Morphology is a section of grammar that studies the laws of existence, formation (structure) and understanding of word forms (word forms) of various parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb, etc.).

The word has lexical and grammatical meanings. Lexical meaning is the content of a word, which generalizes in our minds the idea of ​​an object, phenomenon, property, process (rib, ontogenesis, straight, serous, flexion, etc.).

The grammatical meaning is determined both by the categorical affiliation of a given word to the corresponding part of speech (for example, the meaning of objectivity in a noun, the meaning of a feature in an adjective), and the particular meaning due to changes in the forms of this word (rib, ribs; straight, straight, straight, etc. .).

The word exists as a system of forms. The system of changing the forms of words is called inflection.

The grammatical categories by which the forms of a noun change in Latin, as in Russian, are cases and numbers (vertebra - vertebra, corpus vertebrae - vertebrae body; foramen - hole, foramina - holes; os - bone, ossa - bones, sternum - sternum, manubrium sterni - manubrium of the sternum).

Noun

The inflection of nouns by case and number is called declension.

Cases

There are 6 cases in Latin.

Nominativus (Nom.) – nominative (who, what?).

Genetivus (Gen.) – genitive (who, what?).

Dativus (Dat.) – dative (to whom, to what?).

Accusativus (Acc.) – accusative (who, what?).

Ablativus (Abl.) – ablative, instrumental (by whom, with what?).

Vocativus (Voc.) – vocative.

For nomination, i.e. for naming (naming) objects, phenomena and the like, only two cases are used in medical terminology - nominative (nominative) and genitive (genitive).

The nominative case is called direct case, which means there is no relationship between words. The meaning of this case is the naming itself. The genitive case has a characterizing meaning.

1. Types of declinations

There are 5 types of declensions in the Latin language, each of which has its own paradigm (a set of word forms).

A practical means of distinguishing declension (determining the type of declension) is the genitive singular in Latin. Genus forms p.un. hours are different in all declensions.

A sign of the type of declension of a noun is the gender ending. p.un. h., therefore in dictionaries the form gender. p.un. h. is indicated along with the form named after. p.un. hours and they must be learned only together.

Distribution of nouns by types of declension depending on gender endings. p.un. h.Genitive endings of all declensions

2. The concept of the dictionary form of a noun

Nouns are listed in the dictionary and learned in dictionary form, which contains three components:

1) the form of the word in them. p.un. h.;

2) end of birth. p.un. h.;

3) designation of the gender - masculine, feminine or neuter (abbreviated by one letter: m, f, n).

For example: lamina, ae (f), sutura, ae (f), sulcus, i (m); ligamentum, i(n); pars, is (f), margo, is (m); os,is(n); articulatio, is (f), canalis, is (m); ductus, us (m); arcus, us (m), cornu, us, (n); facies, ei (f).

3. Defining the practical basis

Some nouns have III declension before the gender ending. p.un. h. -is is also assigned to the final part of the stem. This is necessary if the stem of the word is in gender. p.un. h. does not coincide with the basis of them. p.un. h.:

Full form of the genus. p.un. parts in such nouns are found as follows: corpus, =oris (= corpor – is); foramen, -inis (= foramin – is).

For such nouns, the practical basis is determined only from the form of the word to its gender. p.un. h. by discarding its ending. If the basics are in them. p.un. hours and birth p.un. h. coincide, then in the dictionary form only the ending gender is indicated. etc., and the practical basis in such cases can be determined from them. p.un. hours without ending.

Let's look at examples.

The practical basis is the basis to which, during inflection (declension), the endings of oblique cases are added; it may not coincide with the so-called historical basis.

For monosyllabic nouns with a changing stem, the entire word form gender is indicated in the dictionary form. etc., for example pars, partis; crus, cruris; os, oris; cor, cordis.

4. Determining the gender of nouns

In Latin, as in Russian, nouns belong to three genders: masculine (masculinum – m), feminine (femininum – f) and neuter (neutrum – n).

The grammatical gender of Latin nouns cannot be determined from the gender of equivalent Russian words, since often the gender of nouns with the same meaning in Russian and Latin does not coincide.

It is possible to determine whether a Latin noun belongs to one gender or another only by the characteristic endings in the noun. p.un. h. For example, words starting with -a are feminine (costa, vertebra, lamina, incisura, etc.), words starting with -um are neuter (ligamentum, manubrium, sternum, etc.).

