(1668-1726), prince, field marshal general (1724), associate of Peter I. Participant in the Northern War, commanded a division. In 1724-1725 President of the Military Collegium.
Prince, Russian military leader, field marshal general (1725). From his youth he served under Peter I, in 1685 he was lieutenant of the “amusing” company. Participated in the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696. Since 1699, Major General. At first Northern War 1700-1721 commanded a division, participated in the capture of Noteburg and Narva. In 1708, for the defeat at Golovchin, he was demoted, but after successful actions at Lesnaya, he was restored to the rank of general. In the Battle of Poltava in 1709 he commanded the center of the Russian army. In 1709-1710 led the siege and capture of Riga, in 1712-1713 and 1715-1716. commanded troops in Pomerania. From 1719, Governor-General of Livonia and at the same time in 1724-1725. President of the Military Collegium. After the death of Peter I, he advocated the proclamation of Catherine I as empress, but was soon removed by A.D. Menshikov to Riga.
(1668-1726), steward of Tsar Peter (from 1683) and his inseparable associate, when the amusing company was established, he was made its lieutenant. During the Azov campaign he distinguished himself by taking away coastal towers from the Turks. Was at the capture of Shlisselburg and Nyenskans and in the battle of Narva in 1704; in 1707 he was defeated at Golovchin by Charles XII, for which he was demoted to soldier by the tsar; for distinction in the Battle of Lesnoy he was restored to his former rank. In the Battle of Poltava he commanded the center of the army. When Riga was captured, he was the first to enter the city and for this he was made governor-general of Riga. In 1711, during the Prut campaign, he commanded the vanguard and was one of the first to raise his voice: “to die, but not to surrender.” In 1712 he took part in the siege of Stetin and the occupation of the Friedrichstadt fortifications. In 1715, he was entrusted with the protection of the coast of Courland. In 1724 he was appointed president of the military college. At the coronation of Catherine I, he was promoted to field marshal, but after her accession, being a supporter of Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich, he retired to Riga and soon died there.
(1668-1726). Field Marshal General. A.I. Repnin was a representative of an ancient princely family, dating back to Prince Mikhail of Chernigov. The founder of the family was the governor under Ivan IV the Terrible, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Repnin-Obolensky. Anikita Ivanovich's uncle enjoyed the favor of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, and his father, the Novgorod and Tambov governor, head of the Siberian order, earned great respect from Peter I.
At the age of 16, Anikita Ivanovich was appointed steward to Peter (who was then 12 years old) and when the young tsar established “amusing” troops in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow in 1685, he received the rank of lieutenant, and two years later he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He protected the Tsar in the Trinity Monastery during the mutiny of the Streltsy in 1689. The suppression of the rebellion and the removal of the ruler Sophia by Peter from power brought into the arena of active activity a galaxy of convinced supporters of the young Tsar, among whom was Repnin.
During Peter's first Azov campaign (1695), Repnin distinguished himself by capturing two coastal towers with 32 cannons from the Turks; in the second campaign near Azov (1696), commanding a frigate, he participated in the capture of this fortress, which gave Russia access to the southern seas . Since 1698, Anikita Ivanovich, with the rank of major general, was involved in the formation and training of infantry regiments, recruited to replace the obsolete Streltsy army. At this time, Peter began to prepare for war with Sweden, and, acting on his instructions, A. Repnin and F. Golovin by the spring of 1700 formed 27 infantry and 2 dragoon regiments in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow. They were armed with fuses and muskets purchased abroad. Anikita Ivanovich was appointed commander of a division consisting of 9 infantry regiments. Seeing Repnin's diligence in recruiting and training troops, the Tsar in June 1700 promoted him to general of the infantry - a rank corresponding to general-in-chief. The prince at that moment was 32 years old, and he was the first of the noble families at this age to rise so high in his military career.
With the beginning of the Northern War, troops under the command of Golovin moved to Narva, and Repnin was sent by the tsar to Novgorod, where he recruited and sent a new division to Narva. Appointed governor-general of Novgorod, he continued to recruit troops, then put in order the regiments that had returned from Narva after a brutal defeat. Soon it was his turn to go to the battlefields: in August 1701, at the head of 19 regiments, he moved to Livonia, where he came under the command of Field Marshal B. Sheremetev. Under his leadership, Repnin gained combat experience and learned to beat the Swedes not only with numbers, but also with skill. Anikita Ivanovich's regiments took part in the siege and capture of Noteburg, and in the capture of Nyenschanz and Narva.
Not possessing outstanding military leadership talents, Repnin, according to military historians, acted in battles with due persistence and rationality, was “courageous without enthusiasm, but ready, if necessary for a great cause, to die without backing down.” According to experts in military art, he still remained “a commander among Peter’s generals” and did not always act proactively and decisively.
From near Narva, Peter sent Repnin at the head of a 10,000-strong corps to the Polish borders to help his ally, the Polish king Augustus II. Anikita Ivanovich acted in accordance with the king’s instructions - to beware of “two things: the first, so as not to go too far, the second, that if the king wants to give a general battle with the entire Swedish army, then do not do it and say that you are not allowed to do exactly that.” " Along with successful battles, there was one critical period in the actions of the Russian troops, when they were blocked in Grodno by the rapidly approaching army of Charles XII. After a 75-day blockade, choosing the moment, Repnin organized a secret transfer of troops to the left bank of the Neman and retreated to Brest, hiding behind the swamps of Polesie. At the same time, all artillery and convoys were taken away, and all the sick and wounded were preserved. “Truly now it’s already fun to live according to this notification,” Peter rejoiced at this success.
In the summer of 1708, Repnin’s military service unexpectedly took a dramatic turn. The Russian army, against which the main forces of Charles XII moved, during the retreat took a position near the village of Golovchino (not far from Mogilev). On the night of July 3, the Swedish regiments, having forded the river, attacked the division of General Repnin, located in the center of the position of the Russian troops, and after a two-hour stubborn battle overturned it. This entailed a general retreat of the Russian army. The angry Peter ordered A. Menshikov “to firmly find out about this evil behavior, starting from the first to the last.” During the investigation, Menshikov did not take into account that Repnin’s division was unexpectedly attacked by superior enemy forces, did not receive timely help from neighboring troops and was nevertheless able to inflict significant damage on the Swedes. To spite other military leaders, the tsar, although he loved Prince Repnin, demoted him to soldier. The severity of the punishment and the resentment against Menshikov depressed Anikita Ivanovich, but he did not ask for time off from the army, considering it desertion. Hot on the heels of Golovchin, Peter compiled the famous “Rules of Battle,” which determined the order of operations of troops at all stages of the battle, and especially the interaction of infantry, cavalry and artillery.
When analyzing the “Golchin shame,” Anikita Ivanovich showed amazing nobility, taking all the blame for what happened on himself, without making a single attempt to shift responsibility to other military leaders and his subordinates. To the question: “How did the officers of the higher and lower divisions behave during the battle?” - he answered: “Lieutenant General Chambers and all the colonels performed their duties as they should.”
In the battle of Lesnaya (September 1708), Prince Repnin acted as an ordinary warrior; in one of the episodes, he asked the tsar to give orders to the Cossacks and Bashkirs standing behind the infantry to stab everyone who moves back. After the battle was won, Peter, at the request of Prince M. Golitsyn, who particularly distinguished himself in this battle, restored Repnin to the rank of general and the position of division chief. In subsequent battles, Anikita Ivanovich fully justified the tsar’s trust. In the Battle of Poltava on June 27, 1709, which largely predetermined the outcome of the war with the Swedes, Repnin commanded twelve infantry regiments in the center of the position; for his actions and victory he was awarded highest award- Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
Soon after Poltava, Peter ordered the prince and his division to move to the southern borders to monitor the movement of the Crimean Tatars and Turks, as well as order in the Cossack troops. In 1709-1710 Anikita Ivanovich took part in the siege of Riga, during the departure of commander Sheremetev he acted as chief of the army, on July 4, 1710, after the surrender of the Riga garrison, he was the first to enter the city with several regiments; on the 12th Sheremetev had a ceremonial entry. After this, Repnin was appointed governor-general of Riga and commander of the troops located in its environs.
When the war with Turkey began, Repnin's division became part of the troops led by Sheremetev, and under the general leadership of Peter participated in the Prut campaign. Despite the encirclement of Russian troops by the enemy, Anikita Ivanovich, like Golitsyn, expressed a desire “to die rather than succumb,” but the tsar was still forced to enter into peace negotiations.
In 1712-1718 Repnin acted in Pomerania, Courland and Poland, then, returning to Riga, served as governor-general of Livonia. In 1724, he was appointed instead of the favorite of Tsar Menshikov, who was guilty of embezzling government funds, as president of the Military Collegium, retaining the governorship of Riga. On May 7, the day Peter proclaimed his wife Catherine as empress, the honored general was awarded the rank of field marshal.
When, after the death of Peter, through the efforts of Menshikov, Catherine ascended the throne, Anikita Ivanovich, along with other St. Andrew's knights, was awarded the newly established Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. This award did not diminish his dissatisfaction with the fact that under Catherine, all supreme power was concentrated in his hands by His Serene Highness Prince Menshikov. Not wanting to participate in intrigues, Anikita Ivanovich returned to the governorship in Riga, where he died on July 3, 1726 at the age of 58.
The son of the field marshal, Vasily Anikitovich Repnin, general-fieldmaster, in 1747-1748. was the commander of Russian troops sent to help the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, contributed to the conclusion of the Peace of Aachen. The grandson, Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin, was a famous commander and diplomat of the times of Catherine II, field marshal general.
Kovalevsky N.F. History of the Russian State. Biographies of famous military figures of the 18th - early 20th centuries. M., 1997
Nikita Ivanovich
Battles and victories
“And Bruce, and Bour, and Repnin...” Prince Nikita (Anikita) Ivanovich - an associate of Peter I, the hero of Poltava.
Russian field marshal during the Great Northern War. He was responsible for the capture of Riga in 1710, and was the governor of the Riga province from 1719 until his death.
The figure of this military leader and administrator always appears behind Peter the Great when considering various aspects of his reign. Among the “chicks of Petrov’s nest,” Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin occupies a special place. This is due to the fact that throughout the reign of Peter I, the prince more than once had to both distinguish himself and arouse the wrath of the sovereign.
A direct descendant of the legendary Rurik, the founder of the first ruling all-Russian dynasty, Anikita Ivanovich was born in 1668 into the family of a boyar, Novgorod and Tambov governor, head of the Siberian order Ivan Borisovich Repnin (d. 1697) and his wife Evdokia Nikiforovna Pleshcheeva (d. 1695). Assigned from an early age to the person of the young Tsar Peter Alekseevich, Anikita Ivanovich was among the first to join the Preobrazhensky Amusement Battalion and, after just two years, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.
