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Throughout human history, weapons have been improved. New species appeared, which served as a springboard for the next. From stones on sticks to nuclear weapons. In the 20th century there was great demand for submachine guns. The Second World War showed their reliability and necessity for use by the army. As many people know, before the Second World War, the Soviet Union used PPSh, which could no longer correspond to that time. Therefore, the task was set to create a new submachine gun. Combined everything good qualities its predecessor and was better than its PPS machine gun, specifications which are described below.
Story
Before moving on to the description of the weapon, it is necessary to consider its creation. The history of the PPS assault rifle begins in 1942, when the predecessor PPSh no longer met the new framework. However, the government believed that new machine should have had the same features as the outdated model. Therefore, the requirements put forward by him required the creation of a submachine gun that would be more technologically advanced and simpler in design and operation, but would have the same advantages as the PPSh. Designer Sudaev, after whom the legendary weapon was named, put forward his project, which turned out to be the best.
Requirements
There were requests for the new submachine gun, which the PPS machine gun fully complied with. The requirements can be summarized as follows:
- The new weapon should be cheaper than the PPSh. At the same time possess best characteristics and ease of production.
- It should have been lighter. The large PPSh was inconvenient for reconnaissance officers, landing troops, tank crews and signalmen, who could not use it for various reasons. Interestingly, the PPSh was 400 g lighter than its German counterpart MP-40, but even this was not an argument.
- The store was supposed to be a simple box store. And the dimensions are small. The rate of fire, oddly enough, is better slow. This increases the accuracy of the fire. All this would make the new submachine gun much more convenient than the PPSh.
Indicators
How good was the weapon of victory, the PPS machine gun? TsAMO (Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense) has information that proves that the new weapons had the most stringent requirements. D.N. Bolitin gives the following indicators. So, the weight of the new submachine gun should have been from 2.5 to 3 kg. The rate of fire that the model could have was limited to an interval of 450-500 rounds per minute. This was a value that made it possible to increase the accuracy of shots. In addition to everything described above, there were also strict requirements for technology. The most important thing is the maximum simplification of production, which was carried out through automatic processing and simplification of the design as a whole. The new submachine gun was to be made of 2-3 mm steel, which was processed mechanically, which would increase speed.
The restrictions also applied to the equipment itself: it was only possible to use pressing equipment, limited in power. The use of complex stamps, which could slow down production, was not allowed. And for one sample only 3-3.5 hours of work on the machine were given. All this was directly aimed at maximizing the number of submachine guns in the limited time required in military operations.
Start of production
The new PPS machine gun passed comparative tests back in July 1942. Already in 1943 it began mass production. It was necessary to carry out tests and improvements as quickly as possible, since the army needed a new submachine gun to replace the old PPSh, which was much inferior to similar enemy models. The first model from which mass production began was PPS-42. It was introduced into parts of the Leningrad Front, where the machine gun performed well and was liked by the soldiers. However, it was necessary to make some changes to the design, so in 1943 the PPS-43 was created, which had a caliber of 7.62 mm. Sudaev's improved submachine gun was even more functional and demonstrative. Thus, the new machine gun has become the leading one among all models of this type of small arms.
PPS-42
The model, which did not meet all the requirements and had flaws, needed to be corrected. A new PPS machine gun was put into serial production. The device had the best performance. Therefore, PPS-42 is quite difficult to find, few of them were produced. They are quite rare in private collections and museums. But how do the models differ? With the replaced device, the connection point of the shoulder rest with the rods is lower, the upper arm of the rest is much longer than the lower one. This is one of the main external differences, anyone can notice it, even those unfamiliar with the features of the machines of that time. However, in the photographs the part that is distinctive feature, is most often hidden by the shooter's shoulder, so it is not so well known.
Also, PPS-42 and 43 have another interesting difference: when the butt is folded, the shoulder rest in the earlier model is located in front of the sight block, while in the other it covers it. How can this be explained? In PPS-43, the length of the barrel and butt was reduced, and therefore the overall length became much shorter (from 907 to 820 mm). This also made it possible to greatly reduce the weight of the model. In addition, there are some technological changes that have increased the combat qualities of the PPS-43. However, they cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Saving
During the fighting, the country falls into crisis. Not enough money for production expensive models. Therefore, the new machine gun PPP had much more economical design, which used less metal elements, than in PCA. This made it possible to reduce the cost of weapons in general. In addition, the percentage of waste in the production of these two submachine guns also differs greatly in favor of PPP (48%). For PPSh, the same figure was 60-70%. During the production of the new machine gun, both stamping and welding were widely used, and the PPS-43 itself was made of metal almost entirely, excluding only the handle linings, which were made of wood; later plastic was also used.
