Pipes for wiring in a wooden house. How to make wiring in a wooden house: we make hidden wiring from the panel to the points of consumption. Video: placing hidden wiring in metal pipes

In aspects of electrical installation wooden buildings- the most complex objects. We have prepared for you a set of rules for wiring in wooden house, where issues regarding the selection of materials and cable laying systems, as well as the installation of installation products, are discussed in detail.

1. Wiring in strict accordance with regulations

The organization of an electrical network in a wooden house is second in complexity only to buildings on permanent polystyrene foam formwork. Laying on combustible substrates is only permitted open method or with 100% localization of the conductor inside the protective shell.

This requirement is not so strict for frame internal partitions with non-flammable filler. In the most correct version the passage of the cable through the frame racks is accompanied by the sheathing of the latter; in practice, most often the conductor is completely wrapped in corrugation or a metal hose, ensuring replacement.

Open laying is also a good solution. A number of fittings and installation techniques are provided that make open wiring aesthetically acceptable and even add some color to the interior. In addition to plastic cable channels, it is possible to lay PV-1 wire wound on ceramic insulators and use non-recessed housing installation fittings. In cases of hidden installation, non-flammable cable grades are used: VVGng or KGng.

Due to the complexity of installation, cable routing along the walls should be kept to a minimum. But for this you will need to thoroughly think through the layout of cable lines.

2. Wiring diagram for walls and ceiling

In the most acceptable version of the electrical network around the house, each electrical point is connected along one straight line to the frame floor, ceiling or sub-ceiling, closed by a suspended or tension covering. All the main wiring is carried out along the technological cavity, hidden from view, although more often the lines simply stretch one at a time to the panel panel. Naturally, the bulk of sockets and switches should be placed on interior walls, and on fencing - only if necessary.

A reasonable solution would be to run the lighting wiring from the switches to the ceiling, and lead the wires for connecting the sockets down to the floor. Due to their low load, lighting network lines can be organized using junction boxes that are inaccessible for maintenance. It is enough to connect the power line from the circuit breaker to such a box, and from it run a switching wire to the key and a power line to each lighting group.

Lines of sockets and groups general purpose allowed to be combined into so-called garlands. It is important that no more than two wires are fixed on each terminal clamp of the sockets. Otherwise, each outlet and group is connected in hidden junction boxes, and the lines are specially high load from household appliances and heaters follow to the group panel without a break.

It is recommended to cover the cables that are collected on the wall near the panel panel with a decorative casing. When laying cables in groups, it is also recommended to separate the base with a non-flammable substrate, for example, a piece of drywall.

3. Localization of conductors and branches

For some reasons, installing exposed wiring may not be acceptable. In this case, the task becomes much more complicated, despite the fact that the part of the wiring laid along the walls is only 15-20% of the total length of the lines.

The possibility of hidden installation should be included at the stage of preliminary assembly of the log house. According to the internal power supply plan in the walls, as they are laid, they are made technological channels for cable. For this purpose, use either electric chisels or core drills. The approximate channel width is 30-50 mm.

Exit holes are drilled in the cross section of the floor or ceiling frame system. Installation of electrical fittings is possible using the recessed method; for this, the channel is found with a feeler gauge and a 60-80 mm hole is drilled in the solid timber using a core drill. Installation boxes for sockets and switches should be made of steel, preferably with a fiberglass liner.

Pipe sections laid inside walls must be localized from environment. It is used for this smooth pipe: metal with a wall thickness of 2.5 mm or steel - from 1.2 mm. These values are approximate; a more accurate calculation requires taking into account the load and voltage on the line, as well as the type and number of conductors inside the shell.

For branching power lines hidden in cavities frame structures, it is recommended to use metal boxes. For indoor installation Protection against wood dust of a degree of at least 3 is desirable, moisture protection is not taken into account. The entry of cable line sheaths should be flared or equipped with a restrictive ring or nut that does not allow uncoupling.