The declension sign of a noun is the gender ending. p.un. h.; a sign of gender - a characteristic ending in them. p.un. h.

5. Determination of the gender of nouns ending in the nominative singular in -а, -um, -on, -en, -и, -us

You can get acquainted with all the characteristic features of the gender of Latin nouns in a number of classes on the III declension. In this paragraph we will only talk about the signs of grammatical gender of some groups of words that have in them. p.un. including characteristic endings: -a, -um, -on, -en, -u, -us.

There is no doubt that nouns ending in -a are feminine, and nouns ending in -um, -on, -en, -u are neuter.

As for nouns ending in -us, the answer cannot be unambiguous without involving additional data and, first of all, information about the declension of the word.

All nouns ending in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are necessarily masculine, for example:

lobus, i; nodus, i; sulcus, i;

ductus, us; arcus, us; meatus, us, m – masculine.

If a noun ending in -us belongs to the III declension, then its belonging to a certain gender must be clarified using such an additional indicator as the final consonant of the stem in gender. P.; if the final consonant of the stem is -r, then the noun is neuter, and if the final consonant is different (-t or -d), then it is feminine.

For example:

tempus, or-is; crus, crur-is;

corpus, or-is – neuter gender, juventus, ut-is – feminine gender.

6. III declension of nouns. Grammatical features of the masculine gender and the nature of the stems

Nouns of the III declension were extremely rare, for example: os, corpus, caput, foramen, dens. This methodological approach was absolutely justified. III declension is the most difficult to master and has a number of features that distinguish it from other declensions.

1. The III declension includes nouns of all three genders ending in gender. p.un. h on -is (sign of III declension).

2. In them. p.un. including words not only of different genders, but even of the same gender have different endings characteristic of a certain gender; for example, in the masculine gender -os, -or, -o, -er, -ex, -es.

3. Most nouns of the third declension have stems in them. n. and gen. items do not match.

For such nouns, the practical basis is not determined by them. n., and by birth. n. by dropping the ending -is.

1. If in the dictionary form of any noun there is a gender before the ending. p.un. h. -is is assigned to the end of the stem, which means that in such a word the stem is determined by gender. P.:

Base cortic-.

2. If in the dictionary form before the ending gender. p.un. h. -is there is no postscript, which means that the basis of such a word can be determined by them. p.un. h., discarding the ending with them. P.:

3. Nouns of III declension depending on the coincidence or discrepancy of the number of syllables in them. n. and gen. p.un. h. there are equisyllabic and non-equisyllabic, which is important for the precise determination of the genus in a number of cases.

Equisyllabic

No. pubes canalis rete

Gen. pubis canalis retis.

Unequisyllabic

No. pes paries pars

Gen. pedis parietis parti.s

4. Monosyllabic nouns in the dictionary form have gender. n. the word is written in full:

7. General requirements for determining grammatical gender in the III declension

The gender is determined by the endings. p.un. h., characteristic of a certain gender within a given declension. Therefore, in order to determine the gender of any noun of the III declension, three points must be taken into account:

1) know that this word refers specifically to the III declension, and not to any other;

2) know what endings are in them. p.un. h. are characteristic of one or another gender of the III declension;

3) in some cases, also take into account the nature of the stem of a given word.

1) nouns ending in -a – feminine;

2) nouns ending in -urn, -en, -on, -u – neuter;

3) most nouns ending in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are masculine;

4) words starting with -us ending in gender. p. on -r-is, – neuter.

Knowing that a noun belongs to a certain gender, you can correctly agree with it (in gender!) an adjective or form a word form for it. p.m. h.

The belonging of a word to one or another declension cannot serve in most cases as an indicator of gender, since in the same declension there are nouns of two genders (II and IV declension) or three genders (III declension). However, it is useful to remember the following relationship between the gender of a noun and its declension:

1) in the I and V declensions – only feminine gender;

2) in the II and IV declensions – masculine and neuter gender;

3) in the III declension - all three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

Of the words ending in -us, most belong to the II declension, only a few – to the IV.

It is important to remember that in dictionary form some of the most frequent nouns are of the IV declension: processus, us (m) - process; arcus, us (m) – arc; sinus, us (m) – sinus, sinus; meatus, us (m) – passage, move; plexus, us (m) – plexus; recessus, us (m) – recess, pocket.