Description
The PPS, like most submachine guns, fired using the recoil energy of the free bolt. This principle was also used by the PPSh and other models of weapons of this type. As already mentioned, the government has set a goal to increase the accuracy of fire. At that time, this was only possible with a decrease in speed, which was used at the PPP, perhaps the most in a simple way and at the same time the most effective. There were two options (if you take a weapon with the blowback principle): either increase the mass of the bolt itself, or use additional components. However, the device was already extremely massive, and the second option greatly complicated the design.
Differences
The MP-40, the German analogue of the PPSh, uses a system of telescopic tubes, which reduce the rate of fire. However, the design is very complicated. In the PPSh-41 the rate of fire reaches 1100 rounds per minute, which greatly increases the spread. Therefore, by the way, the model could not be used in the army. The bolt weight was about 0.6 kg for the PPS. The MP-40 assault rifle had only 600 rounds per minute, and the design did not have a fire translator, which the PPSh-41 had. Therefore, it was not possible to achieve a simple design for this model.
A more technologically advanced solution with a reduced rate of fire was needed. In the PPS-43, for this purpose, the bolt stroke length was increased, which was 142 mm, and in the PPSh it was 83. This made it possible to reduce the rate of fire to 700 rounds per minute. It should be noted that a professional shooter is capable of firing even single shots. This is achieved by briefly pressing the trigger, which, by the way, was also possible on the German MP-40. Reviews of the PPS assault rifle in the army were extremely good.
Design features
Many parts, as well as their purpose, on the PPS-43 and PPSh-41 are quite similar, which is explained by the installation of maintaining combat performance. The Sudaev PPS assault rifle consists of a receiver. The device includes a barrel, bolt and return mechanism. The design also uses a trigger box, which contains the trigger mechanism and safety lock. These two parts are connected by hinges.
Attached to the rear of the receiver is a stock that can be folded. And in front of the trigger is the magazine neck. Steel box has the shape of the letter "P". It is made from a single sheet of steel. From below it is open along its entire length. Its front part forms the barrel casing, which is intended to protect the shooter from burns. Thus, PPS-43 has greater safety than its predecessor. A special device practically eliminates the impact on a person of a device such as a PPS machine (photo can be seen below).
Shot
In the rear part of the receiver, the bolt moves along the guides, which is acted upon by a recoil spring. It is put on the rod and is located offset to the left along the side groove. He, in turn, goes to the bolt cup, where the bottom of the cartridge case is placed. The guide rod acts as a reflector; after the shot, the cartridge case bounces off it and is thrown out the window, which is located on top of the receiver.
Escapement mechanism
The PPS (automatic) has an interesting design. The release mechanism, like most of the parts, is extremely simple. It consists simply of a trigger and a lever, which are connected by an axis. A mechanism is integrated with the trigger box latch. They also have a fuse attached to them. The latch closes both boxes in closed position. The safety device is created in the form of a plate, which is located on the right wall of the trigger box (on its inside).
This position allows you to simultaneously block the trigger mechanism, lock the connecting axis, and lock the bolt. The latter is fixed in the position in which it was when the submachine gun was put on safety. There are two positions here: front and back. In the first, the bolt is secured by the end of the fuse plate, which rests against reverse side into the handle. In the rear position, the bolt handle is secured in the middle part. Thus, a fuse is a device that is controlled by a plate. The machine itself stands on it after moving the handle down and up.
The magazine latch, which is located in front of the trigger guard, is covered with a bracket welded to the neck. It prevents you from accidentally pressing the latch, but at the same time it is intended for convenience. The PPS-43 assault rifle is very functional, its parts often perform several roles, this ensures simplicity of design, and, therefore, speeds up production. It is unlikely that you will be able to create a PPP (automatic machine) with your own hands - this requires special conditions and equipment.
Characteristics
The machine's magazine includes 35 rounds, just like the PPSh. However, the Sudaev PPS assault rifle has a different design for this device. So, it does not have ridges (ribs) and some other parts found on the PPSh magazine. This, by the way, greatly reduces the weight of the entire machine and makes it more technologically advanced. Weight without magazine (260 g without equipment) is about 3 kg. Total weight PPP with cartridges is 3.62 kg. The barrel length is 0.25 m. The bolt weight is about 0.5 kg. Each sample comes complete with 6 magazines, which are carried in bags. Their weight together with the PPS machine gun is 6.82 kg. This is a good indicator.
