Geographic latitude and longitude are plotted on a world map. With their help, it is easy to determine the location of an object.
A geographical map of the world is a reduced projection of the earth's surface on a plane. It shows continents, islands, oceans, seas, rivers, as well as countries, large cities and other objects.
- The geographical map has a coordinate grid.
- On it you can clearly see information about the continents, seas and oceans, and the map allows you to create an image of the relief of the world.
- Using a geographic map, you can calculate the distance between cities and countries. It is also convenient to search for the location of land and ocean objects.
The shape of the Earth is like a sphere. If you need to determine a point on the surface of this sphere, then you can use a globe, which is our planet in miniature. But there is the most common way to find a point on Earth - these are geographical coordinates - latitude and longitude. These parallels are measured in degrees.
Geographic map of the world with latitude and longitude - photo:
The parallels that are drawn along and across the entire map are latitude and longitude. With their help you can quickly and easily find anywhere in the world.
The geographical map of the hemispheres is easy to understand. On one hemisphere (eastern) Africa, Eurasia and Australia are depicted. Another - western hemisphere— North and South America.
Our ancestors studied latitude and longitude. Even then there were world maps that were not similar to modern ones, but with their help you can also determine where an object is located and what. A simple explanation of what the geographic latitude and longitude of an object on a map are:
Latitude is a coordinate value in the system of spherical numbers, which defines a point on the surface of our planet relative to the equator.
- If objects are located in the northern hemisphere, then the geographic latitude is called positive, if in the southern hemisphere - negative.
- South latitude - the object moves from the equator towards the North Pole.
- North latitude - the object is moving towards the South Pole from the equator.
- On a map, latitudes are lines parallel to each other. The distance between these lines is measured in degrees, minutes, seconds. One degree is 60 minutes, and one minute is 60 seconds.
- The equator is zero latitude.
Longitude is a coordinate quantity that determines the location of an object relative to the prime meridian.
- This coordinate allows you to find out the location of the object relative to the west and east.
- Lines of longitude are meridians. They are located perpendicular to the equator.
- The zero reference point for longitude in geography is the Greenwich Laboratory, which is located in east London. This line of longitude is commonly called the Greenwich meridian.
- Objects that are located to the east of the Greenwich meridian are the eastern longitude region, and to the west are the western longitude region.
- Indicators of eastern longitude are considered positive, and indicators of western longitude are considered negative.
Using the meridian, a direction such as north-south is determined, and vice versa.
Latitude on a geographic map is measured from the equator—zero degrees. At the poles there are 90 degrees of latitude.
From what points, what meridian is geographic longitude measured?
Longitude on a geographic map is measured from Greenwich. The prime meridian is 0°. The farther an object is from Greenwich, the greater its longitude.
To determine the location of an object, you need to know its geographic latitude and longitude. As mentioned above, latitude shows the distance from the equator to a given object, and longitude shows the distance from Greenwich to the desired object or point.
How to measure, find out geographic latitude and longitude on a world map? Each parallel of latitude is designated by a specific number - a degree.
Meridians are also designated by degrees.
Measure, find out geographic latitude and longitude on a world map Any point will be located either at the intersection of the meridian and the parallel, or at the intersection of intermediate indicators. Therefore, its coordinates are indicated by specific indicators of latitude and longitude. For example, St. Petersburg is located at the following coordinates: 60° north latitude and 30° east longitude.
As stated above, latitude is parallels. To determine it, you need to draw a line parallel to the equator or a nearby parallel.
- If the object is located on the parallel itself, then it is easy to determine its location (as described above).
- If an object is between parallels, then its latitude is determined by the nearest parallel from the equator.
- For example, Moscow is located north of the 50th parallel. The distance to this object is measured along the meridian and it is equal to 6°, which means that Moscow’s geographic latitude is 56°.
A clear example of determining geographic latitude coordinates on a world map can be found in the following video:
Video: Geographic latitude and geographic longitude. Geographical coordinates
To determine geographic longitude, you need to determine the meridian on which the point is located, or its intermediate value.
- For example, St. Petersburg is located on a meridian whose value is 30°.
- But what if the object is located between the meridians? How to determine its longitude?
- For example, Moscow is located east of 30° east longitude.
- Now add the number of degrees along the parallel to this meridian. It turns out 8° - that means geographic longitude Moscow is equal to 38° east longitude.