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Contemporaries spoke of the prince as a solid, demanding, brave and managerial person; They considered him a good combat commander, but an absolutely incapable strategist. But Repnin was an excellent executor of the royal will. In 1687 he was promoted to the rank of half-colonel (lieutenant colonel).
During the Kozhukhov campaign of 1694, the prince commanded the Preobrazhensky regiment. Taking part in the “amusing” activities for many years, Repnin, together with them, received a baptism of fire near Azov in 1695, while in main apartment, as adjutant general of General Golovin. During the assault on two Turkish “towers” blocking the exit to the Sea of Azov, the prince led a detachment of “hunters”. During the second Azov campaign, he commanded a frigate as part of Admiral Lefort's detachment.
During the Streltsy rebellion of 1698, Colonel Prince Repnin managed to introduce a detachment of 700 Preobrazhensky soldiers into the Kremlin, which helped put an end to the rebellion. He was promoted to lieutenant general.
During the military reform of 1699, he received an order to form divisions from nine “newly recruited” regiments in the lower cities. For the successful formation of the division, he was promoted to general of infantry (general-in-chief). At the beginning of the Great Northern War (1700-1721) he received an order to move to Narva, but did not make it to the battle due to bad weather and the terrible condition of the roads. Soon he was appointed governor of Novgorod (1700-1701). He supervised the construction and repair of city fortifications. In the spring of 1701, he was appointed commander of the Russian auxiliary corps, sent to join the Saxons near Riga.
Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin
In May 1701, Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin set out from Pskov, leading 18 soldier and 1 streltsy infantry regiments to Riga to help the Saxons. A month and a half later, he united with Steinau's troops near Kokenhusen (Koknese). The Saxon field marshal gave an interesting review of the arriving regiments: “Russian troops arrived here, numbering about 20,000. People are generally good, no more than 50 people will have to be rejected; They have good Mastricht and Lüttich guns, and some regiments have swords instead of bayonets. They are doing so well that there is not a single complaint against them, they work diligently and quickly, unquestioningly carry out all orders. It is especially commendable that with the whole army there is not a single woman and not a single dog; In the military council, the Moscow general complained strongly and asked that the wives of the Saxon musketeers be prohibited from going to the Russian camp in the morning and evening and selling vodka, because through this his people become accustomed to drunkenness and all sorts of rowdy behavior. General Repnin is a man of about forty; he doesn’t know much about war, but he loves to learn and is very respectful: the colonels are all Germans, old, incapable people, and the rest of the officers are inexperienced.”
Russian soldiers practically did not directly participate in the Battle of the Dvina in the summer of 1701, and when they discovered that victory was leaning towards the Swedish side, they left the battlefield. It is possible that Repnin received strict instructions from Peter not to risk his regiments. However, this is a mystery to which no answer has yet been found. The Swedes believed that the Russian military leader had chickened out.
In 1702 -1704. Anikita Ivanovich, at the head of his division, participated in the capture of Noteburg (1702), Nyenschantz (1703) and Narva (1704), and the Lithuanian campaign (1705-1706). Remaining in the secondary post of division commander, Anikita Ivanovich coped with his duties with dignity, but in 1708 the moment came that crossed out all his conscientious service. This fatal event for Repnin took place on the banks of the swampy Babich River near the small town of Golovchino.
The hero of the Forest, Prince Golitsyn, kissed by Peter, in response to the question of what else he could wish for, only said: “Forgive Repnin.”
Due to the lack of information about the direction of movement of the Carolinian army, not the rearguard, but the main forces of Field Marshal B. Sheremetev, by July 2, found themselves concentrated in positions near Golovchin, covering the most likely routes of movement of the Swedes. Not knowing exactly where Charles XII would undertake the crossing, the Russian command decided to cover with its troops all places convenient for the enemy to cross. Thus, the Russian army found itself stretched out in an inconvenient position for battle and divided into several independent units.
One of the sections was occupied by Repnin's division. At his position, a continuous fortification was erected in the form of a frontal trench more than a mile long, and two flanks extending from it at obtuse angles. Subsequently, the prince, testifying at a military court, said that the fortifications began to be built three days before the battle: “I began to build a retrenchment in front of myself, so that I could have protection from the nearby enemy at the front.... Although it was very well made, it was unfinished.” The fortifications were not completed due to the lack of engineers and entrenching tools. In addition, a large number of people were sent from Repnin’s division to knit fascines, which also slowed down the construction of fortifications in the positions occupied by the prince’s regiments.
At the same time, the Swedes could, concentrating at Golovchin and, hiding behind the forests, quietly move their units to attack in any area of the river. Babich. Repnin's division, isolated by natural conditions from the left and right flanks of its troops, was a tempting target for attack.
A.Z. Myshlaevsky notes that: “... after three days of work, the infantry worsened its position. She chained herself to a trench laid out so poorly that its defenders were not only unable to take full advantage of their weapons and take full advantage of the support of the cavalry, but also put themselves in a risky position at the moment of retreat.”
Charles XII decided to surprise the Russians and cross Babich right in the middle of the swamp that separated the divisions of Sheremetev and Repnin, and when he got out onto solid land, try to get behind them. In order to prevent Sheremetev and Menshikov from providing assistance to Repnin, the king moved the convoy and part of the cavalry for demonstrative actions north of Golovchin.
Movements on the Swedish coast were noticed by the Russian post. At the same moment, artillery cannonade began. Repnin, at the head of the Grenadier Regiment, arrived at the bridge, preventing the Swedes from crushing the weak guard. But the Russian artillery was never able to show itself in this battle: the Swedish artillery managed to suppress the fire of the Russian cannons, and after a half-hour battle the Carolinians captured the bridge. Resistance continued for some time, but seeing the superiority of the Carolinian forces and the lack of help, the prince gave the order for a general retreat. A Swedish participant in this case later recalled: “The Russian command had every chance to stop the Swedish regiments, tired of the crossing and significant losses, but instead, I was amazed to see how they began to retreat into the forest in disarray.”
“The voivode among Petrovsky generals,” Prince Repnin, was unable to take decisive measures to repel the enemy’s advance. The Battle of Golovchino lasted a total of about 8-9 hours and ended in victory for the Swedes. The losses on both sides were significant: according to P. Englund, the Russians lost five thousand killed and wounded, and the Swedes - up to 1,200 people. However, except for some regiments of Repnin's division and Goltz's dragoons, who suffered significant losses in men and horses, the rest of the Russian army retreated from the battlefield in perfect order, hiding behind a strong rearguard.
At Golovchin, the Swedes won using the same tactics as at Narva, striking the center under artillery cover and blocking both flanks.
The assessment of the results of the battle of Golovchino on July 3-4, 1708, both in Russian and foreign literature, is ambiguous. Foreign researchers, as a rule, overestimate the significance of the Golovchin victory of the Swedish king, speaking about the defeat of the Russian army, although this is too much of an exaggeration. Charles XII himself valued this victory very highly. To maintain the reputation of the Swedish army and the morale of the soldiers, he ordered the production of a commemorative medal with the inscription “Forests, swamps, strongholds and the enemy were defeated.”
Be that as it may, the victory of the perfectly trained Swedish army at Golovchin turned out to be only a major tactical success that did not bring any strategic benefits to the king. During the crossing of Babich and subsequent actions, the infantry and cavalry were so exhausted that, after the successful outcome of the battle, they did not have enough strength to pursue the retreating enemy. Golovchino was the last major battle won by Charles XII during his military career. Here the Swedes were able to make sure that they were opposed by already well-trained Russian regiments, not comparable to those that were their opponents in 1700 near Narva.
The consequences of the failure at Golovchin quickly affected the Russian generals. Peter I, who arrived at the army on July 9, examined in detail what had happened, and ordered the establishment of a “Kriegsrecht” - a military court - over those responsible for the defeat. For his passivity in battle and the loss of his guns, General Repnin was demoted to the ranks. Lieutenant General Chambers was stripped of his post and the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. The trial of General Goltz could not be completed.
But Prince Repnin did not surrender to the will of circumstances, realizing that his entire future fate depended on the will of Peter I. Show himself in battle with the most the best side became his main task.
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In the battle of Lesnaya (September 28, 1708), Repnin showed remarkable courage and, at the request of Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn, was forgiven by the tsar and restored to his rank and position. During the battle, Repnin stood with a gun in the ranks of the soldiers and, seeing that the Swedes were beginning to push back the Russians, he dared to ask Peter to give a formidable command so that the Cossacks and Kalmyks in the rear would stab everyone who would back down. "Comrade! - Peter said then to Repnin. “I’m the first to hear such advice from you and I feel that we will not lose the battle.” The desperate battle lasted more than 6 hours and was won by the Russians. After her, the hero Forest Prince M.M. Golitsyn (kissed by Peter) in response to the question of what else he could wish for, only said: “Forgive Repnin.”
In the battle of Poltava (1709) he will command the center of the Russian infantry and receive the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Repnin was also granted personal ownership of the village of Velikoye, where, on his instructions, in 1712, in honor of the victory over the Swedes near Poltava, the summer church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built.
Repnin is mentioned in A. S. Pushkin’s poem “Poltava”.
Before the battle, Peter I tours his troops, ready for the decisive battle:And he rushed in front of the shelves,
Powerful and joyful, like battle.
He devoured the field with his eyes.
A crowd rushed after him
These chicks of Petrov's nest -
In the midst of earthly lot,
In the works of power and war
His comrades, sons:
And noble Sheremetev,
And Bruce, and Bour, and Repnin...
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Repnin's military career would be followed by the capture of Riga (1710) and the unsuccessful Prut campaign (1711). In 1713, Anikita Ivanovich's division will take part in the siege of Teningen and the capture of Stettin.
After the Swedish army capitulated at Teningen, the Allies intensified their efforts to besiege fortresses in Swedish Pomerania. At their insistence, the Russian expeditionary force was to take an important port at the mouth of the Oder River - Stettin. Stettin had strong fortifications and a powerful garrison numbering more than 4,000 people. The commandant of the fortress was the energetic Major General Mayerfelt, who was not going to surrender the city without a fight.
