We make the cellar roof ourselves. Step-by-step technique for building a cellar yourself. DIY floor slab

To preserve food, it is necessary to ensure the correct thermal conditions and optimal humidity. For most fruits and vegetables, and the cellar is built primarily for storing them, optimal temperature ranges from +5 to +15 degrees. In addition, it is necessary to protect food from rain and provide ventilation, without which the moisture released from it will lead to mold and spoilage of food. A properly built cellar fully satisfies all these requirements - regardless of the outside temperature, it provides comfortable temperature inside, but natural or forced ventilation protects products from spoilage.

What types of cellars are there?

There are four main types of cellars:

not buried;
shallow;
deeply buried;
combined;
basement

A shallow or shallow cellar is also called a storage shed. It is a small hole in the ground, above which there is a wooden roof. Both of these cellars differ only in the depth of the hole - the shallow one is made in a natural depression, and for the shallowly deepened one they dig a hole up to 1.5 meters deep. A deeply buried cellar goes 2–4 meters underground and is essentially an ordinary dugout. It is more effective than the previous two types, but construction requires a suitable site - most often a small hillock. The combined cellar combines the best features of all the models described above.

It is built in a natural depression, making the walls as strong as possible, and then covered with earth to turn it into a hill. To do this, you will have to use imported soil, but this approach seriously reduces construction costs, because the cost of delivering soil cannot be compared with full-fledged ones. earthworks. This type of cellar is especially effective on rocky soil, where the cost of excavation work is many times more expensive than on other soils. A basement cellar is the most efficient and does not take up free space on the site, but it is the most demanding on soil and labor-intensive to manufacture.

Where can you build a cellar?

Despite the fact that theoretically a cellar can be built on any soil, there are a number of requirements, the fulfillment of which greatly facilitates construction. First of all, this is the absence of high groundwater at the construction site. After all, the higher groundwater, the higher the requirements for the foundation and waterproofing of the cellar. You can determine the groundwater level by contacting a construction or design organization, working in your area, and having carried out test drilling. In addition, you can use the traditional method, for example, checking with an egg, a woolen rag and a glass.

For such a check, at the site of the future cellar, make a flat area slightly larger than a glass, place a piece on it wool fabric, then the egg and cover with a glass. This procedure should be done at lunchtime or in the evening on a clear sunny day. If by morning the glass, egg and rag are dry, then there is no high groundwater in this area and you can make a cellar of any depth. If only a rag or just an egg is damp, then the groundwater level is from three to five meters. A damp rag and egg indicate that the water is less than three meters away, and if drops of dew appear on the inner surface of the glass, then groundwater is directly below the surface of the earth.

Secondly, this mechanical properties soil. The worst conditions for building a cellar are rocky soil and the so-called quicksand, that is, muddy soil. The first is due to the fact that it is very difficult to dig, and the second due to its strong mobility when wet. If you don’t have to choose and only an area with rocky soil or quicksand is available for building a cellar, then to dig out the rock you will have to either hire special equipment or build a shallow storage shed. To compensate for the mobility of quicksand, a hole under the cellar is dug noticeably larger than necessary, then a concrete, wooden or stone box is placed, after which the space between the box and the wall of the pit is filled with a mixture of clay and sand.

It is possible to build a cellar on land with a high groundwater level, but this will require the creation of a concrete box and very serious, and therefore costly, waterproofing. If you don't know what kind of soil is on your site, contact any construction or design company that builds houses in your area. When choosing a location on the site, keep in mind that a small hollow or hole is better suited for a storage shed, and a hill is better suited for a deeply buried cellar.

Preparing for the construction of a cellar

As we have already said, you need to start by determining the composition and properties of the soil, as well as the groundwater level. This can be done using “folk” methods, but it is much safer to contact those who build houses in your area for advice. After this, you need to decide what type of cellar you will build. The next step is to create a project that you can create yourself. During the design, you will determine the size and shape of the future cellar, its depth, measures to strengthen the soil and the amount of materials.

It is at the design stage that it will become clear whether you can dig a hole of the required size and shape yourself, or whether you will have to turn to professional builders. It will also be necessary to determine a place to store building materials and protect them from rain. In addition, you will need to find a place for storing soil, located next to the pit, but not interfering with other work. If you start construction without preparing a project, then there is a very high probability that you will not take something into account and this will lead to various troubles. For example, you can put the soil in the most convenient place for storing building materials, which is why you will have to carry the latter much further.

Groundwork and waterproofing

Under land works imply not only digging a pit, but also creating a sand and crushed stone cushion, as well as a waterproofing layer. On dry ground, it is enough to lay a layer of crushed stone 20–30 cm thick and a sand cushion 10–20 cm thick to prevent an increase in humidity in the garage during heavy rains. A drainage layer of this thickness will ensure rapid absorption of moisture by the soil, so a wooden or concrete floor can be laid on top of it. However, in land with high groundwater levels, these measures are not enough. In such conditions, it is necessary to make not only a drainage layer, but also a waterproofing layer. The latter can be made from roofing felt or silicate concrete. If you use roofing felt, then be sure to pour a reinforced concrete pad 10–15 cm thick on top of it.

If you do not use roofing felt, then you need to fill the concrete cushion with the addition of liquid glass(silicate concrete). The thickness of such a pillow is 10–15 cm. Steel, fiberglass or carbon fiber reinforcement is used to reinforce both pillows. The main problem that arises for everyone who works with liquid glass is the rapid setting of the solution, because the greater the concentration of liquid glass, the shorter the setting time. At a concentration of 10% (optimal for creating a waterproofing layer), the setting time does not exceed 15 minutes, so the solution must be prepared either in a large concrete mixer and immediately poured onto the drainage layer or poured concrete in parts.

Walls

In dry soils, walls can be made from brick, various blocks, including the entire FS series or treated protective compounds wood, covering them on the outside with thick cellophane or polyethylene film to protect them from rainwater. In an area with a high or even average groundwater level, the walls of the cellar must be made of reinforced concrete. As waterproofing, 1–2% liquid glass is added to concrete, then coated on the outside with a cement-silicate mortar, for which the following is mixed:

2 parts cement;
6 parts sand;
1 part water;
1 part liquid glass.

The lifetime of such a solution is 10–15 minutes, so it is prepared in small portions and applied in a layer 0.5–1 cm thick. The same solution can be used instead of a film, because its waterproofing properties are much higher. After concrete or Brick wall will reach maximum strength (25–28 days), or in 3–5 days for wooden wall, covered with a cement-silicate mixture, you can begin backfilling.

Roof and ventilation

The only requirements for the roofs of deeply buried and combined cellars are strength and good waterproofing. After all, a hill is poured over the roof of the cellar, which not only ensures the correct temperature conditions, but also holds a large amount of earth. Therefore, rafters are most often made from debarked logs 15–20 cm thick, and the flooring itself is made from logs 5–10 cm thick, but sawn boards can also be used. All logs are pre-treated with antiseptics, which we described in the article on how to choose an antiseptic. For shallow or non-buried cellars (storages), I most often use a pitched or gable roof with slate, shingles or metal profile flooring.