Another example of determining the geographic coordinates of longitude and latitude on a world map in the video:
Video: Determining latitude and longitude
Any map shows all the parallels and meridians. What is the maximum value of geographic latitude and longitude? Highest value geographical latitude is 90°, and longitude is 180°. The smallest latitude value is 0° (equator), and the smallest longitude value is also 0° (Greenwich).
Geographic latitude and longitude of the poles and the equator: what is it equal to?
The geographic latitude of the points of the earth's equator is 0°, the North Pole +90°, and the South Pole -90°. The longitude of the poles is not determined, since these objects are located on all meridians at once.
Determining geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude on Yandex and Google maps online Schoolchildren may need to determine geographic coordinates from maps in real time when performing test work or on an exam.
- It's convenient, fast and simple. Determining the geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude on Yandex and Google maps online can be done on various services on the Internet.
- For example, you just need to enter the name of an object, city or country and click on it on the map. The geographic coordinates of this object will instantly appear.
- In addition, the resource will show the address of the identified point.
The online mode is convenient because you can find out the necessary information here and now.
How to find a place by coordinates on Yandex and Google map? If you do not know the exact address of an object, but you know its geographical coordinates, then its location can be easily found on Google or Yandex maps. How to find a place by coordinates on Yandex and Google map? Follow these steps:
- For example, go to Google map.
- Enter the geographic coordinates in the search box. You can enter degrees, minutes and seconds (for example 41°24’12.2″N 2°10’26.5″E), degrees and decimal minutes (41 24.2028, 2 10.4418), decimal degrees: (41.40338, 2.17403).
- Click “Search” and the desired object on the map will appear in front of you.
The result will appear instantly, and the object itself will be marked on the map with a “red drop”.
Finding satellite maps with latitude and longitude coordinates is easy. You only need to enter keywords into the Yandex or Google search window, and the service will instantly return what you need.
For example, " Satellite maps with latitude and longitude coordinates." Many sites will open providing such a service. Choose any one, click on the desired object and determine the coordinates.
Satellite maps - determining latitude and longitude coordinates The Internet gives us great opportunities. If previously you only had to use a paper map to determine longitude and latitude, now it is enough to have a gadget with a network connection.
Video: Geographic coordinates and coordinate determination
Each point on the planet's surface has a specific position, which corresponds to its own latitude and longitude coordinates. It is located at the intersection of the spherical arcs of the meridian, which corresponds to longitude, with the parallel, which corresponds to latitude. It is denoted by a pair of angular quantities expressed in degrees, minutes, seconds, which has the definition of a coordinate system.
Latitude and longitude are the geographic aspect of a plane or sphere translated into topographic images. To more accurately locate a point, its altitude above sea level is also taken into account, which makes it possible to find it in three-dimensional space.
The need to find a point using latitude and longitude coordinates arises due to the duty and occupation of rescuers, geologists, military personnel, sailors, archaeologists, pilots and drivers, but it may also be necessary for tourists, travelers, seekers, and researchers.
What is latitude and how to find it
Latitude is the distance from an object to the equator line. Measured in angular units (such as degrees, degrees, minutes, seconds, etc.). Latitude on a map or globe is indicated by horizontal parallels - lines that describe a circle parallel to the equator and converge in the form of a series of tapering rings towards the poles.
Therefore, they distinguish between northern latitude - this is the entire part of the earth's surface north of the equator, and also southern latitude - this is the entire part of the planet's surface south of the equator. The equator is the zero, longest parallel. 
- Parallels from the equator line to the north pole are considered to be a positive value from 0° to 90°, where 0° is the equator itself, and 90° is the top of the north pole. They are counted as northern latitude (N).
- Parallels extending from the equator to the side south pole, indicated by a negative value from 0° to -90°, where -90° is the location of the south pole. They are counted as southern latitude (S).
- On the globe, parallels are depicted as circles encircling the ball, which become smaller as they approach the poles.
- All points on the same parallel will be designated by the same latitude, but different longitudes.
On maps, based on their scale, parallels have the form of horizontal, curved stripes - the smaller the scale, the straighter the parallel strip is depicted, and the larger it is, the more curved it is.
Remember! The closer to the equator a given area is located, the smaller its latitude will be.
What is longitude and how to find it
Longitude is the amount by which the position of a given area is removed relative to Greenwich, that is, the prime meridian.
Longitude is similarly characterized by measurement in angular units, only from 0° to 180° and with a prefix - eastern or western. 
- The Greenwich Prime Meridian vertically encircles the globe of the Earth, passing through both poles, dividing it into the western and eastern hemispheres.
- Each of the parts located west of Greenwich (in the Western Hemisphere) will be designated west longitude (w.l.).
