100 cubic meters per hour.

A diagram of the operating principle of a water well (sandy view) gives a clear idea of its internal structure.

Choosing the type of well is an extremely important and responsible process.

Helpful advice! If there is no information about the depth of the water layer, it is not worth determining the type of well without preliminary exploration. This can lead to unplanned additional costs and unexpectedly low flow rates.

Basic methods drilling water wells

Purpose of the caisson. Prices and characteristics of the most popular models.

Tools used fordrilling water wells with your own hands

When constructing a water well with your own hands great importance has the right selection of tools. It determines the speed and quality of work.

The drilling tool must be made of durable and wear-resistant material, preferably steel. You can buy it in a store, or you can make it yourself and be confident in its quality. The main tools used when drilling a well yourself:

spoon. It consists of a hollow steel cylinder, which has a threaded head at the top for connecting to the rods, and a cutting edge at the bottom. The body has a longitudinal slot with one edge bent inward, and the second is sharpened and can work like a blade when rotated. A drill spoon can be made in a workshop where there is lathe and a forge. These devices have a diameter of 70, 140 and 198 mm. This spoon size should be 10 mm greater than the diameter of the pipes lowered after drilling;
chisel bit. The wellbore is rounded by rotating the bit 15–20 degrees after each impact. The tool is made by forging from a single piece of ductile steel. Its sharpening angle is 90 degrees. Chisel bits have a diameter of 74, 108, 147 mm. Adaptations small sizes can be made in workshops that have at least a small forge, as well as lathes and planers;

bailer. Its body consists of iron or steel pipe, to the top of which is attached a fork with a tapered thread for hanging from a rope or attaching to working rods. At the bottom of the pipe is equipped with a steel cutting shoe with a valve. The bailer body can be made from casing or gas pipe 1–2 m long;
screw. It has flat spirals with a rapid pitch. At the end of the tool there is a drill that destroys the rock, and flat spirals bring it to the surface. The efficiency of the auger can be increased by using a small motor for rotation, for example, from a saw, motor plow, etc.;
cup. It is a regular pipe with pointed lower ends. Working with it involves lifting and dropping it from a height of 2–3 m to the face. The sharp ends cut the rock and tear it away from the face;
barbell. Used for impact and rotary drilling. A tool is lowered onto the face on it, while it rotates, drilling is carried out, and with its help, the destroyed rock is extracted to the surface. The rods experience compression, tension, bending and torsion loads. For this tool, you can use square or round steel rods, as well as water pipes with a reinforced wall.

Turnkey water well price

The cost of a turnkey water well, the price per meter of drilling, is a complex value that is influenced by a number of circumstances. First of all, it depends on the location of the object and the specifics of the area. Geological sections in the territory of one region are heterogeneous, the distribution of aquifers varies. As a result, drilling water wells costs differently in each area. In addition, soil composition and landscape matter.

development area;
the methodology used;
fare;
depth of aquifers;
installation of equipment;
direct work on drilling and pumping a water well;
type of well, features of its technical arrangement.

First, a qualified soil study is carried out, as a result of which technology and equipment are selected. Since all water well drilling work is carried out by one company, you can save effort and time by getting water in the shortest possible time.

Water supply to a private house from a well: layout of the main elements

Installing a water well in a private house and connecting a water supply to it will not cause any difficulties if you draw up the diagram correctly and purchase quality equipment. The water supply scheme for a private house from a well contains 3 main components:

source (well);
pumping station;
pipeline.

These main components are equipped with additional:

caisson for a well;
automation;
cleaning filters;

water heater.

To connect the water supply to the house, pipes must be laid. If you do not plan to install insulation in the form of a cement tunnel (which is troublesome and time-consuming), you need to dig a trench that will lower them below the freezing point. Another insulation option can be fiberglass foil materials.

The raw materials used for pipes are different: there are several types of metal and an even greater variety of non-metallic, polymer products.

Helpful advice! When replacing or laying water pipes, remember that contact with water and the formation of condensation will certainly lead to corrosion on metal products. Plastic pipes are not subject to corrosion.

Well pumps: main characteristics

When settling in pumping station One of the main mechanisms is the pump. The choice of this device is extremely important.