4. Protective devices

Electrical installation in a wooden house can be complicated by the design features of group and distribution boards. The difference is observed both in the method of mounting the housings and in the selection of protective equipment.

The electrical panel housing must be installed on a non-combustible base. Therefore, under the central panels with ASU, it is recommended to cover the surface with tin, and when installing group panels, use linings made of textolite or fiberglass.

It is convenient to connect group panels with the ceiling and floor using a cable channel, in which usually 3-4 lines are laid for each room. It is not recommended to place shields close to the ceiling or floor.

Circuit breakers are selected according to the permissible continuous current for the cable on the outgoing line; the choice is always made towards a lower rating. Equipment that does not have internal short circuit protection, as well as lines with a fixed maximum load ( ovens, air conditioners) are connected via circuit breaker with a nominal power consumption and a low response delay during overload (characteristics B and A).

In wooden houses, it is customary to lay wiring according to a three-wire circuit, where the protective conductor is not connected to the neutral conductor. For this reason, the installation of differential protection against electric shock may be accompanied by false alarms. But the diffavtomat fire-fighting type, which monitors insulation leaks will be very useful.

5. Installation of installation products and fittings

At the final stage, the finishing electrical installation is carried out. This is most easily done using non-recessed fittings. It is quite easy to screw it to a wooden wall with a pair of screws, after inserting it into the housing and connecting the wires.

Much more time and effort is spent on installing hidden (recessed) fittings. To tightly fit the frames, a flat surface is required, so the logs are pre-ground with a plane. Next, a hole is made connecting the surface with the hidden channel. It is used as a centering tool when drilling an installation niche with a core cutter.

It is characteristic that installation boxes can be embedded in the same way as in stone walls— by landing on alabaster. Otherwise, the area must be contained and connected to the cable duct with a non-flammable rigid sleeve.

This article is devoted to the topic. We all know that construction is in fashion wooden houses has always existed, because a tree has huge benefits compared to many building materials that claim to be environmentally friendly. The main disadvantage of wooden houses is their very good susceptibility to combustion. That is why, electrical wiring in a wooden house First of all, it must meet building safety criteria. It's not enough to have very good wire, it still needs to be installed correctly. According to statistics, in 80% of cases, gross errors are made during installation, but this is wood and any miscalculation here can lead to a fire, and a fire means loss of property, and in some cases, human lives.

In wooden houses, electrical wiring should first of all begin with your serious approach to this issue, since your safety and the safety of your loved ones depends on it. There is a huge variety of protective electrical materials specially made for wooden houses. In most cases, the main mistakes are made in not knowing these materials properly and inability to use them. We are not even talking about the owners’ lack of knowledge of wooden houses; the electricians themselves do not know them or neglect them in installation; 70% of electricians are self-taught and do not have the proper education, skills and experience, I know from own experience work in this area. But the worst thing is not this, but the fact that these unfortunate electricians do not even strive to learn the knowledge of this profession; in most cases, their knowledge in this area is not much different from yours.

Choosing a wire

Start electrical wooden house It’s worth it, of course, with the preparation. Next, you need to select a wire. It is for electrical wiring in wooden houses that there are special non-flammable or low-burning wires:

, VVGng-P(A) - copper wire with a solid core, can be two, three, four or five cores. Has double insulation. Inner layer consists of polyvinyl chloride insulation, using multi-colored cores. The outer layer consists of a non-flammable plastic composition. The note in the wire brand “ng” means it is not subject to combustion. The temperature of use of the wire is from +50 to -50 degrees Celsius. Letter (A) - indicates the fire retardant category according to GOST R IEC 60332-3-22.

Installing electrical wiring in a wooden house is a more important undertaking than laying conductive routes in a brick or concrete structure. This is due to the specifics of the material: wood burns, even if it is impregnated with a composition that prevents ignition from an accidental coal.

The importance of correct installation

The temperature of the electric arc, which occurs when a short circuit of conductors carrying a current of standard 220 V, can reach 5000 °C (!). No fire-prevention impregnation helps against the temperature that melts steel.