Singularis: Singular

Case	Latin form	Transcription Cyrillic	Translation
nom.	puell-ă	[puell-a]	girl (named after)
gen.	puell-ae	[puell-e]	girls (born fall)
dat.	puell-ae	[puell-e]	girl (Dan. fall.)
acc.	puell-am	[puell-am]	girl (vin. fall.)
abl.	puell-ā	[puell-a]	girl (creative fall.)
voc.	=nom.	=nom.	oh girl! (called pad.)

Plurālis: Plural girls (named after) girls (born and fall) girls (Dan. fall.) girls (vin. pad.) girls (creative fall.) oh girls! (called pad.)

Case	Latin form	Transcription Cyrillic	Translation
nom.	puell-ae	[puell-e]
gen.	puell-ārum	[puell-arum]
dat.	puell-is	[puell-is]
acc.	puell-as	[puell-as]
abl.	puell-is	[puell-is]
voc.	=nom.	=nom.

• The dictionary sign for the length and brevity of a vowel (a dash and a bow, respectively; for example, ā and ă) is placed hereinafter either in the case when knowledge of the number of a vowel is important for the correct placement of stress in a Latin word (that is, over the vowel of the second syllable from the end of the word , if this vowel is followed by one consonant), or when it is important for distinguishing forms or words.
• In modern academic pronunciation of Latin words, vowel length and shortness do not differ. However, it should be noted that the nominative form puell-ă and the ablative form puell-ā are not homonyms: they differ in the length-shortness of the final vowel, which had a phonetic expression in the ancient Roman pronunciation of the archaic and classical eras.
• The coincidence in the plural of dative and ablative (puell-is) is a morphological universal of the Latin language: such a coincidence is observed in all five declensions of Latin (however, there is another case inflection).
• In the plural, the vocative and nominative in Latin are the same in all declensions; in the singular, the vocative and nominative often coincide, but not always.
• When studying Latin, you must strictly adhere to the following methodological rule:

Features of first declension nouns in Latin

The belonging of a Latin noun to the first declension is determined by the form genetīvus singulāris (genitive singular; abbreviated as gen.sg.), namely by the ending -ae in this form.

As for the nominative case form (nominatīvus singulāris; abbreviated as nom.sg.) of first declension nouns, it ends in Latin (with rare exceptions) in -ă.

Dictionary entry for a Latin noun of the 1st declension

In Latin dictionaries Latin noun of the first declension looks like this:

1. the form nominatīvus singulāris is given;
2. separated by a comma, the ending of the form genetīvus singulāris is indicated, by which it is determined that this noun belongs specifically to the first declension, and not to some other declension;
3. in parentheses (or using another printing means) the gender of the word is indicated in abbreviated form - feminine or masculine;
4. a translation or interpretation is given in Russian.

This sequence of vocabulary instructions should be remembered when memorizing Latin nouns.

Examples of Latin feminine first declension nouns

Names of objects and plants:

• alga, ae (f.) algae
• aqua, ae (f.) water
• barba, ae (f.) beard
• betŭla, ae (f.) birch
• caltha, ae (f.) marigold
• cista, ae (f.) chest
• dolābra, ae (f.) hoe
• esca, ae (f.) food; bait
• faba, ae (f.) bean
• herba, ae (f.) grass
• lappa, ae (f.) burdock
• luna, ae (f.) moon
• margarīta, ae (f.) pearl
• rota, ae (f.) wheel
• sagitta, ae (f.) arrow
• silva, ae (f.) forest
• statua, ae (f.) statue
• stella, ae (f.) star
• terra, ae (f.) earth
• umbra, ae (f.) shadow
• via, ae (f.) road

Names of persons and animals:

• alauda, ​​ae (f.) lark
• amīca, ae (f.) friend
• aquĭla, ae (f.) eagle
• bestia, ae (f.) beast
• blatta, ae (f.) mole
• Diāna, ae (f.) Diana
• discipŭla, ae (f.) student
• equa, ae (f.) mare
• filia, ae (f.) daughter
• lupa, ae (f.) she-wolf
• luscinia, ae (f.) nightingale
• magistra, ae (f.) teacher
• Minerva, ae (f.) Minerva
• musca, ae (f.) fly
• rana, ae (f.) frog

Names of actions, states, and other abstract concepts:

• fuga, ae (f.) flight
• historia, ae (f.) history
• laetitia, ae (f.) joy
• natūra, ae (f.) nature
• philosophia, ae (f.) philosophy
• potentia, ae (f.) power
• scientia, ae (f.) knowledge
• vita, ae (f.) life

Words of the 1st declension category pluralia tantum

In words pluralia tantum(literally - 'plural only') are nouns that do not have singular forms. They are used only in plural forms, but can also denote a single object. How many objects are denoted by a category noun? pluralia tantum, depends on the context and situation. There are similar words in the Russian language: watch, sleigh, scissors, pants and others. True, in Russian, unlike Latin, these words often denote objects consisting of clearly observable paired parts, which historically explains the plurality of forms of the corresponding nouns.

