Concrete stairs are deservedly considered the most durable, reliable and durable structure compared to all existing analogues. Concrete steps are not afraid of exposure to dampness and fire. Almost any heavy load can be safely transported using such a ladder. At the same time, you can handle the arrangement of concrete steps with your own hands without any problems. Read the manual and related information and get started.
- A concrete staircase can be built simultaneously with the house, while the arrangement of wooden and metal structures can only be done after the completion of the main construction activities. This allows you to further save on construction and home improvement.
- Concrete structures are characterized by very high strength indicators, which persist even after many years of active operation of the facility.
- Concrete stairs can be finished with almost any finishing material.
- You don’t need to spend a lot of money on arranging a concrete staircase.
- Concrete is not afraid of corrosion and fire.
- Monolithic construction can further increase the strength of the house.
What do you need to know before starting work?
Before starting construction, you need to select the highest quality materials that are suitable for the planned event. Try not to save too much on materials - the durability and reliability of the finished structure directly depends on their quality.
Do not rush to start using the stairs after filling the steps. Concrete gains strength within 3-5 weeks. Only after this time can the formwork be dismantled. If you rush, the material may simply crack and collapse.
Plan in advance where your stairs will ultimately lead, how the doors will open, and whether the structure will interfere with the entrance to the room.
Choose the staircase design that is optimal for your case. The staircase in question can be a regular marching or spiral staircase. Screw designs have an attractive appearance and enjoy widespread popularity and love. Given that proper arrangement such a design will look very beautiful and not massive.
There is no particular difference in the construction of an ordinary staircase and its spiral counterpart. The principle and procedure are the same. You will just have to put in more effort at the design stage and during the design planning process - the calculations for a spiral staircase are quite complex.
The formwork will also have a slightly modified design. In particular, you will have to use additional supports in the form of large metal sheets.
That is why in this manual Instructions for constructing a simple concrete staircase will be presented. Having gained experience, you will be able to independently create designs for a wide variety of stairs and turn them into reality.
Before you begin construction, create a drawing or at least a simple sketch of the staircase. Make the drawing to scale indicating the distances between the steps - this way you can determine the required number of elements.
Traditionally, the height of the steps is 17-19 cm. Be sure to take into account the thickness of the finishing finishing material– using steps that are too high is not only inconvenient, but also dangerous.
Choose the optimal width of the steps. It is important that they are neither too wide nor too narrow. Too wide steps will take up too much space, and narrow ones will simply be inconvenient to use. Standard width the flight of stairs is 80-90 cm.
Concrete stairs must be equipped with a reliable and safe fence, especially if children and elderly people live in the house.
Set for arranging stairs
Pre-prepare everything you need to build the stairs yourself. You will need the following:
- sheets of moisture-resistant plywood;
- metal rods;
- boards and beams;
- concrete;
- trowel for leveling concrete. You can make it yourself from sheet steel;
- float for additional leveling of concrete. You can also make it yourself from a wooden block or polystyrene foam;
- a special device for smoothing the edges of concrete structures.
Guide to building stairs
Self-construction of a concrete staircase is carried out in several stages. Follow each step of the manual sequentially, and you will have a reliable, durable and completely safe design for your use.
The first stage - formwork
The construction of a staircase begins with the installation of rigid, extremely durable and correct formwork in all respects. To build this structure, use boards and high-quality wooden beam. Make the bottom of the formwork from moisture-resistant sheet plywood. Such plywood does not get wet, therefore, it will not let the solution through.
FSF plywood - plywood with increased moisture resistance
Cut the parts for attaching the formwork to the walls. After this, prepare the formwork for the stair steps. Use boards with a thickness of 30-35 mm. The thicker the boards, the stronger the structure will be. Lastly, prepare the end elements of the formwork.
A reinforced concrete structure will have an impressive weight; this must be taken into account when assembling the formwork. To further increase the rigidity of the structure, attach cross bars.
Assemble the formwork elements so that they are joined as tightly as possible. The cracks are unacceptable - concrete will gradually seep through them, which will lead to a significant decrease in the strength of the stairs.
Second stage - reinforcement
Lay reinforcement bars along and across the formwork of future steps. At the joints, tie the reinforcement with steel wire. Reinforcement will generally increase the strength of the stairs.
The third stage - installing plugs
Install wooden plugs at the future locations of the railing posts. You can use metal plates instead of corks.
The fourth stage - backfilling
Fill the bottom of the formwork for the steps with a 10 cm layer of crushed stone. Compact the backfill.