Typically, ventilation for a cellar consists of two pipes, one of which rises 1.5–2 meters above the other. Moreover, the greater the height difference, the more effective the ventilation. If it is not possible to install a high pipe, then an exhaust fan is built into one of them. This scheme is preferable, because it allows you to periodically change the direction of air movement in the cellar, which improves its microclimate. Both outlet pipes are equipped with either fungi or an inverted U-shaped elbow, which protects the cellar from water ingress during rain. Inside the cellar, the pipes should be located at different heights, one under the ceiling, the other under the floor. At natural ventilation the exhaust pipe should be on top.

Basement cellar

To create a basement cellar, you will have to dig out the soil from under an existing building, so you need to consult an experienced engineer or builder. After all, without inspecting the foundation and checking its condition, as well as without analyzing the soil, it is impossible to determine the permissible dimensions of the cellar, as well as choose the best method of waterproofing.

Staircase and interior decoration

After completing the construction of the cellar box and filling it with earth, the time comes interior decoration. A cellar is a place for storing fruits, vegetables and other products, so it should have:

convenient shelves;
safe and comfortable staircase;
good lighting.

The stairs and shelves can be made from any materials, such as boards or metal. The main requirement is strength and safety. Often the cellar is decorated with interior decoration, including brick, which gives the interior of the room new features. Also, any cellar needs lighting, so wiring is laid in it, a lamp and a switch are installed. After all activities related to construction and finishing are completed, the cellar is loaded with products and used all year round.

Conclusion

Now you know what a cellar can be, how these or those types of buildings differ, and how to build it with your own hands. This will help you build a place to store food yourself, so that the harvest from your garden, or vegetables and fruits from the store will not be lost, but will remain intact for several months.

On any private plot or dacha, a huge number of buildings can be erected that are necessary for normal living and comfortable pastime. Do not forget about such a necessary room as a cellar. The cellar should be constructed immediately after or during the construction of residential premises. This building is necessary for storing various types of products, canned food, wine and vodka products and meat. Due to the fact that the cellar is a fairly cold room, due to its location underground, it will be necessary to make efforts to build it, and in this article you will receive step-by-step instructions on how to make a cellar in the country with your own hands, step by step. In addition, many other issues will be considered. About everything in order below.

Today there are a lot different types burial buildings, which, in principle, are similar to each other in design, but differ somewhat in the functions they perform.

The main types include:

Vegetable stores;
Stone cellars for products;
Cellars with blocking;
Burts;
Underground;
Finnish glaciers and others.

Depending on the type of accommodation there are:

Ground cellars;
Recessed view;
Cellars located in residential buildings.

Before building a cellar, in order to achieve the desired result and perform the necessary functions, it is necessary to clarify the standards technological process and check the construction project. Be prepared for the fact that building a cellar is a very labor-intensive process, quite difficult and requires significant investment, but in the end it is completely worth it.

This article provides information on how to build a spacious cellar in your country house with your own hands. If all standards are observed, it will last for many years and will save products from the influence of temperature changes.

The simplest cellar is usually used for temporary storage of food, drinks and others. Its design is quite well known and you may have already encountered it. It is an ordinary dug hole, which is covered with a metal lid or any other with pre-vented ventilation. Such a pit is quite enough to preserve food for a day or more and leave vegetables in it for a long time.

The simplest version of a cellar can be built by yourself or, if possible, use the help of friends, since carrying out such work requires a certain amount of effort. Among other things, you need to have a tool and some materials, which we’ll talk about a little below.

From the very beginning, we select a hill on the site or do it ourselves in order to avoid damage to the building by groundwater. After making some calculations, even approximate ones, calculate the depth of the cellar and the amount of materials that can be spent on its construction.

It is completely logical that the next step is to dig a hole for the cellar in the country. It doesn't have to be too deep. A depth of 1 meter with a width of 1.2 by 1.4 meters is quite sufficient.

Digging a hole. The pit does not have to be large. For a small storage facility, a mini pit is quite suitable.

Having dug a hole, it is necessary to level its walls and strengthen them so that in the future they do not crumble and the cellar does not collapse. The bottom of the cellar, or rather its floor, is usually made of concrete with preliminary filling and cushion. Afterwards, a metal frame is installed. It must be installed in the corners of the cellar building.

After completing the work of digging a hole and strengthening it, you will have the following structure: the concrete floor is supported by a metal frame (if you took an iron corner, then from a corner), connected by transverse fasteners. Behind the frame there will be a fence that will prevent the earth from crumbling. Usually this is a mesh or chain-link, and a foam cover.

It is necessary to carry out the work one by one in a simple order:

Dig a hole for the cellar;
Fill the bottom with concrete;
Install a metal frame and earth shedding limiters;
Install the cover.

Afterwards, normal ventilation is done, and shelves are screwed inside the cellar, if necessary. This completes the construction of a basic cellar with your own hands. The scope of work, depending on the number of workers, lasts for 2-3 days, after which you get not the most efficient, but still quite capacious underground warehouse for storage.

To build, you must strictly adhere to the installation instructions and recommendations, follow the plan and instructions described below.

Selecting a location

An important factor is the choice of where to build the cellar. Such a place is usually elevated. As mentioned above, this is necessary to minimize exposure to groundwater, and waterproofing the building does not require a large investment.

Before construction, decide what type of cellar you should have. Will it be located inside a residential building or stand alone?

Positive factors for building a cellar under a building include:

lack of influence on it from various precipitation;
much greater ease of use, especially in the autumn-winter period.

After choosing a construction site, it is necessary to develop a project according to which all further work will be carried out.

Be sure to take into account all the tips provided below before making a cellar in your country house, and then the construction of a room for storing food will happen at less cost in the shortest possible time.

Construction must be carried out in summer period time;
The construction of the structure should be on a hill;
For for long years services do not skimp on materials;
Be careful, follow all the rules when building walls and structures to prevent the earth from shedding;
Provide good ventilation;
When using wood in the internal structures of the cellar, treat it with special solutions in advance;
Follow the correct sequence and do not try to save money on construction.

Cellar space

Necessary materials

Taking into account your financial capabilities, in a preliminary plan it is necessary to calculate the amount of materials and their cost. Taking into account your needs, the cellar, depending on the functions it performs, can be built from: wood, concrete slabs or bricks. The cellar can also be made of metal, but it will be almost impossible to regulate the temperature in it.

Scheme of one of the possible buildings

Cellar dimensions

A more acceptable size is 2 meters wide, the same depth and 3 meters long for a fully completed structure. It is necessary to take a reserve of approximately half a meter on each side of the wall in order to comfortably carry out all the work and be able to supply power, as well as perform Finishing work.
The bottom of the cellar should be at least half a meter from groundwater.
The ceiling should be 20-30 centimeters below the level at which the soil is still capable of freezing.
The minimum wall thickness must be at least 25 centimeters.