Since words have categories pluralia tantum If there are no singular forms, then their dictionary entry will have a form somewhat different from the type of dictionary entry of ordinary nouns: instead of the singular number, the plural forms will be indicated.

Example words pluralia tantum in the 1st declension of Latin:

• Athēnae, ārum (f.) Athens (city)
• indutiae, ārum (f.) truce
• insidiae, ārum (f.) ambush; intrigues
• nugae, ārum (f.) nonsense, trifles
• praestigiae, ārum (f.) focus; sell
• tenĕbrae, ārum (f.) darkness
• Thebae, ārum (f.) Thebes (city)

Some Latin nouns are category words pluralia tantum not in all its meanings. Thus, the noun copia is an ordinary noun meaning ‘multitude, abundance’(hence the word copy in Russian), but in the meaning of ‘army’ it becomes a category word pluralia tantum- copiae.

Wed. also: littĕra, ae (f.) letter and littĕrae, ārum (f.) letter.

Composition of the first declension in Latin

The first declension in Latin consists of feminine (feminīnum) and masculine (masculīnum) nouns. Moreover, there are much more feminine nouns of the first declension in Latin than masculine nouns of the first declension.

In this regard, an analogy with the first declension of the school grammar of the Russian language is appropriate: it mainly includes words of the feminine gender (woman, wall, birch, war, friendship and others), but there are - in smaller numbers - masculine words (young man, grandfather , Satan and others).

It is important to pay attention to the fact that in first declension of Latin(as in the Russian first declension) a semantic restriction is imposed on masculine nouns: these are always animate nouns denoting male persons. At the same time, feminine nouns of the first declension of Latin can be both animate and inanimate; denote both persons and objects or concepts.

Examples of Latin masculine first declension nouns

• athlēta, ae (m.) athlete
• convīva, ae (m.) table companion
• lixa, ae (m.) sutler
• nauta, ae (m.) sailor
• pirāta, ae (m.) pirate
• poēta, ae (m.) poet
• scriba, ae (m.) scribe

Latin names of rivers of the 1st declension

Regularly - however, with a number of exceptions - the names of rivers are masculine among the nouns of the 1st declension in Latin. This is explained by the influence of mythological ideas on the grammar of the Latin language. River deities were usually thought of as male, which is also reflected in the art of antiquity. Here are examples of river names of the 1st declination:

• Sequăna, ae (m.) Sequana (river in Gaul; modern Seine)
• Matŏna, ae (m.) Matrona (river in Gaul; modern Marne)

Thus, for the Latin linguistic consciousness Seine river or Marne river- This He, but not she, in contrast to Russian or French linguistic consciousness. Therefore, adjectives in Latin agree with such nouns in the masculine gender, and not in the feminine gender.

More about rivers in ancient mythology:

ZAUMNIK.RU, Egor Polikarpov, teacher of Latin and ancient Greek: text, scientific editing, scientific proofreading. To order the services of a Latin tutor or translator, please write here: or here.

Renaissance (i.e. Rebirth), in the XIV-XVI centuries, when there was, as it were, a new discovery of a great civilization that seemed an unattainable example. It was then that the concept of “ancient” (antiquus) began to be attached to the history of Ancient Greece and Rome. At this time, Renaissance figures found and saved from destruction a large number of Latin and Greek manuscripts that preserved the works of ancient writers. They turned out to be masterpieces, works of the highest class,

first class, classic. This word is also attached to concepts associated with antiquity - classical languages, classical sculpture, classical archaeology.

MORPHOLOGY

Lesson 3

Noun. (Nomen substantivum) First declension

The Latin noun has 3 grammatical genders: genus masculinum (m) - masculine;

genus femininum (f) – feminine gender; genus neutrum (n) – neuter gender;

(genus commune (g.c.) – the common genus of the names of some animals).