The real weapon of victory - the PPS-43 assault rifle - has become a legend. PPSh and PPS assault rifles are great weapons. They are credited with a great contribution to the liberation of Leningrad. However, until the end of the Great Patriotic War PPSh was produced in large quantities, rather than PPP. Historians and experts call this submachine gun the best among all weapons of this type of those times. PPS-43 includes all the technical innovations of that time and at the same time remains easy to use and manufacture.
Almost every beekeeper strives to improve his beekeeping. He chooses new evidence for them to live on. They are studying what material can be used to make beehives with their own hands. One of these materials is polystyrene foam. It is quite lightweight and has thermal conductivity properties.
Such material has been used for a long time, but not everyone risks turning it into evidence on their own. All because there is not enough knowledge. To do this, you need to read special literature and watch the video.
However, there are those who prefer to house families in wooden evidence, considering them more reliable. But each material has its own disadvantages and advantages. In this article we will try to understand them regarding polystyrene foam. We’ll also see how to make evidence with your own hands.
Advantages of polystyrene foam hives
This material is often used to build houses; they turn out to be quiet and durable, and, not least important, clean. What are the advantages of polystyrene foam hives:
- The cases can be identical, which allows them to be easily swapped.
- Beehives made of polystyrene foam have no allowances.
- The material is quite resistant to moisture and is not susceptible to problems such as cracking, splits, knots and snags. Such damage can interfere with the normal functioning of bees.
- They are durable and easy to use.
- Very easy to understand.
- Reliably protects families from various adverse weather conditions.
- It does not succumb to rotting processes, which allows you to maintain the required climate in evidence. It is distinguished by its thermal conductivity.
- Easily repaired if damaged.
- Is economical.
Working with polystyrene foam is very simple; all parts of evidence made from this material are replaceable.
An undoubted advantage is the fact that hives can be easily made from this material with your own hands. Simple drawings are available.
What is the feature
The sides of the body have smooth surface. Attracts handsome White color. Such hives do not need additional insulation, for example, pillows.
Most beekeepers recommend using polystyrene foam evidence specifically for summer period when there is active pollen collection. The entrance in such a hive is quite wide open, which allows air to penetrate inside. In this case, the bees do not feel hot, and they breathe freely in any opening.
During winter period, or in a humid climate, special bottoms are created that help set up taphole barriers.
The current apiary does not use various rags, cotton wool or small hand-made blocks to reduce the entrances. They are not practical and difficult to use.
What are the disadvantages of polystyrene foam hives?
In addition to a wide range of advantages polystyrene foam hives have a number of disadvantages:
- The folded housings are not strong enough inside.
- The body is difficult to clean from propolis residues.
- Contraindicated blowtorch, which significantly complicates disinfection, unlike wooden hives.
- For disinfection it is necessary to use products with chemical composition, which can harm the bee family and damage the hive itself. Therefore, few beekeepers resort to alkaline agents, for example, ash from sunflower tops.
- The material does not have the property of absorbing water, for this reason it accumulates at the bottom of the evidence.
It has not yet been fully clarified, but contained in polystyrene hive bees become more voracious. A strong family in a new home will need about 25 kg of honey. This behavior can be prevented through ventilation. Due to this, the humidity decreases and the nesting temperature drops, the bees stop worrying and eat large amounts of food.
- Due to the fact that there is no way to regulate the entrance, thieves, for example, small rodents, can get to the bees. also in cold period the microclimate is disrupted.
How to choose material for building a hive
To make a hive with your own hands, you should acquire the following tools and materials:
- A simple pencil (you can use felt-tip pens).
- Self-tapping screws (15 cm and 17 cm).
- PVA glue.
- Small stationery knife.
- Screwdriver Set.
- Ruler, 1 m long.
If the bee family heavily soils the nests with propolis, then you need to buy the necessary corners. They are made of plastic and are used in finishing work.
Due to the fragility of polystyrene foam, all manipulations must be carried out very carefully. Making a hive with your own hands is not hard work, the main thing is that all equipment and materials are at hand.
During manufacture, an appropriate mesh is placed at the bottom of the evidence, which will provide ventilation. The main rule is its strength. The cells in the grid fluctuate around 3.5 mm. Aluminum mesh, which is used for tuning vehicles, is perfect for this purpose.