Organization of waterproofing

If you choose to build a cellar with your own hands, then waterproofing will be done without the intervention of specialized construction organizations. The quality of waterproofing is directly proportional to the overall quality of the construction of your cellar, and it is this that determines how long the underground structure will serve you.

When organizing waterproofing, special attention is paid to materials. The material is purchased taking into account the actual groundwater level. If the groundwater level does not reach the level of the base of the cellar, then it is necessary to use non-pressure waterproofing. If the groundwater level is higher, then it is necessary to use anti-pressure waterproofing.

The walls of the cellar play an important role. They have the main impact environment and corresponding pressure. That is why the material for building walls must be durable and water-repellent, for example, concrete.

The equivalent of concrete can be a brick, which must be treated with special solutions before laying, and then a cement screed is made on both sides of the wall.

Roofing felt can also be used as a protective material for walls. If you want to reduce the influence of groundwater around the cellar, you can organize drainage.

The sequence of building a cellar with your own hands

According to a pre-prepared project, a hole is dug for the future cellar. In this case, a hole is dug half a meter larger on each side of the original calculation. This distance is necessary for quality work and connection necessary equipment or lighting. If you have the strength and opportunity to keep the land fertile, excavation work must be carried out manually.

When the pit is ready, it is necessary to make the foundation of the cellar. To do this, create a cushion of crushed stone or broken slate, which is spread in an even layer on the bottom of the cellar and filled with bitumen. This pillow is made to protect against moisture.

The next step is the installation of walls and their strengthening. The correct construction is the organization of the foundation, and not the usual floor inside the structure. The walls, in turn, are built on the foundation. If it is brick, then masonry is done, if it is concrete, then reinforcement is done.

During the reinforcement process, do not skimp on the rods or metal corners used, since the pressure that the walls will have to contend with is quite significant.

After erecting the walls and carefully strengthening them, we move on to the finishing process. The outside of the wall is plastered using a cement mortar. Next, several layers of roofing material are applied as protection, preferably with preliminary bitumen impregnation for better waterproofing.

Wall treatment with inside is organized by the initial lathing under sheets of asbestos cement, onto which they are subsequently carefully attached with screws, pre-treated with bitumen and primer. It must be remembered that sheets must be processed on both sides, and even more so at the joints.

After the exterior and interior finishing, they proceed to pouring the floor with concrete, after which a screed is made; the concrete is leveled, and all joints can be treated with a special waterproof material. Further decoration of the walls is purely decorative and can be organized according to your wishes. The walls can be puttied again, painted and whitewashed. You can put laminate on the floor or wooden blocks. Any finishing work depends only on your imagination and economic support.

In the process of organizing all the work described above, do not forget about the openings that are left for ventilation and future connection of electrical energy.

Ceiling organization

To make the ceiling, depending on the type of your cellar, different materials are used:

Reinforced concrete in the form of slabs;
Wooden materials pre-treated with a special solution;
Metal materials.

Reinforced concrete slab for flooring

The main support for installing the roof is using the previously installed walls of the structure. Organizing the ceiling is an important stage that has its own sequence.

We place the stops with channels approximately half a meter from each other;
We organize perpendicular welding, and then parallel. The end result should be squares, one side of which will be approximately 0.25 cm.
We prepare and install wooden formwork.
We lead two pipes into pre-prepared openings for ventilation. The material for such pipes is most often asbestos.
We install supports of sufficient rigidity to prevent the ceiling from bending under the influence of the soil. The support is installed with the calculation of the influence on each of them of about 1.5 square meters of the surface layer of soil.
We make the formwork airtight.
We pour the concrete mixture into the gap between the grid reinforcement structure and the channel, making sure that there are no hollow spaces left. The end result should be a uniform overlap with a height of no more than 30 centimeters.
We strengthen the ceiling from the outside using roofing felt or any other available material, which has the same thermal insulation properties.
The final stage consists of filling the resulting structure with earth or organizing the roof in the form of an oversized structure in a shape resembling a house or gazebo.

Final works

In this paragraph we will tell you about last stages construction, possible difficulties and ways to solve them.

Building a cellar is not a very simple process, but at the same time not so difficult, if you have enough experience. If you have a sufficient budget and desire, and you want to acquire such a building on your site, study the material given above, be patient and the construction process underground storage will pass unnoticed.

A bulk cellar can be either a ground structure or a semi-buried one. The dependence of the choice is directly related to the groundwater level. To clarify all the details, you can use one of the well-known methods:

Drill a hole at least one and a half meters high. We look into the resulting hole after 24 hours and, if water appears in it, then building a cellar at the dacha is only possible on the ground. If there is no water, then a semi-recessed design can be used.

The best period for carrying out such drilling work is the spring-summer period, which is associated with a sufficient amount of groundwater during this period.

Bulk cellar

Above ground cellar

The ground structure has a fairly simple construction algorithm, which is listed below. If all points are observed, the structure will be of high quality and will last for many years.

Semi-recessed

The semi-buried cellar has a huge number of decorative designs. It is an ideal food storage and uniform climate environment. Such a structure is built in the event of a high rise in groundwater levels.

Scheme of a semi-buried burial room

The work is performed in the following order:

We dig a hole approximately 70 centimeters high;
We organize a brick or concrete foundation;
We lay out or fill the walls 20 cm high, leaving a hole for the door;
We insulate the foundation and walls using special material;
We carry out the installation of the ceiling, the material for which is most often used slab (its thickness is approximately 5 cm);
Afterwards, a layer of clay is poured, roofing felt is laid, preferably in two layers;
The soil is backfilled to a thickness of 70 cm;
The building is covered with turf;
At the final stage, the door is installed. Afterwards, if necessary, we hang a protective canopy over it and make several steps

Plastic cellar

A plastic cellar for a summer residence is a structure that has certain features that differ mainly in the shape of the structure itself. The structure provides a wall width of one and a half centimeters. The shapes of buildings in terms of their rigidity are determined by the presence of stiffeners or their absence. Plastic products may differ in their elemental content. Such cellars may include ready-made ventilation, as well as additional communications for the comfort of using the storage.

Cellar – important element any suburban area, it is indispensable for storing vegetables, fruits and canning. The article contains information on how to build a cellar at your dacha with your own hands: step by step description will help to take into account a lot of nuances, starting from the right choice places and ending with the installation of waterproofing and. The external arrangement of the building also has great importance, and the construction of shelving and drawers will help to use the space efficiently.

Do not confuse the cellar and the basement. Building a cellar at your dacha with your own hands can come down to simply digging a hole and minimally arranging it. The choice of the type of structure depends on many parameters, for example, on its intended purpose, on the climatic conditions of the region, financial capabilities, etc. Also, when choosing the type and materials for building a cellar in a country house with your own hands, you need to take into account its location.

It is easier to build a separate building than, for example, to build a cellar under the house, but this option will require more materials, and therefore finances. Make storage for residential building or outbuilding will cost less, but this option is limited in space.

