The more intense modern communications, the more people deal with text: write emails, draw up contracts or sit in chat rooms. CHTD talks about applications that will help improve literacy and finally start corresponding with friends in the language of Pushkin and Tolstoy.
Russian language - literate
Excellent student
As the name suggests, the program (AppStore) treats all users like schoolchildren. But let's not forget that our problems with the Russian language begin with unlearned lessons. As for the application itself, in it you can work on spelling, punctuation and even orthoepy (pronunciation and stress standards). The last option is especially useful if you have an argument with a colleague about which is correct: yogurt or yogurt.
However, there is an example of a somewhat strange test, where it turns out that the correct stress in the word “pizzeria” is on the second syllable. Indeed, today the rules allow such a pronunciation, but “Excellent” does not offer the user the more common option with an emphasis on the penultimate syllable. Not very pedagogical.
The rules are not shown explicitly - so that you can figure out what the mistake is - in "Excellent Student" either. Despite these disadvantages, the developers worked hard on the interface and tried to make sure that advertising did not distract from the exercises.
Tongue glasar
Letters
A useful application (AppStore) for those who needed to quickly Google something, but there is no Internet or the search query does not provide the desired answers.
Here you can learn about the spelling of unstressed vowels in prefixes and suffixes, repeat the rules for using particles “not” and “nor” and generally refresh your knowledge on the main sections of spelling and punctuation.
It’s a pity that there are no exercises in Literacy. But all the rules are given with clear examples, written in simple and understandable language.
Application - this is a definition expressed by a noun in the same case as the word being defined. When characterizing an object, the application gives it a different name and states that it has some additional characteristic. Applications can refer to any member of a sentence expressed by a noun, personal pronoun, substantivized participle and adjectives, as well as numerals. For example: This is how Mikhail Vlasov lived, locksmith, hairy, sullen, with small eyes (M.G.); It was herPeterhof stranger (Paust.); The first, the eldest of all, Fede, you would give fourteen years (T.); Mother and father were traveling from Siverskaya station, and we children, drove out to meet them (Eb.).
Applications can characterize the subject in relation to age, kinship, profession, specialty, occupation, national and social affiliation, etc.: Us, workers, Need to study(M.G.); Here is our Zoechka, waitress in the dining room (Gran.); And he gave the money to save the mermaid’s things daughters my (P.); During the war, a concrete worker became a sapper soldier (B. Pol.); may be the name of an item: And the steamer "Turgenev" was already considered, even at that time, a vessel that was quite outdated (Cat.); can serve as a designation of quality, properties of an object: And the fisherman, and hard worker scientist, painter, and poet (Tward.); And our diver-strongman in five - took seven minutes to walk several steps on the ground with difficulty (Paust.).
Applications can be expressed by nouns that, in context, have lost their specific meaning and turned into demonstrative words (man, people, people, woman, business and etc.). They must have explanatory words that contain the characteristics of the item. For example: Sometimes Nikolai Ivanovich came from the city instead of Natasha, a man with glasses, with a small light beard, a native of some distant province (M.G.); Engineer Kucherov sometimes drove through the village in a racing droshky or in a wheelchair. - bridge builder, plump, broad-shouldered, bearded man in a soft rumpled cap (Ch.).
When combining a proper noun (person's name) and a common noun, the common noun is usually used as an appendix: After half an hour graph Kosice and cornet Sevsky were already standing at the entrance to the house where Sosnovskaya lived (Boon.); It seemed to her that Rybin to an elderly person, It’s also unpleasant and offensive to listen to Paul’s speeches (M.G.). However, if it is necessary to clarify a person, to specify it, a proper name with a common noun can be used as an appendix. In this case, the sign of the face is of primary importance. For example: The rest of the brothers Martin AndProkhor, similar to Alexey to the smallest detail (Shol.).