Fifth stage - pouring concrete
Pour concrete into the formwork. Carefully level platforms and steps using tools specially designed for this purpose.
Give the concrete 1-1.5 months to gain strength. After this time, you can begin to carefully dismantle the formwork. After pouring, regularly wet the concrete with water, otherwise it may crack.
Staircase finishing options
Finally, all you have to do is finish the concrete steps and install the railings. For finishing you can use almost any existing facing materials.
Stone and ceramics
For cladding concrete steps, you can use natural and artificial stone, as well as ceramic tiles. It is important that the material has a rough surface - a glossy finish is too slippery.
To lay the cladding elements, use cement mortar or special tile adhesive.
Before starting cladding, carefully level the surface of the stairs to perfect condition. Repair chips, cracks and other defects with cement mortar.
The length of one cladding element may not be enough to cover the entire step. In this case, cut the tiles so that they are laid symmetrically along all steps.
Wooden panels
Various wood panels are perfect for finishing concrete stairs. The main thing is that the material is of the highest quality and resistant to abrasion. The best option– larch and various durable exotic species.
Before starting work, all wooden elements must be treated with an antiseptic.
Laminate
An excellent option for finishing concrete stairs. Characterized by high abrasion resistance, durability and ease of installation.
Carpet
Great for homes with children and older people. The material does not slip. Thanks to him, the steps will always remain warm. Available for sale huge selection carpet comes in a wide variety of colors, so you definitely won’t have any difficulties choosing the right finish.
Painting
If you don’t have a sufficient budget, you can simply paint the steps. The main thing is that the paint is of the highest quality.
Mosaic
Installed according to the same principle as ceramic tiles. The elements are small in size, which allows you to create the most original and unusual compositions.
Fencing
As for fencing, in this regard, be guided solely by your personal preferences. Railings can be very diverse - from carved to forged. Install fences in accordance with the features of the selected option.
Thus, you can independently build and refine a reliable, durable and extremely strong concrete staircase. There is nothing particularly complicated in this event - just follow the instructions, remember the recommendations received, and everything will definitely work out.
Good luck!
Also read the article on our website - finishing the stairs with laminate with your own hands.
Video - DIY concrete staircase
Of all the architectural structures that are found in construction two-story houses, one of the difficult ones is the stairs. Firstly, it should be noted that this element of the room must be highly reliable, meet certain standards for its safe operation, be beautiful and comfortable. Secondly, the most complex of all the proposed structures is the concrete staircase to the second floor. It would be easier to install wood or metal.
Why is this option better than others? Let's start with the fact that concrete tolerates intensive use better than all other materials. Such a staircase does not creak and does not dry out over time. It is possible to implement the most original and non-standard options using concrete mortar.
It could be classic flights of stairs, screw designs or any other composite variations. A wide variety of finishes can be used. Plus, it is a monolithic structure.
As mentioned above, there are many models of staircase structures. The one who decides to build this architectural element with my own hands, I must understand that complex stairs require experience in this type of work. This is especially true for formwork. It will be very difficult to assemble it exactly according to the shape and geometry of the structure.
Therefore, beginners are recommended to make single-flight stairs to the second floor. But when you master this option, and the end result fully meets the operating requirements, you can move on to more complex designs. For example, to double-flight, screw, and so on.
Photo gallery
Construction stages
Pouring a concrete staircase to the second floor is divided into several stages. Each of them has special requirements.
Calculation
There are certain standards for flights of stairs, determined by SNiPs:
- minimum march width 90 cm;
- height of steps 17 cm;
- step width is 30 cm, this size ensures comfortable climbing the stairs;
- the angle of inclination of the structure itself is 30º, for non-standard solutions, for example, to reduce the size of an architectural element – 45º;
- the height of the staircase itself is determined based on all layers (thermal, waterproofing, finishing) on the first and second floors.
There are certain standard ratios of step sizes. In this case, it is believed that the two heights of the step plus its width should vary from 60 to 64 cm.
Concrete stairs are a very heavy structure. Even a small one will weigh at least 1.5 tons. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the weight of the structure and build a reliable foundation for it. The calculation here is as follows: the entire structure in the form of a monolith must create a pressure of 1 kg/cm².
The best option is to pour a 10 cm thick concrete screed onto well-compacted soil. If the weight of the structure exceeds 2.5 tons, then it is recommended to pour a separate foundation under it.
This is the most difficult operation in the entire process. To construct the formwork you need:
- boards 30 mm thick or moisture-resistant plywood 20 mm;
- timber 100×100 mm;
- plywood 9 mm thick to create curved surfaces.
If the concrete staircase going to the second floor rests on one of the walls, then this simplifies the assembly process itself. To do this, the contours of the future structure are drawn on the wall exactly according to the dimensions planned by the project and calculations. Beams are installed along them, which are attached to the wall with dowels. The strength of the fastener is very important here, so you can’t skimp on it.
Exactly the same contour is assembled from the wall to the width of the span, which is installed on racks made of timber. After which the two contours are connected along the lower planes with plywood or boards. Next, the contours themselves are connected to each other from above by crossbars made of wooden slats. That is, a rigid structure is assembled without cracks or gaps. Some craftsmen install additional racks under stepped spans, thereby increasing the strength of the wooden structure.
There is a simplified version of formwork construction. To do this, it is necessary to cut stringers from the boards, one of which is attached to the wall, the second is installed on racks. Here it is important to install both elements exactly in the same plane. The bottom of the stringers is lined with plywood.
Stringers are elements of a staircase (also load-bearing) in the form of a comb, if you look at them from the side. The shape of the stringer determines the shape of the steps of the staircase.
Laying the frame
Any concrete structure, including stairs, must meet certain requirements for the strength of the concrete being poured. Therefore, a metal grid must be installed in its monolith, which will serve as a reinforced frame. It is made from reinforcement with a diameter of 8-12 mm.
There are two ways to lay the frame:
- for the entire span;
- in sections, fastening the gratings together with binding wire.
The first option is a little more complicated in that installing the grille is simply inconvenient. You will have to involve several assistants. If a staircase to the second floor is being built from several flights, then only the second option is used. To increase the strength of the structure, you can install a double lattice: one along the lower edges of the stringers, the second along the steps.
Before pouring the stairs to the second floor, it is necessary to form the steps. To do this, strictly in size, it is necessary to install crossbars from boards 30 mm thick, which will represent the sidewalls that determine the height of the step.
Everything is ready, you can pour concrete mortar. For stairs, concrete grade M150 is most often used, which contains cement, crushed stone and sand. The ratio of components may be as follows.
| Cement brand | Mass composition: cement-sand-crushed stone (kg) |
| M400 | 1:3,6:5,8 |
| M500 | 1:4,5:6,7 |
As in the manufacture of all concrete structures, the stairs must be compacted after pouring the mortar. Since the process is carried out at home and with your own hands, you can simply pierce it using a trowel.
Maintenance of the structure after installation
In this condition, the semi-finished staircase should last seven days. After which you can remove the formwork.
Hydration
If the air temperature in the room is high enough (for example, pouring is done in the summer), then it is recommended to water the concrete structure periodically. In some cases, it is even covered with burlap or plastic film.
The thing is that the moisture inside the concrete solution plays a very important role. It is this that creates the necessary strength of the concrete itself during the evaporation process. But it should evaporate slowly.
Grinding
After removing the formwork, you need to grind the surfaces using a sander. But there is no need to rush with this operation. To test, try sanding a small area hidden from view. If the crushed stone turns out during the grinding process, this indicates that the concrete has not yet dried well. That is, it did not gain the necessary hardness and strength.
But the flight of stairs can only be loaded after 28 days. It is after this period that the concrete mixture will gain its original strength.
Selecting a staircase reinforcement scheme
Assembling the reinforcement frame of the stairs
Before starting to reinforce the concrete staircase, it is necessary to assemble the staircase formwork, and then perform concreting of the staircase. How to do it yourself is described in the article Do-it-yourself concrete staircase.
Rod reinforcement is excellent for reinforcing concrete stairs of simple shape.
To understand what and why to reinforce, let's look at the forces that arise on a single-flight staircase.
This will be the force of gravity from the own weight of the stairs, its pedestrians, carried things and other heavy property. All of the above puts pressure on the stairs from above.
At the same time, in the upper part of the staircase slab the concrete is compressed, and in the lower part it is stretched. All this means that concrete, which is weak in tension, needs to be reinforced at the bottom of the staircase slab. In the upper part of the staircase slab, in this case, there is no need to reinforce concrete; there the concrete will perfectly resist compressive forces even without any reinforcement. It should be noted that some private developers, when assembling the reinforcement frames of stairs, put steel channels, angles, beams, etc. into the formwork on the sides.
Of course, this won’t make things worse, but it’s a completely useless waste of metal that’s not cheap these days. Reinforcing a concrete staircase with reinforcement in the lower part is more than enough to absorb tensile forces.
The figure shows a reinforcement diagram for a simple single-flight staircase. It can be seen that a single-flight monolithic staircase (without a monolithic platform or winder steps) is reinforced only in the lower part of the slab, that is, where tensile forces are concentrated.
Sometimes you can find projects where the top of the stairs near the top surface of the concrete is reinforced steel mesh 100x100x5 mm. Such a mesh practically does not increase the rigidity of a monolithic staircase, but only protects the steps from chipping in case of accidental strong impacts.T
Such a simple nature of the effects on a simple single-flight staircase makes it possible to use a simplified method to draw up a reinforcement scheme.
It is quite possible to determine the optimal reinforcement scheme for such simple monolithic stairs yourself.
Designations in the figure for the concrete staircase reinforcement diagram: working height of the monolithic staircase slab (H), length of the flight of stairs (L).
The distance between the transverse reinforcement (E) is usually chosen to be 40 cm. Rods with a diameter of 10 mm are used as transverse reinforcement. The optimal distance of power reinforcement to the surface is 3 cm.
The height of the working slab of the staircase (H), the diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement and the distance between the bars of the longitudinal reinforcement (I) are selected according to table. 1 depending on the free flight of stairs (L).
Table 1. Determination of longitudinal reinforcement of a single-flight concrete staircase
In the case of a two-flight staircase with a monolithic platform, the forces that arise in the design of the monolithic staircase, the reinforcement scheme of the concrete staircase becomes more complicated.
The picture shows that, unlike a conventional single-flight staircase without a platform, the own and useful weight of the staircase wants to break off the landings, causing tensile forces in the upper parts of the monolithic landings.
This is partly helped by shrinkage stresses. Therefore, monolithic platforms are reinforced both from below and from above, and the upper reinforcement in the landings partially continues in the stairs. The parameters of the upper reinforcement frame are selected similarly to the lower reinforcement.
The landings of double-flight staircases experience great stress from the weight of the staircase, and therefore must be firmly fixed to the wall.
In practice, to secure monolithic platforms, reinforced concrete crowns are most often used, which are formed by recesses in the walls with dimensions on average of 20x20 cm. Thus, in order to secure a monolithic concrete platform, you need strong and thick walls, for example, made of concrete, concrete blocks or bricks . When walls are made of bricks, free recesses are left in them, and in the case of thick walls made of monolithic concrete Wooden trapezoids or foam plastic products of the appropriate size are laid to the formwork at the site location.
If the walls are built using the thermo-house monolithic casting technology, then it is most practical to monolith the flights of stairs and the landing at the stage of wall construction.
To increase structural rigidity, stairs with monolithic landings should be attached from above to the reinforcement frame with upper and lower reinforcement.
As for do-it-yourself reinforcement schemes for concrete stairs with winder steps and spiral stairs, their reinforcement schemes with rod reinforcement are too complex and individual.
To compile them, at a minimum, you will have to use special programs for calculations and design of reinforced concrete structures.
Do-it-yourself concrete staircase and options for finishing it
Therefore, it is best to entrust the design of the reinforcement scheme for such stairs to professional designers, especially since the project itself will be relatively inexpensive in the total cost of a complex staircase.
In order for the reinforcement cage bars to maintain their design position in accordance with the reinforcement diagram, it is necessary to fasten all the reinforcement bars together. For fastening reinforcing mesh Either spot welding or knitting can be used.
There is an opinion that welding leads to a decrease in the strength of the reinforcement, but this is only true if special high-strength reinforcement is used. In this case, indeed, high-strength hardened reinforcement, due to heat treatment at the welding points, turns into ordinary construction reinforcement. Such high-strength reinforcement is expensive and is produced by only a few factories in the CIS on special order.
For ordinary building reinforcement, welding does not harm in any way and is the main method of connecting reinforcement cages in industry.
Assembling the reinforcement frame of the stairs
If you don't have it at hand welding machine, then the reinforcing mesh can simply be tied with annealed knitting wire using a hook.
For quick tying, it is convenient to clamp the hook into an electric screwdriver.
It is even more convenient to fasten reinforcement cages using electrical plastic clamps. The truth about this method of connecting reinforcement is still kept silent by domestic SNiPs, but this method of connection is already widely used abroad and on private construction sites.
To maintain a distance of 3 cm between the bottom of the formwork and the reinforcement, it is convenient to use plastic clamps, which are sold in construction supermarkets.
For a monolithic staircase, it is preferable to use a clamp shaped like a “chair”.
Sometimes it is not possible to assemble a reinforcement cage from continuous bars of the required length.
