Complex sentences always contain two or more simple ones (also called predicative clauses) connected various types connections: union coordinating, non-union and union subordinating connections. It is the presence or absence of conjunctions and their meaning that allows us to establish the type of connection in a sentence.
Definition of subordinating connection in a sentence
Subordination or subordination- a type of connection in which one of the predicative parts is the main, subordinating part, and the other is the dependent, subordinate part. Such a connection is conveyed through subordinating conjunctions or allied words; from the main part to the subordinate part it is always possible to ask a question. Thus, a subordinating relationship (as opposed to a coordinating relationship) implies syntactic inequality between the predicative parts of the sentence.
For example: In geography lessons we learned (about what?) why there are ebbs and flows, Where In geography lessons we learned- main part, there are ebbs and flows - subordinate clause, why - subordinating conjunction.
Subordinating conjunctions and allied words
Predicative parts of a complex sentence connected by a subordinating connection are connected using subordinating conjunctions, allied words. In turn, subordinating conjunctions are divided into simple and complex.
TO simple unions relate: what, so that, how, when, barely, yet, if, as if, as if, for sure, for, although and others. 
We want all peoples to live happily.
Complex conjunctions include at least two words: because, because, since, in order to, as soon as, while, until, despite the fact that, as if and others. As soon as the sun rose, all the songbirds woke up.
Relative pronouns and adverbs can act as allied words: who, what, which, whose, which, how many(in all cases); where, where, from, when, how, why, why and others. Conjunctive words always answer any question and are one of the members of the subordinate clause. I have taken you there, where the gray wolf has never gone before!(G. Rosen)
You need to know: what it is, examples of it in the literature.
Types of subordination in a complex sentence
Depending on the means, connecting predicative parts, the following types of subordination are distinguished:
- conjunctional subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected by simple or complex conjunctions. He opened the doors wider so that the procession could pass through freely.
- relative subordination - between the predicative parts there is a conjunction word. After death, people return to the same place they came from. they came.
- interrogative-relative subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected through interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs. The subordinate part explains the member of the main sentence expressed by a verb or noun, which has the meaning of a statement, mental activity, feeling, perception, internal state. Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what frightened him.(M. Bulgakov).
Often in one complex sentence contains more than two predicative parts that are dependent in relation to the main one. Due to this There are several types of subordination:
This is interesting: in the rules of the Russian language.
Based on which member of the main sentence explains or extends the dependent one, subordinate clauses in some sources are divided into subjects, predicates, modifiers, additional and adverbial.
- Every, whom he met here offered to help him. The subordinate clause extends the subject of the main clause every.
- Never think that you already know everything.(I. Pavlov) The subordinate part explains the predicate of the main think.
- You should never regret something that can no longer be changed. IN in this case the subordinate clause answers the question of the prepositional case.
A more common classification is that depending on the questions they answer, subordinate clauses are divided as follows:
Subordinating connection
Subordination, or subordinating connection- the relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence.
In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other - like dependent.
The linguistic concept of “subordination” is preceded by a more ancient concept - “hypotaxis”.
Features of subordinating communication
To distinguish between creative and subordinating connection A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion for reversibility. Submission is characterized irreversible relations between the parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without damaging the overall content. However, this criterion is not considered decisive.
The significant difference between a subordinating connection (according to S. O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to the dialogical unity of the informative (question-answer) type, firstly, and predominantly has pronominal nature of means of expression, Secondly .
Subordination in phrases and simple sentences
Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences:
- coordination
- adjacency
Subordination in a complex sentence
The subordinating connection between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence is made using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. A complex sentence with such a connection is called a complex sentence. The independent part in it is called main part, and dependent - subordinate clause.
Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence:
- allied subordination
- subordination of sentences using conjunctions.
I don't want the world to know my mysterious story(Lermontov). - relative subordination
- subordination of sentences using allied (relative) words.
The moment came when I realized the full value of these words(Goncharov). - indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relative-interrogative)
- subordination with the help of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs connecting the subordinate part with the main one, in which the explained subordinate clause a member of a sentence is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of a statement, perception, mental activity, feeling, internal state.