Proper names - names used in a figurative sense (in writing enclosed in quotation marks) are always applications and are in the nominative case form, regardless of the case form of the word being defined. For example: Among the seven hundred sailors who disembarked from the battleship "Potemkin" to the Romanian coast, there was Rodion Zhukov (Cat.); During tanker testing"Leningrad" shipbuilders launched another similar vessel - "Klaipeda".
There is also a lack of agreement among applications that are nicknames: At Vladimir's Red Sun, as well as for toponym applications: At the station Pushkino; On the lake Baikal.
The application can join the defined word using explanatory conjunctions that is, namely, or, as and etc.: The steppe, that is, a treeless and undulating endless plain, surrounded us (Ax); Klavicek, as a baker by profession, was sent by the controller to the supply department (N. Ostr); This small courtyard, or chicken coop, was blocked by a board fence (G.); using words for example, by name, by nickname, by surname, by nickname, by profession, by title and similar: The dear chef Ivan Ivanovich, nicknamed Bear, is in charge of the kitchen. (M.G.); ... I had to become a footman for a St. Petersburg official named Orlov. (Ch.).
Applications can be common, they can form homogeneous rads: On my mother's side I only had one close relative - her only surviving brother Vasily Ivanovich Rukovishnikov (Nab,); But then a real savior appears, our coachman Zakhar, a tall man scarred by smallpox, a man with a black mustache, similar to Peter the Great, an eccentric, a lover of jokes, dressed in a sheepskin coat, with mittens tucked behind a red sash (Eb.).
Combinations of applications with defined words are delimited from some combinations of similar form , the components of which are not connected by attribute relations. These include the following paired combinations: combinations of synonyms (stitches-paths, grass-ant, clan-tribe, time-to-time, mind-mind, wedding-marriage, chic-shine); combinations of antonyms (export-import, purchase-sale, questions-answers, income-expense); combinations of words by association (first name and patronymic, grandfathers and great-grandfathers, viburnum-raspberries, bread and salt, mushrooms and berries, songs and dances).
In addition, components of some types are not applications (although they resemble them in the form of communication) difficult words: a) compound words that are terms (sofa-bed, crane-beam, novel-newspaper, museum-apartment, hut-reading room), b) complex words, parts of which are evaluative words (firebird, good boy, boy-woman, would-be leader, miracle fish).
12. The concept of a minor member of a sentence. Basis for the classification of minor members. The concept of definition, additions, circumstances, semantic categories of circumstances. Methods for distinguishing minor members.
The question of minor members of a sentence in the history of Russian grammar has different solutions. There are two main directions in the study of minor members of a sentence: consideration of minor members, firstly, by meaning and, secondly, by the type of syntactic connection with other words. In both cases, definitions, additions and circumstances are singled out as secondary members, but the reasons for such isolation are taken to be different, and therefore the same member of the sentence when different approaches classification is determined differently. For example: in the phrase father's house word father is a definition if it is considered by the meaning or function it performs in relation to the word house, and an addition if only the character is taken into account syntactic connection with the word house (type of communication - control).
These two directions in the doctrine of minor members of a sentence are called formal (classification according to the nature of the syntactic connection) and logical (classification by meaning).
The beginning of the logical direction in the doctrine of minor members of a sentence was laid in the works of A. Kh. Vostokov and N. I. Grech. They coin the terms “addition” and “definition”. The members of a sentence, which in modern grammar are defined as circumstances, were included by them in the category of definitions.
the concept of a minor member of a sentence is a complex of all possible ways of expressing any meaning of the dependent component in a phrase. Ways of expressing meaning are basic, leading - morphologized, and non-basic - non-morphologized.
Morphologized minor members are expressed by parts of speech that are morphologically adapted to convey a specific meaning. Thus, adjectives are adapted to express attributive meanings, nouns are adapted to convey objective meanings, adverbial meanings are expressed by adverbs, etc. Non-morphologized minor members are expressed by parts of speech that are morphologically adapted to convey other meanings. Thus, GOLDEN RING is a morphologized definition, and RING FROM GOLD is non-morphologized (since it is expressed by a noun, adapted to reflect object meanings).