Despite this, wiring in a log house made of rounded logs or frame country house often done carelessly, if not carelessly.

This is usually motivated by a reluctance to tinker a lot with the dacha, where they live for two to three months a year. But you should understand: poorly made internal wiring of a wooden house can leave you without this very house.

Please note that “poor quality” primarily means “not according to the rules provided for a wooden house.” The usual practice of installing a household electrical network in an apartment or brick house not suitable for wood due to the flammability of the building material.

What the regulations say

The rules for the construction of electrical installations - PUE - give an unambiguous answer to this question. Hidden wiring in the voids of partitions made of flammable materials is only permissible in metal pipes, possessing the property of localization.

SNiP gives a more vague formulation, so it is recommended to be guided by the PUE. By flammable material we mean wood, even if it has fire-resistant impregnation.

Under the metal pipe is a steel or copper pipe of square or round profile, having a regulated wall thickness of at least 2.8 mm for any cable with a conductor cross-section of up to 4 mm.

For cables with a cross section of 6-10 mm, the pipe wall thickness should be 3.2 mm.

In this case, it is forbidden to tightly “clog” the pipe with cables - the cable should occupy no more than 40% of the clearance.

To insert a cable from a power line into a wooden house, only a thick-walled steel sleeve is used.

This requirement is due to the following situation. If a short circuit occurs due to a cable breakdown, only a thick-walled pipe can withstand the flash until it self-extinguishes or the circuit breaker is triggered.

The use of metal hoses or other “armor” made of corrugated metal or plastic for hidden wiring in a wooden house is unacceptable for the following reasons:

The main “unofficial” rule for high-quality wiring in log wooden houses is the prevalence of safety over external beauty.

Laying in pipes

Wiring in steel or copper pipes ah, observing the requirements specified above, is possible only at the stage of building a house “from scratch”.

For example, when installing electrical wiring in a house made of laminated veneer lumber, the installation of a system of such pipes, junction boxes and sockets (also metal) is carried out at the stage of installing the frame.

The rules for hidden wiring of power cables in a wooden house do not allow laying the cable in metal or plastic corrugation in sawn grooves. inside the walls of a wooden house in thick-walled pipes acceptable, but difficult due to the need to bend pipes and make complex connections using couplings, fittings or welding.

There are a number of requirements that must be met when installing hidden wiring in a wooden house.

Inner surface steel pipes should be painted or galvanized to avoid corrosion, copper - painted to protect against oxides.

The use of metal hose/steel corrugation on bends and transitions makes the entire structure meaningless - transitions are provided threaded connections or butt-to-butt welding.

Horizontally, electrical wiring pipes in a wooden house are laid at a slight angle to allow condensation to escape; at the lowest point, a hole is made for liquid drainage (not inside the wall). The entire system is provided with a grounding connection that is separate from the grounding provided by the wiring.

In wooden houses, only metal sockets are used for sockets and switches. The connections between the junction box and the pipes entering it must be sealed.

To avoid damage to the cable sheath by a sharp edge when exiting the pipe, the edge must be rolled or provided with a protective plastic plug.

Open wiring - installation features

If a wooden house has already been built, but there is a need to replace the wiring in it, then this can be done without sawing the grooves in wooden partitions, which are often not very thick and durable themselves.

Let us remind you that aluminum wire, the most popular among electricians in past years, is categorically unacceptable in a wooden house due to its tendency to fracture and fire hazard.

Open wiring in a wooden house is quite possible. Here are some options.

You can run the cable directly along the wall of the house, enclosing it in standard plastic corrugation or metal flexible armor.

The open method allows this wiring method, since the source of fire in the event of a short circuit will be immediately visible. There will be no fire inside the wall.

Wall mounting is carried out with ordinary corrugation clips.

Wiring in standard cable channels is the same method as for an apartment, only between the cable channel and wooden wall a non-flammable lining made of asbestos or, for example, felt should be provided. A variation of such wiring is wiring disguised as a baseboard.

