The largest oven in the world. The most original home stoves The largest stove in the world

Main components of the unit:

Description of Russian stoves “black”

In more ancient times, people built heating units from clay and without a chimney - smoking devices, so named because they “smoked” over low heat. In such equipment, strong combustion was not allowed in order to prevent a fire. The smoke was vented out through the porch above entrance doors, but at the same time, cold air from the street entered the house, which led to significant heat loss and inefficient operation of the furnace.

The fire risk problem soon returned. The new chimney increased draft, but at the same time increased the amount of hot air emitted with sparks.

With the aim of increasing efficiency and eliminating the risk of fire chimney They started making it curved and turning it around in the casing. Thus, the hot smoke, moving in zigzags through the furnace, transferred heat to the bricks, and the sparks also went out. At the end of their journey, the combustion products passed through a special horizontal section of the pipe, from which they came out already cooled.

Another difference between “white” stoves and “black” ones is the foundation. The first type of device weighs 2-3 times more than its predecessor, so a strong base was built so that the floor would withstand and not fall through.

“White” stoves, although perfect, were used for a long time only in the houses of boyars, princes and wealthy gentlemen. The reason for this was the high cost of brick: ordinary villagers could not afford the luxury of purchasing this material and continued to use old-style stoves. Some found an alternative in constructing such a unit from unfired brick - raw brick, and used the fired brick on the floor and roof of the furnace.

The design of the heating unit “in white” turned out to be so perfect that it has not changed to this day. Only some parts were separately modernized, simplifying the work and improving the appearance of the equipment.

Location of the Russian stove

Heating devices in the room, as a rule, were located against the wall, in the corner or on the side of the veranda and were used to heat one or several rooms at once.

When located in the corner of the room, the stove was directed with its mouth to a partition parallel to the entrance and illuminated by a side window.

In houses with 5 walls or a porch, the units were built in such a way that either all rooms or several of them were heated.

Types of Russian stoves

Such a unit can be converted or built to suit any customer’s wishes.

Main types:

Classical(read ) - standard option heating device with a stove bench.
(read) – more advanced and convenient model unit: in summer it performs the function of cooking, and in winter – heating.
Russian mini oven(read ). Another name for this design without a bed is “housekeeper”. The device is intended for cooking.
Russian heating unit withcaminom(read ). The combination of a modern open hearth and the capabilities of a stove is both beautiful and convenient.

Advantages and disadvantages

Disadvantages of using such equipment:

Advantages of a modern heating unit:

The stove was used to get rid of colds and warm up a cold back. They were treated not only with heat, but also with stove ash mixed with salt.

How to buy a Russian stove

Such a unit can be made to order or built independently.

There are special organizations that manufacture heating devices taking into account the wishes of the customer. The price of a Russian stove varies depending on the size, appearance, heated area, the planned volume of food to be cooked, and the material used.

If you still decide to build a Russian stove yourself, this can be done with the help step by step instructions described in other articles on our site. Choose the type of Russian stove based on functions and appearance, study the stages of masonry, stock up necessary materials, tools for work and get down to business.

The Russian stove has a huge number of shapes and designs. Even when it was the only heating unit in the villages, in every house, and even more so in every village, there were modified modifications of the classic design. There is not enough time or space on the page of our website to talk about all types and models. Therefore, we will deal with one model, which for many will seem classic - this is a Russian stove with a stove bench.

The amazing thing is that such a stove never went out. She stood quietly in the corner, not attracting special attention in the era of industrialization, gasification and electrification. She stood and waited in the wings, although scientists and heating engineers were constantly looking at her and studying her. After all, a real Russian stove is a heating unit with big amount excellent qualities. So, the time has come, and the Russian brick oven is now experiencing a rebirth. Why is this happening?

Firstly, the construction boom in private housing construction.
Secondly, the excellent characteristics of the unit: omnivorous, economical, efficient, the ability to build without involving a stove builder from outside. Let us add that publicly available and not very expensive building materials are used to construct the stove.

Design of a Russian stove

Design and principle of operation

The structure of the Russian stove is clearly visible in the figure above. From the diagram it becomes clear that the unit is installed on a foundation. It can be made of wood, brick, concrete, stone and so on. It is important here that the foundation be reliable, because the stove is built from brick - one of the heaviest building materials. By the way, the foundation is called guardianship.

Next comes the baker. This is a kind of fuel storage, usually firewood, which dries well in it and becomes highly combustible. It was not for nothing that they said that we dry it to “gunpowder.” Such wood fuel flared up quickly, so they tried to jam the stoves all the way.

Above there is a vault-trough. They fell asleep on him thermal insulation material. It could be sand or brick chips, mixed with clay mortar. But now it was laid out for filling under the hob. By the way, the masonry was done without mortar, so to speak, dry. Then the arch of the firebox is removed, on top of which the stove bench and chimney are built.

Design secrets

Let’s immediately make a reservation that a large Russian stove with a stove bench is a periodic unit. It is heated to a certain temperature, the device absorbs the required amount of thermal energy, then for a whole day it releases the heat both for heating and for the production of culinary masterpieces (bread, buns, bagels, etc.). Why does this happen, what is the secret of this device? To understand all this, you need to walk through the entire structure following the air that is heated in the furnace.

Again, we draw your attention to the figure above. It all starts in the dark. Its design is quite complex, it includes: a top, an overtube, and a hailo (this is a tapering nozzle). There are special niches for ash pans at the very bottom of the folding on the sides. Ash and coals are stored here, which are used for the next kindling.

We have already talked about the variety of models of Russian stoves, so I would like to dwell on ash pans in more detail. There are two main options here:

A niche for ash is made in the pole. This is a plate that protrudes from the stove. It can be stone or cast iron. By the way, such a niche is called a fringe.
You don’t have to make a niche. The coals were simply raked into a special nook. This model was used in mansion stoves to improve cleanliness, and in poor huts to save on the construction of the heating unit itself.

Returning to the combustion chamber, we can say that this is, in fact, an economizer, where the air entering the combustion zone is heated using flue gases. But this does not use oxygen.

Attention! To brick installation not to “eat up” a lot of firewood, so that it does not cool down quickly, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the dimensions of the Russian stove. These figures are accurately calculated based on the model you choose. It is very important that the walls of the hall are smooth; they cannot be plastered, so the laid brick is hewn and sanded by hand.

Why is this necessary? The thing is that in non-smooth structures air turbulence occurs, that is, vortices. And this affects the amount of oxygen in it. And you yourself understand that oxygen-depleted air has a bad effect on fuel combustion processes.

Unusual variety

Now the firebox is the heart of the unit. If you are faced with the question of how to make a Russian stove, then know that, knowing the process of arranging the firebox, you will probably cope with all other parts of the structure without problems.

But again, we return to the dimensions of a Russian stove with a stove bench. This is what interests us here in the first place. There is a fairly large size range, which depends on the power of the unit itself. But all these figures are approximate. Why? Firstly, the measurement used was an arshin, not a meter. Secondly, the arshin indicator in different regions had its own exact digital designation. Therefore, stove makers used a yardstick in conversation, and in practice they counted rows of laid bricks. In addition, the number of bricks laid in one row was always an integer, taking into account the mortar joints.

Note! Under the stove and its arch are made inclined to the window of the hearth. The slope can be quite large - up to 9 cm.

Vaulting

Engineers conducted testing, which revealed that there were two air flows under the roof of the stove. They operate in any mode of operation of the device, plus they circulate in different directions.

Most likely, they compensate each other, which is why turbulence does not form in the firebox.
Their second purpose is to delay in the combustion zone those fuel particles that have not burned out completely. These particles, before flying out into the mouth, rotate repeatedly around the firebox, burning to the end. At the same time, quite intense radiation of infrared rays is released, which heats the dishes with food.
No turbulence was detected at the middle height of the firebox.

What actually comes out of the oven when food is cooked in it? No contact with fire, optimization temperature regime, complete absence of the pyrolysis process, and, therefore, one hundred percent absence of carcinogens and toxins. Here is the serious secret of constructing a Russian stove with a stove bench.

By the way, regarding IR radiation. This is also the secret of the Russian stove. Those housewives who know how to cook in this appliance understand all the subtleties of Russian cuisine. Here it is important to accurately capture the decrease in temperature inside the firebox, which decreases from +350°C to +150°C. That is why you periodically have to work with a grip, moving the dishes inside.

Podpechek

And once again we return to the bending. Let's just summarize all of the above. It turns out that not only the air is heated here, but thermal energy is distributed here. Part of it is spent on cooking, but the bulk is spent on heating the stove itself, which heats the room. Only a negligible part of it goes down the chimney. Since there are no temperature jumps throughout the entire volume, and everything that can burn burns out to the end, then, accordingly, the Russian stove emits very little soot. Again a plus. What does this give besides the cleanliness of the device itself:

Firstly, there is no possibility of soot ignition.
Secondly, there is no need to frequently clean the chimney itself. Once every ten years is enough.

And the last on the results of the design. Simplicity internal structure, where there are no complex partitions, no niches, no nooks, creates conditions for the formation of a complex smoke flow, which is several times better in efficiency than any modern type labyrinth flow formed in modern heating units. Therefore, the craftsmen say with regret that the name of the master who first built this type of stove has not remained in history.