Traditionally, there are 3 categories of minor members of a sentence: addition, definition and circumstance.
1. A complement is a minor member of a sentence with an objective meaning: it denotes the object to which the action or attribute is transferred, or the object through which the action is performed.
A morphologized object is a noun in indirect cases with or without prepositions, as well as substantivized parts of speech. Eg: reading a BOOK (noun); talked about THIS (local); retell what you read (adv.); I saw THREE (number).
The non-morphologized addition is expressed by the infinitive: I advise you to READ, I ask you to COME; I was ordered to FULFILL your request (P.).
The supplement may depend on:
1) verbs and verb forms. For example: DRINKING tea, TALKING about a friend, PREPARED for a competition, READING a book, READING with friends;
2) adjectives. For example: EXPERIENCED in business, DEAR to me, READY for the exam, FASTER than a bird, THE BEST of the students, LOOKING like a mother;
4) procedural nouns (see the topic “Object relations in phrases”): RECEIVING goods, WRITING a play.
The most typical are verb complements.
Among morphologized additions, direct and indirect additions are distinguished.
The direct object denotes the object to which the action is directly directed, and is expressed by a noun in V.p. without a preposition with transitive verbs and some words of the state category. For example: I’m reading a BOOK, I met a FRIEND, I see a CITY; It hurts my ARM, I feel sorry for my SON. Material nouns with transitive verbs can be in the genitive case without a preposition. For example: drink TEA, buy SUGAR, pour MILK. With transitive verbs with negation, the direct object can also appear in R.p. without pretext. For example: I didn’t see the MOVIE, I didn’t write down the PHONE.
The indirect object is expressed by nouns in other cases and has a more complex objective meaning. For example: helped MOM (object - recipient), wrote with a PENCIL (object - tool), bought for SON (object - beneficiary), be proud of SON (object - intermediary), etc.
The addition is included in the sentence based on the syntactic connection of control (less often - adjacency) and on the basis of object syntactic relations.
2. Definition - a minor member of a sentence with an attributive meaning, denoting the quality or distinctive features of objects.
A morphologized definition is a consistent definition, i.e. definition formed on the basis of the coordination connection:
1) adjective: GOOD weather, OLD magazines;
2) participles: SPEAKING parrot, READ books;
3) adjective pronouns: MY cat, OUR children, THIS house, EVERY person, SOME students;
4) ordinal numbers: FIRST grade, IN THE THIRD row;
5) cardinal numbers in oblique cases: ABOUT TWO comrades, in FIVE houses, IN BOTH hands.
Non-morphologized definitions are inconsistent definitions, among which there are 2 types: controlled and adjacent.
Controlled definitions are formed on the basis of the control connection and are expressed by nouns:
1) indicating that something belongs to someone, a part to the whole. For example: SISTER's bag, CAT's bowl, CIRCLE member, INSTITUTE students, CHESS PLAYERS' club;
2) characterizing the object in various details. For example: a boat WITH A SAIL, a girl WITH A SCYTHE, a man IN A HAT, chintz WITH POKADS, morning WITHOUT RAIN;
3) specifying, narrowing the concept. For example: PHYSICS teacher, Minister of EDUCATION, COMPUTER SCIENCE specialist, era of CLASSICISM;
4) characterizing an object by likening it to another object. For example: hairstyle like a HEDGEHOG, nose like a POTATO, beard like a WEDGE (this is the so-called Creative comparison);
5) indicating the material from which the item is made. For example: a frying pan made of ALUMINUM, a shirt made of cotton, a brooch made of GOLD;
6) indicating the purpose. For example: SUN cream, mascara, ointment FOR SKIS, flowers FOR MOM;
7) giving a qualitative description of the subject (usually in phrases). For example: a person of RARE KINDNESS (=very kind); FIRST-GRADE goods (=first-class); MP of LEFT BELIEF, HIGH GREAT man;
8) characterizing the subject in terms of spatial location (if they are closely adjacent to the word being defined). Eg: The house ON THE MOUNTAIN was clearly visible.