A fresh look at old methods. The wiring is mounted on the wall of a wooden house using ceramic or plastic (non-flammable) insulators, maintaining a clearance of at least 10 mm from the wall.

A special, “antique” twisted power cable and sockets of the same style are used.

An open installation of a system made of metal pipes is also possible.

Advantages and disadvantages of open installation

All these wiring methods for a wooden house have their advantages and disadvantages. Installing wiring on a wooden wall of a house in a corrugated pipe is the easiest way; there are no problems with wiring in the junction box.

The downside is that this method is unaesthetic, as well as the need to remove all corrugated pipe entirely to gain access to one cable.

In this regard, the cable channel is preferable, fortunately, now on the market you can find the color of the box “like wood”, and choose an individual shade to match the color of your internal coating.

The cable channel is convenient for installation - it is easy to open and close, and is relatively safe for a wooden house, since it itself is made of non-flammable plastic.

If desired, you can hide the wires by selecting the “bottom” wiring in the cable channel, disguised as a baseboard.

Please note that it is unacceptable to embed wires under a real baseboard!

Lighting or connecting sockets with a load of no more than 16 A can be done using “antique” wiring.

For this purpose, specially stylized wires, insulators between the wall and the wire, sockets, and the like are produced. But keep in mind that for a powerful load like welding machine It is necessary to provide a socket to which a suitable cable with a cross-section of at least 2.5 mm is connected.

General installation rules

Open wiring in a wooden house must be carried out in compliance with the following standards:

the point of entry of the cable from the power line into the wall, as well as the point of passage of the cable through the internal ceilings only in thick-walled metal sleeves;
the distance from the cable to the wall when installed in an open way is not less than 10 mm;
Grounding must be installed;
Only a cable with a non-flammable sheath is used;
socket boxes and distribution boxes in a wooden house only metal;
connecting wires to each other only in mounting boxes, and only using spring/screw terminals or soldered twist, which is closed with a casing or cap;
Unsoldered twisting is unacceptable.

It is imperative to install an RCD for protection against leakage currents, as well as separate circuit breakers for short circuit protection for each group of consumers.

Cable selection

An important stage of wiring work is the selection of the main cable. Choosing the right cable for wiring means solving the main problem regarding the safety of a wooden house.

According to modern requirements, a so-called SIP cable - a self-supporting insulated wire - is used to extend from the power line to the house.

It uses aluminum conductors with a cross-section of at least 16 mm, and also contains a steel reinforcing cable (for rigidity).

The sheath of this cable is designed to withstand exposure to adverse external factors for a minimum of 25 years.

But the SIP cable can only be laid up to the wall of a wooden house. On outside walls through special insulators, or better yet hermetically sealed clamps, it is connected to a copper cable, for example VVGng (ng - non-flammable).

The VVGng cross section is selected as standard - 1.5 mm on the lighting line, 2.5 mm on household appliances, 4 mm - for powerful consumers such as an electric stove, electric heating line or welding machine.

Direct twisting of aluminum SIP conductors with copper conductors internal wiring prohibited.

Only copper is used for wiring inside a wooden house. When choosing a brand of wire, use either the already mentioned VVGng, VVGng(P) marked “GOST”.

These types of single-core copper cables equipped with double non-flammable insulation, while having sufficient flexibility for convenient internal wiring.

You can use a German NYM cable - it is equipped with triple non-flammable insulation.

Switchboard design

General switchboard for wiring in a wooden house it must have a metal casing.

Inside the switchboard there is an input circuit breaker, an electric meter, and one or more RCDs (depending on the number of groups of internal consumers). There are also circuit breakers responsible for individual groups - the same number as the RCD.

It is the automation that is responsible for protecting the wiring from short circuits and current leakage, which can lead to electric shock. There are rules for calculating the choice of protective devices based on characteristics, and it is better to leave this choice to a professional.