I would like to point out something else. Prototypes of Russian stoves, so-called mini-installations, appeared on the market. They are light, mobile, and fit in the trunk of a car. Their appearance was made possible thanks to the latest materials and technologies. But what's surprising is domestic producers cannot boast that they produce these mini-stoves. Foreign companies became interested in them and have already flooded the markets of their own and neighboring countries with these models. Here is a photograph below that shows such a Russian mini-oven. Only it is made in Italy.

Russian mini oven

Advantages and disadvantages

No matter how much you praise the Russian heating unit, among the huge number of advantages there are still several disadvantages. Therefore, we will consider both of them.

Advantages

Economic factor in terms of stove construction. Available and inexpensive materials: Clay-based fire brick and mortar.
Not the lowest efficiency. In the simplest design this figure is 60%, in modified ones up to 85%.
The Russian stove runs on any solid fuel without reducing its technical characteristics.
High functionality. This includes heating and hob, and the opportunity to sleep on a couch.
Easy to maintain. Here we can say this: I heated the stove in the morning, and its heat lasts until the next morning.
ABOUT healing properties The Russian stove is legendary. Let us remind you that in such an appliance food is practically neither fried nor boiled, but simmered. Sleeping on a sun lounger is a pleasure. Just 6 hours is enough, you wake up refreshed and well-rested.
Safety. Everything is great here. The fire burns in the depths; the coal simply cannot fall out. The stove produces sparks only with intense fire, when the street is very below zero. And if your stove has a three-center arch, then sparks are nonsense in such a design.

Ready vault

Flaws

A Russian stove can only operate on slow-burning fuels, which include wood, coal and peat. Gas and liquid types It cannot be used here, because there is a constant lack of oxygen in the furnace itself.
When fuel burns, ash is formed, which must be constantly cleaned out.
This is a heavy brick structure, so its weight greatly affects the floors. And this suggests that in multi-story construction, a Russian stove can only be assembled on the first floor, arranging a separate foundation for it.
Unfortunately, the dimensions of the unit are too large, so the stove takes up too much space in the room.
Not very high heat transfer. On average, one such stove will heat rooms with an area of 45 m². Essentially, like a water heating radiator installed under a window opening.
Takes too long to warm up. Those who know a lot about Russian stoves assure that after the summer, the device must be heated for the whole day. The fuel consumption is too high.
It is impossible to automate the processes occurring inside. Many have tried, but nothing works.
If you decide to build a stove bench with your own hands, then you will need advice from experienced stove makers. Practice shows that flaws during the construction process can cause smoke in the room.

It's good to rest on a bed

We build a Russian stove with our own hands

What can we say on this issue? Everything that concerns brick stoves, depends on the order. What it is?

Let's start with the fact that the stove is laid in horizontal rows lined with bricks. So there are certain rules about how to lay bricks in one row or another. These rules are the order of the Russian stove. Some people believe that the order is the laid rows brickwork, which is fundamentally wrong. This term comes from the word order, not series.

It is clear that each model of Russian stove has its own acceptable rules. And if the ancient varieties are already practically forgotten, then modern models must be accompanied by drawings and diagrams. Therefore, we warn you - if there is something you don’t understand about the arrangement of the stove with the stove bench, then you should not start building heating installation. First, you will become confused and tormented. Secondly, you will waste a large amount of building materials, which you will probably have to buy in addition.

In this article I would like to continue the conversation on a positive note. Like - let's disassemble the masonry of a Russian stove with our own hands. And tell how everything is done from “A” to “Z”. Unfortunately, doing this in words is very difficult. If you don’t see it purely visually, if the master teacher doesn’t show you how, what and where to put it, it won’t be easy to build a Russian stove. Therefore, we offer the diagram in the figure.

So, here is a diagram of laying a Russian stove with your own hands.

Order of the Russian stove

As you can see, the process is quite complicated. Too many different nuances, which House master I just have to know:

Brick on waterproofed foundation placed dry, without solution. This applies to the first row of bricks.
In the first three rows, a wide inter-brick seam is used. It should be about 13mm wide. In subsequent rows the seam narrows to 5 mm. Thus, a ledge is obtained in order.
The first three rows must be checked using the diagonal rule.
In the stove-makers' dictionary there are two concepts of brick: spoon and butt. So the first one is laid along the long side, and the second one perpendicularly. In this case, the bricks themselves can be laid flat, sideways or on the butt, that is, on the end.
When constructing vaults, you will have to use formwork. It can be removed only after the masonry has completely dried.
Remember that the arch is assembled only with tied seams.

Diagram of how a Russian stove works

The world's largest Russian stove is located in the Kaluga region. Its height is 11 meters. Previously, not a single house could live without a Russian stove - be it a Kuban hut or a Ural hut. And everywhere it was not just a source of warmth and food, but an almost equal member of the family: children were born and died on the stove, they used it to predict the weather and tell fortunes during Christmas time, and it played an important role in matchmaking rituals. And certainly not a single fairy tale was complete without mentioning the stove: Emelya rode on it, and Ilya Muromets, before becoming a hero, lay on the stove for 33 years, and Baba Yaga loved to taste a well-baked good fellow. In short, the stove was the center of life in any peasant home. The temperature inside the furnace could reach 200 degrees. This is the same as in a modern oven! In traditional Russian huts, the stove was always located in the center. As a rule, the height to the couch was approximately two and a half arshins - that's about 1.8 meters. You climb up and lie there, warming your bones. But it won’t be so easy to climb onto the world’s largest stove - it is located in the Kaluga region, in the village of Petrovo. Its length is 9 meters, width - 6, and height - 11 meters. Imagine a stove the size of a three-story house! This gigantic building houses the Museum of the Russian Stove, where you can see how the nurse of the whole family works, not only from the outside, but also from the inside. The structure of the traditional Russian stove has always remained unchanged: the oven, the stove itself and the chimney. These are the three most important elements of the stove. It was believed that in the oven, in the lowest tier, next to the grips and bags of potatoes, a brownie lived. So that the keeper of home order is always in good mood, from time to time they left him a loaf of bread. And on holidays the brownie got something stronger. Above the oven there is a firebox. It is also called the crucible. Here they prepared food, washed and were treated for colds. From the first days of life, the stove played a very important role in human life. And these are not empty words. There have been cases when premature babies were nursed with the help of a stove. The baby was wrapped in dough and placed in a warm oven. The fact is that the temperature and humidity level there are optimal for a newborn and help him get stronger. By the way, they were treated not only with stove heat, but also with ash - it was mixed with food, and the result was a medicine like modern activated carbon. Culinary masterpieces But first of all, the Russian stove, of course, fed the whole family - they cooked cabbage soup in it, fried potatoes, dried mushrooms and berries, baked bread and pies. And they prepared it immediately for the whole week ahead. It was possible to bake up to 60 kilograms of bread at one time! Through the mouth, the housewife, using a shovel, placed the dough on the “under” - the bricks that lined the entrance to the oven. The most delicious pies were made here - the occasion ones. The temperature inside the furnace could reach 200 degrees. This is the same as in a modern oven! To prevent the food from burning, the housewife monitored the temperature using flour. She threw a handful into the oven and looked at its color: if the flour turned golden, the temperature was right for baking, but if it turned black, it meant the oven was too hot and she had to wait until it cooled down a little. Usually in middle lane the stove was heated from mid-October until April, until it became warm outside. Birch, linden, alder and spruce firewood were used to light the stove, wood chips or coal. In those regions where there was very little firewood (in the tundra or steppe), straw or weeds were used, as well as peat and dung - manure compressed and dried in the sun. Until the middle of the 19th century, the Russian stove did not have a chimney; it was heated, as it was then called, “black” - all the smoke did not go outside, but into the house. And it cannot be said that the peasants suffered from this. On the contrary, smoke saved them from smallpox and plague because it prevented the spread of the virus. And there have never been cockroaches in a Russian hut. These uninvited guests appeared in peasant houses only when the stove began to be heated “white”. Painted beauty Of course, the Russian stove could not be faceless - it was decorated with all kinds of floral ornaments. They painted the stove directly on the whitewash, usually in red and blue tones. Although later, when in the hut they learned to do big windows, and the rooms became lighter, the stoves began to be painted dark colors- brown and green. On top it was decorated with light decorative finishing. The paints were prepared from natural ingredients - herbs and roots, and mixed using yolks chicken eggs. For painting, craftsmen often used figured stamps, also made from edible materials: potatoes, turnips or beets. It was quite easy to get an image of a rose - just cut an unripe head of cabbage in half, coat it with paint at the cut site and press it to the surface of the stove. Brushes for applying patterns were made from pet hair, pig bristles and goose feathers. Speaking about traditions associated with the stove, we should not forget that for many it is still an integral part of everyday life. Despite the fact that it is already the 21st century, in many villages houses are still heated only by stoves. Of course, it doesn’t look the same as it used to, and children are no longer washed or nursed in it. However, the most delicious baked goods are still made only in a real oven. Even abroad, where the fashion for everything Russian has long been established, our stove did not go unnoticed. They say that one of the richest people on the planet, Bill Gates, has a real Russian oven in his dining room, in which pies are cooked for him. So we can say that the stove is the universal personification of the hearth, no matter where it is. Do-it-yourself Russian stove In order to install a Russian stove with your own hands, you need to understand the operating principle and structure of the Russian stove. In different parts of Russia, Russian stoves had different shapes, sometimes very unusual specimens were encountered, but the basic dimensions were still observed quite strictly. The average Russian stove had the following dimensions: the width of the Russian stove was 2 arshins (about 142 cm), the length was 3 arshins (about 213 cm), and the height from the floor to the stove bench was 2.5 arshins (about 180 cm). The structure of the Russian stove is presented in detail on Figure 1. A Russian stove above the specified dimensions could heat a room at 30 square meters. Usually the Russian stove was located in the corner, next to the door. The Russian stove was laid on a foundation made of stones or broken bricks. And in distant old Russian times, on a foundation made of thick coniferous or oak logs. The base of a Russian stove was laid on the foundation. The materials used were wild stones, bricks, clay, and wood available at that time. Each Russian stove had a podpechek - a specially designated place for stove equipment. In order for a Russian stove to retain heat longer, various heat-intensive materials were laid between the walls of the stove and the arches. During the construction of the Russian stove, bricks and fastening mortar were used. Red was most often used ceramic brick, obtained by firing ordinary bricks. After firing, the brick became more durable. Sometimes the masonry of a Russian stove was made from adobe (unbaked brick). This was done mainly by poor peasants. In rare cases, one could find a Russian stove made of adobe in the royal mansions, and those stoves that were found were necessarily lined with tiles. The Russian stove was loved not only because it gave off heat for a long time. The Russian stove with a stove bench served as an excellent place to relax. The warmth of the Russian stove provided positive influence for the entire human body. Therefore, Russian people never complained about a cold. A Russian bathhouse and the warmth of a Russian stove tempered a person. Cooking on a Russian stove. The design of the Russian stove made it possible to cook on it not only porridge, but also bake bread, pies, dry mushrooms and berries. Firing in a Russian kiln. Pottery was fired in a Russian kiln. We did this according to the following scheme. First, firewood was laid, and the dishes intended for firing were placed on top of the firewood (or on previously laid bricks). The stove was heated until the temperature in the stove reached 900 degrees Celsius. After that, they stopped heating and waited until the stove cooled down (this only happened the next day). Not only dishes, but also toys were fired in a Russian stove. Moreover, the toys were burned, as a rule, during a regular fire. Very interesting in an interesting way peasants determined the temperature of the Russian stove. For this we used a small piece of paper. They placed it in the oven and waited for the paper to char. If this happened immediately, then the temperature in the Russian oven is above 300 degrees Celsius, if with a delay of 5 seconds, then the oven temperature is 270 degrees, 15 seconds - 250 degrees, 30 seconds - 230 degrees, 1 minute - 200 degrees, 5 min – 180 degrees, 10 min – 150 degrees. If the piece of paper is not charred, then the temperature in the Russian oven is less than 150 degrees.