One of the most popular options is an ice cellar. It copes well with the function of long-term storage of food even in the hot season and is especially in demand in the southern regions. It is quite difficult and expensive to build this type of cellar in a private house with your own hands, but the result is characterized by high performance characteristics, durability and reliability.

Another good option for this building is a storage unit with two sections. As a rule, this type is used when it is necessary to avoid mixing the odors of various vegetables and fruits that are simultaneously stored in the cellar. To build such a storage facility, you need less materials than for a glacier.

A separate type of cellar is a wine cellar. It is used for storing wine products; it has its own design features and nuances that must be taken into account in order to implement correct construction cellar As a rule, in such storage you can store not only wine, but also various preserves.

The nuances of arranging a cellar with your own hands at a high groundwater level

When choosing a location for storage, it is very important to take into account factors such as total soil moisture and groundwater level. The lower it is, the easier it will be to build the structure, and the less often repairs will be needed. If we're talking about about a free-standing structure, then you should choose the highest place on your site. It is best to determine the groundwater level when it is at its maximum, that is, in spring or autumn. If there is a well or borehole on the site, then you can determine the maximum elevation using them, otherwise you will have to drill a well separately.

It will be somewhat more difficult to build a cellar if groundwater is close. How to do this as efficiently as possible? First of all, it is necessary to pay great attention to the waterproofing of the structure. Also, with increased soil moisture, for better waterproofing of the cellar from groundwater, it is worth using building materials characterized by increased resistance to water. In this case, you should not use wood or plywood, but rather give preference to concrete and brick.

Helpful advice! You can check the groundwater level by folk signs. To do this, you need to leave a piece of wool at the construction site and egg, and cover them with a clay pot on top. If in the morning there is dew on both the wool and the egg, then groundwater is close, but if there is only dew on the wool, it is far away.

Recommendations for building a cellar with your own hands: how to do it as efficiently as possible

Regardless of what type of construction you choose or what materials you plan to use, there are a number of general recommendations, which should be followed when step by step construction DIY cellars:

if you are going to use wooden elements, then they must be pre-treated with a special impregnation to protect them from the harmful effects of moisture;
It is best to start building a cellar in the summer, when the groundwater level is at the lower level. In this case, the soil will be the driest, and the risk of flooding of the structure will be minimal;
To ensure efficient storage of products, it is very important to consider a ventilation system;
if you want the structure to support desired temperature, then it is recommended when building a cellar with your own hands to make two doors separated by a vestibule;

special attention should also be paid to thermal insulation, then the optimal temperature in the cellar will be ensured at any time of the year;
The choice of tools and materials for construction is very important, so you should familiarize yourself with the advantages and disadvantages in advance various types. The construction itself must be carried out in a clearly recommended order.

Features of using various materials

Most often, materials such as brick or concrete blocks. They tolerate it best high humidity and low temperatures, and are also characterized by durability, reliability and relatively low cost. When building a brick cellar with your own hands, you should take into account the features performance characteristics each type of this material:

cinder block or foam brick is characterized by increased fragility, so these varieties are not recommended for use in the construction of underground storage;
sand-lime brick is more durable, but reacts very poorly to high humidity. This means that a building made from it cannot boast of a long service life;

red brick is an ideal option for a cellar in a private house. How to make a building from this material as efficient as possible can be learned from numerous step-by-step instructions from specialists.

If you decide to use concrete blocks in construction, then you will definitely need specialized construction equipment, since they are characterized by heavy weight. A cellar made from them will last a long time and maintain the temperature well.

Also, when building a cellar in a house with your own hands, you can use bricks that have already been used, if its condition allows it. And if you are simply going to line an earthen pit with wooden boards, they must be thoroughly treated with antiseptics to prevent rotting.

Note! The use of metal-reinforced concrete slabs is also possible. But in this case it will be quite difficult to maintain the desired temperature, so this material should not be used for a building in which you are going to store food.

Do-it-yourself cellar at the dacha: step-by-step construction guide

Strict adherence to the sequence of actions is the key to a proper cellar. How to make the construction as efficient as possible, spending a minimum of time and effort on it? For this installation work must be done in a certain order.

Arrangement of the pit

The turf is removed from the selected area, after which the ground is leveled and markings are made. Many photos of a do-it-yourself cellar show that specialized construction equipment is often used to build a pit, but if this is not possible, then you can use shovels and spades. Job advantage hand tools is that this allows you to preserve the structure of the soil. If the soil in the selected area is loose, then the walls of the pit should be sloped to avoid crumbling.

The dimensions of the cellar depend solely on your needs, but remember that the size of the pit should be 0.5 m larger than the size of the structure itself. In the process of building a cellar with your own hands, the excavated fertile soil can be distributed throughout the summer cottage. After finishing the work, the evenness of the bottom should be measured with a level and corrected if necessary.

Construction of the foundation

Although you can do without this stage (by simply filling the bottom of the pit with crushed stone or filling it with bitumen), the arrangement of the foundation will increase the level of waterproofing of the cellar from groundwater. How to make the foundation as efficient as possible, but not too expensive? To do this, you can use a reinforcing frame, on top of which a concrete mixture is poured. The recommended foundation height is about 40 cm. Installation of the foundation is prerequisite when building a cellar in a country house with your own hands, if groundwater is close. Thematic videos on the Internet will tell you how to make the foundation correctly.

Walling

If you use bricks to build a cellar under your house with your own hands, then you will need a number specialized tools. These include a trowel, mortar line, mason's hammer, mortar level and mortar bucket. For greater work efficiency, you should use the help of another person.

A mixture of clay and sand or cement can be used as a mortar connecting the bricks. When building an underground or above-ground cellar with your own hands, laying should begin from the corners, and the first row should be laid without using mortar in order to more accurately plan the position of the wall. The bricks of the next rows must be sunk into the mortar until the seam thickness is approximately 12 mm.

Helpful advice! Be sure to use a building level and plumb line when laying walls. Using the first, you check how evenly the brick is laid, and using the second, the correctness of the angles.

DIY cellar floor installation

When constructing a ceiling, it is best to use wooden boards. If the structure is being built under a house, then beams can be used as a ceiling, and the ceiling of an above-ground cellar at the dacha is made with your own hands step by step from PKZh slabs or slate. In this case, the surface can be flat or gable.

Thermal insulation of the ceiling is done according to the same principle as the thermal insulation of a conventional roof - the gap between wooden beams and roofing material is filled with a layer of thermal insulation.

Types and features of floor installation in the cellar

There are many various options when arranging the floor in the cellar, which one is better depends on your preferences, the purpose of the building, the characteristics of the soil and other factors. You should also familiarize yourself with the specifics of each method in advance; this will help you quickly and efficiently build a cellar with your own hands. Both video and photo instructions can greatly facilitate the installation process.

Dirt floor- the simplest and cheapest option. There is a misconception that the correct floor in the cellar should only be earthen, but this is not so. Even well-compacted soil will not protect the room from dampness and mold.