But it is worth knowing that in most cases the rules are as follows. Power consumption should not exceed 5.5 kW, the general input circuit breaker is single-phase, 25 A, type C.

The machines are installed according to separate consumer groups (selected according to the wire cross-section). A 16A circuit breaker must be installed on a cable with a cross-section of 1.5 mm (lighting). For a 2.5 mm cable - 20A.

There are separate rules for selecting RCDs. The main one is that the current limit for an RCD should be an order of magnitude less than for a machine.

That is, a 16 A machine is equipped with a 20 A RCD, and so on. Three-phase input for wiring in a wooden house is used very rarely.

What is attractive about the idea of building a wooden house? This is the ecological purity of materials that can provide a comfortable and healthy microclimate in the premises of the home and, of course, the desire of homeowners to follow the traditions of Russian architecture. Modern market building materials allows you to build a house made of profiled and laminated timber, as well as from rounded logs. In contrast to all the advantages inherent in houses made of wood, a problem arises with the arrangement of electrical wiring. The option of open wiring laid in cable channels does not always meet the requirements of an attractive interior design; the homeowner is faced with the question of how to make hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house with his own hands. We will talk about this further.

Advantages of hidden wiring

The undeniable advantages of installing hidden wiring in a wooden house are:

The absence of cable channels on the walls that adversely affect appearance premises and significantly complicate the process of applying wallpaper.
Minimizing the risk of mechanical damage to cables and electrical wiring.
Possibility of replacing the cable laid in the pipe.
High degree of electrical fire safety, provided that it is carried out correctly installation work in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents.

Special safety requirements

Hidden installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house is very complex and requires strict compliance with safety regulations. fire safety, requirements and compliance with GOST R 50571.1-2009. A person who does not have electrical installation experience should not try to do this work with their own hands. The homeowner who has invited specialists to install the installation needs to know the basic provisions about installation methods in order to control the progress of the work and in no case take this material, as step-by-step instructions.

When designing a home's electrical circuit, the main emphasis is on ensuring fire safety, even if this goes against the aesthetic component. Ready project must be agreed with specialists. The hidden wiring diagram should provide for a minimum of turns of the electric main. Considering the high risk of fire wooden structures, the wiring must be laid in such a way that even a tiny section of the power line does not come into contact with the wood. The cable must be laid in steel or copper pipes. It is allowed to lay electrical wiring in a corrugated metal hose, as well as in PVC corrugation, provided they are protected with plaster or asbestos gasket.

The diameter of the pipe is selected taking into account the fact that the pipe laid in it hidden electrical wiring should occupy 40% of its internal cavity. The thickness of its walls must correspond to the cross-section of the current-carrying conductors in accordance with VSN 370-93 or SP 31.110-2003 table. 14.1. Pulling an electric main through pipes can cause mechanical damage to its shell, so after each such operation it is necessary to carry out. Special requirements are presented to the cable brand, its shell must be made of non-flammable three-layer material, and the marking of domestic samples must necessarily contain the letter symbols “ng-LS”. For example, VVGng-LS. The imported analogue is the NYMng-LS cable.

Pipes must be securely joined by threading, welding or soldering. Places for interroom transitions, as well as installation points for wiring elements, must be equipped metal boxes or glasses wrapped in asbestos and secured with alabaster plaster. We talked about this in more detail in a separate article.

Installation features

The most labor-intensive operation when laying hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house is installing pipes in the body of the wall. The process is quite labor-intensive, requiring the greatest possible accuracy and precision. To carry out this work, special practical skills and special high-tech tools will be required.

To install insulating pipes into walls, drilling will be required in both horizontal and vertical directions. Vertical holes are drilled during the process of laying the frame, horizontal holes are drilled when the walls are already erected. After the pipes are fixed in the body of the wooden walls, a wire is inserted into them, which will serve as a conductor for pulling the wire. The seats are carefully cut out to fit the dimensions of the wiring elements, and insulating metal boxes are attached to them.