At first I couldn’t realize what exactly it was(Korolenko). - sequential submission (inclusion)
- subordination, in which the first subordinate clause refers to the main part, the second subordinate clause - to the first subordinate clause, the third subordinate clause - to, the second subordinate clause, etc.
I hope that this book says quite clearly that I was not shy about writing the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter). - mutual submission
- mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, in which the main and subordinate clauses are not distinguished; relations between parts are expressed by lexical-syntactic means.
Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already grabbed by the arm by the governor(Gogol). - parallel subordination (subordination)
Notes
Links
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
- Subordination (syntax)
- Subordinating connection (linguistics)
See what a “Subordinate relationship” is in other dictionaries:
subordinating connection- The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence; one of them acts as the main word, the other as the dependent one. New textbook, implementation of the plan, answer correctly. see coordination, control, adjacency; IN… …
Subordinating connection (linguistics)
syntactic connection- A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection, see subordination. Compositional connection, see essay... Dictionary of linguistic terms
syntactic connection- A connection of words that serves to express the interdependence of the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection. Coordination... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Syntactic connection- a connection that arises between the components of a complex sentence. Contents 1 Description 2 Types syntactic connection 3 Notes... Wikipedia
Subordination- subordinating relationship, a formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another. On the basis of P. are formed syntactic units 2 types of phrases and complex sentences. Word (in... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Subordination (syntax)- This article or section describes a certain linguistic phenomenon in relation only to the Russian language. You can help Wikipedia by adding information about this phenomenon in other languages and typological coverage... Wikipedia
Subordination (linguistics)- Subordination, or subordinating relationship, is a relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia
Complex sentence- (SPP) is a type of complex sentence, which is characterized by division into two main parts: the main part and the subordinate clause. The subordinating relationship in such a sentence is determined by the dependence of one part on the other, that is, the main part presupposes... ... Wikipedia Buy audiobook for 49 rubles
Subordinating connection
Subordination, or subordinating connection- the relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence.
In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other - like dependent.
The linguistic concept of “subordination” is preceded by a more ancient concept - “hypotaxis”.
Features of subordinating communication
To distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility. Submission is characterized irreversible relations between the parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without damaging the overall content. However, this criterion is not considered decisive.
The significant difference between a subordinating connection (according to S. O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to the dialogical unity of the informative (question-answer) type, firstly, and predominantly has pronominal nature of means of expression, Secondly .
Subordination in phrases and simple sentences
Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences:
- coordination
- adjacency
Subordination in a complex sentence
The subordinating connection between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence is made using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. A complex sentence with such a connection is called a complex sentence. The independent part in it is called main part, and dependent - subordinate clause.
Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence:
- allied subordination
- subordination of sentences using conjunctions.
I don't want the world to know my mysterious story(Lermontov). - relative subordination
- subordination of sentences using allied (relative) words.
The moment came when I realized the full value of these words(Goncharov). - indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relative-interrogative)
- subordination with the help of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs connecting the subordinate clause with the main one, in which the member of the sentence explained by the subordinate clause is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of a statement, perception, mental activity, feeling, internal state.
At first I couldn’t realize what exactly it was(Korolenko). - sequential submission (inclusion)
- subordination, in which the first subordinate clause refers to the main part, the second subordinate clause - to the first subordinate clause, the third subordinate clause - to, the second subordinate clause, etc.
I hope that this book says quite clearly that I was not shy about writing the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter). - mutual submission
- mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, in which the main and subordinate clauses are not distinguished; relations between parts are expressed by lexical-syntactic means.
Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already grabbed by the arm by the governor(Gogol). - parallel subordination (subordination)
Notes
Links
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what a “Subordinate relationship” is in other dictionaries:
The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence: one of them acts as the main word, the other as the dependent one. New textbook, implementation of the plan, answer correctly. see coordination, control, adjacency; IN… …
A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection, see subordination. Compositional connection, see essay... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A connection of words that serves to express the interdependence of the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection. Coordination... Dictionary of linguistic terms
The connection that arises between the components of a complex sentence. Contents 1 Description 2 Types of syntactic connection 3 Notes ... Wikipedia
Subordinating relationship, a formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another. On the basis of P., syntactic units of two types of phrases and complex sentences are formed. Word (in... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
This article or section describes a certain linguistic phenomenon in relation only to the Russian language. You can help Wikipedia by adding information about this phenomenon in other languages and typological coverage... Wikipedia
Subordination, or subordinating relationship, is a relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia
- (SPP) is a type of complex sentence, which is characterized by division into two main parts: the main part and the subordinate clause. The subordinating relationship in such a sentence is determined by the dependence of one part on the other, that is, the main part presupposes... ... Wikipedia audiobook
If the dependent word answers the question how? and is an adverb, then the adjacency connection is used in the phrase. Subordinating connection, see subordination. Agreement is a subordinating relationship in which the dependent word agrees with the main word in the form of gender, number and case. A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence.
Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, then you have control. When adjoining, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb or gerund. In the complex interaction of two organisms, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility to distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections.
See what a “subordinate relationship” is in other dictionaries:
Examples: writing poetry, faith in victory, satisfied with the answer. This pair of words should not be written out, since the grammatical foundations in which the words are connected by a coordinating connection, that is, have equal rights, are NOT a phrase. The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence: one of them acts as the main word, the other as the dependent one. Subordination is a subordinating relationship, a formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another.
PARATAXIS - linguistic. the coordinating connection of two or more clauses within one complex sentence; connection between parts of a sentence. All types of subordinating connections: control, coordination, reflection, adjunction express the dependent position of one word in relation to another. The subordinating relationship is most often expressed using various inflectional suffixes of number, case, and possessive suffixes.
Sometimes the gender, number and case of nouns associated with management are the same, so in such cases it is possible to confuse management with agreement, for example: the director of a college. If the dependent word does not change, then this is a phrase with management: from the director of the college - to the director of the college. Sometimes it is difficult to establish which word in a phrase is the main one and which is the dependent one, for example: slightly sad, I like to eat.
In phrases in the form of a verb + infinitive, the main word is always the verb, and the dependent word is the infinitive. Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of phrases and sentences. Based on the number of grammatical stems, sentences are divided into simple (one grammatical basis) and complex (more than one grammatical stem).
You mean: Now I saw that the rain had stopped↓, ↓ that the cloud had moved on.↓ By the way, I listened to this option for myself - at first glance, it seems possible. 1. There cannot be a descending phrase in the middle of the SPP - otherwise the intonation of the enumeration, and with it the coordinating connection, will be preserved. They also write about this on the Internet. When the main word changes, the dependent word also changes.
In the categories of pronouns, there are two homonymous (identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories. Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. 1) Determine the main word by asking a question from one word to another. We determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. 3. If you need control, look for a noun or pronoun that is not in the nominative case.
I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. Mom called ambulance, and we went to the regional hospital. Subordination is characterized by irreversible relationships between parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without damaging the overall content. Examples: a little boy, summer evening; our doctor, on Lake Baikal. Examples: female astronaut, excellent student. 4](word order, lexicality and intonation).
The independent part in it is called the main part, and the dependent part is called the subordinate part. Suddenly, the insidious prisoner stunned me with the handle of a pistol, as you guessed (uncommon introductory sentence, where the highlighted words are subject and predicate), my own pistol.”
Example 2. SPP: NOW AND I SAW THAT THE RAIN IS ENDED, THE CLOUD IS GOING FURTHER. There are three types of subordinating relationships between the main and dependent words in a phrase: agreement, control and adjacency. In a complex sentence, a subordinating relationship exists between the main and subordinate clauses. Students and the examiner are not collocations, because the connection between words is coordinating, not subordinating (that is, it is impossible to distinguish between the main and dependent words).
Complex sentences (CSS) – syntactic constructions containing two or more simple sentences, connected by a subordinating relationship with each other and connected by appropriate conjunctions. The subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is of several types, depending on the semantic relationships between its structural elements.
In order to identify sentences with a subordinating connection, you need to check them for compliance with the following parameters:
- two or more simple sentences that represent unequal parts: one is the main one, the second is the subordinate clause;
- there is a subordinating conjunction or allied word;
- in writing, its parts are separated by a comma.