It is impossible to imagine a hut in a Russian village without a Russian stove, which, without exaggeration, can be called the soul of any Russian home. Cook, heat the hut, wash, start the laundry, sleep on the heated stove, leave warm cabbage soup until the morning - all this is a Russian stove, which has not only become a part of sayings and fairy tales, but also remains in demand to this day.

Ask any foreigner about Russia, and the first thing he will say is that it is very cold here. And this is not surprising, the Russian climate is known all over the world for its cool character: Russian cold, Russian winter, General Frost, two friends met in Russia - frost and blizzard, and other snow stereotypes have a very real basis.

Our people's response to the harsh climate has become a multifunctional and efficient Russian stove, which is large, even monstrous by the standards of other countries, but also provides the house with warmth in the most severe cold.

A Russian stove should be large and heat-intensive, store heat for a long time and have easy access, both for storing firewood and for cooking. To ensure uniform heating of the entire house, the stove was usually located in the center of the house, with a pipe extending outward from the center of the roof. The size of the stove is quite large; there is even a special bed on it, which is always warm. A Russian stove with a stove bench is an image that is constantly found in paintings and in descriptions of Old Russian huts and houses!

The history of the Russian stove

Until the 13th century, huts in Rus' were smokehouses, that is, without chimney. They were heated using a smoke stove, without removing the smoke, that is, they were heated black. The smoke went out into the street simply through the door, and settled in a thick layer of soot on the ceiling. Russian expressions: smoke in a column, smoke in a rocker - come from the time when the shape of the smoke pouring out of the doors of Russian huts was used to judge the upcoming weather.

After the 13th century, smoke stoves began to be supplemented with small windows above them in the wall to release smoke into the street, and a little later, they began to make a hole in the roof, which was called a smoke duct. wooden chimneys- hogs.

Only to XVIII century, when refractory bricks became widespread, Russian stoves acquired pipes, and gradually acquired the appearance that is known now. And the Russian hut finally acquired its classic appearance - white, made of six walls (square, divided inside into four rooms by two walls intersecting with a cross). Thus, we can assume that exact time the appearance of the classic Russian stove, this is the beginning of the 18th century. But even before the 20th century, there were chicken stoves in Rus'!