An alternative option is wiring over the ceiling. Is it possible to avoid such a labor-intensive process associated with installing pipes into walls? Many homeowners when settling hidden electrics wooden house they practice laying wiring along the ceiling in attic. Requirements fire safety For this method of electrical installation, the electrical lines remain the same; the electrical main in the attic is insulated with metal pipes or trays, only descents to switches and sockets are made through grooves or vertical drillings in the walls, as shown in the photo below:

Another option is hidden wiring in the plaster. You can take the simplest route and lay the electrical wiring between the layers of plaster. The method is primitive and inexpensive, but not very safe. Plaster actively absorbs moisture and also cracks over time, causing it to lose its insulating properties.

Helpful information

For laying hidden wiring in wood, experts recommend, developed in Germany, with three-layer insulation made of non-flammable material. You can also use the domestic cable VVGng-LS.

Using copper pipes will cost much more, but they are much easier to bend and set desired profile. Depending on the situation, you can use a combination of hidden and open wiring.

Installing a socket in a wooden wall

Common mistakes

Now you know how hidden electrical wiring can be done in a wooden house with your own hands. We hope that our installation tips, as well as the rules and requirements provided, helped you understand the essence of the work!

Materials

Major repairs or construction of a country house or country house, the construction of service outbuildings is usually completed with the supply of electricity and interior decoration. Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house requires special attention, as well as compliance with a number of special instructions, standards and requirements. This is due, firstly, to fire safety rules electrical installation in wooden houses and, secondly, the low thermal conductivity of wood and its hygroscopicity.

Installation of electrical appliances and electrical wires in a wooden structure has a number of features that must be taken into account during construction or repair. Electrical wiring in a wooden house, installation and fastening rules electrical outlets, automatic switches, electric energy meters have a number of differences compared to the electrical equipment of a brick house.

Correctly installed electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands will help ensure trouble-free operation of the power supply system at home or cottage.

Step-by-step instructions for performing the work include a number of mandatory actions:

determining the type of power supply - overhead line or underground cable;
production of a power supply diagram for the premises, taking into account the power of all consumer electrical appliances;
layout plan for the electrical panel, circuit breakers, electric meter;
marking the location of lighting devices, stationary electrical appliances and electric heaters;
determining the location and number of electrical sockets and switches. Layout plan for the electrical cable to each connection point, indicating the length and required cross-section of the electrical wire.

Drawing up a diagram and power supply plan

When drawing up a power supply diagram and an electrical cable installation plan, the following must be taken into account:

The distribution panel with an electric meter and circuit breakers should be installed close to front door at a height of about 1.5 m. This is due to ease of access to the panel and safety conditions.
An input safety circuit breaker is installed in front of the electric meter.
For each group of consumers, a separate circuit breaker is installed to protect against overloads.

The optimal height for lighting switches is 1.5 m; they must be located in the entrance area on the side door lock or door handles. Electrical sockets are placed, as a rule, at a height of 0.8 - 1 m above the floor level; their number and location are determined by the number of electrical appliances used. When drawing up a plan for the location of sockets and switches, you should also take into account the arrangement of furniture so that pieces of furniture do not block access to them.

Do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house imposes increased demands on the electrical cables used in the work. For wooden buildings, it is necessary to use only a cable with a copper core, double or triple insulation, made of non-flammable material, and a cross-section corresponding to the load.

The diagram and layout of electrical appliances will allow you to calculate the total required amount electrical cable and auxiliary elements. These include distribution boxes, connection blocks, sockets and switches. After purchase necessary materials Electrical wiring in a wooden house can be installed quite simply and quickly.

Various installation methods

Electrical wiring in a wooden house (see photo) can be installed in various ways:

external wiring on brackets or porcelain insulators;
hidden wiring in cable channels;
laying hidden cable in a hose or pipe;
wiring in the cable plinth.

External or open wiring in a wooden house, an electric cable using fastening brackets or porcelain insulators is one of the simplest and available ways installation The disadvantages of external wiring include: