Steward, stewardess (flight attendant) are ordinary personnel on water and aircraft.
Steward and stewardess(English steward)- These are enlisted specialists on water and aircraft. The profession is suitable for those who are interested in psychology and geography (see choosing a profession based on interest in school subjects).
Gradually, the words “steward” and “stewardess” are being replaced by others - “flight attendant”, “flight attendant”.
Flight attendants serve passengers. On ocean liners they also serve the captain and senior officers. But the main concern of a flight attendant is the safety of passengers.
For example, in aviation, the work of a flight attendant or steward begins several hours before the flight. They check the availability of emergency equipment (oxygen, life jackets, fire extinguishers) and their serviceability. Defects are reported to the technical service, which must eliminate the deficiencies. Flight attendants also check the cabin for suspicious substances. They receive everything necessary to serve passengers during the flight: in-flight meals, towels, napkins, etc.
Then they supervise the boarding of passengers (check tickets, help find a seat), and load luggage into the luggage compartment.
Before takeoff, check that seat belts are fastened correctly.
In flight, task number one is serving passengers. Flight attendants bring them food and drinks. If necessary, can provide first aid medical care. At the same time, they also perform the role of psychologists, which is especially important at high altitudes. Many people are afraid to fly - having barely survived take-off, they wait in horror for landing, and if the plane hits a zone of turbulence, they are seized with real panic.
Flight attendants must be prepared for emergencies on board, for example, delivering a baby or, worst of all, a plane crash. In this case, there is a clear action plan.
After landing, flight attendants escort passengers to the exit. And then they carefully inspect the interior in case someone left their things there.
There are special courses for flight attendants. But to work on international flights, you need to have, firstly, higher education, and, secondly, speak at least one foreign language. Flight attendant required good health, confirmed by a medical board. He must have good manners.
And finally, another important requirement is a presentable appearance.
A steward is, first of all, a handsome and well-groomed young man. They are often called “heavenly angels”, because this is the specificity professional activity. Stewards are flight attendants of an aircraft. Their main task is to ensure the comfort of passengers on board the aircraft.
Specifics of selection for flight attendants
This profession is considered the most romantic in the world. But what difficulties do the representatives of the “heavenly office” have? Is it difficult to get on board an airplane? What are the recruitment criteria? It's no secret that working as a steward requires special responsibility. Therefore, there are several stages of candidate selection.
To begin, potential flight attendants are invited to an interview with management. The possibility of moving to the next stage directly depends on its successful outcome. It consists of passing a test on English language. Then future flight attendants will have to undergo a serious medical examination, during which they determine their suitability for work in the air. If doctors do not find any abnormalities in physical condition, the candidate's training begins.
Steward training
The school of stewards mainly operates at large air carriers so that its students immediately receive the information that will be useful to them in the immediate future. labor activity. The duration of training depends on various factors. But it shouldn't be less than two calendar months. What do students of such schools study? First of all, teachers explain to their students that a steward is not only beautiful shape, but also hard work.
During the training sessions, they learn the basics of providing medical care to passengers during a flight. In addition, theoretical and practical situations related to the actions of personnel during the hijacking of an airliner by terrorists are considered. Issues related to such emergency situations as a fire on board an aircraft, an unscheduled landing on land or in water due to problems with engines or difficult weather conditions. Such classes are aimed at ensuring that students understand: a steward is a person who will have to be responsible for the lives and health of passengers.
In the process of training flight attendants, their teachers attach particular importance to practical classes. Flight attendant school students learn to evacuate down an emergency slide, keeping their hands on their chests to avoid getting burned by contact with the handrails. Understanding that a steward is a person who constantly improves himself, the program is built on the principle successful completion All exams can count on employment with the airline. First come the trainee flights. At successful completion probationary period the steward is allowed to do real work.
Features of the profession
“Heavenly angels” must perfectly master all the rules of conduct on board an aircraft and act clearly and harmoniously. To do this, the senior flight attendant, before each new flight, must conduct a mini-exam for his subordinates, during which the team answers questions. In case of an incorrect answer, the senior flight attendant has the right to remove the steward from the flight.