In the IPP, from the main part to the subordinate part, you can pose a question. The type of connection depends on it. Examples: “We were unable to receive instructions on time (why?) because we were very tired and went home early,” “When I need help, I will turn to the right sources (when?).”
Connection in a phrase
Useful video: what are complex sentences
Means of subordinate communication
Parts of a sentence are connected using subordinating conjunctions: while, as, if, so that, since, as if and many others. Each union expresses a certain type of relationship that differs in meaning.
Sometimes, to connect the main and dependent parts, other linguistic means are used - allied words, which include:
- relative: who, what, which, etc.;
- relative pronominal adverbs: why, how, when, etc.
Conjunctive words and conjunctions that express different semantic relationships are presented in the table:
| Communication type | Meaningful relations | Examples |
| Explanatory | formulates an explanation | I told my mom not to worry about me |
| Temporary | Indicate the time of action, specify the time | Marina ordered flowers when she heard that it was Masha’s birthday |
| Causal | expresses the reason for an action | I never thought about this before because I didn't know it could happen. |
| Conditional | Formulate conditional relationships | Dmitry would have placed an order immediately if he knew that the product would become more expensive. |
| Target | Formulate target relationships | Oksana sang to earn money |
| Concessive | Formulate concessionary relations | Even though it was raining outside, there were a lot of people on the beach. |
A conjunction and a connecting word are elements that connect parts of a complex sentence. In the schematic representation, the conjunction belongs to the subordinate clause, it is not a member of the sentence.
Attention! The conjunction word not only connects two structural elements, but also plays a syntactic role in the subordinate clause.
For example: “There are no events that could be changed.” In this example, the word “which” is not a conjunction, but a conjunction word.
Types of subordination
A complex sentence may have more than one dependent part. They communicate with each other different ways. Depending on this, the following types of subordination are distinguished:
- homogeneous;
- parallel;
- sequential;
- combined.
Each type has its own characteristics and differs from the others in certain characteristics.
Types of subordinating connections
Homogeneous and parallel
A homogeneous connection is formed provided that all dependent parts belong to the main one or belong to the same type. For example: “It seemed to me that I saw daylight, that I heard strange sounds, that I felt cold.”
Three subordinate clauses in this example answer one question and relate to the main one according to one characteristic. They refer to the same word and belong to same look. In this case, all dependent elements are of the same type and answer the same question.
Parallel subordination occurs in constructions in which one of the conditions of homogeneity is not met.
For example, subordinate clauses can refer to the same word, but answer different questions. For example: “When I finished reading the book, it was difficult to understand (when? what?) what exactly I felt for its characters”, “When a storm was raging outside the window, I read a book (when?, which one?), which talked about story that happened to the children when they were relaxing in the forest with their parents.”
Homogeneous connection
Sequential and combined
Sequential subordination is connections in a sentence in which the dependent parts are interconnected by a “chain”, i.e. that is, each subsequent element depends on the previous one. They are defined as subordinate clauses of varying degrees. For example: “Maxim saw a film (which one?), where the actor (which one?) played, whom he loved (when?), when he was a child (which one?), who was in love with pictures about heroes.”
In this example, the second clause depends on the first, the third on the second, and the fourth on the third. Questions in such sentences are asked sequentially from one part to the next. They can be different and express different semantic relationships.
In combined subordination, all types of subordination are used: parallel, sequential, and homogeneous are mixed. This is typical for long structures with big amount dependent. For example: “Yesterday I was so tired that I couldn’t understand whether my head hurt from the weather or from being overwhelmed at work.” In this example, two types of communication are used: sequential and homogeneous submission.
Note! In order to determine the type of connection, use diagrams and symbols for the main members, arrows for questions and brackets to indicate the beginning and end of dependent elements.
SPP with combined subordination
Punctuation marks
In SPP, the position of the subordinate clause can be different:
- is found after the main clause;
- “surrounded” by the main one on both sides;
- located in front of the main one.
Subordinate clauses are always separated by commas.
Useful video: punctuation marks in BSC and types of BSC