If you nevertheless decide to make a dirt floor in the cellar, then the base must be carefully leveled and compacted, after which a layer of gravel about 10 cm thick is poured. The advantage of this option is zero installation cost, but there are many more disadvantages. These include a high risk of flooding and a high probability that metal elements will rust and wooden elements will rot.

Concrete floor– a good option to protect the room from high groundwater. Concrete screed can act not only as a floor covering, but also as a base for the installation of other materials.

To build a concrete floor, it is very important to level the surface, after which a cushion of crushed stone and sand 15-20 cm thick is installed. The sand must be thoroughly moistened and compacted, and bitumen must be poured on top. In order to concrete base was as durable as possible; a metal grate can be installed on top of the bitumen layer. After this, you can begin pouring concrete.

You can install the waterproofing layer either on a sand cushion or on top of concrete. In the second case, it is necessary to pour another concrete layer on top.

Clay floor- a reliable, but very labor-intensive option in terms of installation. Requires a large amount of high-quality material, so it is used quite rarely. Clay is considered one of the most environmentally friendly materials. It is laid on a base of crushed stone 10-15 cm thick, which can be impregnated with bitumen. Under the clay, it is worth installing a layer of waterproofing made of roofing felt or other material, and cracks that may form after drying are sealed with a clay-lime mixture.

Brick covering– strong, durable and attractive appearance. In addition, the material is quite cheap and easy to install. The brick floor is laid on a bed of fine crushed stone or gravel, and a clay mortar is poured on top. The bricks are slightly sunk into the mortar close to each other. You can also hammer cement mortar into the seams between the bricks using a stiff brush.

Wooden floor– used in above-ground cellars or where groundwater is very deep. Before installation, wood must be treated with special impregnations to extend its service life. Wooden boards are mounted on top of timber logs, which, in turn, are laid on a base of crushed stone and clay. It is best to fasten the boards using self-tapping screws, but you can simply nail them.

Note! For each of the materials you will need a separate set of tools, which it is better to purchase in advance.

Design and installation of a ventilation system

If you are building a ground structure, then the flow of air into the cellar can be carried out naturally through small holes. For underground structures, ventilation must be supply and exhaust. The outlet of the exhaust pipe should be located near the ceiling, and the suction pipe should be located near the floor. Many do-it-yourself photos of a cellar in a country house show that the ventilation outlets are equipped with special curtains, this allows you to more accurately control the temperature in the room.

Installation of stairs and doors

If the cellar is being built under the house or if you need to save space, you should make an almost vertical staircase to the cellar with your own hands. How to make it as safe as possible for descent? It is recommended to use handrails. Photos of a do-it-yourself cellar staircase show that it can be built from wooden planks fixed directly into the ground, as well as from brick or other materials.

Doors are mounted in ground-based design options; in other cases, a hatch is used. Making a cellar hatch with your own hands is quite simple.

Making a hatch

If the cellar is located under a house or outbuilding, then a hatch is used as an entrance partition. You can buy a cellar hatch, or you can make it yourself. The second option will allow you to get a design that exactly suits your needs. Self-installation includes the following steps:

a location for the future entrance is selected. It is very important that access to it is as simple as possible and not cluttered with shelves, drawers and other objects;
The dimensions of the hatch are determined. It all depends on your needs, but its parameters should not be less than 75x75 cm. In order for the room to be airtight, side faces the hatch must be covered with a sealant;
a cellar hatch cover is being made. How to make it light and durable? For this, it is best to use wooden boards impregnated with drying oil. They are connected to each other with slats, and a sheet of plywood is nailed to one side of the lid. If we are talking about a cellar in a residential building, then the top of the hatch cover can be sheathed with the same floor covering, as the floor around her. It is worth considering that if you plan to install a cellar hatch under tiles, its design must be made of sufficiently durable materials that can withstand all the ceramics. If you prefer to use steel, then for the lid you will need a sheet with a thickness of at least 3 mm, which is welded onto a metal frame;

a handle is attached. The best option would be a special hidden or folding design. If the cellar is in non-residential premises or there is a need to save money, then you can use a regular door handle;
the hinges are screwed on. It could be ordinary door hinges or automobile ones with springs. The latter option will make it easier to open the lid and fix it in any position.

There are many answers to the question of how to make a cellar hatch with your own hands, so you should choose the option that is most suitable in your particular case.

Wiring and lighting

Due to the fact that the design of the cellar provides for high humidity, the wiring in it must be reliably insulated. The best option for wiring is copper wires with a double layer of insulation. Light bulbs should be placed in the driest places and additionally equipped with protective caps. It is strictly forbidden to make sockets when building a cellar. How to properly make wiring as safe as possible can be seen in training videos from specialists.

Installation of waterproofing in the cellar

As already mentioned, insulation from moisture is a very important point when building a cellar in a country house with your own hands. How to make waterproofing most effective - there are many options, and the choice of the optimal one depends on the level of soil moisture and design features the buildings.

Waterproofing can be external or internal. The external one is done during the construction stage, while the external walls are sheathed with insulating materials, and gutters, drainage wells and other structures are installed. Internal insulation is done after the cellar is built. In this case, before using insulating materials, groundwater must be drained, otherwise the work will be ineffective.

Types of materials used for internal waterproofing

If you made a cellar in your country house with your own hands from waterproof concrete, then you are unlikely to need additional cladding with insulating material. But for a brick structure you can use the following options waterproofing:

mastic or bitumen - used in cases where the groundwater level is below floor level. The solution is heated and thin layer applied to walls, resulting in the formation of a reliable waterproof film;

– the most expensive, but also the most effective option. It is good because it increases not only the level of resistance of walls to moisture, but also their frost resistance. Also, penetrating waterproofing reliably seals all cracks and micropores, is characterized by a long service life and is quickly installed;
Cement-based polymer mortar is one of the most reliable and easy-to-apply waterproofing materials. It fits tightly to the walls and reliably protects them from mechanical damage;
membrane-type moisture insulation - consists of various polymers, among which liquid rubber based on bitumen is very popular.

Note! It is very important to have effective ventilation for reliable waterproofing of a cellar in a country house with your own hands. How to build a ventilation system so that there is no condensation in the storage excess moisture? The installation of a supply and exhaust system is best suited for this.

Procedure for installing waterproofing

Numerous photos of a cellar in a private house show that waterproofing can be hidden under decorative wall panels. This is not a prerequisite, but only affects the appearance of the walls. The nuances of installing a waterproofing layer depend on the type of material chosen.

Waterproofing using bitumen or mastic for the walls of a cellar under a house, as a rule, is not easy to do with your own hands. special labor. To do this, the walls must first be plastered, and the waterproofing itself is best applied in two layers. Before the coating dries completely, it is recommended to sprinkle it with fine dry sand.

Before installing penetrating moisture insulation, the surface of the walls must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt and dust, and then moistened with water. After applying the insulation layer for several days, it also needs to be constantly moistened. Before installing penetrating waterproofing, concrete walls are treated with a wire brush.