Adjacent definitions are formed on the basis of the connection of adjacency and attributive relations and are expressed:
1) unchangeable adjectives: coat BEIGE, scarf BORDEAUX;
2) adverbs expressing the qualitative characteristics of an object: horseback ride, conversation in ENGLISH, soft-boiled eggs;
Less commonly used are adverbs that characterize an object by its location: neighbor on the LEFT, house OPPOSITE;
3) comparative degree of adjectives: the girl is SIMPLE, the boy is LOWER;
4) infinitive: the art of TELLING, the gift of PRESENTING, the need to CONVINCE.
A variation of the definition is application.
An application is a definition expressed by an agreed noun (less often a pronoun) and representing the second name of the subject. For example: student-philologist, fat man-doctor, sorceress-winter, CAPTAIN Ivanov, planet MARS, cat VASKA; Her father, IVAN SERGEEVICH, was a geologist.
The connection between the application and the defined word is a mutual agreement based on appositive relations, since the subordination of the application is not formally expressed. In this regard, difficulties arise in determining the main word and application.
This distinction is possible only at the semantic level.
Applications are considered:
1) nouns that clarify the first name and are in postposition. For example: The owner, an elderly man, stood on the threshold; He, the teacher, was respected in the village;
2) nouns that specify a concept, narrowing the scope of meaning. For example: CHEMIST teacher, PORTRAIT painter, EXCELLENCE student;
3) the previous group is adjacent to nouns indicating a species characteristic. For example: hare-BELYAK, thrush-Rowanberry, hat with earflaps;
4) nouns containing a qualitative characteristic of an object. For example: oak-HERO, QUEEN-pine, city-HERO, magpie-THIEF, singer-SUFFERER, street-SNAKE, CHATTER-starling;
5) nouns that are proper names and do not denote a person. For example: ZIMA station, MOSCOW River, Lake BAIKAL, TOMSK city. However, when combining a common noun with a person’s proper name, the appendix is the common noun, for example: COUNTESS Bezukhova, HANDSOME Anatol, KUCHER Selifan, etc. Unlike people's names, animal names are applications: FILYA the cat, SHARIK the dog, KESHA the parrot. In elementary school, it is more rational to consider combinations with proper names as one member of the sentence: THE CAT VASKA loved fish; He took BROTHER PETYA to school.
3. A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence with adverbial meaning, denoting a sign of an action or characteristic.
A morphologized circumstance is expressed by an adverb: it went FAST, it was dripping ON TOP, it was cooked ON TIME. A circumstance expressed by a noun correlating with an adverb is also considered morphologized. Eg: watched WITH SAD (=sad); looked with SURPRISE (=surprised); worked with TENSION (= intensely).
Non-morphologized circumstances are expressed by nouns in oblique cases, gerunds and infinitives. For example: IT WAS QUIET OUTSIDE; He nodded SILENTLY; I came to TALK to you.