It should be remembered that the gender of a noun in different languages ​​does not always coincide: the Russian word “muscle” is feminine, and the Latin “musculus” is masculine.

The gender of a Latin noun is determined by the ending of the nominative singular, or by meaning, for example, femǐna is feminine (woman), but nauta is masculine (sailor).

(Cf.: Russian voivode a - masculine gender in meaning).

By meaning, masculine names, in addition to male persons and animals, include the names of winds, months and rivers: Augustus (August), Boreas (Boreas - north wind), Rhodanus (Rhone River).

Feminine names, in addition to the names of female persons and animals, include the names of cities, countries, islands, and trees. Roma (Rome), betǔla (birch), Creta (Crete), Graecia (Greece).

The Latin noun has 2 numbers:

– numĕrus singularis (sing.) – singular;

– numĕrus pluralis (pl.) – plural.

Sometimes the meaning of a Latin word in the plural differs from its meaning in the singular: copia (sing.) - abundance, supply, copiae (pl.) - army, (cf.: hour - hours, dirt - dirt).

Some words are used only in the plural: arma (pl.) – weapon, castra (pl.) – camp, (cf.: scissors, sleigh, darkness).

§ 14. Cases

The Latin noun has six cases (casus):

treatment (See father, elder) Veterinary medical terms are used almost

always in the form of the nominative and genitive cases.

§ 15. Declension of nouns

Declension is very important in Latin. The Latin noun has five of them. Since a noun of different declensions sometimes has the same nominative singular ending, declension is determined by the ending of the genitive singular.

IN Latin dictionaries list nouns

V two forms: next to the nominative case form

singular is the ending of the genitive singular or the full form of the genitive case

(planta, ae; ocǔlus, i; os, ossis).

Table 1 Genitive singular endings

The stem of a Latin noun is the unchangeable part of the word, which is determined by the genitive singular by dropping the ending:

Table 2 Endings of the nominative and genitive cases of all declensions

Declension
			Us, -er, -um, -on

§ 16. First declension of nouns and adjectives

TO I declension includes nouns and

feminine adjectives ending in the nominative singular -a and in the genitive singular -ae, for example aqua, aquae; fractura, fracturae; alba, albae.

Some nouns of the first declension are masculine in meaning: nauta, nautae m – sailor; collega, collegae m – colleague; poēta, potae m – poet; agricǒla, agricǒlae m –

farmer

In the term, adjectives, unlike the Russian language, come after the noun. For example: medicinal plant

– planta (noun) medicata (adj.). When declension by cases in such

nouns and adjectives only the ending changes, for example:

		lingua latina – Latin language
				Plur.
				linguārum latinārum

Exercises

1) Read and determine the declension of nouns.

Derma, dermatis; fascia, fasciae; cutis, cutis; carpus, carpi; venter, ventris; rabies, rabies; genu, genus; sepsis, sepsis; squama, squamae; corpus, corporis; ocǔlus, oculi; cartilago, cartilaginis; cornu, cornus; manus, manus.

2) Identify and write down the stem of the following Latin nouns.

Stoma, stomatis; scapula, scapulae; dorsum, dorsi; frons, frontis; ungula, ungulae; iris, iridis; caput, capitis; inflammatio, inflammation; vulnus, vulneris; tetǎnus, tetani; ren, renis; femur, femoris; processus, processus; species, species.

3) Try to guess the meaning of the following Latin words and determine their gender.

Majus, Hispania, Troja, olīva, Februarius, Sicilia, Nilus, Finnia, Januaris, Syria, laurus, Eurus, nympha, Danubius, Polonia, Genua, imperator, poēta, rosa, December, Romania, Aprilis, Hungaria, Styx, Lithuania, Petropǒlis, Creta.

4) Determine number and case of Latin nouns

I declension.

Vertebrārum, herbas, fracturam, costae, lamǐnis, scapula, ungulārum.

5) Find a phrase with a grammatical error. Vita longa, fasciae latae, fracturis compositis, plantārum

amaris, linguam latinam, orbitas dextras.

6) Write down and translate the nouns of the first declension. Gingiva, a.e.; cranium, i; vacca, ae ; res, ei; juba, ae; quercus

us ; glandula, ae; ocǔlus, i ; ala, ae; spina, ae; cornu, us; scabies, ei ;

homo, ĭnis; fibra, ae; mucilago, ĭnis; sutura, ae; abomasum, i; incisura, ae.