Russian troops approached the city on July 8, having in the vanguard the dragoon brigade R.Kh. Bowra. On July 11, the infantry divisions of Repnin and Dolgorukov approached the city and immediately began building siege fortifications. The siege was complicated by the fact that Prussia and Holstein-Gottorp claimed the fortress at the same time as Denmark. As a result, the Allies did their best to interfere with the Russians. Prince A.D. Menshikov was furious with their intrigues, but could not do anything. Despite his repeated requests, the Danes refused to provide siege artillery, citing the fact that it was needed near Wismar and Stralsund. Finally, guns began to be transported from Saxony, but they were stuck on Prussian territory.
The Swedes, in turn, actively defended themselves, making forays into the Russian camp, both by water and by land. The blows were small, but pretty much frayed my nerves. The largest foray took place from the city on August 19. On September 2, with the arrival of the Saxon siege artillery, they began digging aproshes and installing siege batteries. The Russians were prevented from conducting effective siege operations by the garrison of Sternschanz. Then it was decided to take it by storm. At the same time, Prince Repnin was supposed to sound the alarm and open fire on the city in order to divert the attention of the garrison, and Lieutenant Colonel Orlov and Guard Major Matyushkin, at the head of 100 grenadiers and 300 musketeers of the Ingria Regiment, were supposed to attack the trench.
Sternschanz's attack was a great success. Acting only with swords, the Russians captured the fortification within twenty minutes, capturing 57 people.
The fall of the fortification demoralized the Stettin garrison. The commandant agreed to an honorable surrender, agreeing to the right to transfer it into sequestration to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and the King of Prussia. Two Swedish battalions remained as a garrison in the fortress, switching to Holstein service. On September 21, the Stettin garrison laid down its arms. 2,724 people were captured. There were 1,873 people left in the fortress itself. During the siege, Russian troops lost 8 officers killed and 10 wounded, 176 lower ranks killed and 355 wounded.
In 1719-1724 the prince was the governor-general of Livonia. He was awarded the Order of the White Elephant by the King of Denmark-Norway and the Order of the White Eagle by the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In February 1724 he was appointed to the post of President of the Military College. After the death of Peter the Great, he supported Menshikov in his decision to confirm Catherine I (1725-1727) on the throne. For this he was promoted to field marshal general and awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.
Menshikov, who feared Repnin’s excessive rise, took away the leadership of the Military Collegium from him and ensured his return to Riga to inspect stores, artillery and ammunition, replenish supplies and build a new trench on the banks of the Dvina. Repnin never returned from this business trip, because he died that same year. He was buried in the Alekseevskaya Church.
Bespalov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Literature
Bantysh-Kamensky, D.N. Biographies of Russian generalissimos and field marshals. In 4 parts. Reprint of the 1840 edition. Part 1-2. M., 1991
Bespalov A.V. Battles of the Northern War (1700-1721). M., 2005
Bespalov A.V. Battles and sieges of the Great Northern War (1700-1721). M., 2010
History of the Russian State: Biographies. XVIII century. M.: Publishing house “Kn. Chamber", 1996
History of the Northern War 1700-1721. / Rep. ed. I. I. Rostunov. M., 1987
Maslovsky D. Northern War. Documents 1705-1708. St. Petersburg, 1892
Letters and papers of Emperor Peter the Great. vol. 1-9. St. Petersburg, 1887-1950
Northern War 1700-1721 Collection of documents. vol. 1., IRI RAS. 2009
Soviet historical encyclopedia. 1976
Internet
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Denikin Anton Ivanovich
Russian military leader, political and public figure, writer, memoirist, publicist and military documentarian.
Participant in the Russo-Japanese War. One of the most effective generals of the Russian Imperial Army during the First World War. Commander of the 4th Infantry "Iron" Brigade (1914-1916, from 1915 - deployed under his command to a division), 8th Army Corps (1916-1917). Lieutenant General of the General Staff (1916), commander of the Western and Southwestern Fronts (1917). An active participant in the military congresses of 1917, an opponent of the democratization of the army. He expressed support for the Kornilov speech, for which he was arrested by the Provisional Government, a participant in the Berdichev and Bykhov sittings of generals (1917).
One of the main leaders of the White movement during the Civil War, its leader in the South of Russia (1918-1920). He achieved the greatest military and political results among all the leaders of the White movement. Pioneer, one of the main organizers, and then commander of the Volunteer Army (1918-1919). Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (1919-1920), Deputy Supreme Ruler and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army Admiral Kolchak (1919-1920).
Since April 1920 - an emigrant, one of the main political figures of the Russian emigration. Author of the memoirs “Essays on the Russian Time of Troubles” (1921-1926) - a fundamental historical and biographical work about the Civil War in Russia, the memoirs “The Old Army” (1929-1931), the autobiographical story “The Path of the Russian Officer” (published in 1953) and a number of other works.
Govorov Leonid Alexandrovich
Rurik Svyatoslav Igorevich
Year of birth 942 date of death 972 Expansion of state borders. 965 conquest of the Khazars, 963 march south to the Kuban region, capture of Tmutarakan, 969 conquest of the Volga Bulgars, 971 conquest of the Bulgarian kingdom, 968 founding of Pereyaslavets on the Danube (the new capital of Rus'), 969 defeat of the Pechenegs in the defense of Kyiv.
Vasilevsky Alexander Mikhailovich
Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (September 18 (30), 1895 - December 5, 1977) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), Chief of the General Staff, member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. During the Great Patriotic War as Chief of the General Staff (1942-1945), he took an active part in the development and implementation of almost all major operations on Soviet-German front. From February 1945, he commanded the 3rd Belorussian Front and led the assault on Königsberg. In 1945, commander-in-chief of Soviet troops in the Far East in the war with Japan. One of the greatest commanders of the Second World War.
In 1949-1953 - Minister of the Armed Forces and Minister of War of the USSR. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945), holder of two Orders of Victory (1944, 1945).
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
Chairman of the State Defense Committee, Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Armed Forces during the Great Patriotic War.
What other questions might there be?
Yudenich Nikolai Nikolaevich
October 3, 2013 marks the 80th anniversary of the death in the French city of Cannes of the Russian military leader, commander of the Caucasian Front, hero of Mukden, Sarykamysh, Van, Erzerum (thanks to the complete defeat of the 90,000-strong Turkish army, Constantinople and the Bosporus with the Dardanelles retreated to Russia), the savior of the Armenian people from the complete Turkish genocide, holder of three orders of George and the highest order of France, the Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honor, General Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich.
Khvorostinin Dmitry Ivanovich
A commander who had no defeats...
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
During the Patriotic War, Stalin led and coordinated all the armed forces of our homeland fighting. It is impossible not to note his merits in competent planning and organization of military operations, in the skillful selection of military leaders and their assistants. Joseph Stalin proved himself not only as an outstanding commander who competently led all fronts, but also as an excellent organizer who carried out enormous work to increase the country's defense capability both in the pre-war and during the war years.
A short list of military awards of I.V. Stalin received by him during the Second World War:
Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Medal "For the Defense of Moscow"
Order "Victory"
Medal "Golden Star" of the Hero of the Soviet Union
Medal "For victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
Medal "For Victory over Japan"
Peter I the Great
Emperor of All Russia (1721-1725), before that the Tsar of All Rus'. He won the Northern War (1700-1721). This victory finally opened up free access to Baltic Sea. Under his rule, Russia (Russian Empire) became a Great Power.
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
Victory in the Great Patriotic War, saving the entire planet from absolute evil, and our country from extinction.
From the first hours of the war, Stalin controlled the country, front and rear. On land, at sea and in the air.
His merit is not one or even ten battles or campaigns, his merit is Victory, made up of hundreds of battles of the Great Patriotic War: the battle of Moscow, battles in the North Caucasus, the Battle of Stalingrad, the battle of Kursk, the battle of Leningrad and many others before the capture Berlin, success in which was achieved thanks to the monotonous inhuman work of the genius of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.
Kuznetsov Nikolay Gerasimovich
He made a great contribution to strengthening the fleet before the war; conducted a number of major exercises, initiated the opening of new maritime schools and maritime special schools (later Nakhimov schools). On the eve of Germany's surprise attack on the USSR, he took effective measures to increase the combat readiness of the fleets, and on the night of June 22, he gave the order to bring them to full combat readiness, which made it possible to avoid losses of ships and naval aviation.
Miloradovich
Bagration, Miloradovich, Davydov are some very special breed of people. They don't do things like that now. The heroes of 1812 were distinguished by complete recklessness and complete contempt for death. And it was General Miloradovich, who went through all the wars for Russia without a single scratch, who became the first victim of individual terror. After Kakhovsky's shot at Senate Square The Russian revolution followed this path - right up to the basement of the Ipatiev House. Taking away the best.
Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich
In World War I, commander of the 8th Army in the Battle of Galicia. On August 15-16, 1914, during the Rohatyn battles, he defeated the 2nd Austro-Hungarian Army, capturing 20 thousand people. and 70 guns. On August 20, Galich was captured. The 8th Army takes an active part in the battles at Rava-Russkaya and in the Battle of Gorodok. In September he commanded a group of troops from the 8th and 3rd armies. From September 28 to October 11, his army withstood a counterattack by the 2nd and 3rd Austro-Hungarian armies in battles on the San River and near the city of Stryi. During the successfully completed battles, 15 thousand enemy soldiers were captured, and at the end of October his army entered the foothills of the Carpathians.
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, Generalissimo of the Soviet Union, Supreme Commander-in-Chief. The brilliant military leadership of the USSR in the Second World War.
Uvarov Fedor Petrovich
At the age of 27 he was promoted to general. He took part in the campaigns of 1805-1807 and in the battles on the Danube in 1810. In 1812, he commanded the 1st Artillery Corps in the army of Barclay de Tolly, and subsequently the entire cavalry of the united armies.
Bagration, Denis Davydov...
The War of 1812, the glorious names of Bagration, Barclay, Davydov, Platov. A model of honor and courage.
Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich
Because he inspires many by personal example.
Saltykov Pyotr Semyonovich
The largest successes of the Russian army in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763 are associated with his name. Winner in the battles of Palzig,
In the Battle of Kunersdorf, defeating the Prussian king Frederick II the Great, Berlin was taken by the troops of Totleben and Chernyshev.
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
The largest figure in world history, whose life and government activities left a deep imprint not only on the fate of the Soviet people, but also on all humanity, will be the subject of careful study by historians for many more centuries. The historical and biographical feature of this personality is that she will never be consigned to oblivion.
During Stalin's tenure as Supreme Commander-in-Chief and Chairman of the State Defense Committee, our country was marked by victory in the Great Patriotic War, massive labor and front-line heroism, the transformation of the USSR into a superpower with significant scientific, military and industrial potential, and the strengthening of our country's geopolitical influence in the world.