The following categories of circumstances are distinguished:
1) circumstances of place, direction of movement (spatial). For example: The path led INTO THE FOREST; HERE you can get help; I walked along the MILL; The road turned LEFT;
2) circumstances of the time. For example: IN WINTER it is frosty here; It had been raining since the morning; We returned LATE; The factory hummed ALL NIGHT;
3) circumstances of the course of action. For example: Masha studies WELL; Father walked with difficulty;
4) circumstances of quantity, measure and degree. Eg: He repeated it TWICE; VERY interesting book; I'm sick and tired of everything;
5) circumstances of logical conditionality are special group circumstances indicating different kinds conditionality of action:
a) circumstances of the cause. Eg: We were late BECAUSE OF AN ACCIDENT; The trees turned white from frost; IN THE HURT I did not notice the signal;
b) circumstances of the condition. Expressed by gerunds, participial phrases and nouns with prepositions WITH, WITHOUT, IN CASE. Eg: IN CASE OF REFUSAL, return immediately; IN STRONG WINDS the forest makes a menacing noise; Having forgotten my native language, I become numb;
c) the circumstances of the assignment. Expressed by nouns with prepositions IN SPITE OF, DESPITE, NOTWITHSTANDING. For example: DESPITE WE ARE FATIGUE, we returned cheerful; CONTRARY TO FORECASTS, the weather was good;
d) circumstances of the goal. They are expressed by some adverbs (NAZLO, ON PURPOSE), nouns with prepositions FOR, ON and infinitives. For example: At the station we got off to have lunch; The daughter was present in the dining room TO DECORATE THE TABLE (Ch.); You did it ON PURPOSE.
Most often, conditional circumstances are expressed by nouns, which are collapsed predicative constructions. For example: IN STRONG WINDS, the forest makes a menacing noise - IF THE WIND IS STRONG, then the forest makes a menacing noise; I will help you OUT OF FRIENDSHIP - I will help you BECAUSE I AM YOUR FRIEND.
It should be noted that it is not always possible to give a clear description of the circumstance during syntactic analysis, since in the text it can combine different shades of meaning. Recently, they have begun to distinguish such categories as circumstances of the situation (situation): IN THE DARKNESS, IN THE SMOKE, IN THE WIND; modal circumstances: ACTUALLY, REALLY, USUALLY.
An appendix is, in a sense, an addition to a noun that gives “explanatory meaning.” The application acts as an explanation of the noun. There is also a second definition: Application is some kind of definition.
Let's look at an example application:
A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant rock
Applications stand for
1) The application indicates the characteristics of a subject, someone’s nationality, speaks about the person’s environment of activity (Italian teacher, romantic writer, old grandmother, Syrian students);
2) Properties or qualities of living beings (Volodya the Big Nest, Moroz - the governor, fishing gulls);
3) Figurative characteristics of persons and objects
(applications-epithets) (cliff-giant, fate-villain, mischievous winter, Lake Baikal);
4) Geographical names (Volga River, Oreshek fortress, the city of St. Petersburg, the City of Moscow);
5) Names of flowers, trees, animals, etc. (birch tree, brown hare, violet flower, Cross spider);
6) Conventional names of objects (shop "Television", magazine "Practice and Theory", film "Night Fear");
7) Nicknames (Ivan the Terrible, Tsvetik Semitsvetik, dog Sharik, Stoletnik);
8) Names and nicknames of some animals and people (the bear Misha, the dog Bobik, a citizen nicknamed Kamashnya).
Where can the application be located?
A) Common and single applications, which often refer to a personal pronoun, regardless of where in the sentence they are:
Poor thing, she lay quietly, and her breathing could be heard almost imperceptibly.(M. Lermontov)
(The application here is the word Poor thing)
B) Common applications that appear either after the word being defined or before it if it is a common noun:
And the raven, a smart bird, flew in, sat on a tree near the fire and warmed itself.(N. Nekrasov)
(The application here is a smart bird)
An unluckily faithful sister.
(Appendix misfortune faithful sister)
Hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and fun(A. Pushkin)
C) Common and single applications that appear after the proper name.
A.S. Pushkin, the “slave of honor,” was mortally wounded in a duel in January 1837
(Attachment here is slave of honor)
D) Applications in which there is a conjunction as, if they have a causal meaning (if as = as, then the applications are not isolated)
Artyom, as the best skier of the school, won the competition.
(Here the application is as the best skier, and it is isolated because it cannot be replaced as the best skier)
Artyom is known at school as the best skier.(=as the best skier).