7) Make up phrases from a noun and an adjective, translate the resulting phrases.

Pattern: fascia lata (fascia lata).

8) Decline.

Scapula dextra; fractura composita; costa vera.

9) Select Russian sayings that correspond to Latin ones; find in them words related to the first declension.

Mala gallina, malum ovum. Bad chicken, bad egg. Aquǐla non captat muscas. The eagle doesn't catch flies.

Mala herba cito crescit. Bad grass grows quickly. Luscinia parva, sed vox magna. The nightingale is small, but

§ 17. Greek doublets

Pay attention to the Greek roots corresponding to the Latin nouns of the first declension. (The suffix – itis forms terms meaning “inflammation”)

			Table 3
Greek doublets of Latin terms
Latin	Greek
noun I	alternate roots	Meaning	suffix
declination
		cornea	keratitis
			adenitis
			glossitis glossitis
		breast	mastitis
		spinal cord	myelitis myelitis
			blepharitis blepharitis
			phlebitis phlebitis
			cystitis cystitis
		(uric)

Terminological minimum

1st declension nouns

ala, ae f wing				cardia, ae f	heart, entrance
	ae f entrance, hole			esophagus to stomach
aqua, ae f				fibra, ae f fiber
сара, ае f				fissura, ae f	gap, crack
fovea, ae f				planta, ae f	plant
fractura, ae f				plica, ae f fold
gingiva, ae f				ruptura, ae f rupture
glándula, ae f gland				spina, ae f spine, ridge
glossa, ae f		(Greek) language		squama, ae f scales
herba, ae f				sutura, ae f
incisura, ae f				úngula, ae f
juba, ae f				vagina, ae f	vagina
lámina, ae f			plate	vacca, ae f cow
medulla, ae f			bone marrow,	vesica, ae f
dorsal, oblong				vita, ae f life
orbita, ae f		eye socket

Adjectives of the 1st declension

alba - white compósita - complex magna - large parva - small plana - flat profunda - deep

proxima - closest

flava (lútea) - yellow longa - long

pura - pure rubra - red spúria - false vera - true

Questions for self-control

1. What grammatical categories does a Latin noun have?

2. How to determine the declension of a noun?

3. How to find the stem of a Latin noun?

4. What nouns belong to the 1st declension?

5. What exceptions in the first declension can you name?

§18. Regional studies

Read the following text and answer the questions:

1. What parts did the name of a Roman citizen consist of?

2. What names did Roman women get? What were the names of the daughters of Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Tullius Cicero, and Mark Antony?

3. What name did a freedman receive?

4. How can you explain the meaning of the Latin names: Gennady, Victor, Konstantin, Valery, Nona?

5. Remember the following Latin expressions:

Nomen est omen. The name is already a sign.

Magni nominis umbra. The shadow of a great name.

Venerable nomen. A respectable name.

Nomina obscura. Dark names.

Roman names

The Romans usually had three names, just like we do - first name, patronymic and last name.

The first name - praenomen - was personal, like Peter or Mary. There were few such names, there were no more than 30 of them. In writing they were abbreviated by one, two or three letters. Such abbreviations were very common, and therefore it is necessary

be able to reveal them; Here are the most common ones:

The second name - nomen - was the name of the clan and corresponded approximately to our surname.

The third name - cognomen - was a nickname that was assigned to everyone according to some characteristics: the red-haired one - Rufus, the trickster - Cato, the big-nosed one - Nazon.

A cognomen distinguished a family or a separate branch of a given genus. For example, the families of the Scipios, Rufini, Lentuli and some others belonged to the Cornelian family.

Sometimes, for some special merit, a Roman received a fourth name or second nickname - agnomen. Publius Cornelius Scipio, in honor of the victory he won over Hannibal in Africa in 202 BC, began to be called

solemnly African (Africanus, cf.: nicknames of Russian commanders - Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Suvorov Rymniksky, Potemkin Tauride).

Women were called by their father's generic name in the feminine form. The daughter of Publius Cornelius Scipio was called Cornelia, the daughter of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo was called Domitia. When another daughter appeared in the family, a prenomen was added to the name of both: Elder (Major) and Younger (Minor), other sisters were nicknamed Third (Tertia), Fifth (Quintilla), etc. A married woman kept her name, but her husband's cognomen was added to it: Cornelia, daughter of Cornelia, (wife) of Gracchus (Cornelia, filia Cornelii, Gracchi).

Slaves were named by their origin: Sir (a native of Syria), Gall (a native of Gaul), Phrixus (from Phrygia); by the names of mythical heroes: Achilles, Hector; by the names of plants or stones: Adamant, Sardonicus, etc. Sometimes slaves, who were often called "boy" (puer), were given the owner's name in the genitive case: Marcipor (from Marcipuer), that is, the slave of Mark.

Freedmen (that is, slaves who received freedom) acquired the clan and personal name of the former master, their own name was placed in third place as a cognomen. Thus, Cicero’s secretary Tiron, freed from slavery, was called: Marcus Tullius Marci libertus Tiro.

Lesson 4 Second declension of nouns and adjectives

§ 19. Second declension of nouns

The II declension includes masculine nouns starting with -us, -er in Nom. sing., and neuter on - um. In Gen. sing.

they all end in - i (nervus, nervi m; aper, apri m; unguentum, unguenti m).

In addition, the 2nd declension includes masculine and neuter adjectives with the same endings:

The II declension also includes incompletely Latinized terms of Greek origin with the ending -os (ophthalmós, i m - eye); and with the ending – on

(órganon, i n – organ).

Exceptions to the rules are words of the second declension related to the feminine gender:

alvus, i – belly;

bolus, i – clay, large pill; popǔlus, i – poplar;

junipĕrus, i – juniper; periŏdus, i – period;

humus, i – soil and some others,

and also one neuter word: virus, i – poison.

						Table 4
	Endings of the II declension of nouns

Table 5

Sample noun declension

musculus, i m – muscle, aper, i m – boar, remedium, i n – medicine

The noun of the 2nd declension ends in Dat. and Abl. coincide in singular and plural.

§20. Second declension of adjectives

Adjectives of the second declension fully agree in declension with the corresponding noun

GRAMMARICAL CATEGORIES OF A NOUN In Latin, a noun has:
three kinds:
Masulīnum m, (masculine)
Femininum
f, (feminine)
n (neuter)
Neutrum
two numbers:;
singularis (singular),
plurālis (plural);

5 cases:

5 CASES:
nominatīvus (N.) (nominative)
genetīvus (G.) (genitive)
datīvus (D.) (dative)
accusatīvus (Acc.) (accusative)
ablatīvus (Abl.) (instrumental)

Gives everything you need about him
information.
In the dictionary the noun is given in
in the following order:
On
first place, completely - form
nominatīvus singularis (nominative
singular case).
In second place, after the decimal point always
give the ending, the last syllables
or full form genetīvus singularis
(genitive case singular
numbers).
In third place, last
A brief designation of the genus is given.
medical

DICTIONARY FORM OF A NOUN

IN
Latin is important
find the right basis.
She is in shape
genitive case by
discarding the ending.
No. Tinctura; ae; f
Gen. Tinctur-ae

General rule for determining genus

GENERAL RULE DEFINITION
RODA
Gender is determined by ending
genitive noun,
singular.
M.R. –us(er), oculus- eye
Zh.r. - a,
gutta - drop
Wed-um(en), oleum-oil
In Latin, the nouns that or
of a different gender, do not coincide with the Russian gender
language
Muscle – musculus
Zh.r.
M.R.

TYPES OF DECLINATION

IN
Latin 5 types
declination.
Declension of nouns
practically determined by
ending genetīvus singularis
(genitive case
singular).
Genitive form y
each declination is individual

1st Declension of Nouns

TO
first declension refers to
nouns in the nominative
case, singular,
feminine gender ending in a.
(Tinctura)
Genitive singular
numbers have the ending ae.(Tincturae)
Declension occurs by
adding case endings to
basis.

Table of case endings of the first declension

TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS
FIRST declension
Singular
Cases
Plural
No.
Tinctura
Tincturae
Gen.
Tincturae
Tincturarum
Dat.
Tincturae
Tincturis
Acc.
Tincturam
Tincturas
Abl.
Tinctura
Tincturis
f
f

10. 2ND DECLINATION OF NOUNS

Co.
second declension include

case, singular
masculine endings us(er) and neuter endings having
endings –um(en).


masculine same –i.
Musculi -m Decocti -n

11. Exception to the rules about the second declension gender

EXCEPTION TO GENERAL RULES
SECOND declension
1)Bolus, i, f, - clay
2) Nouns with
ending us denoting
the meaning of trees and
bushes regardless of
there are always declinations
female.
Crataegus, i, f.
Sorbus, i, f.

12. Table of case endings of the second declension

TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS
SECOND declension
Pade
live
Singular
m
n
Plural
m
n
No.
Musculus
Decoctum Musculi
Gen.
Musculi
Decocti
Musculorum Decoctorum
Dat.
Musculo
Decocto
Musculis
Decoctis
Acc.
Musculum
Decoctum Musculos
Decoctos
Abl.
Musculo
Decocto
Decoctis
Musculis
Decocta

13. 3rd CLECLINATION OF NOUNS

Third declension nouns can be m.r.,
f.r., middle r. with different endings. In genitive
case, singular have the ending -is
M.R.
o- homo
or-higuor
os - flos
er-aether
Es-pes
ex-cortex
Zh.r.
as-sanitas
is- auris
ax-borax
ux-nux
ix-radix
rs-pars
io-solutio
Wed.
en-semen
ur-sulfur
ut-caput
ma- rhizoma
l-mel
c-lac
al-animal

14. Nouns of the 3rd declension are

3rd NOUNS
THERE ARE DECLINATIONS
Equals
complex (those with a number of
syllables in the genitive case equal to the number
syllables in the nominative case singular
numbers)
No. Cu-tis
Gen. Cu-tis
Not equally complex (such
nouns with the number of syllables in
genitive singular case
more than the number of syllables in the nominative
singular.
No. cor-pus
Gen. cor-po-ris

15. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 3rd declension

DICTIONARY FORM

Equally complex
nouns 3- his
declination:
In first place is
noun in genitive
singular case.
The ending comes in second place.
genitive case.
In third place is the genus.
Auris, is, f.

16. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 3rd declension

DICTIONARY FORM
NOUNS OF THE 3rd CLENSITION
They are not equally complex
nouns:
In first place is
noun in
genitive case
singular.
In second place is given
ending genitive
case together with the end of the stem
Apicis, isci, m.

17. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 3rd declension

DICTIONARY FORM
NOUNS OF THE 3rd CLENSITION
Monosyllabic:
In first place is
noun in
genitive case
singular.
In second place is indicated
full noun.
Flos, floris, m.

18. Table of case endings of the third declension

TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS OF THIRD
DECLENSITIONS
Cases Singular Plural
n
Different
Semen
m,f
n
No.
m,f
Different
Solutio
Solutions
Semina
Gen.
Solutionis
Seminis
Solutionum
Seminum
Dat.
Solutioni
Semini
Solutionibus Seminibus
Acc.
Solutionem =Nom
Semen
Solutions
Abl.
Solution
Solutionibus Seminibus
Semine
Semina

19. 4TH DECLINATION OF NOUNS

TO
the fourth declension refers to
nominative nouns
case, singular
masculine endings - us and
neuter endings –u.
Fructus, us, m
Cornu, us, n
In the genitive case ending
singular middle and
masculine same - us

20. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 4th declension

DICTIONARY FORM
NOUNS 4TH
DECLENSITIONS
On
comes first
noun in
nominative case
singular.
The ending comes in second place.
genitive case.
In third place is the letter
gender indicated

21. Table of case endings of the fourth declension

TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS OF THE FOURTH
DECLENSITIONS
Cases
Singular
Plural
number
m
n
m
n
No.
Fructus
Cornu
Fructus
Gen.
Fructus
Cornus
Fructuum Cornuum
Acc.
Fructum
Cornu
Fructus
Abl.
Fructu
Cornu
Fructibus Cornibus
Cornua
Cornua

22. 5TH DECLINATION OF NOUNS

TO
first declension
include nouns in
nominative case,
singular, feminine
genders ending in -s
Genitive
has singular
ending –ei
Facies, ei,
f.

23. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 5th declension

DICTIONARY FORM
NOUNS
5th
DECLENSITIONS
On
comes first
noun in
nominative case
singular.
The ending comes in second place.
genitive case.
In third place is the letter
gender indicated

24. Table of case endings of the fifth declension

TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS
FIFTH declension
Cases Singular Plural
number
number
Nom
f
Facies
f
Facies
Gen
Faciei
Facierum
ACC
Faciem
Facies
Abl
Facie