- Each of the parts distant from Greenwich to the east and located in the eastern hemisphere will bear the designation east longitude (E.L.).
- Finding each point along one meridian has the same longitude, but different latitude.
- Meridians are drawn on maps in the form of vertical stripes curved in the shape of an arc. The smaller the map scale, the straighter the meridian strip will be.
How to find the coordinates of a given point on the map
Often you have to find out the coordinates of a point that is located on the map in a square between the two nearest parallels and meridians. Approximate data can be obtained by eye by sequentially estimating the step in degrees between the mapped lines in the area of interest, and then comparing the distance from them to the desired area. For accurate calculations you will need a pencil with a ruler, or a compass. 
- For the initial data we take the designations of the parallels closest to our point with the meridian.
- Next, we look at the step between their stripes in degrees.
- Then we look at the size of their step on the map in cm.
- We measure with a ruler in cm the distance from a given point to the nearest parallel, as well as the distance between this line and the neighboring one, convert it to degrees and take into account the difference - subtracting from the larger one, or adding to the smaller one.
- This gives us the latitude.
Example! The distance between the parallels 40° and 50°, among which our area is located, is 2 cm or 20 mm, and the step between them is 10°. Accordingly, 1° is equal to 2 mm. Our point is 0.5 cm or 5 mm away from the fortieth parallel. We find the degrees to our area 5/2 = 2.5°, which must be added to the value of the nearest parallel: 40° + 2.5° = 42.5° - this is our northern latitude of the given point. In the southern hemisphere, the calculations are similar, but the result has a negative sign.
Similarly, we find longitude - if the nearest meridian is further from Greenwich, and the given point is closer, then we subtract the difference, if the meridian is closer to Greenwich, and the point is further, then we add it.
If you only have a compass at hand, then each of the segments is fixed with its tips, and the spread is transferred to the scale.
In a similar way, calculations of coordinates on the surface of the globe are carried out.
On globes and geographical maps there is a coordinate system. With its help, you can plot any object on a globe or map, as well as find it on the earth's surface. What is this system, and how to determine the coordinates of any object on the surface of the Earth with its participation? We will try to talk about this in this article.
Geographic latitude and longitude
Longitude and latitude are geographical concepts that are measured in angular units (degrees). They serve to indicate the position of any point (object) on the earth's surface.
Geographic latitude is the angle between a plumb line at a particular point and the plane of the equator (zero parallel). Latitude in the Southern Hemisphere is called southern, and in the Northern Hemisphere it is called northern. Can vary from 0∗ to 90∗.
Geographic longitude is the angle made by the meridian plane at a certain point to the plane of the prime meridian. If the longitude is counted east from the prime Greenwich meridian, then it will be east longitude, and if it is to the west, then it will be west longitude. Longitude values can range from 0∗ to 180∗. Most often, on globes and maps, meridians (longitude) are indicated when they intersect with the equator.
How to determine your coordinates
When a person finds himself in an emergency situation, he must, first of all, be well oriented in the area. In some cases, it is necessary to have certain skills in determining the geographic coordinates of your location, for example, in order to convey them to rescuers. There are several ways to do this using improvised methods. We present the simplest of them.
Determining longitude by gnomon
If you go traveling, it is best to set your watch to Greenwich time:
- It is necessary to determine when it will be noon GMT in a given area.
- Stick a stick (gnomon) to determine the shortest solar shadow at noon.
- Find the minimum shadow cast by the gnomon. This time will be local noon. In addition, this shadow will point strictly north at this time.
- Using this time, calculate the longitude of the place where you are.
Calculations are made based on the following:
- since the Earth makes a complete revolution in 24 hours, therefore, it will travel 15 ∗ (degrees) in 1 hour;
- 4 minutes of time will be equal to 1 geographical degree;
- 1 second of longitude will be equal to 4 seconds of time;
- if noon occurs before 12 o'clock GMT, this means that you are in the Eastern Hemisphere;
- If you spot the shortest shadow after 12 o'clock GMT, then you are in the Western Hemisphere.
An example of the simplest calculation of longitude: the shortest shadow was cast by the gnomon at 11 hours 36 minutes, that is, noon came 24 minutes earlier than at Greenwich. Based on the fact that 4 minutes of time are equal to 1 ∗ longitude, we calculate - 24 minutes / 4 minutes = 6 ∗. This means that you are in the Eastern Hemisphere at 6 ∗ longitude.