Conclusion
Romance and adventure are certainly characteristic of such a profession as a steward. But this is only what ordinary passengers see. Getting on board the plane, they notice beautiful young boys and girls ready to help. In fact, representatives of this profession have to deal with significant physical and psychological stress during numerous flights. Permanent landings and ups have a negative impact on physical health. Representatives of the fair sex especially suffer from this. Therefore, stewards are “written off” to the ground quite early.
Stuarts Stuarts
(Stuart, Stewart), royal dynasty in Scotland (1371-1714) and in England (1603-49, 1660-1714). The most famous are: Mary Stuart, James I (in Scotland - James VI), Charles I, Charles II, James II.
STEWARTSSTEWARTS (Stewarts, Stuarts), aristocratic Scottish family, royal dynasty in Scotland (1371-1707) and England (1603-1649, 1660-1714).
Kings of Scotland
The ancestors of the Stuarts are known from the beginning of the 11th century, when the founder of the family, Alan (999-1055), became seneschal of the county of Dol in Upper Brittany. As was customary in the Middle Ages, the position was inherited by Alan's descendants from generation to generation. In the mid-12th century, Walter (Walter) (1104-1177) - the third son of the fourth Seneschal of Dol - came to Britain and entered the service of the Scottish king David I. He later began to serve as court seneschal, and in 1157 under King Malcolm IV ( 1153-1165) officially confirmed as Lord Seneschal of Scotland. The position was passed down by inheritance to Walter's descendants for five generations until the first half of the 14th century. The surname of the family came from the name of the position (Stewart).
During the years of interregnum and the struggle for the Scottish throne, the fifth seneschal of the Stuart family, James, and his son Walter (died 1326) invariably sided with Robert the Bruce (cm. BRUCE Robert) and fought the British. Family loyalty new dynasty was rewarded: in 1315, Walter Stewart became the husband of the eldest daughter of King Robert I Bruce, Margery. This marriage gave their son Robert Stuart the right to take the Scottish throne after the death of his cousin, the childless King David II Bruce. In 1371, the first member of the Stuart dynasty was crowned Robert II. He remained on the throne until 1390, and then Robert III Stuart (1390-1406) reigned in Scotland.
Years of internecine struggle for the throne significantly weakened the authority of the central government in Scotland; local barons felt themselves to be independent rulers. The situation was complicated by relations with England, whose kings claimed supreme power over Scotland. The main goals of the first Stuarts were to repel the claims of the British and limit the freedom of their barons. But the forces of the first Stuarts (Robert II and Robert III) were still too small and they essentially remained just spectators in the bloody civil strife of the Scottish clans. In addition, Robert III found himself pushed out of power by his younger brother Alexander.
Relations between England and Scotland constantly teetered on the brink of war and peace. The English kings had greater economic, military and human resources than their northern neighbors, but for many centuries they were unable to conquer Scotland. In the 15th century, England was unable to wage active war in the north due to the Hundred Years' War (cm. HUNDRED YEARS WAR) and then the Wars of the Roses (cm. SCARLET AND WHITE ROSE WAR), but the English kings did not abandon formal claims to the Scottish throne. Armed conflicts broke out on the English-Scottish border. Hesitant to commit large-scale aggression, the British supported the rebellious barons and rebellious clans against the Stuarts. In turn, the Scottish kings sought to find allies in the fight against England. France became such an ally - main enemy England and its enemy in the Hundred Years' War. The alliance between France and Scotland was renewed several times throughout the 15th and 16th centuries and was called the "Old Alliance".
In 1406, immediately after the death of Robert III, his infant son James I Stuart (1406-1437) was captured at sea and brought to England. He spent most of his reign (until 1424) in captivity in Windsor Castle. His release was helped only by a marriage between the captive and a relative of the English king Henry VI of Lancaster (cm. HENRY VI (English king)) Joan Beafort. After the wedding, the Scottish king was released to his homeland for a large ransom. At home, James I managed to significantly strengthen the authority of royal power. The barons of Albany, Mar, March and the clans of the islands recognized his unconditional authority over them. James I was stabbed to death as a result of a conspiracy of the barons and his son James II Stuart (1437-1460) entered into a fierce struggle with the Douglas clan, which lasted for several decades.