Construction of a Russian stove

The Russian stove is a massive structure; it was usually about one and a half meters wide, up to two meters high, and a little more than two meters long. The main function of the oven is to retain heat for as long as possible; for this purpose, the cooking chamber is located in the depth of the oven and has a damper between the chamber and the mouth. The Russian stove also has several smoke dampers.

In a Russian stove, an additional wood-burning stove could be installed for cooking on it. There are also often niches for dishes and utensils, and there is also a bed (bed).

Structurally, the following elements are distinguished in a Russian stove:

cares - wooden frame at the base of the furnace;
mass - the actual brick mass of the furnace;
crucible - the main element of the furnace in which the fuel actually burns (otherwise it is called a firebox);
under or bream - the bottom of the crucible. Firewood is stacked on it; food is also often prepared directly on the hearth (hearth bread, and not only);
vault - the upper part of the furnace, rising with a vault. A large heat-intensive mass of brick or other material is usually laid above the vault. In extreme cases, it can be a layered structure of clay and special backfill;
cheeks - the front wall of the furnace, in which there is a hole (mouth);
mouth - a hole through which firewood or other fuel is placed in the firebox or utensils are installed. The aperture is usually lower than the height of the vault. A so-called threshold is installed above the mouth opening - an upper wall that prevents gases and heated air from escaping;
pole - a special platform in front of the mouth. Utensils that have just been removed from the mouth or, conversely, are just about to be placed there are usually placed on it. Serves as an auxiliary table for cooking. The pole could also be used as a separate stove for cooking (say, in warm times, when there was no need to heat the entire stove);
sub-ply - an unheated niche under the pole. Usually used to store dishes;
stoves - niches in the massive masonry of the stove. Increases oven surface area and heat transfer efficiency. Also used to store herbs, mushrooms or utensils;
podpechek (podpechek) - a large cavity under the hearth, inside the podechka. Firewood for the next fires was usually stored there, and sometimes pets slept there (a cat under the stove is a classic Russian image of comfort);
reroof - upper layer bricks, which was usually located above the backfill or massif. This is where the bed was usually made;
hailo - a device for forced release of smoke into a chimney, needed for stoves, above the hearth of which there is a cap that catches flue gases.

Accessories for Russian stove

Just as a poet in Russia is more than a poet, so a Russian stove is more than just a stove. In addition to the actual elements of the furnace, there are also devices for working with it:

poker - for better stacking of wood on the fire, mixing coals, cleaning the stove;
stove scoop - for cleaning the stove from ash;
grip or stag - placing and removing cast iron from the furnace;
chapel - for moving chapels;
frying pans and chapels (frying pans without a handle);
gardener - a wooden shovel for planting and removing bread and pastries from the oven;
cast iron - cast iron, less often aluminum, fire-resistant cookware;
stove pots - cast iron or aluminum for cooking and stewing;
korchagi - earthenware for heating water;
krynki (krinka) - heat milk;
ducklings (goose dishes) - stew meat, vegetables, poultry;
a baking sheet or bowl - for frying or baking, similar to a frying pan;
broom - sweep under before planting bread on it;
sweeper - sweep the pole from ash and soot;
and other necessary tools

Sometimes they did without utensils at all - for example, to prepare hearth bread, which was baked directly on the surface of the hearth after heating.

What is used to heat a Russian stove?

The Russian stove is heated:

firewood from tree species that give good heat;
charcoal;
wood waste - wood chips, bark;
dung, peat.

Basically, wood and coal are used for the Russian stove. In order for the stove to be hot, but at the same time the fuel consumption is not high, it is better to use firewood from tree species that burn slowly, hold heat for a long time and hold the heat well. Suitable wood for this purpose is from trees:

birch family - birch, alder, hazel, hornbeam, etc.;
pine family - pine, spruce, cedar, larch and others;
fruit trees - apple, pear, cherry.

Firewood, so that it burns at the same time and produces good coals, they try to chop and pick up same size, without big knots. At the same time, in order for the coals to be uniform, they do not add more firewood, but try to heat the stove with one batch of firewood, keeping the heat from the coals as long as possible. To light a Russian stove, firewood is placed in a well, and wood chips for kindling are placed on top in a hut.

Functions of the Russian stove

The Russian stove is multifunctional. It was used for various purposes, from heating and cooking, to sleeping on it and even for washing. And also for various other household tasks, such as: drying berries and mushrooms on it, washing, heating the samovar, using its warm niches for heating linen, dishes, clothes, and so on.

Heating the hut

The main functions of the stove are heating the room. In the cold Russian winter, keeping the house warm means surviving the winter and surviving, so the stove is always the main attribute of any Russian home.