Ten Stalinist strikes is the general name for a number of the largest offensive strategic operations in the Great Patriotic War, carried out in 1944 by the armed forces of the USSR. Along with other offensive operations, they made a decisive contribution to the victory of the countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition over Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II.
Peter the First
Because he not only conquered the lands of his fathers, but also established the status of Russia as a power!
Stalin (Dzhugashvilli) Joseph
Stessel Anatoly Mikhailovich
Commandant of Port Arthur during his heroic defense. The unprecedented ratio of losses of Russian and Japanese troops before the surrender of the fortress is 1:10.
Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph Vissarionovich
Comrade Stalin, in addition to the atomic and missile projects, together with Army General Alexei Innokentievich Antonov, participated in the development and implementation of almost all significant transactions Soviet troops in the Second World War, brilliantly organized the work of the rear, even in the first difficult years of the war.
Golenishchev-Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
(1745-1813).
1. A GREAT Russian commander, he was an example for his soldiers. Appreciated every soldier. “M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov is not only the liberator of the Fatherland, he is the only one who outplayed the hitherto invincible French emperor, turning the “great army” into a crowd of ragamuffins, saving, thanks to his military genius, the lives of many Russian soldiers.”
2. Mikhail Illarionovich, being a highly educated man who knew several foreign languages, dexterous, sophisticated, who knew how to animate society with the gift of words and an entertaining story, also served Russia as an excellent diplomat - ambassador to Turkey.
3. M.I. Kutuzov is the first to become a full holder of the highest military order of St. St. George the Victorious four degrees.
The life of Mikhail Illarionovich is an example of service to the fatherland, attitude towards soldiers, spiritual strength for Russian military leaders of our time and, of course, for the younger generation - future military men.
Rurikovich Yaroslav the Wise Vladimirovich
He dedicated his life to protecting the Fatherland. Defeated the Pechenegs. He established the Russian state as one of the greatest states of his time.
An outstanding military figure of the 17th century, prince and governor. In 1655, he won his first victory over the Polish hetman S. Potocki near Gorodok in Galicia. Later, as commander of the army of the Belgorod category (military administrative district), he played main role in organizing the defense of Russia's southern border. In 1662, he won the greatest victory in the Russian-Polish war for Ukraine in the battle of Kanev, defeating the traitor hetman Yu. Khmelnytsky and the Poles who helped him. In 1664, near Voronezh, he forced the famous Polish commander Stefan Czarnecki to flee, forcing the army of King John Casimir to retreat. Repeatedly beat the Crimean Tatars. In 1677 he defeated the 100,000-strong Turkish army of Ibrahim Pasha near Buzhin, and in 1678 he defeated the Turkish corps of Kaplan Pasha near Chigirin. Thanks to his military talents, Ukraine did not become another Ottoman province and the Turks did not take Kyiv.
Prophetic Oleg
Your shield is on the gates of Constantinople.
A.S. Pushkin.
Batitsky
I served in the air defense and therefore I know this surname - Batitsky. Do you know? By the way, the father of air defense!
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
He was the Supreme Commander-in-Chief during the Great Patriotic War, in which our country won, and made all strategic decisions.
Skopin-Shuisky Mikhail Vasilievich
In the conditions of the disintegration of the Russian state during the Time of Troubles, with minimal material and personnel resources, he created an army that defeated the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists and liberated most of the Russian state.
Petrov Ivan Efimovich
Defense of Odessa, Defense of Sevastopol, Liberation of Slovakia
Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich
Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1955). Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).
From 1942 to 1946, commander of the 62nd Army (8th Guards Army), which particularly distinguished itself in the Battle of Stalingrad. He took part in defensive battles on the distant approaches to Stalingrad. From September 12, 1942, he commanded the 62nd Army. IN AND. Chuikov received the task of defending Stalingrad at any cost. The front command believed that Lieutenant General Chuikov was characterized by such positive traits, like determination and firmness, courage and a great operational outlook, a high sense of responsibility and consciousness of one’s duty. The army, under the command of V.I. Chuikov, became famous for the heroic six-month defense of Stalingrad in street fighting in a completely destroyed city, fighting on isolated bridgeheads on the banks of the wide Volga.
For the unprecedented mass heroism and steadfastness of its personnel, in April 1943, the 62nd Army received the honorary title of Guards and became known as the 8th Guards Army.
Gurko Joseph Vladimirovich
Field Marshal General (1828-1901) Hero of Shipka and Plevna, Liberator of Bulgaria (a street in Sofia is named after him, a monument was erected). In 1877 he commanded the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division. To quickly capture some passes through the Balkans, Gurko led an advance detachment consisting of four cavalry regiments, a rifle brigade and the newly formed Bulgarian militia, with two batteries of horse artillery. Gurko completed his task quickly and boldly and won a series of victories over the Turks, ending with the capture of Kazanlak and Shipka. During the struggle for Plevna, Gurko, at the head of the guard and cavalry troops of the western detachment, defeated the Turks near Gorny Dubnyak and Telish, then again went to the Balkans, occupied Entropol and Orhanye, and after the fall of Plevna, reinforced by the IX Corps and the 3rd Guards Infantry Division , despite the terrible cold, crossed the Balkan ridge, took Philippopolis and occupied Adrianople, opening the way to Constantinople. At the end of the war, he commanded military districts, was governor-general, and a member of the state council. Buried in Tver (Sakharovo village)
Eremenko Andrey Ivanovich
Commander of the Stalingrad and South-Eastern Fronts. The fronts under his command in the summer and autumn of 1942 stopped the advance of the German 6th field and 4th tank armies towards Stalingrad.
In December 1942, the Stalingrad Front of General Eremenko stopped the tank offensive of General G. Hoth's group on Stalingrad, for the relief of the 6th Army of Paulus.
Belov Pavel Alekseevich
He led the cavalry corps during the Second World War. He showed himself excellently during the Battle of Moscow, especially in defensive battles near Tula. He especially distinguished himself in the Rzhev-Vyazemsk operation, where he emerged from encirclement after 5 months of stubborn fighting.
Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich
One of the best Russian generals of the First World War. In June 1916, troops of the Southwestern Front under the command of Adjutant General A.A. Brusilov, simultaneously striking in several directions, broke through the enemy’s deeply layered defenses and advanced 65 km. In military history, this operation was called the Brusilov breakthrough.
Romodanovsky Grigory Grigorievich
There are no outstanding military figures on the project from the period from the Time of Troubles to the Northern War, although there were some. An example of this is G.G. Romodanovsky.
He came from a family of Starodub princes.
Participant of the sovereign's campaign against Smolensk in 1654. In September 1655, together with the Ukrainian Cossacks, he defeated the Poles near Gorodok (near Lvov), and in November of the same year he fought in the battle of Ozernaya. In 1656 he received the rank of okolnichy and headed the Belgorod rank. In 1658 and 1659 participated in hostilities against the traitor Hetman Vyhovsky and the Crimean Tatars, besieged Varva and fought near Konotop (Romodanovsky’s troops withstood a heavy battle at the crossing of the Kukolka River). In 1664 he played decisive role in repelling the invasion of 70 thousand army of the Polish king on Left Bank Ukraine, inflicted a number of sensitive blows on it. In 1665 he was made a boyar. In 1670 he acted against the Razins - he defeated the detachment of the chieftain's brother, Frol. The crowning achievement of Romodanovsky's military activity was the war with the Ottoman Empire. In 1677 and 1678 troops under his leadership inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottomans. An interesting point: both main figures in the Battle of Vienna in 1683 were defeated by G.G. Romodanovsky: Sobieski with his king in 1664 and Kara Mustafa in 1678
The prince died on May 15, 1682 during the Streltsy uprising in Moscow.
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
“I studied J.V. Stalin thoroughly as a military leader, since I went through the entire war with him. I.V. Stalin knew the issues of organizing front-line operations and operations of groups of fronts and led them with full knowledge affairs, having a good understanding of large strategic issues...
In leading the armed struggle as a whole, J.V. Stalin was helped by his natural intelligence and rich intuition. He knew how to find the main link in a strategic situation and, seizing on it, counter the enemy, carry out one or another major offensive operation. Undoubtedly, he was a worthy Supreme Commander."
(Zhukov G.K. Memories and reflections.)
It's simple - It was he, as a commander, who made the greatest contribution to the defeat of Napoleon. He saved the army under the most difficult conditions, despite misunderstandings and grave accusations of treason. It was to him that our great poet Pushkin, practically a contemporary of those events, dedicated the poem “Commander.”
Pushkin, recognizing Kutuzov's merits, did not oppose him to Barclay. In place of the common alternative “Barclay or Kutuzov,” with the traditional resolution in favor of Kutuzov, Pushkin came to a new position: both Barclay and Kutuzov are both worthy of the grateful memory of posterity, but Kutuzov is revered by everyone, but Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly is undeservedly forgotten.
Pushkin mentioned Barclay de Tolly even earlier, in one of the chapters of “Eugene Onegin” -
Thunderstorm of the twelfth year
It has arrived - who helped us here?
The frenzy of the people
Barclay, winter or Russian god?...
Wrangel Pyotr Nikolaevich
Participant in the Russo-Japanese and First World Wars, one of the main leaders (1918−1920) of the White movement during the Civil War. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in Crimea and Poland (1920). General Staff Lieutenant General (1918). Knight of St. George.
Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich
Participated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-91 and the Russian-Swedish War of 1788-90. He distinguished himself during the war with France in 1806-07 at Preussisch-Eylau, and from 1807 he commanded a division. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-09 he commanded a corps; led the successful crossing of the Kvarken Strait in the winter of 1809. In 1809-10, Governor-General of Finland. From January 1810 to September 1812, the Minister of War did a lot of work to strengthen the Russian army, and separated the intelligence and counterintelligence service into a separate production. In the Patriotic War of 1812 he commanded the 1st Western Army, and, as Minister of War, the 2nd Western Army was subordinate to him. In conditions of significant superiority of the enemy, he showed his talent as a commander and successfully carried out the withdrawal and unification of the two armies, which earned M.I. Kutuzov such words as THANK YOU DEAR FATHER!!! SAVED THE ARMY!!! SAVED RUSSIA!!!. However, the retreat caused discontent in noble circles and the army, and on August 17 Barclay surrendered command of the armies to M.I. Kutuzov. In the Battle of Borodino he commanded the right wing of the Russian army, showing steadfastness and skill in defense. He recognized the position chosen by L. L. Bennigsen near Moscow as unsuccessful and supported M. I. Kutuzov’s proposal to leave Moscow at the military council in Fili. In September 1812, due to illness, he left the army. In February 1813 he was appointed commander of the 3rd and then the Russian-Prussian army, which he successfully commanded during the foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813-14 (Kulm, Leipzig, Paris). Buried in the Beklor estate in Livonia (now Jõgeveste Estonia)
Drozdovsky Mikhail Gordeevich
He managed to bring his subordinate troops to the Don in full force, and fought extremely effectively in the conditions of the civil war.