How to determine geographic latitude
The determination is made using a protractor and a plumb line. To do this, a protractor is made from 2 rectangular strips and fastened in the form of a compass so that the angle between them can be changed.
- A thread with a load is fixed in the central part of the protractor and plays the role of a plumb line.
- With its base, the protractor is aimed at the North Star.
- 90 ∗ is subtracted from the angle between the plumb line of the protractor and its base. The result is the angle between the horizon and the North Star. Since this star is only 1 ∗ deviated from the axis of the world pole, the resulting angle will be equal to the latitude of the place where you are given time you are.
How to determine geographic coordinates
The simplest way to determine geographic coordinates, which does not require any calculations, is this:
- Google maps opens.
- Find the exact place there;
- the map is moved with the mouse, moved away and zoomed in using its wheel
- find a settlement by name using the search.
- Click on to the right place right mouse button. Select the required item from the menu that opens. IN in this case“What is here?” Geographic coordinates will appear in the search line at the top of the window. For example: Sochi - 43.596306, 39.7229. They indicate the geographic latitude and longitude of the center of that city. This way you can determine the coordinates of your street or house.
Using the same coordinates you can see the place on the map. You just can’t swap these numbers. If you put longitude first and latitude second, you risk ending up in a different place. For example, instead of Moscow you will end up in Turkmenistan.
How to determine coordinates on a map
To determine the geographic latitude of an object, you need to find the closest parallel to it from the equator. For example, Moscow is located between the 50th and 60th parallels. The closest parallel from the equator is the 50th. To this figure is added the number of degrees of the meridian arc, which is calculated from the 50th parallel to the desired object. This number is 6. Therefore, 50 + 6 = 56. Moscow lies on the 56th parallel.
To determine the geographic longitude of an object, find the meridian where it is located. For example, St. Petersburg lies east of Greenwich. Meridian, this one is 30 ∗ away from the prime meridian. This means that the city of St. Petersburg is located in the Eastern Hemisphere at a longitude of 30 ∗.
How to determine the coordinates of the geographic longitude of the desired object if it is located between two meridians? At the very beginning, the longitude of the meridian that is located closer to Greenwich is determined. Then to given value it is necessary to add the number of degrees that is on the parallel arc the distance between the object and the meridian closest to Greenwich.
Example, Moscow is located east of the 30 ∗ meridian. Between it and Moscow the arc of parallel is 8 ∗. This means that Moscow has an eastern longitude and it is equal to 38 ∗ (E).
How to determine your coordinates on topographic maps? Geodetic and astronomical coordinates of the same objects differ on average by 70 m. Parallels and meridians on topographic maps are the inner frames of the sheets. Their latitude and longitude are written in the corner of each sheet. Western Hemisphere map sheets are marked "West of Greenwich" in the northwest corner of the frame. Maps of the Eastern Hemisphere will accordingly be marked “East of Greenwich.”
Video lesson “Geographical latitude and geographic longitude. Geographic Coordinates" will help you get an idea of geographic latitude and geographic longitude. The teacher will tell you how to correctly determine geographic coordinates.
Geographic latitude- arc length in degrees from the equator to a given point.
To determine the latitude of an object, you need to find the parallel on which this object is located.
For example, the latitude of Moscow is 55 degrees and 45 minutes north latitude, it is written like this: Moscow 55°45" N; latitude of New York - 40°43" N; Sydney - 33°52" S
Geographic longitude is determined by meridians. Longitude can be western (from the 0 meridian to the west to the 180 meridian) and eastern (from the 0 meridian to the east to the 180 meridian). Longitude values are measured in degrees and minutes. Geographic longitude can have values from 0 to 180 degrees.
Geographic longitude- length of the equatorial arc in degrees from the prime meridian (0 degrees) to the meridian of a given point.
The prime meridian is considered to be the Greenwich meridian (0 degrees).
Rice. 2. Determination of longitudes ()
To determine longitude, you need to find the meridian on which a given object is located.
For example, the longitude of Moscow is 37 degrees and 37 minutes east longitude, it is written like this: 37°37" east; the longitude of Mexico City is 99°08" west.
Rice. 3. Geographical latitude and geographic longitude
For precise definition To locate an object on the surface of the Earth, you need to know its geographic latitude and geographic longitude.
Geographical coordinates- quantities that determine the position of a point on the earth’s surface using latitudes and longitudes.
For example, Moscow has the following geographic coordinates: 55°45"N and 37°37"E. The city of Beijing has the following coordinates: 39°56′ N. 116°24′ E First the latitude value is recorded.