Technical aspects of constructing a hive with your own hands from polystyrene foam
Before making evidence from polystyrene foam, a drawing is made with clear markings.
The surface of the material is carefully lubricated with glue. After which the parts are thoroughly compressed. Fastening is carried out using self-tapping screws. Don't forget to indent 10 cm.
In fact, making a hive with your own hands is quite simple. In this case, you must strictly follow the dimensions of the drawing. Everything should be measured very clearly, taking into account the straightness and flatness of the corners. If even a tiny gap appears between the case walls, this will lead to light entering there. Having noticed it, the bees will actively gnaw through the gap, and thus a new entrance will appear. Therefore, everything needs to be very accurately measured, cut and fastened.
How to make a hive can be seen in the video:
Or on video.
Scheme. Polystyrene foam hive
Also, you need to take a closer look at the drawings, which are drawn out in detail, indicating the dimensions. They should definitely be studied and taken into account when building a polystyrene foam hive.
You can see what hives made of polystyrene foam look like in the video.
How do bees live in a polystyrene hive?
A unique feature is that it is in the polystyrene foam that bees swarm less.
Those beekeepers who are all for environmentally friendly materials believe that bees are more comfortable living in a wooden cage. But in fact, this is a fallacy.
Expanded polystyrene can be safely considered a worthy replacement for wood. The material can solve many of the problems that one has to face when having hives made of wood. Bees, especially honey bees, very easily adapt to a house made of such material, and I feel even better in some ways, this is expressed in:
- Bees leave polystyrene foam hives less often than wooden ones and swarm less.
- In polystyrene foam hives, bees developed more quickly, and this, in turn, indicates that they are stronger during the period of active honey collection.
- Due to the high thermal insulation of the material, the climate inside remains stable, which is why the volume of the brood nest increases. In a hive made of polystyrene foam, the queen behaves actively and begins to work earlier. Work is carried out from the last frame, and not from the usual middle of the nest. The result of such work is usually better than that of others.
- A bee colony lives wonderfully in a polystyrene foam hive during the hot summer season, as it is well ventilated. Fresh air reaches the bees.
Bees in such a hive become more active, so they will need more feeding.
How to transplant bees from a wooden hive to a polystyrene foam hive can be seen in the video.
Winter period in polystyrene foam hives. Can they be transported?
Evidence that was made from polystyrene foam is quite easily transported to places where a lot of bribes can be received. But a significant disadvantage is the difficulty of fastening. For such purposes, special belts are purchased. To avoid wind shifting, ordinary bricks are used as pressure. With them the body is more stable.
For wintering, it is recommended to leave polystyrene foam hives outside. Because the spring flight will begin quite early. In such houses, the bees quickly gain strength, and I collect the amount of honey they need. For insulation you will not need various insulation materials and pillows. The video describes wintering in such hives.
What beekeepers say about polystyrene foam hives
At this time, most beekeepers have very mixed opinions about polystyrene foam hives.
Many people think that it is very difficult to make, since the foam tends to crumble. When cleaning the housings, polystyrene foam is subjected to destruction, crumbling into grains. At the same time, the products begin to lose their healing qualities.
Also, hives made of such material can be worn out quickly. Then the gaps must be closed with propolis. In addition, polystyrene foam is attractive to various small rodents, who chew it with pleasure and easily seep into the bee house. You can convince yourself whether bees gnaw such hives by watching the video.
You can’t do without a net on the bottom, otherwise the sunbed will become damp and covered with mold. Food in such a hive quickly deteriorates, which is destructive for the bees.
TO positive feedback This can be attributed to the fact that the polystyrene foam hive holds the temperature well and is stable.
Evidence made from such material is fragile and must be constantly monitored in case of shock.
Beekeepers who prefer everything natural believe that a wooden hive is best suited for keeping bees. After all, they are accustomed to living and developing in tree hollows. This material is quite durable and is better suited for collecting honey.
There have also been complaints about light leaking into the polystyrene foam hive. It cannot be painted, as the material is hypersensitive to solvents. It was also discovered that the small moth manages to make a move, but there is no way to disinfect it with a burner.
Many beekeepers insist that evidence made from polystyrene foam is warm and moisture-resistant. Others, on the contrary, insist on excessive dampness and mold.
Judging by the reviews, the conclusion suggests itself that making beehives from polystyrene foam should be done very carefully, strictly follow the drawings and take into account any nuances. If you do not adhere to them, in the near future there will be unpleasant consequences. The location of the apiary of such hives and climatic conditions also matter.