Antonov Alexey Innokentievich
He became famous as a talented staff officer. He participated in the development of almost all significant operations of the Soviet troops in the Great Patriotic War since December 1942.
The only one of all Soviet military leaders awarded the Order of Victory with the rank of army general, and the only Soviet holder of the order who was not awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Chichagov Vasily Yakovlevich
Superbly commanded the Baltic Fleet in the campaigns of 1789 and 1790. He won victories in the battle of Öland (7/15/1789), in the Revel (5/2/1790) and Vyborg (06/22/1790) battles. After the last two defeats, which were of strategic importance, the dominance of the Baltic Fleet became unconditional, and this forced the Swedes to make peace. There are few such examples in the history of Russia when victories at sea led to victory in the war. And by the way, the Battle of Vyborg was one of the largest in world history in terms of the number of ships and people.
Bennigsen Leonty
An unjustly forgotten commander. Having won several battles against Napoleon and his marshals, he drew two battles with Napoleon and lost one battle. Participated in the Battle of Borodino. One of the contenders for the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army during the Patriotic War of 1812!
Ridiger Fedor Vasilievich
Adjutant General, Cavalry General, Adjutant General... He had three Golden sabers with the inscription: “For bravery”... In 1849, Ridiger took part in a campaign in Hungary to suppress the unrest that arose there, being appointed head of the right column. On May 9, Russian troops entered the Austrian Empire. He pursued the rebel army until August 1, forcing them to lay down their arms in front of Russian troops near Vilyagosh. On August 5, the troops entrusted to him occupied the Arad fortress. During the trip of Field Marshal Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich to Warsaw, Count Ridiger commanded the troops located in Hungary and Transylvania... On February 21, 1854, during the absence of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich in the Kingdom of Poland, Count Ridiger commanded all troops located in the area of the active army - as a commander separate corps and at the same time served as head of the Kingdom of Poland. After the return of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich to Warsaw, from August 3, 1854, he served as Warsaw military governor.
Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich
Known mainly as one of the minor characters in the story “Hadji Murad” by L.N. Tolstoy, Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov went through all the Caucasian and Turkish campaigns of the second half of the mid-19th century.
Showed himself well during Caucasian War, during the Kars campaign Crimean War Loris-Melikov led reconnaissance and then successfully served as commander-in-chief during the difficult Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, winning a number of important victories over the united Turkish forces and capturing Kars for the third time, which by that time was considered impregnable.
Olsufiev Zakhar Dmitrievich
One of the most famous military leaders of Bagration's 2nd Western Army. Always fought with exemplary courage. He was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree, for his heroic participation in the Battle of Borodino. He distinguished himself in the battle on the Chernishna (or Tarutinsky) River. His reward for his participation in defeating the vanguard of Napoleon's army was the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree. He was called "a general with talents." When Olsufiev was captured and taken to Napoleon, he said to his entourage the words famous in history: “Only Russians know how to fight like that!”
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich
If anyone has not heard, there is no point in writing
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich
The greatest Russian commander! He has more than 60 victories and not a single defeat. Thanks to his talent for victory, the whole world learned the power of Russian weapons
Paskevich Ivan Fedorovich
Hero of Borodin, Leipzig, Paris (division commander)
As commander-in-chief, he won 4 companies (Russian-Persian 1826-1828, Russian-Turkish 1828-1829, Polish 1830-1831, Hungarian 1849).
Knight of the Order of St. George, 1st degree - for the capture of Warsaw (the order, according to the statute, was awarded either for the salvation of the fatherland, or for the capture of the enemy capital).
Field Marshal.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
It is certainly worthy; in my opinion, no explanation or evidence is required. It's surprising that his name isn't on the list. was the list prepared by representatives of the Unified State Examination generation?
Grand Duke of Russia Mikhail Nikolaevich
Feldzeichmeister-General (commander-in-chief of the artillery of the Russian Army), youngest son of Emperor Nicholas I, Viceroy in the Caucasus since 1864. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the Caucasus in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. Under his command the fortresses of Kars, Ardahan, and Bayazet were taken.
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army, which repelled the attack of Nazi Germany, liberated Europe, author of many operations, including “Ten Stalinist Strikes” (1944)
Momyshuly Bauyrzhan
Fidel Castro called him a hero of World War II.
He brilliantly put into practice the tactics of fighting with small forces against an enemy many times superior in strength, developed by Major General I.V. Panfilov, which later received the name “Momyshuly’s spiral.”
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
Shein Alexey Semyonovich
The first Russian generalissimo. Leader of the Azov campaigns of Peter I.
Ivan groznyj
He conquered the Astrakhan kingdom, to which Russia paid tribute. Defeated the Livonian Order. Expanded the borders of Russia far beyond the Urals.
Gagen Nikolai Alexandrovich
On June 22, trains with units of the 153rd Infantry Division arrived in Vitebsk. Covering the city from the west, Hagen's division (together with the heavy artillery regiment attached to the division) occupied a 40 km long defense line; it was opposed by the 39th German Motorized Corps.
After 7 days of fierce fighting, the division's battle formations were not broken through. The Germans no longer contacted the division, bypassed it and continued the offensive. The division appeared in a German radio message as destroyed. Meanwhile, the 153rd Rifle Division, without ammunition and fuel, began to fight its way out of the ring. Hagen led the division out of encirclement with heavy weapons.
For the demonstrated steadfastness and heroism during the Elninsky operation on September 18, 1941, by order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 308, the division received the honorary name “Guards”.
From 01/31/1942 to 09/12/1942 and from 10/21/1942 to 04/25/1943 - commander of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps,
from May 1943 to October 1944 - commander of the 57th Army,
from January 1945 - the 26th Army.
Troops under the leadership of N.A. Gagen took part in the Sinyavinsk operation (and the general managed to break out of encirclement for the second time with weapons in hand), Stalingrad and Kursk battles, battles on the Left Bank and Right Bank Ukraine, in the liberation of Bulgaria, in the Iasi-Kishinev, Belgrade, Budapest, Balaton and Vienna operations. Participant of the Victory Parade.
Shein Mikhail Borisovich
He headed the Smolensk defense against Polish-Lithuanian troops, which lasted 20 months. Under the command of Shein, multiple attacks were repelled, despite the explosion and a hole in the wall. He held back and bled the main forces of the Poles at the decisive moment of the Time of Troubles, preventing them from moving to Moscow to support their garrison, creating the opportunity to gather an all-Russian militia to liberate the capital. Only with the help of a defector, the troops of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth managed to take Smolensk on June 3, 1611. The wounded Shein was captured and taken with his family to Poland for 8 years. After returning to Russia, he commanded the army that tried to recapture Smolensk in 1632-1634. Executed due to boyar slander. Undeservedly forgotten.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
Commander-in-Chief during the Patriotic War of 1812. One of the most famous and beloved military heroes by the people!
Senyavin Dmitry Nikolaevich
Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin (6 (17) August 1763 - 5 (17) April 1831) - Russian naval commander, admiral.
for courage and outstanding diplomatic work shown during the blockade of the Russian fleet in Lisbon
Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich
“There is a city in vast Russia to which my heart is given, it went down in history as STALINGRAD...” V.I. Chuikov
Izylmetyev Ivan Nikolaevich
Commanded the frigate "Aurora". He made the transition from St. Petersburg to Kamchatka in a record time for those times in 66 days. In Callao Bay he eluded the Anglo-French squadron. Arriving in Petropavlovsk together with the governor of the Kamchatka Territory, Zavoiko V. organized the defense of the city, during which the sailors from the Aurora, together with local residents, threw the outnumbered Anglo-French landing force into the sea. Then he took the Aurora to the Amur Estuary, hiding it there After these events, the British public demanded a trial of the admirals who lost the Russian frigate.
Antonov Alexey Inokentevich
Chief strategist of the USSR in 1943-45, practically unknown to society
"Kutuzov" World War II
Humble and committed. Victorious. Author of all operations since the spring of 1943 and the victory itself. Others gained fame - Stalin and the front commanders.
Yuri Vsevolodovich
Svyatoslav Igorevich
Grand Duke of Novgorod, from 945 of Kiev. Son of Grand Duke Igor Rurikovich and Princess Olga. Svyatoslav became famous as a great commander, whom N.M. Karamzin called “Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history.”
After the military campaigns of Svyatoslav Igorevich (965-972), the territory of the Russian land increased from the Volga region to the Caspian Sea, from the North Caucasus to the Black Sea region, from the Balkan Mountains to Byzantium. Defeated Khazaria and Volga Bulgaria, weakened and frightened the Byzantine Empire, opened routes for trade between Rus' and eastern countries
Ermak Timofeevich
Russian. Cossack. Ataman. Defeated Kuchum and his satellites. Approved Siberia as part of the Russian state. He dedicated his entire life to military work.
Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich
During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791, F. F. Ushakov made a serious contribution to the development of sailing fleet tactics. Relying on the entire set of principles for training naval forces and military art, incorporating all the accumulated tactical experience, F. F. Ushakov acted creatively, based on the specific situation and common sense. His actions were distinguished by decisiveness and extraordinary courage. Without hesitation, he reorganized the fleet into battle formation even when approaching the enemy directly, minimizing the time of tactical deployment. Despite the established tactical rule of the commander being in the middle of the battle formation, Ushakov, implementing the principle of concentration of forces, boldly placed his ship in the forefront and occupied the most dangerous positions, encouraging his commanders with his own courage. He was distinguished by a quick assessment of the situation, an accurate calculation of all success factors and a decisive attack aimed at achieving complete victory over the enemy. In this regard, Admiral F. F. Ushakov can rightfully be considered the founder of the Russian tactical school in naval art.
Suvorov Mikhail Vasilievich
The only one who can be called GENERALLISIMO... Bagration, Kutuzov are his students...
Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich
Russian admiral who gave his life for the liberation of the Fatherland.
Oceanographer, one of the largest polar explorers of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, military and political figure, naval commander, full member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, leader of the White movement, Supreme Ruler of Russia.
Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich
The great Russian naval commander who won victories at Fedonisi, Kaliakria, at Cape Tendra and during the liberation of the islands of Malta (Ianian Islands) and Corfu. Discovered and introduced new tactics sea battle, with the abandonment of the linear formation of ships and showed the tactics of a “scattered formation” with an attack on the flagship of the enemy fleet. One of the founders of the Black Sea Fleet and its commander in 1790-1792.
Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich
Commander of the First Cavalry Army of the Red Army during the Civil War. The First Cavalry Army, which he led until October 1923, played an important role in a number of major operations of the Civil War to defeat the troops of Denikin and Wrangel in Northern Tavria and Crimea.
Linevich Nikolai Petrovich
Nikolai Petrovich Linevich (December 24, 1838 - April 10, 1908) - a prominent Russian military figure, infantry general (1903), adjutant general (1905); general who took Beijing by storm.
Oktyabrsky Philip Sergeevich
Admiral, Hero of the Soviet Union. During the Great Patriotic War, commander of the Black Sea Fleet. One of the leaders of the Defense of Sevastopol in 1941 - 1942, as well as the Crimean operation of 1944. During the Great Patriotic War, Vice Admiral F. S. Oktyabrsky was one of the leaders of the heroic defense of Odessa and Sevastopol. Being the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, at the same time in 1941-1942 he was the commander of the Sevastopol Defense Region.
Three Orders of Lenin
three Orders of the Red Banner
two Orders of Ushakov, 1st degree
Order of Nakhimov, 1st degree
Order of Suvorov, 2nd degree
Order of the Red Star
medals
Dovator Lev Mikhailovich
Soviet military leader, major general, Hero of the Soviet Union. Known for successful operations to destroy German troops during the Great Patriotic War. The German command placed a large reward on Dovator's head.
Together with the 8th Guards Division named after Major General I.V. Panfilov, 1st Guards tank brigade General M.E. Katukov and other troops of the 16th Army, his corps defended the approaches to Moscow in the Volokolamsk direction.
Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich
The greatest Commander and Diplomat!!! Who utterly defeated the troops of the “first European Union”!!!
Margelov Vasily Filippovich
Author and initiator of the creation of technical means of the Airborne Forces and methods of using units and formations of the Airborne Forces, many of which personify the image of the Airborne Forces of the USSR Armed Forces and the Russian Armed Forces that currently exists.
General Pavel Fedoseevich Pavlenko:
In the history of the Airborne Forces, and in the Armed Forces of Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union, his name will remain forever. He personified an entire era in the development and formation of the Airborne Forces; their authority and popularity are associated with his name not only in our country, but also abroad...
Colonel Nikolai Fedorovich Ivanov:
Under the leadership of Margelov for more than twenty years, the airborne troops became one of the most mobile in the combat structure of the Armed Forces, prestigious for service in them, especially revered by the people... A photograph of Vasily Filippovich in demobilization albums was sold to soldiers at the highest price - for a set of badges. The competition for admission to the Ryazan Airborne School exceeded the numbers of VGIK and GITIS, and applicants who missed out on exams lived for two or three months, before the snow and frost, in the forests near Ryazan in the hope that someone would not withstand the load and it would be possible to take his place .
My choice is Marshal I.S. Konev!
Active participant in the First World War and civil wars. Trench General. He spent the entire war from Vyazma to Moscow and from Moscow to Prague in the most difficult and responsible position of front commander. Winner in many decisive battles of the Great Patriotic War. Liberator of a number of countries in Eastern Europe, participant in the storming of Berlin. Underestimated, unfairly left in the shadow of Marshal Zhukov.
Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov
A great naval commander who did not suffer a single defeat and did not lose a single ship during his combat activities. The talent of this military leader manifested itself during the Russian-Turkish wars, where thanks to his victories (usually over the superior naval forces of the Ottoman Empire), Russia realized itself as a naval power in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
Anikita Repnin is a Russian military leader, an associate of Peter I. Born in 1668, he was a representative of an ancient princely family, dating back to Prince Mikhail of Chernigov. The founder of the family was the governor under Ivan IV the Terrible, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Repnin-Obolensky. Anikita Ivanovich's uncle enjoyed the favor of Tsar Mikhail Romanov, and his father, the Novgorod and Tambov governor, earned great respect from Peter I.
At the age of 16, Repnin was appointed steward to Tsar Peter Alekseevich; in 1685, when the Tsar established “amusing” troops in the village of Preobrazhenskoye, he received the rank of lieutenant, and two years later he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He protected the Tsar in the Trinity Monastery during the mutiny of the Streltsy in 1689.
In 1695, during the first Azov campaign, Peter Repnin distinguished himself by capturing two coastal towers with 32 cannons from the Turks; in the second campaign near Azov in 1696, commanding a frigate, he participated in the capture of a fortress that gave Russia access to the southern seas.
Since 1698, Anikita Ivanovich, with the rank of major general, was involved in the formation and training of infantry regiments recruited to replace the Streltsy army.
In June 1700, Repnin was promoted to general of the infantry (the rank corresponding to general-in-chief).
With the beginning of the Northern War, Repnin moved to Narva, but received an order, having surrendered the army entrusted to him, to go to Novgorod to recruit a new division, where he was also engaged in putting in order the regiments that had returned from Narva after the defeat.
In March 1701, with 19 infantry regiments, he was sent to Livonia. After the defeat of the Austrian troops under the command of Field Marshal Count Stein near Riga, Repnin led his army without losses to Pskov, where on August 15 he united with Field Marshal Sheremetev. Repnin spent 1702 in Novgorod and Pskov, in the area of which his regiments were stationed. Then he participated in the siege and capture of Noteburg, in the capture of Nyenschanz and Narva. Accompanied Peter I on a trip to Dorpat to inspect the fortifications of the city. Following this, he was sent to the Lithuanian border.
In September 1704 he withdrew his troops to Polotsk. In 1705 he took part in the capture of Mitavsky Castle, and in 1706 he was sent to Grodno with infantry regiments. Fulfilling the instructions of Peter I not to give a general battle to Charles XII, Repnin safely withdrew his troops from under the attack of Charles, who was standing 10 miles from Grodno, and withdrew with them to Kyiv (1706).
In 1706-1707 he was engaged in uniforms and rearmament of the troops entrusted to him.
In June 1707, Anikita Repnin was sent to Bykhov to take overall command of the troops besieging the city. However, Bykhov fell before Repnin arrived, and the latter received a new assignment - to Vilna, where he took command of the troops of the right flank of the army.
In July 1708, the prince took part in the battle near the town of Golovchin. On the night of July 3, the Swedish regiments, having forded the river, attacked the division of General Repnin, located in the center of the position of the Russian troops, and after a two-hour stubborn battle overturned it. This entailed a general retreat of the Russian army. Repnin was demoted to soldier. In the Battle of Lesnaya in 1708, Prince Repnin acted as a private. However, after the won battle, Peter I restored Repnin to the rank of lieutenant general and granted him his portrait, decorated with diamonds.
At the Battle of Poltava, Repnin commanded 12 infantry regiments in the center of the position and was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
Repnin took part in the siege of Riga and after Field Marshal Sheremetev left for Moscow in 1710, he commanded the army. After the surrender of the Riga garrison, Repnin's detachment was the first to enter the city with several regiments. After this, Repnin was appointed governor-general of Riga and commander of the troops located in its environs.
With the outbreak of the war with Turkey in 1711, Repnin’s division became part of the troops led by Sheremetev, and under the general leadership of Peter I participated in the Prut campaign.
In 1712-1718, Repnin acted in Pomerania, Courland and Poland, then, returning to Riga, he served as governor-general of Livonia.
In 1724 Repnin was appointed president of the Military Collegium, retaining the Riga governorship.
On May 7, 1724, on the day Peter I proclaimed his wife Catherine as empress, Repnin was awarded the rank of field marshal.
After the accession of Catherine I to the throne, Repnin, along with other St. Andrew's cavaliers, was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky on the day of its establishment - May 21, 1725.
Then Anikita Ivanovich Repnin returned to the governorship in Riga, where he died on July 3, 1726 at the age of 58.
Repnin had 4 children - Ivan, Vasily, Yuri and Anna. The son of Field Marshal Vasily Anikitovich Repnin, General-Fieldmaster, in 1747 - 1748 was the commander of Russian troops sent to help the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, contributed to the conclusion of the Peace of Aachen. The grandson, Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin, was a famous commander and diplomat of the times of Catherine II, field marshal general.
Twenty-two kilometers north of the regional center of Parfenyev, forming a large inhabited island in an ocean of dense deciduous and coniferous forests, the ancient village of Matveevo is conveniently located. The spurs of the Northern Ridges reaching here form a slightly hilly and very picturesque area, remarkable for its amazing combination of near and distant landscapes.
Russian chronicles tell us that in the first millennium of the new era, the Finno-Ugric tribe Merya lived in the forested Trans-Volga region, as well as in the eastern part of the Volga-Oka interfluve. The fact that people of this tribe settled in these places is told to us by the “language of the earth” itself, preserved in the names of local rivers: Vokhtoma Pesoma, Ilezem…
Starting from the 9th century, Slavic settlers moved into the Meryan land in two streams - from Novgorod and Smolensk: Novgorod and Pskov hunters, who hunted squirrel, beaver, otter and, first of all, marten in the local forests.
There is an assumption that the name of the village itself comes from the name of the leader of the hunting team, Matvey, who chose this place for permanent residence. Over time, fugitive farmers, who fled to the east during the times of great unrest, began to flock to the camp of Matveevsky hunters.
According to archival research by local historian Dmitry Fedorovich Belorukov, the first mention of Matveev dates back to 1620. The village existed on the territory of the former Vokhtomskaya volost, which was part of the Chukhloma siege (county). Initially Administrative division was confined to rivers, and the Vokhtomskaya volost was located along the banks of the Vokhtoma River. Later, part of the Chukhloma siege was transferred to the Parfenyevsky siege, and Matveevo with the surrounding villages became part of the Okologorodny volost of the Parfenyevsky siege. The Matveevskaya volost began to exist independently only in the 19th century. At that time it was part of the Kologrivsky district. The territory of the Matveevskaya volost was crossed by the Staro-Vyatka trade route from Arkhangelsk through Chukhloma, the village of Ilinskoye (Valyavkino), to Kologriv and Siberia.
Matveevskaya estate and its owners
Boris Alexandrovich Repnin
The history of the village is connected with the history of the Matveevskaya patrimony of the Repnin princes, which was received by the boyar Prince Boris Alexandrovich Repnin for services to the fatherland: he participated in the liberation of Moscow from the Poles; supported the candidacy of M.F. Romanov when he ascended the throne and became the tsar’s support in public administration.