To apply liquid rubber, the walls must be leveled and cleaned. After this, the surface is primed and a waterproofing material is applied to it using a brush, spatula or roller. Decoration Materials can be mounted directly on a layer of liquid rubber after it has dried. Photos of wine cellars, for example, show that the walls are lined with wood panels.

The cement-polymer mixture is applied to well-moistened walls using a notched trowel or brush. It is best to do this in several layers.

DIY installation of shelves in the cellar: photos and instructions

Shelves and racks are integral elements of any cellar and basement. There are several types of cellar racks, which can be bought in specialized stores, but it is much easier and more economical to make them yourself. The most popular options are the following:

Wooden shelving is one of the most common answers to the question of what to make a shelf from in the cellar. The material is environmentally friendly and easy to use, and for shelving it is best to use timber with a cross-section of 100x100 mm and boards 3-4 cm thick. The installation scheme is very simple - racks are made from timber, in which sockets are sawed to fix the shelves. In order for wooden shelves to last longer, they are impregnated with special compounds;

Concrete shelving is a good option if you want to know how to make your cellar shelves as durable and moisture-resistant as possible. To create concrete shelves, you can use reinforced concrete slabs or niches in the walls that are filled with concrete screed;
shelves made of steel angle – used in rooms with low humidity levels, otherwise the structures can very quickly begin to rust. In order to make a shelf in a cellar for cans, as a rule, a welding machine is used, but you can get by with simple self-tapping screws. First, frames are made from metal slats, then shelves are attached to them;
plastic shelving is one of the most economical and simple options, which is distinguished by its attractive appearance and resistance to moisture. However, plastic does not tolerate low temperatures quite well, so it cannot boast of durability.

Helpful advice! When wondering how to make a shelf in the cellar with your own hands, and what material to choose for this, consider the level of humidity in the room, as well as the average weight of the cans and boxes that will be stored on the racks. Concrete can easily withstand even very heavy loads, but plastic cannot boast of this.

From the same materials you can make boxes for potatoes in the cellar. As a rule, they are equipped with removable covers, which are installed if necessary. Regardless of what material you choose, in the warm season it is recommended to take shelves and drawers outside to dry. This will prevent the occurrence of mold and the proliferation of pathogens.

When construction and interior design the cellar will be completed, you can think about exterior decoration ground structure. Its option depends solely on your preferences - you can simply pour an earthen hill, or you can decorate it with turf or ornamental grass, turning it into an element landscape design. During the process of building a cellar with your own hands, use video and photo instructions that will help you take into account all the nuances and arrange a practical and functional room.

To preserve vegetables and preparations on your personal plot It is recommended to build a cellar with your own hands.

Building a cellar with your own hands (step by step)

Preparation. First, you need to decide on the place where the construction will take place, the construction material and the size of the structure. In our case, we chose a project for a bulk cellar made of expanded clay concrete, which protects the room well from moisture and maintains a constant temperature in the room. For such a structure, the optimal depth was chosen to be three meters.

Advice: for the construction of a cellar, it is best to choose elevated places so that there are no problems of flooding of the structure with groundwater.

Let's start digging pit. To make a comfortable descent into the structure, you need to dig a hole in the shape of a rectangle. Next, the floor and walls should be compacted well. After this, the floor is covered with crushed stone or gravel and filled with clay mortar. If there is a threat of flooding, then instead clay mortar it is better to use concrete, which is poured onto a pre-laid steel mesh.

For building walls may be applied various methods, which depend on the raw materials used. For example, you can build concrete walls. To do this, formwork is installed, longitudinal reinforcement is laid and poured concrete mixture. The formwork is removed after a few days. It is much easier to build walls from reinforced concrete or expanded clay concrete blocks. The masonry process can be compared to bricklaying. Also at this stage it is necessary to provide space for the doorway and ventilation.

After constructing the walls, it is necessary to install overlap. For these purposes, formwork made of chipboard is installed. To keep the sheets in place, they are placed on supports. The formwork is laid on top reinforcing mesh and fill them with concrete mixture.

In order to prevent the walls from allowing moisture to pass through, it is necessary to make a coating waterproofing cellar walls from the inside and outside. Suitable for these purposes bitumen mastic. A layer of waterproofing made of roofing felt is laid on top of the ceiling.

The penultimate stage of building a cellar with your own hands is backfill concrete floor and backfilling the pit with soil.

Tip: when backfilling the pit and ceiling, make sure that there are no sharp stones in the ground. They can cause damage to the protective waterproofing layer.

Works on landscaping storages. At this stage, doors, stairs are installed and electrical work is performed. To store preparations for the winter, racks are made and installed, and special places are used to store vegetables.

DIY brick cellar at the dacha. Step-by-step instruction

For country house You can build a cellar with your own hands from brick. To make such a structure, you can follow the following instructions:

Once a suitable location for construction has been selected, you can begin digging. pit required size. In our case, the size of the cellar is 2x2 meters.

After the walls and floor are compacted, proceed to the installation concrete slab for the floor.

For construction walls Brick was used in this project. The masonry was one brick thick.

Advice: during masonry work, you must constantly monitor the evenness of the walls. To do this, it is recommended to use a plumb line and level.

Next you need to do ceiling For these purposes, wood logs are installed, pre-treated with an antiseptic solution. Next, lay the flooring and cover it with a layer of sawdust. The layer thickness is approximately 25–30 cm.

On top should be built wooden structure in the form of a house with gable roof, in which a hole for ventilation should be provided and an entrance door should be installed.

Around the ground part of the structure was dug groove for water running off the roof.

For ventilation two pipes with a diameter of 50 cm were used. One was installed at a distance of 20 cm from the floor. The second - diagonally at a distance of 20 cm from the ceiling.

Building a red brick cellar with your own hands

The construction of such a cellar begins with digging pit 3.5 meters deep. The finished cellar will consist of two rooms, a vestibule and a staircase.

After the pit is dug, it will be necessary to seal the walls, floor and staircase steps.

After the concrete has hardened, you can begin laying walls

We lay on finished walls rolled metal, which will be the basis for the overlap.

Under metal carcass formwork is installed and the floor is poured concrete.

After the concrete has hardened, you can begin laying ground parts of the red brick cellar and roof construction.

Before constructing a cellar, it is necessary to draw up drawings of the future structure, calculate the amount of material needed and sketch out a rough work plan. You should also remember that the cellar must meet the following conditions:

it should be cool in it;
the temperature in the storage should not be too low;
sufficient protection of products from rodents must be ensured;
the underground room must be provided autonomous system electricity;
the cellar should be well ventilated.

Step-by-step instructions for repairing an old cellar at the dacha with your own hands

First you need to free underground covering. After this, you can begin cleaning the earthen and deciduous layer and dismantling knurl. All work is best done in the direction from the edges to the center.