For example, in Europe hives made of polystyrene foam are highly valued. Beekeepers insist on their strength, since the material is quite dense in nature. There they completely abandoned wooden hives, and for a long time. Europeans believe that they have a lot of shortcomings.
It is very difficult to understand all the variety of houses for bees. It is especially difficult for an inexperienced beekeeper: every type of hive, every design, from a log to modern hives, has its pros and cons.
For me on initial stage In beekeeping, this issue also turned out to be one of the primary ones. For myself, I decided to independently make inexpensive and lightweight hives from extruded polystyrene foam (EPS) of the appropriate density.
Advantages of polystyrene foam hives:
- a light weight;
- ease of manufacture;
- maintainability;
- low cost of material;
- you do not need to have special skills and tools for woodworking;
- high thermal insulation.
Bees feel very comfortable in such hives. This is confirmed by excellent spring development, less swarming compared to bee colonies in wooden hives and successful wintering. In Europe, such hives have been produced and actively used for quite a long time.
The microclimate and organization of air exchange in hives made of PPS differ from those that exist in wooden hives. The use of pillows and canvas is not allowed in PPS ulkhs. Instead of canvas, a regular one is used polyethylene film. There should be nothing in the hive that can absorb moisture. Expanded polystyrene itself is non-hygroscopic.
Ventilation all year round, except for the early spring period, is carried out through a mesh bottom and an open lower entrance. An upper entrance is only necessary if a dividing grid is placed between the bodies so that bees loaded with nectar and pollen do not experience difficulties in overcoming it.
In early spring, immediately after the exhibition of hives from the winter hut or after the bees have flown around, if the winter hut was in the wild, the mesh bottom should be closed with a plug. This is necessary for maximum concentration of heat inside the hive, so that it is easier for a bee colony weakened after winter to heat the brood and successfully as soon as possible prepare a shift of wintering bees. When the threat of returning cold passes, the plug in the mesh bottom must be removed.
There is no need to insulate the hive and nest with anything, because polystyrene foam itself is very warm material. It is better to make diaphragms from the same material. PPS hives are much lighter than wooden hives, so it is advisable to weigh them down further. When wintering in the wild, you should take care to protect the hives from birds. The low density of the material obliges the beekeeper to be careful when working with the hive.
Spring cleaning and disinfection of hives made of PPS is limited to washing inner surface hot water, followed by treatment with an alcoholic infusion of propolis, a weak solution of caustic soda or special means for cleaning polystyrene foam hives. Expanded polystyrene cannot be burned.
To make a hive from PPS you will need:
- ruler, pen;
- stationery knife;
- polystyrene foam adhesive;
- slabs of extruded polystyrene foam of appropriate density with a thickness of 50 and 30 mm;
- screws, screwdriver;
- mesh for bottom ventilation with a mesh size of no more than 3.5 mm;
- plastic corners 15x15 mm for gluing into folds under frame hangers.
We mark the sheets using a ruler and pen. Using a knife along a ruler at right angles to the plane of the slab, we cut through the PPS sheet. Then we apply glue to both surfaces to be glued, press them together and fasten them with self-tapping screws every 10-12 cm, recessing the caps by 0.5-1 cm. Self-tapping screws are needed only at the gluing stage, then the structure is held in place by the glue.
It must be remembered that making a hive requires maximum precision. Even a small gap between the two walls of the body allows light to penetrate inside, and the bees immediately make an additional entrance here. In the front and back walls folds are cut out to fit the frames and plastic corners are glued in.
My hive consists of buildings with 12 Dadan frames each, a detachable bottom with a ventilation mesh and a lid. All elements of the hive are interchangeable, which makes work easier and faster. The walls and bottom elements are made of extruded polystyrene foam 50 mm thick. This material is very warm and light. A wall thickness of 50 mm is enough to provide everyone necessary conditions. Cover made of polystyrene foam - 30 mm.
The bodies are connected through a “skirt”. This connection ensures stability, reduces the likelihood of light and air penetration between the housings, and also ensures easy separation of the housings from each other. There is no need to use a chisel when separating. I don’t use seam connections because of problems with removing the housings when the socket is strongly polarized, and the fragility of the seams themselves. A strip of polystyrene foam 20 mm thick is suitable as a taphole barrier. The width of the entrance is adjusted depending on the strength of the bee colony and external conditions.
Thus, a polystyrene foam hive can be easily and cheaply made even in the kitchen. This option is especially relevant for novice beekeepers.
Nikolay TATARENKOV,