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia provides us with the following information about B. A. Repnin: “B. A. Repnin (... - 1670), prince, state political military leader, boyar since 1639. Since 1638, he headed the orders: Icon, Detective Affairs, Gold, Silver, Armory Chamber, etc. In 1642 he fell into disgrace, was sent by the governor to Astrakhan (until 1646). In 1648 - 49. judge of the Vladimir Court, from 1652 - Robbery orders.
1656 – 59 voivode in Smolensk. In 1658 (1657) in the absence of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he headed the Boyar Duma...”
Matveevskaya estate was granted to B. A. Repnin by M. F. Romanov in 1629. At that time it included 5 villages: Zakharovo, Rubtsovo, Grigorovo, Gorodishche and Kunakovo. To the Repnins by these lands for a long time owned by the Kostroma boyars Saburovs, whose ancient family came from Galich. In Kostroma they had their own farmstead. The Saburovs were against the election of Mikhail Romanov to the Russian throne, for which they lost their lands.
In the census of 1620, Matveevo is mentioned as a village. But since by 1633 two wooden churches had already been built here, in honor of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and in honor of the Apostle Matthew, Matveevo began to be called a village and turned into the center of the Matveevskaya patrimony of the Repnin princes. The patrimonial government was also located here. The census of 1646 says: “Behind the boyar, behind Prince Boris Alexandrovich Repnin, there was a village Matveevo, and in it is the courtyard of the landowners, and in it live the variable clerks, and the courtyard of priest Mikheev, and the courtyard of the sexton Seryozhka Yakovlev, and the peasant courtyards.”
B. A. Repnin eventually transferred the estate to his son Ivan. In the census of 1676 you can read: “Behind the prince, behind Ivan Borisov Repnin, is the village of Matveevo on the Vokhtom River, and in it there is a votchennik’s courtyard, and a cattle yard, and in it lives the cattleman Proshka Martyanov, and he is strong in the peasantry according to the scribe’s books, yes in the village there are three and five empty farmsteads, and to the village the villages of Grigorovo, Rubtsovo, Zakharovo, Mikhalevo, Kunakovo, Tikhonovo, and the repairs of Michurin, Zavrazhye and in them there are 91 courtyards, and 7 farmsteads of bobyli, and 17 farmsteads of beggars.”
Nikita Ivanovich Repnin
From Ivan Borisovich, the village passed into the possession of Nikita (or Anikita) Ivanovich Repnin (1668 - 1726), prince, military leader, field marshal general (1725), who served under Peter I from his youth. In 1685, he was lieutenant of an amusing company. N.I. Repnin - participant in the Azov campaigns of 1695-96, from 1696 - major general. At the beginning of the Northern War, he commanded a division and participated in the capture of Noteburg and Narva. In the Battle of Poltava in 1709 he commanded the center of the Russian army. In 1709 -10. led the siege and capture of Riga. In 1712-13 and 1715-16. commanded troops in Pomerania. In 1712, Nikita Ivanovich - Governor-General of Livonia, from 1724 to 1725. - President of the Military Collegium.
After the death of Peter I, A.I. Repnin advocated the proclamation of Catherine I as empress, but was soon removed by A.D. Menshikov to Riga.
Under Nikita Ivanovich, Matveevsky carpenters participated in the construction of a palace in St. Petersburg, stables in the Repnin estate in the Oryol region, and under him they built a warm church in Matveev. He began to encourage his peasants to migrate to the cities to earn money. During the ownership of the volost of Nikita Repnin, the nickname appeared among the local residents agathon-fieldworts.
This story is told in a handwritten story by A. A. Izbekova, a native of Matveev, “Agathos-Rowan-growers”. The manuscript tells that the master, a great lover of Oryol trotters, having decided to build a stable on his Bogoroditsky estate, in the Oryol region, ordered his manager to send him the best carpenters from the Matveevsky estate, whose skills he had heard about. A dozen craftsmen from Matveev and surrounding villages were gathered. Agathon was the eldest in the artel. The carpenters feasted on grapes growing in the master's greenhouse, mistaking them for rowan. And when the angry master called them to account, they agreed to say the same thing. So each of the carpenters, when asked “What is your name?” answered: “Agathon.” And when the master asked: “What did you eat?”, everyone said: “Rowan berry!” So he cursed all the carpenters as Agathon-rowaners in their hearts. But he did not punish, marveling at their ingenuity and mutual guarantee. And this nickname stuck with the carpenters, which they brought home and gradually passed on to all local residents.
Furs, honey, meat, and grain were brought to Moscow, where the Repnins had a palace.
Pyotr Ivanovich Repnin
After the death of Nikita Ivanovich, the Matveevskaya estate was owned by the Repnin brothers: Pyotr Ivanovich and Sergei Ivanovich.
Pyotr Ivanovich Repnin - general-in-chief, chief of horsemen of the royal court; owner of the Lipetsk iron factories, where a workers' riot occurred in 1754. Repnin, confused in his financial affairs, incurred a lot of debts and asked Catherine II to write off these debts. But the Empress referred this matter to the Senate, which decided to take away a number of estates from Repnin, including the Matveevsky estate, for non-payment of debts. And in 1768, part of the Matveevskaya estate: 25 villages with 700 souls of the male population in them - passed into the palace order, and the peasants began to be called “crown” (state). Prince P.I. Repnin paid part of the debts, and the Matveevsky estate was returned to him, “like his grandfather’s grant.”
The other part of the estate, which belonged to Sergei Ivanovich, after his death (both brothers were childless) passed to cousin Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin, a field marshal who became famous in the war between Russia and Turkey, whose portrait was included in the album “Russian Portraits of the 17th - 19th Centuries” published by Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich. The Russian Museum preserves a portrait of his youngest daughter, the maid of honor of the imperial court, Praskovya Nikolaevna, in her marriage to Golitsyna.
Nikolai Vasilievich Repnin
Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin (1734 - 1801) - prince, military leader and diplomat, field marshal general (1796), began his military career as an ensign in 1749. Participated in the Seven Years' War 1756 - 63.
In 1762 - 63 was ambassador to Prussia, and from 1763 to 1769 - in Poland, where he actively intervened in the internal affairs of the state and achieved the conclusion of the Warsaw Treaty of 1768. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1768 - 74. N.V. Repnin commanded a division in the battles of Larga and Kagul, and participated in the development of the terms of the Kuchuk-Kaynorji Peace of 1774. In 1774 - 75. was ambassador to Turkey. Through his mediation, the Peace of Teschen of 1779 was concluded between Austria and Prussia.
During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787 - 1791. commanded the division and successfully served as commander-in-chief during the absence of G. A. Potemkin. After the victory at Machiny, Repnin forced the Turks to sign preliminary peace conditions in Galati, which became the basis of the Treaty of Iasi in 1791.
In 70 - 90 years. XVIII century N.V. Repnin is the governor-general of various provinces. After an unsuccessful diplomatic mission to Prussia and Austria in 1798, with the aim of creating an anti-French coalition, he was dismissed.
In the “Economic Description of the Kologrivsky District” of 1790 it is stated: “The village of Matveevo with the villages of Grigorovo, Sazonovo, Dedovo, Chikhachevo, Zavrazhye, Khvostilovo, Artyomovo with repairs Kostylevo, Rodino, Levino, Gorelets, Mikhalevo, Michurino, Zyabletsovo, Savin, Abrosimov, Mitin, Fedorovsky belongs to N.V. Repnin. There are a total of 640 households and the people in them are 1,597 males and 1,970 females. In the village, there are wooden churches of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and the Apostle Matthew, and a wooden master’s house; there are 33,000 dessiatines of land in the estate, of which 210 dessiatines are under construction, 8,174 dessiatines are under arable land, 1,856 dessiatines are under haymaking, and 23,269 dessiatines are under forest.”
In Matveev, the Repnins had their own distillery, where they had two copper stills in which 320 buckets of vodka were smoked per year. In the villages, the preparation of malt was developed, which was used for sale and for the preparation of beer and mash.
The main occupation of the peasants of the Matveevskaya estate was arable farming. They sown here mainly rye, oats, barley, flax and, in small quantities, wheat. The only vegetables grown were potatoes, onions, and rutabaga. They were also engaged in animal husbandry, beekeeping, and crafts. The forest, of course, was their special breadwinner. In addition to hunting catch, mushrooms, berries, and firewood for heating the home, he also provided raw materials for crafts.
The economy at that time was subsistence, the peasants had to provide for themselves with everything: they wove linen at home for linen, coarse wool fabrics for clothing; fur coats and sheepskin coats were made from sheepskin; supplying themselves with shoes, they wove bast shoes from linden bark and birch feet; felt boots were made of wool; boots - from local leather; they made dishes from wood and clay; they themselves made household equipment for themselves: plows, harrows, pitchforks, rakes, carts, sleighs, harnesses, etc. At rural fairs you could buy everything, from baskets and boxes to sleighs. The largest and richest fair took place in the village in September, on the eve of the patronal feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Since neither the loamy soils of the Matveevsk region nor the rather harsh features of the northern climate were conducive to large crop yields in arable farming, the Matveevites had to look for work on the side, that is, engage in latrine trade, mainly carpentry. Otkhodnik was developed here from time immemorial, and the owners of the Repnina estate encouraged it, since the otkhodniks paid quitrents in money, even instead of their own recruits, they bought recruits from the side in order to preserve their peasant otkhodniks. Matveevsky carpenters participated in the construction of Nizhny Novgorod, Tsarskoye Selo, Alexandrov, and St. Petersburg.
N.V. Repnin, due to his military and diplomatic employment, could not pay due attention to the Matveevsky estate. All matters here were decided by clerks. The rent from the peasants increased. Villagers, in order to make ends meet on their farms and pay off their masters, increasingly went to the cities to work.
More and more, the burden of peasant work fell on the shoulders of women.
Volkonsky-Repnin
Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin gave the Matveevsky estate to his daughter Alexandra Nikolaevna, who married Prince G. S. Volkonsky. For the significant services to the fatherland of the Repnin princes, the Tsar decided to keep this surname, and “Repnin” was added to the surname “Volkonsky”. This Volkonsky-Repnin couple were the parents of the Decembrist S.G. Volkonsky. After the death of G. S. Volkonsky in 1824, the estate passed into the possession of his son Nikolai Grigorievich Volkonsky, and after the death of Nikolai, his wife Varvara Alekseevna Razumovskaya took possession of the estate. Varvara Alekseevna gave the estate as a dowry to her daughter Elizaveta Nikolaevna, who married P. I. Krivtsov (brother of the Decembrist S. I. Krivtsov).