According to the method of operation, pumps are divided into 2 types:

superficial;
submersible (deep).

Surface pumps pump out water from wells whose depth does not exceed 8 m. They are installed on the surface, the installation method is quite simple.

For greater depths, submersible pumps should be chosen. They come in several types:

centrifugal. They work due to the centrifugal force created by the blades of the paddle wheels when the shaft rotates;
screw (or screw). Pumping of liquid occurs due to its movement along the axis of the screw in the chamber formed by the screw grooves and the surface of the housing;

vortex. The basis of the design is a wheel with blades, placed in a housing and attached to a shaft. Driven by centrifugal vortex force;
vibration. They work due to vibrations of the membrane, which creates a pressure difference, and the liquid is pumped into the water supply system.

The main parameters that should be taken into account when choosing a pump for a well:

performance;
power;
depth, flow rate and diameter of the well;

price.

The price of submersible pumps for water wells is much higher than surface pumps. This is due to their greater power, performance, design and installation features. Among the submersible ones, the most productive and expensive are centrifugal pumps, among which auger types are popular. They have high technical characteristics, good performance and a reasonable price.

If it is necessary to dispense a small volume of water in a short time, it is better to give preference to a vortex pump. A vibration device is often used with a target orientation - to rock the well. Prolonged exposure to vibration can damage parts of the well structure closest to the pump.

Helpful advice! When deriving well parameters, some indicators are relative values. Therefore, when purchasing a pump, you should choose a suitable model with a performance reserve.

You can buy a hand pump for water from a well. It requires physical effort, but is much more reliable, much cheaper, easier to repair and more durable to use. There are several types of hand pumps:

winged. Operating principle: under the influence of a hand lever, the wing rotates, activating the suction element;
piston Pressure is created at the outlet;
rod They operate on the same principle as piston ones. The piston is significantly elongated, reminiscent of a barbell, hence the name;
membrane The operation is based on the reciprocating movements of the membrane.

When choosing a hand pump for water from a well, you must first take into account the depth of the water layer. The deepest of hand pumps is piston (up to 30 m), membrane is effective up to 8–10 m. All types of hand pumps can fully replace surface pumps.

Basics of proper well operation

The cost of repairing a water well is always high, since this process is complex and labor-intensive. It is not always possible to do this on your own. In order for the well to supply water for a long time and fully, it is necessary to follow the following rules when starting it:

Turn on the pump for the first time smoothly. You need to turn the valve on the head, starting from the minimum water intake value, and bring it to the optimal value.
The duration of the first water intake should be at least two hours.
During operation, it is necessary to avoid excessively short-term switching on of the pumping station.
Systematic and significant water withdrawal in the first months of operation will ensure a constant flow of water and full functioning of the well.

Helpful advice! Before using water from a well, it is mandatory to take a sample for chemical analysis of its composition. This will allow you to be confident in the beneficial properties of the water used for drinking, and will also make it possible to properly operate the water supply system as a whole.

DIY water well: possible problems and ways to solve them

Even if you pay the required cost for a turnkey water well, when the work is done by professionals, it is not always possible to avoid troubles during use. The most common problems during well operation:

siltation:
contaminated water;
weak flow.

If the well is not used systematically, but only in summer period, siltation is almost inevitable. There is no need to rinse the structure in such a situation, but intensive pumping is required.

Water can become contaminated due to the ingress of soil and intermediate waters. The most common cause is depressurization of the casing pipes. Repairs are needed, which can be significant if the casing needs to be replaced rather than just patching up individual areas.

Helpful advice! When purchasing materials for the installation of casing pipes for a water well, the price of which is within the budget range, you should not choose: the efficiency of the most expensive pumping station can be reduced to zero precisely because of depressurization problems. Plastic rings are reliable and convenient for mounting the casing.

Low flow may cause the filter to become clogged. The solution to this problem is to clean or replace the filter as a whole.

It’s up to everyone to figure out how to make a water well with their own hands, or order it on a turnkey basis, accepting the conditions and cost of a water well in a ready-made version. Price cannot be a priority, and neither can the manufacturer of the equipment. The main thing is that the output be the quality and quantity of water that is necessary for daily consumption and life support.