Device foundation. To do this, prepare the bottom of the pit and install formwork on it. To avoid freezing, it is recommended to make the thickness of the walls equal to one brick. According to the project, the height of the foundation is 150 mm.

Next you need to install fittings in three rows. For these purposes, rolled products with a diameter of 16 mm were chosen. Metal strips are welded to each row. Next, the structure is filled with concrete mixture and left to harden. The formwork can be removed after a few days.

Tip: to prevent problems with grounding, it is recommended to weld a figure-eight rod to the reinforcement.

Wall masonry made of brick. First you need to lay the zero row on the surface of the hardened concrete foundation. This row is laid with a poke. On top of it in the middle it is necessary to fix the steel strips on which the embedded parts are welded. In this way, reliable grounding can be ensured. All subsequent rows are made in half a brick. It is recommended to lay steel strips through each row. They will help give strength to the basement walls. There is no need to fasten the strips together.

Advice: when building walls, you need to ensure that between artificial stones there were no gaps or voids through which rodents could enter the room.

When the brickwork reaches a height of one meter, you can begin installing the supply air ventilation. Sewage pipes were chosen for these purposes.

For waterproofing Roofing felt can be used for cellar walls.

Device top harness and floors. Upper part strapping metal elements can be installed after the 21st row has been laid out. For these purposes it is necessary to lay on last layer brickwork a layer of roofing material and cover it with soil. For the strapping I used I-beam No. 12, which was sawn in the middle and 2 profiles. A piece of rail is suitable for the role of a beam.

Construction of reinforced concrete floors 100 mm thick. For these purposes, we install formwork, lay reinforcement and fill it all with concrete mixture.

After this, you need to install the hatch, make insulation ceilings and fill the screed. For insulation, you can use foam plastic 5 cm thick. Crushed stone of the smallest fraction was chosen for the screed.

Device power supply in the basement.

Carrying out finishing works. At this stage it is necessary to install a visor over ventilation pipes. The walls inside the room can be whitewashed.

Differences between a cellar and a basement

A basement is a room located in a building below ground level. The basement can be used for storing garden equipment, as a workshop, etc. The main purpose of the cellar is to store food. In addition, the cellar can be built as a separate room.

How to make a cellar out of a basement

If the building has a basement, it can be converted into a cellar. To do this, it will be necessary to divide the basement wooden partition and install food storage racks. Also, lighting should be installed in the cellar, fans should be installed and a staircase should be made.

Tip: the stairs to go down to the basement should be comfortable. There should be no steep steps.

If the temperature in the basement during the cold season drops below zero degrees, then it is necessary to insulation walls Before installing thermal insulation, it is recommended to treat the surface with an antifungal compound or slaked lime. You can insulate the walls using rolled roofing felt, glass insulation or regular polystyrene foam. It is necessary to lay plywood or fiberboard sheets on top of the thermal insulation layer.

It may also be necessary to insulate the floor. To do this, you can lay a durable polyethylene film, on top of which timber is laid. If this is not enough, you can fill the floor surface with bitumen. A layer of sawdust 5–6 cm thick and a wooden flooring are laid on top of this material.

Construction of a cellar at the dacha

The classic cellar is a pit with concrete walls, closed with a lid on top. It is advisable to build such a structure on a hill so that groundwater does not flood it.

The procedure for constructing a storage facility

Compilation drawings. The dimensions of the basement will be 1.5x2 meters, the depth will be 1–1.2 meters.

Digging pit for a separately located building.

The bottom of the pit is filled up pebbles or crushed stones. The layer thickness should be 5–7 cm. Next, close this layer steel mesh . We install the formwork and fill the floor with concrete mixture.

After this you can start brickwork walls

On top of the finished cellar along the entire perimeter it is necessary to lay a beam with a cross-section of 50x50 mm and install a hatch insulated with foam plastic.

Types of ready-made cellars

Ready cellar capsule

If you don’t have time to build a cellar, you can purchase a cellar in the form of a capsule. Externally, this structure looks like a ball with a ladder attached to it. To install such a structure, it will be enough to dig a pit of the required size, place the finished capsule there and cover it with earth. Only the door remains on the surface.

Ready cellar

The service life of such a finished cellar is designed for 50 years. The cellar is made of seamless plastic. The kit includes: steel staircase, built-in lighting, exhaust and forced ventilation etc. To install such a structure, you simply need to dig a pit of the required size, place the product there and cover it with earth. Only a rectangular hatch should remain on the surface.

Cellar in the form of a barrel

High quality fiberglass is used to manufacture this product. This sealed cellar can be installed in any soil. The service life of such a structure is designed for 50 years. A barrel-shaped cellar is ideal for storing food, as it maintains a constant temperature. To install the product, it will be enough to dig a pit of the required size, place a barrel in it and cover it with earth.

Everyone who has plot of land vegetable garden or garden, you probably wondered about the need to build a cellar in the yard. After all, this structure has been serving people as a natural refrigerator for thousands of years. Due to the fact that the temperature in the cellars in summer does not exceed 4 - 5 degrees, and in winter does not fall below 2 degrees, it is difficult to imagine a place more suitable for storing vegetables and fruits. Making such a useful structure is not so difficult. This article will discuss how to build a cellar on the street yourself.

Important measurements and calculations for cellar construction

Before you begin building a cellar on your summer cottage, it is necessary to carry out certain geological surveys. To do this, it is not at all necessary to involve professionals. The first thing to do is to determine the level of groundwater rise. The depth of the cellar itself depends on this knowledge. To conduct such a study, you need to drill a well or dig a hole 2.5 m deep in the lowest place of the site. You need to lower a pipe into it, which you want to monitor. If water appears in the pipe soon, then any underground construction will be problematic due to high level groundwater. To ensure that the indicators are correct, observations are not made during the hottest period of the year. If there is a well or borehole on the site, then you do not need to do anything; it is enough to know their depth in order to make an adequate decision.

If the study reveals that groundwater lies above 2.5 m from the surface or there is so-called high water in the ground (upper water), then the construction of a full-fledged cellar will require the installation of a drainage system. For this purpose, a trench is dug along the perimeter of the site where the cellar is planned to be built to a depth below the groundwater table. A drainage pipe is placed in it, which is taken to a special container or to the lowest place on the site. Crushed stone or expanded clay is poured around the pipe, covered with geotextile on top, and then buried with permeable soil. The slope of the pipe must be made at the rate of 5 - 10 cm for every ten meters.

In addition to the depth of water, it is necessary to note the presence of such a phenomenon as soil heaving. It manifests itself as a result of severe freezing of moisture-saturated soil. As this ice melts, the soil is destroyed. It becomes covered with a huge number of pores and loses its density. Construction on such a site must be done with great care.

Based on the above, we can identify several basic rules for building a cellar on a personal plot:

It is necessary to plan the construction of a cellar in advance in order to make all the necessary observations.
Construction should only be done during the warm period of the year, preferably in July or August.