Cooking in a Russian oven" align="left" />

The Russian stove is always placed almost in the center of the house in order to heat all its corners evenly. Any house loses heat through doors, windows, floors, ceilings, so placing the stove in the center of the house allows it to warm up best.

Cooking food

Dishes cooked in a Russian oven differ from modern dishes in that they were cooked in cooling heat, which created a constant effect of simmering the food, whereas now it is customary to cook over an open fire, which gives a constant increase in temperature. With the old method of cooking, they were better preserved from heat treatment beneficial features, quality, vitamins of the original products, which of course affects the taste of the final dish.

Why heat a bathhouse if you can wash yourself in the stove?

Particularly large stoves were used, among other things, for washing: after kindling, they cleaned the floor, carefully sweeping away the ash and lining it with straw, placing cast iron with water inside, after which the stove could be used as a kind of mini-bath.

Adults washed themselves, often one at a time, and children and the elderly were served inside on a wooden shovel.

They washed with lye and used ash or an egg to wash their hair. They added steam by pouring water over the hot walls of the furnace. Russian people liked to wash in the stove, the bathhouse was heated only for a large company.

That is why the sentence “steam in the oven”, which for modern man sounds suspicious and even wild, but in the context of old Russian times it sounded completely normal.

For example, the animated stove in the fairy tale “Geese and Swans” suggested Alyonushka hide in the stove mouth, which has nothing to do with the modern “ftopku!” did not have, on the contrary, it was a common thing for the heroine Alyonushka.

Polati

Another function of the stove is to use it for sleeping. Polati are raised shelves-beds for sleeping, usually located between the wall of the house and the stove, or between the corner of two walls and the stove. Heating the floors is also the task of the stove.

the food was simmered inside the oven after heating;

baked on the hearth.

The Russian culinary oven, which has been used for cooking for centuries, is still unique. Modern kitchen stoves, ovens, microwaves and steamers already give a completely different effect.

Russian stove in the 20th and 21st centuries

In the 20s of the 20th century, engineer Joseph Podgorodnikov from Mogilev, a specialist in metallurgical furnaces, proposed a new design of the Russian furnace - the so-called teprushka, in the design of which the movement of gases was more accurately calculated. The Russian hot stove provided uniform heating from floor to ceiling.

Such stoves remained relevant for a long time; Podgorodnikov worked on them until the 50s of the 20th century.

An indispensable element of such furnaces is a blower, which provides air flow from below. It is located under the hearth and crucible, connecting to it through a special grate. This not only ensures better convection, but also makes it easier to clean the oven from coals and ash. Also, in such furnaces, a water-heating box is sometimes installed; it is also located under the furnace.

Such a Russian heating stove could remain in the house for decades. Many residents of villages, villages and the urban private sector do not refuse heated houses even after the installation of modern heating.

Nowadays, the Russian stove is not so often used direct purpose as an element of the interior.

Many mansions and dachas have Russian stoves, which, being fully functional in essence, do not carry out the task of heating or cooking food, their task is to create an ambiance. Especially great importance add to the design so that the decorative stove looks exactly like the Russian stove in fairy tales.

But it’s still remarkable that, having lost some of its important tasks, the Russian stove acquires new ones, remaining relevant today.

Russian stove

Press release

Opening of the largest Russian stove in the world!

December 22, 2007 the museum will open "Russian stove" , on whose territory the largest Russian Stove in the world (the height of the stove is 11 m, its perimeter is 6x9 m).

It is symbolic that on the shortest and darkest day of the year - the Slavic holiday Karachun-Kolyada, the fire of light and warmth of the heart of every Russian home will light up in ETHNOMIR - Russian Stove. The ceremony of lighting the fire will take place according to the ancient Slavic tradition.

On the territory of the museum "Russian Stove" (the territory is 1 hectare) houses with stoves from different regions of Russia will be presented. Now work is underway on the ethnographic reconstruction of houses and stoves. Presented in the center Russian Stove , where you can go and visually get acquainted with all the tricks of the stove art, see how it works Russian Stove from the inside. You can also drink tea there and get acquainted with the museum’s exhibition – antique dampers, grips, teapots and samovars. Russian Stove -the museum was built according to all the rules for laying a stove in Rus'. This is the first object in the construction of the cultural and educational complex “Ethnomir” and will open on December 22, 2007, as a symbol of the home and hearth of every Russian family.