Because here we can replace it with a combination as the best skier, then this application is not isolated.
Hyphen and appendix
Remember: A single application, expressed by a noun (common noun) and relating to a noun (common noun), is then written with a hyphen.
For example: The clock ticks monotonously.
Sometimes a common noun, merging with a proper name into one complex whole, is also written with a hyphen: For example: Volga river(but: Volga River), Ivan Tsarevich, Volga mother.
The appendix in the Russian language is distinguished as a special type of definition, which is a single or nominal phrase and gives a different name/characteristic to the person or thing designated by the word being defined. For example: The winner of the competition was Russian woman Irina Volkova. Famous person- He must plan his every step in advance.
The application in Russian is used, as a rule, to determine profession, social or family affiliation, names of geographical objects, clan-species relations, etc.
Ways to Express Application and Defined Word
1. Noun (with and without dependent words) in nominative case regardless of the case form of the word being defined: newspaper "TVNZ"/ in the newspaper "TVNZ", city Moscow/ about the city Moscow.
2. which corresponds to the form of the word being defined: old man-street cleaner / old man- janitor, young woman-taxi driver / girl-taxi driver.
3. Single noun or noun phrase with conjunction How, for example: Him, as an experienced person, can trust.
4. Noun/phrase containing words by name, by surname, by nicknames y, etc.: And he had a friend, by the last name Russov.
An application in Russian can refer to a noun, pronoun, as well as an adjective, participle or numeral, which in this context acts as a noun: Next morning gorgeous The birch tree outside the window became completely white. Here she is, my betrothed. Third, guy about eighteen, was completely pale with fear.
Peculiarities of distinguishing between an application and a defined word
In cases where both the word being defined and the application are expressed by nouns, some difficulties may arise in their definition. Here are the rules for applications in Russian (examples are attached):
1. The predicate in a sentence always agrees with the subject, that is, with the word being defined, and not with the application: The entire newspaper "News" already sold out (newspaper sold out).
2. When declension, the application, and not the word being defined, will retain the shape of a newspaper "News"- in the newspaper "News".
3. If a proper name in combination with a common noun means inanimate object, then it is an application: river Dnieper, factory "Elektromash".
4. The opposite situation occurs if a proper name denotes a first or last name: Brother Peter, Professor Ivanov.
Separate application in Russian
In accordance with current applications, applications are separated in the following cases:
1. When following the defined word: Nastenka, favorite of all teachers, coped well with any task.
The exception is applications with a touch of beingness, when it is possible to replace them with a construction with the word being: My faithful friend and ally, Ivan never let me down (cf. Being my faithful friend and comrade, Ivan never let me down).
2. When they refer to personal pronouns: Victory Day, he means a lot to all of us.
3. When applications are located after the word being defined and have a clarifying meaning, including if they include words that is, namely, for example, especially and etc . Example: The owner of the estate, Stepanov, turned out to be an extremely hospitable person. Many birds for example, rooks, spend the winter in warm regions.
In some cases, an application in Russian is separated using dashes rather than commas. It is important to remember that if the application is in the middle of a sentence, the highlighting characters must be paired, that is, the same: two commas or two dashes.
What is an application in Russian, you ask? In one word, this is something like an explanatory note. It summarizes, explains, describes, gives basic definitions. Only explanatory note is a document that accompanies another document that is more significant in volume, and an appendix (examples follow) is a small addition that offers its own explanatory meaning to another word - a noun. But that's it briefly. Now let's look at the question deeper...
Application in Russian
So let's get down to business! And any business begins with defining the subject of study. In our case, this is an application. In Russian, it is a special type of definition, which is intended to convey another name, additional characteristics a person or thing - a defined noun.
The application can be expressed by a single noun or a noun phrase in the same case as the word being defined. It characterizes the subject in relation to kinship, national and social affiliation, age, specialty, profession or occupation: “But five days ago, a certain Ivanov, a teacher, died in our city German language, my old acquaintance,” “I think that his wife, an ordinary average housewife, had to endure a lot.”