If the site has uneven terrain, then it is better to choose the highest place.
All cellar rooms must be equipped with a good ventilation system.
Wooden elements of the storage structure must be impregnated with antiseptic agents or molten bitumen
If the cellar is made with a full-fledged vertical entrance door, then it must be installed on the north side of the structure.

If these rules are clear and well understood, then you can proceed directly to the construction itself.

Excavation

Typically, a street cellar is made with dimensions close to 2.5x2.5x2.3 m. To do this, choose the highest place on the site where the pit is being dug. They do this with shovels, but if possible, it is better to use earth-moving equipment. The length and width of the pit should exceed the dimensions of the cellar by 30 - 40 cm. This is necessary for the construction of waterproofing and for the convenience of constructing walls.

The bottom of the pit is carefully compacted and sand and gravel are poured onto it. The layer of sand should be 20 cm, and gravel 10 cm, for a total of 30 cm of drainage cushion. After this, the gravel is compacted so that it penetrates the sand as deeply as possible. Reinforcement with a diameter of 8 mm is laid on top of the resulting pillow and the rods are tied with wire or a welding machine is used. Then they do concrete screed in the usual way, diluting cement and sand in a ratio of 3:1. After waiting for the concrete to dry, which is about a week, waterproofing is laid.

How to properly waterproof

In a structure such as a cellar, high-quality waterproofing has a very important. It is done both on the floor and on the walls. Even the cheapest rolled covering - roofing felt - is suitable for underground storage. To apply it, ordinary tar is melted and sheets of roofing material are glued in several layers crosswise. Each layer is glued with tar. If waterproofing is done after the walls have been erected, then the edges of the roofing material must be folded over them. In our case, there are no walls yet, so we cover only the floor with roofing felt.

Construction of walls

In order to make walls, there are various materials. The most simple option There are boards, but they will quickly rot, so we won’t even consider such a project. It is best to make walls from brick or concrete. You can also bury a ready-made metal container, but in this case, no special instructions are required. Therefore, consider the option with brick and concrete. Before erecting the walls, a reinforcing frame 10 cm wide is laid. For this, reinforcement rods 10 mm thick are needed. They are installed vertically around the entire perimeter and connected to each other using knitting wire.

After installing the reinforcement, wooden formwork is assembled along all walls. When it is ready, they begin to fill it with solution. Concrete should be mixed as needed so that it does not have time to harden. One serving should be enough for 1 – 2 hours of work. During the pouring process, concrete should be shaken with a construction vibrator. This will eliminate problems with the formation of voids inside the monolith. The poured formwork should be left for 2 - 3 weeks. Only during this period will the concrete completely harden.

If we start making walls out of brick, then for masonry mortar We use cement grade M200. The best option for a cellar is walls made of 2 layers solid brick. If the soil is dense enough and the groundwater is deep, then you can get by with just one layer. Be it concrete or brick, they require waterproofing. For this purpose, a coating type is used. All walls are coated with waterproofing mastic in 2-3 layers, after which a roll of waterproofing material is glued on.

The outer side of the walls is lined with soft clay. This allows you to create high-quality protection against moisture and condensation. The clay layer is made more than 10 cm, after which all voids are filled with soil. Inner surface The walls are whitewashed with lime. This is a cheap material that, in addition to its coloring effect, also has antiseptic properties. Lime is a good protection against fungus, germs and mold.

What could be the entrances to the cellar?

The simplest option for entering a cellar is a regular manhole or hatch that has a horizontal lid. It is laid out of brick or cast from concrete. This option is most often used in completely buried cellars. The hole is a channel with square section. There should be a distance of about 1 m from the lid to the ceiling of the cellar. In addition, this structure should serve as a gateway in winter. To do this, install another cover at the bottom of the hole or simply place planks, which are removed in the summer. The space between the lids is filled with bags of straw or sawdust for the winter. To descend into the cellar, in this case, use a regular staircase with horizontal rungs.

The option with a hatch is simple, but not very convenient, since lowering bags of vegetables down such a ladder is problematic. In addition, it is also very dangerous. To create maximum convenience, you need to make a full-fledged door with a sloping, gentle staircase to the storage room. Such an entrance can even become a decoration for your site, if you apply a little design imagination.

The doors to the cellar are made of wood, but they must be lined on the inside waterproofing material. With such a device, it is also advisable to arrange a vestibule, which will prevent the penetration of cold air from outside. The staircase with such an entrance device is made with full steps. Its tilt angle should optimally be 45 degrees. If the angle is greater, then handrails must be provided. The steps of the stairs need to be covered with some non-slip material. Otherwise, in winter it can pose a danger due to the appearance of frost.

Various roof options

Any cellar on the street must be equipped with a roof. It can be single or double slope. Completely buried cellars are covered with a layer of soil on top, so the roof is not visible, but there should be one. A partially buried cellar can also be covered with a layer of soil and turf, which creates additional thermal insulation. The roof is made in the usual way for all buildings. First, the floor beams are laid, after which the floors themselves are arranged, on top of which they are made rafter system, sheathing and the roof itself are made of waterproof material.

To install a floor without a visible roof, it is better to use a slab, which is placed with the flat side down. The bottom is plastered and whitewashed with lime. The top of the slab is covered with roofing material, after which it is coated with a straw-clay mixture. After this, the entire surface of the ceiling is covered wet soil and turf on which there is moss or grass. This technique is often used when the upper part of the cellar is located at a slight elevation above the ground.

A gable roof is made of boards that cover the entire pit by about half a meter. Then the precipitation will flow away from the walls of the cellar. The ridge is made of wooden beams with a cross-section of 50 mm, and roofing material is laid on the slopes, on top of which ordinary straw is placed. You can use any more modern roofing material; slate, metal tiles, corrugated sheets.

Ventilation device in the cellar

For ideal air circulation in the cellar, it is necessary to properly arrange ventilation in it. For this you need 2 pipes with a diameter of 100 mm. One pipe is installed so that its lower end does not reach the bottom 30 cm. The second pipe is made under the ceiling. This will ensure the inflow and outflow of air in constant circulation mode.

Internal structure and quality control of construction

Inside the cellar, shelving is made from boards or metal corner. There will be jars with various preparations on them. Boards must be treated with antiseptic agents to avoid the appearance of fungus on them. Metal parts painted with red lead or a special primer.

Separate boxes are made for potatoes, beets or carrots. Some owners store them in special boxes, which is very convenient. It is advisable to install electricity in the cellar to provide lighting there. The outer part of the cellar and its roof can be landscaped in accordance with the concept chosen for the design of the entire site.

At the end of the entire construction, the strength of all installed structures. They must withstand a fairly large mass, since in winter a large amount of snow will be added to the soil poured onto the floors. It is necessary to eliminate shortcomings immediately, since doing this later will be problematic.

Today, the cellar is designed to fulfill not only its unitary function of storing vegetables and winter preparations, but also must fit into the overall design of the whole summer cottage. Its visible parts must be independent decorative elements, which can be decorated very beautifully using artificial or natural finishing materials.