Sometimes you need to find an object at already given coordinates; to do this, you must first guess in which hemispheres the object is located.
Homework
Paragraphs 12, 13.
1. What are geographic latitude and longitude?
Bibliography
Main
1. Basic course in geography: Textbook. for 6th grade. general education institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukova. - 10th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2010. - 176 p.
2. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2011. - 32 p.
3. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 32 p.
4. Geography. 6th grade: cont. cards. - M.: DIK, Bustard, 2012. - 16 p.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Geography: initial course. Tests. Textbook manual for 6th grade students. - M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2011. - 144 p.
2. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Educational and methodological manual/ A.A. Letyagin. - M.: LLC "Agency "KRPA "Olympus": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute pedagogical measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
For determining latitude It is necessary, using a triangle, to lower the perpendicular from point A to the degree frame onto the line of latitude and read the corresponding degrees, minutes, seconds on the right or left along the latitude scale. φА= φ0+ Δφ
φА=54 0 36 / 00 // +0 0 01 / 40 //= 54 0 37 / 40 //
For determining longitude you need to use a triangle to lower a perpendicular from point A to the degree frame of the line of longitude and read the corresponding degrees, minutes, seconds from above or below.
Determining the rectangular coordinates of a point on the map
The rectangular coordinates of the point (X, Y) on the map are determined in the square of the kilometer grid as follows: 
1. Using a triangle, perpendiculars are lowered from point A to the kilometer grid line X and Y and the values are taken XA=X0+Δ X; UA=U0+Δ U
For example, the coordinates of point A are: XA = 6065 km + 0.55 km = 6065.55 km;
UA = 4311 km + 0.535 km = 4311.535 km. (the coordinate is reduced);
Point A is located in the 4th zone, as indicated by the first digit of the coordinate at given.
9. Measuring the lengths of lines, directional angles and azimuths on the map, determining the angle of inclination of the line specified on the map.
Measuring lengths
To determine on a map the distance between terrain points (objects, objects), using a numerical scale, you need to measure on the map the distance between these points in centimeters and multiply the resulting number by the scale value. 
A small distance is easier to determine using a linear scale. To do this, it is enough to apply a measuring compass, the opening of which is equal to the distance between given points on the map, to a linear scale and take a reading in meters or kilometers. 
To measure curves, the “step” of the measuring compass is set so that it corresponds to an integer number of kilometers, and an integer number of “steps” is plotted on the segment measured on the map. The distance that does not fit into the whole number of “steps” of the measuring compass is determined using a linear scale and added to the resulting number of kilometers.
Measuring directional angles and azimuths on a map
.
We connect points 1 and 2. We measure the angle. The measurement is carried out using a protractor, it is located parallel to the median, then the angle of inclination is reported clockwise.
Determining the angle of inclination of a line specified on the map.
The determination follows exactly the same principle as finding the directional angle.
10. Direct and inverse geodetic problem on a plane. When performing computational processing of measurements taken on the ground, as well as when designing engineering structures and making calculations to transfer projects into reality, the need arises to solve direct and inverse geodetic problems. Direct geodetic problem . By known coordinates X 1 and at 1 point 1, directional angle 1-2 and distance d 1-2 to point 2 you need to calculate its coordinates X 2 ,at 2 .
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Rice. 3.5. To the solution of direct and inverse geodetic problems |
The coordinates of point 2 are calculated using the formulas (Fig. 3.5): (3.4) where X,atcoordinate increments equal to
(3.5)
Inverse geodetic problem .
By known coordinates X 1 ,at 1 points 1 and X 2 ,at 2 points 2 need to calculate the distance between them d 1-2 and directional angle 1-2. From formulas (3.5) and Fig. 3.5 it is clear that. (3.6) To determine the directional angle 1-2, we use the arctangent function. At the same time, we take into account that computer programs and microcalculators give the main value of the arctangent= 
, lying in the range90+90, while the desired directional anglecan have any value in the range 0360.
The formula for transition from kdepends on the coordinate quarter in which the given direction is located or, in other words, on the signs of the differences y=y 2 y 1 and x=X 2 X 1 (see table 3.1 and figure 3.6). Table 3.1
Rice. 3.6. Directional angles and main arctangent values in the I, II, III and IV quarters
The distance between points is calculated using the formula
(3.6) or in another way - according to the formulas 
(3.7)
In particular, electronic tacheometers are equipped with programs for solving direct and inverse geodetic problems, which makes it possible to directly determine the coordinates of observed points during field measurements and calculate angles and distances for alignment work.