Standalone application
Applications can be single, undistributed, or widespread. How do they stand out in a sentence? Using commas, hyphens, dashes. It all depends on the type of separate application - common or uncommon, proper name or common noun, where it is located in relation to the word being defined and what part of speech the main (defined) word is. A little confusing? Now, in order.
Punctuation marks
The application in the statement is separated by a comma or commas in the following cases:
1) When the application is a part of speech, widespread, presented as a common noun with dependent words, and follows the defined lexical unit. Rarely, but it happens in the future. For example: “My uncle, a sea captain, served in the Black Sea Fleet” or “A sea captain, my uncle served in the Black Sea Fleet.”
2) If a single application, not widespread, is “crowded” behind the defined noun, a common noun, with explanatory words with it: “One nice girl, a Polish woman, looked after him.”
3) If the application is located after the qualifying noun, a proper name: “By the way, they talked a lot about the fact that the truck driver’s wife Ksenia, a beautiful and not stupid woman, in her entire life had never been anywhere further than her hometown" “My great-grandmother Avdotya was born under serfdom.” In the second case, the application “my great-grandmother” is placed before the qualified proper name “Avdotya” and is not separated by commas.
The comma is written
1) If the application form is a proper noun (name, title or nickname of an animal), which explains or clarifies a common noun. As a rule, before this kind of application you can add clarifications such as “namely”, “and his name is”, “that is” without violating the general meaning. For example: “And Anya’s brothers, (namely) Oleg and Kiryusha, first-graders, pestered their father with stupid questions.”
2) If the application (examples follow) is used with the conjunction “as” or the words “by surname”, “birth”, “by name”, “by nickname”, “by nickname”, etc.: “To me, as face high rank, it is not appropriate to travel on public transport,” “A little freckled sailor, named Zhuk, unquestioningly followed all the captain’s orders.”
3) If the application specifies a personal pronoun. In this case, it is not so important where it is located, before or after the word being defined. For example: “In the city of Astrakhan, he, this man, lived quietly, and could not even imagine that she, the same one, lived somewhere nearby...”
When is a dash written?
An application in Russian, when isolated in the text, can be highlighted using a dash. In which cases? The first is when the word “namely” can be inserted before the application without changing the general meaning of the statement: “At the very end of the street there was some kind of yellow spot shining - the light from the night light in the window of Maria’s apartment.”
The second is before the application at the very end of the sentence, and it is given great importance: “There are no relatives and friends, no home, no warm feasts, no delicious dinners, no owner of all this - a simple guy like my friend Alexey.”
The third is to highlight on both sides an appendix that provides an explanation, an explanation: “A slight chill - the first sign of illness - appeared throughout his whole body.”
Fourth, if the stand-alone application defines one of homogeneous members sentences, and at the same time it is necessary to clarify: “The owner of the house, a friend of my husband, and two strangers were sitting at the table...”
And lastly, if a construction of this type is proposed: “Mephistopheles - Chaliapin was inimitable,” i.e. Chaliapin as Mephistopheles; or “Ernani - Gorin is as bad as a shoemaker” (A.P. Chekhov).
When to write a hyphen
Often, if a single clause and a defined noun are common nouns, then a hyphen is “assigned” between them. For example: winter sorceress, hero city, teenage boys, design engineer, cabbage butterfly, French scientist, etc. A hyphen is also written if the appendix is a noun, a proper name, standing before the defined common noun: Baikal-lake, Moscow-river, Astrakhan-city.
In the case when their position relative to each other changes, the hyphen is not written: the Moscow River, Lake Baikal, the city of Astrakhan. And finally, a hyphen is used if the defined noun and the application represent one complex intonational-semantic core: Rockefeller Sr., Dumas the Father, Ivan the Fool.