The second part of the estate, which was located across the Vokhtoma River and consisted of 117 souls, went as a dowry to another daughter of Varvara Alekseevna, Praskovya Nikolaevna, who married Golitsyn.
The Matveevites have long connected the two parts of the estate with the Barsky Bridge. The Volkonskys' possessions together with Matveev included the villages of Zakharovo, Rubtsovo, Gorodishche, Kunakovo, half of Babkin (the second was Raevskaya's), Zaitsevo, Grigorovo. Daria Repnina married Kolenberg.
Several villages from the Repnins were bought by the Chukhloma landowner A.I. Shipov, a prosecutor in St. Petersburg. Subsequently, he gave them as a dowry to his daughter, who married the leader of the Kostroma nobility S.F. Kupreyanov.
Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky
By the middle of the 18th century, almost the entire Matveevskaya volost was in the possession of Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky.
P. M. Volkonsky (1776 - 1852) - His Serene Highness Prince, dignitary, member of the State Council (1821), Field Marshal General (1843), participant in the Patriotic War of 1812. Was Quartermaster General of the Army in 1810 - 1812, was the founder Petersburg Military School of Column Leaders. In 1813 - 1814 Volkonsky served as chief of the General Staff of Alexander I; from 1813 to 1823 headed military administration, was a participant in the Congress of Vienna 1814 - 1815.
Alexey Petrovich Repnin (Volkonsky)
After the death of Pyotr Mikhailovich, Alexey Petrovich took possession of the estate. By this time, the Repnin family had become impoverished. The palace owned by the Repnins on Fontanka had to be sold and they settled in Moscow on Ostozhenka. For the Repnins, who always boasted of their wealth and birth, this was a terrible disaster. Poverty cut them off from the big world.
A heavy blow was that they began to be treated as foreigners, ministers contacted through a third party, colleagues “fell ill” when they had to go to the Repnins. Alexey Petrovich tried to comply with all the norms of the world, despite unpaid bills, debt to moneylenders, silver pawned in pawn shops, but the situation worsened.
Considerable damage was caused to financial affairs by the fact that there was a fire in their Matveevsky estate. The village burned more than once. And in 1849 Matveevo burned down completely. 10 newly built new houses also burned down. It was necessary to rebuild the village anew.
In upset feelings, Alexey Petrovich increasingly opened the ebony box brought from the Turkish campaign. It contained 7 sheets with the Repnin family tree. He proudly told his son Nicholas that their family was older than the family of Ivan Kalita, that their ancestors were buried on the Red Hill, next to the cathedral where kings were buried. He remembered the house church, performances, family silver collected for 30 years; palaces in Moscow and St. Petersburg (next to the Winter Palace); his workshop and a huge library with ancient scientific books. “You must restore the former glory of the Repnins. You have everything for this: intelligence, charm, the ability to see people, find the keys to their hearts, education. The Repnins have always served Russia and its greatness.”
Nikolai nevertheless became a diplomat. But - without foreign practice, without knowledge of a living language. I went to England, taking furs, vodka, silverware, and dictionaries. We even had to sell some of the ancient icons because we needed money so badly. And my grandfather’s palace appeared before my eyes: the Green Hall, the Banquet Hall, the salon, mirrors in gold frames, the marble fireplace, mahogany cabinets, the office, the library, the gallery of ancestors... And the sad feeling tormented my heart more and more deeply and painfully: the former glory of the Repnins could not be restored.
The same thoughts saddened his brother Ilya in Montenegro.
And Matveevo lived its own difficult life. The peasants solved their everyday problems, built houses, got married, gave birth to children, baptized them in their church, taught in it, and held funeral services for their deceased loved ones.
The time of Alexei Petrovich’s ownership of the patrimony dates back to a remarkable description of the relationships between the Matveevsky residents, the image and characteristics of their beliefs, reflecting their spiritual and moral state and attitude to church institutions, given in “Characteristics of the parishioners of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary Church in the village of Matveev” [*]: “...Parishioners churches are zealous, they go to church on Sundays and holidays in significant numbers, during the service they stand reverently and eagerly listen to the teachings being spoken. On special days of public prayers, appointed during times of drought, calm, pestilence, etc., the whole family gathers from their homes to church and earnestly, kneeling, pray to the Lord for the sending of mercy...
In general, parishioners are distinguished by meekness, unquestioning obedience to authorities, respect for elders and obedience to parents. Disobedient children are expelled by their parents, receiving nothing from the common household, and never dare to take offense at them. Such actions of fathers towards their children force the latter to always be respectful to them...
Many, especially elderly parishioners, come to confession or communion during all four fasts. Many widows and old women refuse for life to eat meat and fish food, intoxicating drinks, observe fasts on Mondays, voluntarily take vows consisting of going to distant places to venerate Holy relics or especially revered Christian Shrines...
The dominant vice among male parishioners is foul language... Prejudices are especially developed between women. They believe all sorts of slander, sorcerers (it is known that scoundrels take advantage of the stupidity of their neighbors with impunity), from whom they take some lists, put these lists in spring water and pour this water on their little children.
Garlic and snake heads are tied onto crosses in the hope that the talismans protect against damage and the evil eye. They believe in devils - brownies, goblins, water devils. On Maundy Thursday, cows are called into the trumpet so that they can go home in the summer. Little kids are sent into the forest until the sun rises so that the chickens can lay more eggs...
In general, our parishioners have great sympathy for one another, although no special feats of philanthropy are noticeable between them.
During lean years, those who are sufficient supply the poor with grain bread without any interest, waiting for payment for a year, two or more. For those who have been burned... they bring the timber to the construction site free of charge, one log at a time, and two at a time, without demanding any treats for this... In the summer, those with low power are helped in floor works, and in winter, when another owner decides to move his hut or yard, at his request, they transport logs free of charge from the place where they were stored, even though they were seven, eight or more miles from the village. For the dead, a coffin is prepared free of charge and graves are dug, even if it happened during the most expensive time for work. The beggars who walk here from different parishes always receive alms that they can... The kaliki passers-by, singing songs from the Holy Books, Chet-Minea and other apocrypha, receive special sympathy.”
After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the situation of poor peasants, who naturally made up the majority of the villagers, did not improve, and the owners of Matveev Repnin began to pay very little attention to their estate, although large tracts of land and forests belonged to them.
Matveevsky peasants could not even provide themselves with grain. More and more grain, cereals, flour began to be imported from Nizhny Novgorod, Cheboksary, Western Siberia...
Trade and otkhodnichestvo even under serfdom allowed some enterprising Matveevites to quickly buy personal freedom and allotment of land, open their own shops, taverns, workshops, and mills on the river. For example: A.P. Tarakanov had a tar factory, I.I. Krylov had two mills, I.I. Smirnov had a grocery store...
There is written evidence from the local folk poet and writer of everyday life N.K. Malyutin, characterizing the developed entrepreneurship in the village:
...There are three taverns for one hundred households:
One - with serving wine;
One government apartment -
Arrest house. Visible behind him
Hospital, school and government.
But this list is not complete, -
There was also an establishment...
“Takeaway” was sold here.
Then it just opened
And it was called “monopoly”.
Two or three grocery stores...
Fairs were held on a large scale in the village twice a year, on major holidays, usually Epiphany (January 19) and the Nativity of the Virgin Mary (September 21), and the holidays themselves were celebrated in Russian generously, from the heart.
In the payment book for 1891, you can find out what payments Matveevsky peasants had to make: state land tax, redemption payments, provincial and district zemstvo fees, fees for secular volost expenses, for rural expenses, insurance fees, for the maintenance of schools.
Very poor by the beginning of the twentieth century. there were 29 farms.
After the death of A.P. Repnin, the estate passed to his son Nikolai. Nikolai Petrovich, having taken up a diplomatic career, did not pay any attention to his possessions.
Otkhodniks, being witnesses in the cities and sometimes participants in the revolutionary events of 1905 - 1907, coming home, took with them leaflets, revolutionary books, talked about the strikes and the revolution itself, about the execution of the Tsvetkov brothers in Nizhny Novgorod.
Information from 1907 for Kologrivsky district suggests that in the village of Matveevo at that time there were 129 houses, in which, according to the 1897 census, 598 people lived. Of these, 280 are male and 318 are female. There were 3 brick factories and 3 water mills in the village; there was a school, a market, a fair and a postal station.
In the entire Matveevskaya volost there were 43 settlements, 2 of which had the status of villages (Matveevo and Ilyinskoye), the rest were listed as villages and repairs. The predominant trade in the volost is carpentry. According to statistical data for 1907, the Matveevskaya volost included villages, villages and repairs: Abrosimov (Bolotovo), Artemyevsky, Babkino, Bakino, Bakharyovo, Babarykino, cordon Gerasimov, Gorodishche, Grigorovo, Gorelets, Dalevsky (Koshkino), Dedovo (Martyanovo ), Ermakhino, Zhelnino, Zaitsevo, Zakharovo, Zyabletsovo, Ivanovskoye, Ilyinskoye, Kostylevo, Kunakovo, Kuzminsky, Matveevo, Meledino, Mitkino, Michurino (Maximovo), Nikantsevo (Mikhalevo), Oskino, Oreshkovo, Poloma, Polushkino, Potupovo, Potapovsky, Ryabtsovo, Semenov (Poloma), Sergeevo, Sidorov, Sozonov (Goryushkino), Telegino, Fedorov (Zarovnyaisky), Fomin (Valov).
In 1911, a monument to Emperor Alexander II was erected in the village. In honor of this event, a rally was held with the participation of many people.
A meeting in the village of Matveevo in honor of the opening of the monument to Emperor Alexander II. Photo 1911
In 1914, construction began on a new building for the zemstvo hospital, operating since 1910, and a school building. The agreement on this construction with the Kologriv Zemstvo Council was concluded by the carpentry artel of Alexander Illarionovich Lastikov of 29 people.
In 1917, the Bolsheviks, who came to power, deprived the Repnins of their estate. The old linden trees in the garden near the dilapidated hospital building, built in 1914 on the territory of the manor’s estate, still remind us of the former owners of the village, the princes Repnins. These are the remains of the linden alleys of the park that surrounded the large princely house. The Repnins' house itself burned down in 1921, when it already housed the volost administration. In its place in 1923, a two-story building was built, which in subsequent years was given to the school. Due to some distance from the main school buildings, it was called “Kamchatka”.
Near the former park there is still a pond, behind which the name “Barinov” has firmly established itself and has been preserved to this day.
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[*] Reports from the clergy of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary. Matveev, submitted to the Kostroma diocese for 1864.