The policy of limiting the willfulness of local barons could not but cause resistance from the Scottish nobility. The confrontation between the king and the barons was especially acute during the reign of James III Stuart (1460-1488), who, in the opinion of many of his subjects, did not live up to the ideal of a king-knight. Unlike his warlike ancestors, he did not personally participate in hostilities, was interested in music and architecture, and was also inclined to rely on advisers of humble origin. In 1488, a rebellion broke out against King James III and he was stabbed to death in one of the battles.
However, the rebel victory turned out to be an accidental success. The reign of the new king James IV Stuart (1488-1513) was a time of further strengthening of royal power. The king successfully continued the policy of pacifying the nobility and achieved the subjugation of the clans of Highland Scotland and the islands, which especially stubbornly resisted the central government. James IV did a lot to streamline the work of the courts and develop an effective government mechanism. He supported the development of Scottish trade, began building a fleet, developed artillery, and founded the university in Aberdeen (1495). During his reign the first printing presses (1507).
Meanwhile, the War of the Roses ended in England and the powerful and enterprising kings from the Tudor dynasty established themselves on its throne. There was a real threat of English conquest hanging over Scotland. King James IV managed to conclude a truce with England, and in 1502 he married the English princess Margaret, daughter of the English king Henry VII Tudor (cm. HENRY VII Tudor). However, the rise to power in England of the warlike Henry VIII Tudor (cm. HENRY VIII Tudor), who entered the war with France, forced James IV to choose: remain faithful to the Old Alliance with France or bow to the will of the English king. The Scottish king decided to take the side of France; his army invaded English territory. In 1513, at the Battle of Flodden, the Scottish army was defeated and King James IV was killed. His successor, the tenacious and energetic James V Stuart (1513-1542), remained faithful to the alliance with France, strengthened by his marriages to the French princesses Madeleine of Valois (1537) and Marie of Guise (cm. MARIA Giz)(1538). The pro-French policy of the Stuarts led to another war with England: in 1542, the British attempted to invade Scotland, but were defeated. The Scots' return campaign ended in failure due to the betrayal of the barons; two of the king's sons died. King James V himself soon died. He was succeeded by minor daughter Mary Stuart (1542-1567).
The suppression of the male line of the Stuart dynasty complicated political situation in Scotland. Since the beginning of the 16th century, two opposing factions emerged at the top of Scottish society, which relied on the support external forces: England or France. During Mary Stuart's minority, this confrontation intensified. The English party sought to force the queen to marry the heir to the English throne, Edward Tudor, and thereby unite the two countries. The French party tried to arrange Mary's marriage with the French prince and thereby preserve the actual independence of Scotland. The Francophiles won; France in 1548 provided Scotland with military assistance against England, and the young queen was betrothed to the Dauphin Francis of Valois (future King Francis II) and taken to France, where she was raised at the French court.
However, the dominance of the French party, the power of the Catholic Queen Regent Mary of Guise, who relied on detachments of French troops stationed in Scotland, gave rise to a strong opposition movement. Beginning in the 1520s, the ideas of the Reformation began to actively spread in Scotland. (cm. REFORMATION), brought by Calvinists from the Continent, as well as by English Protestants. By the 1550s, Protestants, led by preacher John Knox (cm. KNOX John), became the dominant force in the country. In 1560 supporters English party and the Protestants forced the regent to withdraw French troops from the country. Catholicism was banned in Scotland and the Calvinist Church became the state religion.
In 1561, after the death of her husband, Queen Mary Stuart returned to her homeland. The first period of her personal reign (until 1565) was a period of peaceful coexistence between the Catholic queen and the Protestants and with England, where her cousin Queen Elizabeth I Tudor ruled. Mary's new husband was her distant relative, the Scottish Lord Henry Darnley. But soon the queen was overcome by ambitious dreams. A devout Catholic, she considered it her duty to return Britain to the fold of the Roman Catholic Church. Considering herself the legitimate heir to the English crown, Mary openly contested the throne from Elizabeth I. The Scottish queen maintained close ties with papal Rome, the Habsburgs, the Catholic League in France, and Irish Catholic clans, and was preparing to restore the rule of the Roman Church in Scotland. The queen's policy caused discontent within the country, skillfully fueled by England. The Scots' patience ran out after the murder of the queen's husband, Henry Darnley, for which she herself was accused, and her hasty new marriage to the Earl of Bothwell. The barons' revolt in 1567 forced Mary Stuart to flee to England, where she was arrested and spent many years in prison. In 1587 she was executed on charges of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth I Tudor.
The new king of Scotland was the son of Mary Stuart and Henry Darnley - James VI Stuart (1567-1625). During his first reign, the young king was a hostage to factions of nobles fighting for the title of regent of Scotland. As an adult, James VI was carried away by the prospect of taking the English throne and devoted all his strength to the struggle for recognition as the heir of the childless Elizabeth I Tudor. His rights to the throne were based on the fact that he was the grandson of Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of the English king Henry VII Tudor. Jacob skillfully maneuvered between Catholics, to whom he promised protection and tolerance, and Protestants, tried to support a good relationship both with England and with the Catholic powers. James VI's diplomatic game was crowned with success: in 1603, after the death of Queen Elizabeth Tudor, he took the English throne under the name of James I Stuart.
Stuarts in England
Having received the English crown, James became simultaneously the king of England and Scotland, marking the beginning of the unification of the two countries into one state. The problems of Scotland faded into the background for him, and the main task was to strengthen the Stuart dynasty in England. Meanwhile, already in last years The reign of Elizabeth I expanded the influence of the parliamentary opposition. Unlike his predecessor, James I did not have widespread support in English society, could not maneuver political forces and manipulate parliament. In addition, he was a zealous supporter of the theory of the divine origin of the monarchy and unlimited royal power. These views conflicted with the English political tradition, where the role of parliament was extremely high. James I's political grievances caused a series of clashes with Parliament. The British were dissatisfied with foreign policy the king, his desire for reconciliation with Spain - the “national enemy” of England, attempts to arrange the marriage of the heir to the throne with a Catholic princess. The daughter of James I, Elizabeth Stuart (1592-1662), married Elector Frederick V of the Palatinate. A century later, her descendants took the English throne.
James's successor, his son Charles I Stuart (cm. CHARLES I Stuart)(1625-1649), continued the unpopular policies of his father. The escalating conflict between the king and parliament resulted in the English Revolution in the 1640s (cm. ENGLISH REVOLUTION) which overthrew the monarchy. In 1649, Parliament passed a death sentence on King Charles I, who was executed on January 30, 1649. Following his execution, England was proclaimed a republic. After the death of the king, Scotland broke off relations with parliamentary England and recognized the son of the executed monarch, Charles II Stuart, as its king. Scotland became a royalist stronghold to continue the fight against Parliament. In 1651, the Ryalist troops were defeated by Cromwell's troops. (cm. CROMWELL Oliver), Charles II was forced to leave for the continent, and Scotland was forcibly united into one state with England.
In 1660, as a result of a military coup in England, the monarchy was restored and Charles II took the English and Scottish thrones (1660-1685). His reign was a time of economic growth and stability for England, but also a time of new political conflict between the monarchy and parliament. During the Restoration, the Whig and Tory parties emerged, which later became the basis of the two-party system. political system Great Britain.
Charles II had no legitimate children (the most famous among illegitimate ones is the Duke of Monmouth) and was succeeded by his brother James II Stuart (cm. JAMES II Stuart (1633-1701))(1685-1688), during whose reign the conflict between the monarchy and parliament intensified. The conflict was facilitated by the religious policy of the king - a fanatical Catholic who sought to equalize the rights of his co-religionists with Protestants. Such attempts were perceived by his subjects - mostly Protestants - as an attempt to return Britain to Catholicism, which was associated with the unlimited power of the monarch. A variety of political factions united against James II and he was overthrown in 1688.
The throne was transferred to the daughter of James II - Mary II Stuart (1689-1694) and her husband William III of Orange (1689-1702). Mary practically did not interfere in political affairs, and her husband, an intelligent and far-sighted politician, managed not only to avoid conflicts with parliament, but also to significantly increase the prestige of the monarchy in England. After William III, another daughter of James II, Anne Stuart (1702-1714), became queen. Under Queen Anne, England and Scotland were formally united into one state - Great Britain. Anna died childless and the throne was to pass to the son of James II - James III Stuart (1688-1760), who lived in exile and remained faithful to Catholicism. But according to the Act of Succession to the Throne, adopted by the English Parliament in 1701, only a Protestant, and specifically the Duke of Hanover George (a descendant of the daughter of James I Stuart, Elizabeth) could be the king of Great Britain. Thus, the Stuart dynasty lost power in England and Scotland.
In emigration, the Stuarts found support in France. After the death of James II french king Louis XIV Bourbon recognized James III as King of Great Britain. The challenger was known as the "Old Chevalier", or "Chevalier de Saint-Georges". He maintained contact with his supporters in the British Isles. In Scotland, which had lost its independence, James III became a symbol of the fight against England. Supporters of the restoration of the Stuarts to the throne were called Jacobites. With the help of France, armed Jacobite uprisings were organized in Scotland, in which representatives of the Stuart dynasty also took part. In 1715, James III undertook unsuccessful attempt seize power in Great Britain. The son of James III and Mary Sobieska, Karl-Edward Stuart (1720-1788), known as the “Younger Chevalier,” led the detachments of the Scottish highland clans in 1745. On April 16, 1745, at the Battle of Culloden, the rebel troops were defeated by an English army that outnumbered them. Through severe repression, the British managed to suppress the Jacobite movement in Scotland. After the defeat, Karl-Edward lived in Rome for the rest of his life. Financial assistance he was favored by King George III of England. The Stuart dynasty finally came to an end in 1807, when its last representative died in Rome. younger brother Charles Edward - Henry Benedict Stuart, who held the rank of Cardinal of York.
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
Synonyms:See what “Stuarts” are in other dictionaries:
- (Stuart, Stewart), royal dynasty in Scotland (1371 1714) and England (1603 49, 1660 1714). The most famous: Mary Stuart, James I (in Scotland, James VI), Charles I, Charles II, James II... Modern encyclopedia
Royal dynasty in Scotland (1371-1714) and England (1603-1649, 1660-1714). The most famous: Mary Stuart, James I (in Scotland, James VI; son of Mary Stuart), Charles I, Charles II, James II... Historical Dictionary
Exist., number of synonyms: 1st dynasty (65) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary
Performing passenger service work on them, but mainly responsible for the safety of passengers (in the event of an accident - assistance to passengers, etc.).
On sea tourist cruise ships, the responsibilities of a steward (stewardess) include:
1. Passenger service: 1.1. Explanation of the rules of behavior and safety on a sea cruise; 1.2. Familiarization of passengers with the elements of the ship's regulations; 1.3. Explanation of the structure of the ship - what is where, that is, it is required to show the location of bars, restaurants, shops, places active rest- courts, swimming pools, etc. 1.4. Escorting passengers of their sector during ship alarms in case of fire or flooding of the ship to the boat deck. 2. Maintaining cleanliness in passenger cabins. 3. Participation in certain organizational and entertainment events constantly held on board the ship for the entertainment of passengers. 4. Other varied technically uncomplicated work on a ship in work time steward
In civil aviation (CA), flight attendants are members of the cabin crew.
Flight attendants in air transport
Singaporean flight attendants in nationally stylized uniforms (color determined by rank)
Initially, on passenger flights, passengers were handled by the co-pilot of the aircraft, which was risky from a safety point of view. In 1928, in Germany, passenger aircraft crews began to include a third member - steward.
IN THE USA
Even though the first flight attendants were men and many early airlines prohibited hiring women, the job soon became an almost exclusively female profession. Marketers were happy to use the presence of women on board for advertising.
In military aviation
USSR and RF on all types aircraft, including transport, passenger, staff and letter steward positions not provided as such; Passengers and order in the cabin (cargo compartment) are monitored by one of the crew members: ADO flight technician, flight mechanic, operator, etc. All passengers are completely self-service, including worrying about their food during the flight independently and in advance. All aircraft passengers, without exception, are subordinate to the captain of the crew (ship) and are obliged to unquestioningly fulfill all the requirements of the aircraft crew members. Regardless of rank and position, none of the passengers has the right to give instructions or interfere with the work of the crew.