The creation of the museum is short-lived, but interesting and rich history. Last year, the Chairman of the Council for Culture under the Governor of the Kaluga Region, I. A. Soldatenkov, said that he had long dreamed of a museum dedicated to history Russian Stove. The idea seemed so successful and original to us that we began the process of creating a museum with great enthusiasm. Met with National League stove makers of Russia, then with the Moscow Guild of Stove Makers. It turned out that the idea of creating a museum was also very close to them. Thanks to the stove makers of the Moscow guild, their support and help, the development of the project moved forward. Special thanks to the members of the Stove Makers Guild Sergei Nikolaevich Yakunin, Sergei Ivanovich Nesov and Alexander Beletsky (Lvov Foundation) for providing the materials with which the stoves were laid. The stoves themselves are laid by stove maker Mikhail Mikhailovich Rudametkin, who came from the ancient Russian village of Old Believers-Molokans Fioletovo, located in mountainous Armenia. The residents of this village were able to preserve Russian traditions so completely that it is worth learning a lot from them again.

Kiln art in Rus' – special kind folk art, which has rich traditions and techniques. The Russian stove had a significant influence on the traditions and rituals of the Russian people, which is why it is often mentioned in songs, epics, fairy tales, proverbs and sayings. It is precisely this significant role of the oven in the life of the Russian people that explains the fact that the first ethno-yard that opened on the territory of the cultural and educational center “ETNOMIR” was the courtyard “Museum of the Russian Stove”.

“The oven heats and cooks, bakes and fries. She will feed, dry and delight the soul”, “The stove is our dear mother”, “It’s all red summer on the stove”, “It’s a kind speech, if there is a stove in the hut”, “It’s better not to feed us bread, but don’t drive us away from the stove” - the Russian people have said from time immemorial. After all, with its help, not only were village huts and city estates heated - they cooked food in the stove, they treated and slept on it, legends and fairy tales were written about it. Russian stove contributed to the emergence and development of many folk crafts. On long winter evenings, the stove gathered household members around it. As an integral part of the lives of most people, the Russian stove has had a great influence on rituals and traditions. For example, the introduction of strangers to the family took place through the oven. The travelers, having put their hands to the stove and warmed by the intimate warmth of the house, could no longer do harm to this house, since kindness disarms.

Dear guests, we invite you to the opening of the largest Russian Stove December 22, 2007!

We are waiting for your visit!

Sincerely,

Vice-President of the IBOF “Dialogue of Cultures – One World”

Korshunova Elena

8-903-195-43-68

"Ethnomir" claims to be in the Guinness Book of Records

re p o r t a g

The cultural and educational agro-tourist center “Ethnomir” set a world record. The largest Russian stove (height 11 m, perimeter 6x9 m) was built on its territory, the presentation of which took place on December 22. However, such unique structures as a stove the height of a three-story building are no longer uncommon for Ethnomir. Until recently, the huge khan-yurt, installed in the same center, was also the largest in the world. However, Kazakhstan still “broke” this record by building a yurt one meter higher. Ruslan Bayramov, president of the “Dialogue of Cultures - United World” foundation, remarked on this matter: “We dream that they will also want to “overtake” our stove, to create another one, their own, bigger.”

In the Russian oven itself you could buy products from craftsmen from Borovsk. On the second floor of the building, where real oven there must have been a flame, there really was a gigantic fire burning. More precisely, his hologram, accompanied by a sound imitation of the cracking of logs. Naturalistic, moving flames occupied the entire wall of the second floor of the museum.

It is noteworthy that the presentation was organized on the shortest and darkest day of the year, the day of the celebration of the ancient Slavic holiday Karachun-Kolyada. According to Ruslan, this stove is also a symbol of the transfer of fire, an ancient ritual of our ancestors, who in the middle of winter dreamed of summer warmth.

The briefing for journalists was organized in Khan-Yurt, where guests were seated in a circle among soft pillows. The atmosphere was reminiscent of the Khan's council of elders. Then began the performances of folklore ensembles, a tour of the Russian stove and a traditionally plentiful Russian treat. Journalists who, on the way to Borovsk, were worried whether they would be able to find at least something to eat at Ethnomir, and whether they would freeze after spending so much time in the cold, were in for a surprise. Refreshments for the guests were organized everywhere: on the bus itself, at a press conference in the Khan-Yurt, on the street... And besides, you just had to go into one of the huts surrounding the Russian oven (each hut represented the architecture of some region of Russia), how you were immediately treated to borscht, noodles, pickles, potatoes and pies. Interestingly, the recipe for each dish is unique. They were recorded and brought to Moscow from the settlement of Russian Old Believers in Azerbaijan, the native village of Ruslan Bayramov. Even the guests were served unusual tea, infused with a special herbal mixture.

In each hut, guests were greeted by the “mistress of the house” - dressed in a traditional costume and carefully watching over the guests’ treats. Some girls who seemed especially thin were even directly persuaded to join the feast. In addition, a stove was lit in each of the houses, and next to it, armed with grab handles, everyone happily took pictures. You could also go into the yurt to appreciate the wealth interior design and drink the tea left by the organizers for the guests.