Literature
- Vladislav Morozov. Princesses of the Fifth Ocean (Russian) // Aviation and Cosmonautics. - M., 2018. - No. 3. - pp. 10-19. - ISSN 1682-7759.
Complies with the requirements of the document - "DIRECTORY OF Qualification Characteristics of Workers' Professions. ISSUE 67. Water Transport. Section "Maritime Transport" (With amendments and additions made by orders of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Ukraine N 189 dated 05/10/2005, N 671 dated 08/06/2007 The second edition, supplemented, revised as of 08/06/2007", which was approved by order of the Ministry of Transport of Ukraine on 12/10/2001 N 863. Agreed by the Ministry of Labor and social policy Ukraine.
The document status is "valid".
Preface
0.1. The document comes into force from the moment of approval.
0.2. Document developer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
0.3. The document has been approved: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
0.4. Periodic check of this document carried out at intervals not exceeding 3 years.
1. General Provisions
1.1. The position "Steward" belongs to the category "Workers".
1.2. Qualification requirements- complete general secondary education and vocational education or complete general secondary education and vocational training in production, without work experience requirements.
1.3. Knows and applies in practice:
- rules and forms of servicing various groups of passengers on board;
- rules of etiquette and techniques for serving foreign passengers;
- assortment of dishes, drinks, tobacco products, etc. available in ship restaurants, cafes and bars;
- rules and procedures for serving food and drinks, rules for paying passengers;
- equipment and location of the passenger ship;
- one of foreign languages(English, German, etc.) within the qualifications;
- rules of first aid.
1.4. A steward is appointed and dismissed by order of the organization (enterprise/institution).
1.5. The steward reports directly to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
1.6. The steward supervises the work of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
1.7. The steward during absence is replaced by a person appointed in in the prescribed manner, which acquires the corresponding rights and is responsible for the proper fulfillment of the duties assigned to it.
2. Characteristics of work, tasks and job responsibilities
2.1. Serves passengers of the ship according to their order during the voyage, provides a variety of services to passengers during their placement on the ship or disembarkation from the ship.
2.2. Calculates the cost of services and makes settlements with passengers.
2.3. Accepts orders from passengers for delivery to the cabin or rest areas soft drinks, fruits, dishes, wine and vodka drinks, tobacco products, etc.; provides other services provided for in the list.
2.4. Provides first aid to passengers in case of illness and calls a doctor.
2.5. Knows, understands and applies current regulations relating to his activities.
2.6. Knows and complies with the requirements of regulations on labor protection and environment, complies with the standards, methods and techniques of safe work performance.
3. Rights
3.1. The Steward has the right to take action to prevent and correct any violations or non-compliance.
3.2. The steward has the right to receive all social guarantees provided for by law.
3.3. The steward has the right to demand assistance in the performance of his duties. job responsibilities and exercise of rights.
3.4. The steward has the right to demand the creation of organizational and technical conditions necessary for the performance of official duties and the provision necessary equipment and inventory.
3.5. The steward has the right to familiarize himself with draft documents relating to his activities.
3.6. The steward has the right to request and receive documents, materials and information necessary to perform his job duties and management orders.
3.7. The steward has the right to improve his professional qualifications.
3.8. The steward has the right to report all violations and inconsistencies identified in the course of his activities and make proposals for their elimination.
3.9. The steward has the right to familiarize himself with the documents defining the rights and responsibilities of the position held, and the criteria for assessing the quality of performance of official duties.
4. Responsibility
4.1. The steward is responsible for non-fulfillment or untimely fulfillment of the requirements of this job description obligations and (or) non-use of granted rights.
4.2. The steward is responsible for failure to comply with internal labor regulations, labor protection, safety regulations, industrial sanitation and fire protection.
4.3. The steward is responsible for disclosing information about the organization (enterprise/institution) related to trade secrets.
4.4. The steward is responsible for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of internal requirements regulatory documents organization (enterprise/institution) and legal orders of management.
4.5. The steward is responsible for offenses committed in the course of his activities, within the limits established by the current administrative, criminal and civil legislation.
4.6. The steward is responsible for causing material damage organization (enterprise/institution) within the limits established by current administrative, criminal and civil legislation.
4.7. The steward is responsible for the unlawful use of the granted official powers, as well as their use for personal purposes.