It is difficult to do this when connecting on bends, since it is not convenient to bend the reinforcement without a bending apparatus. In this case, the power reinforcement can be connected from pieces. The connection is made by welding or bonding. The easiest way to weld is to use manual electric arc seam welding between reinforcement bars. When welding rods with an overlap on both sides of the joint there must be at least 6 diameters, and when welding on only one side there must be at least 12 diameters.
In the case of a two-flight staircase with a monolithic platform, the diameter of the wire that is taken to secure two reinforcing mesh must be at least 6 mm. If the power reinforcement is connected to each other using ties, then the overlap should be (on average) equal to 50 diameters of the connected reinforcement.
If there are several joints to be connected, then they are placed in a checkerboard pattern so that they are 0.7–1 m apart from each other.
Construction of houses, dachas, and cottages has recently become one of the most common “hobbies” for most Russians. Those who are richer hire professional builders, while others try to slowly cope on their own. This is the category that most often searches for construction advice on the Internet.
It is for those who want to build their own house with their own hands that our guide is about “ How to make a concrete staircase yourself».
Stairs are usually installed in buildings of more than one floor, but sometimes a staircase is required to go to the basement.
After all, today not a single private house can do without a basement. Where else to store the “gifts of nature”: potatoes, pickles, preserves and jam?
The strongest and most durable is a concrete staircase. And, by the way, the process of its construction is quite within the capabilities of a skilled owner.
Calculation of concrete stairs
If the interfloor stairs in a house under construction are planned to be made of concrete, then their calculation is done at the project stage.
How to make a concrete staircase with your own hands: recommended dimensions, materials and technology
If there is a need to equip a staircase to go down to the basement or ground floor, then you should take measurements on site, make a drawing for the future structure, and then begin its construction. Before making a concrete staircase yourself, you should consider hiring a specialist to do the work.
In order for the staircase to be comfortable, it is necessary to remember the standard building codes that have been in use for a long time.
So, the optimal width of the stairs is 1 meter, the minimum is 80 cm, and the maximum is optional. Optimal height steps - 17-18 cm (if cladding is planned, then the height of the cladding material is minus).
A convenient step width is 28-30 cm, i.e. by the length of the foot (if the staircase is made with winder steps, then their width is calculated based on the angle of rotation of the staircase).
When calculating the stairs, the angle of elevation is important. Optimal - 30-35 degrees. It is important to maintain the distance from the ceiling to any step, which cannot be less than 2 m.
Sequence of work
Work must be carried out in strict sequence:
- install formwork;
- reinforce the frame of the future staircase;
- concrete steps.
The most labor-intensive process is the installation of formwork.
The simplest formwork is made for stairs placed between two walls that perform load-bearing functions. The markings of the future staircase are made directly on the wall and the frame itself is attached to them.
For a staircase that is attached to the wall on only one side, it will be necessary to provide supports.
Putting up the formwork
The actual formwork for a concrete staircase is a box, at the bottom of which there is a solid slab (it is advisable to cover it with film), side walls that correspond to the shape of the steps, and transverse boards that form the steps themselves.
If the steps are up to one meter long, you need to take boards 30-40 mm thick, and if more than a meter, then you do not need to compact them with a second board. Boards for end formwork can be about 30 mm thick.
You can fasten the formwork elements using wood screws with a diameter of 3.5 mm; when dismantling, they are easier to remove than nails.
It is better to connect corner elements using metal corners.
The boards forming the steps are installed with a slight offset - the second step is made 2 centimeters below the top edge of the first. The same principle is used to build formwork for all other steps. This is done so that the concrete does not fall out from under the boards.
To prevent concrete from being absorbed into the wooden parts of the formwork, it is abundantly moistened before concreting, or protected with waterproofing material.
The manufactured formwork must be well strengthened, since concrete is very heavy and a cubic meter weighs 2.5 thousand kilograms. Therefore, the reinforcement is also attached to the side supports by approximately 15-25 cm.
For a non-professional builder, the procedure for tying the reinforcement necessary to give strength to the stairs will be difficult.
Manufacturing of reinforcement cage
As a rule, steel ribbed reinforcement with a diameter of 10 - 12 mm is used, which is knitted at the intersections with wire.
There must be at least 3 cm between the bottom of the formwork and the reinforcement.
If you plan to install railings, then you should make wooden inserts.
After this, you can begin concreting.
Remember that the steps and slab are poured with concrete in one go. The optimal composition of concrete contains 10 parts cement, 30 parts crushed stone, 20 parts sand, 7 parts water.
Concrete is poured into the formwork from the bottom step; after pouring, the mass is compacted and smoothed with a trowel.
It is better to take short breaks between concreting steps - 5-10 minutes - to contain the pressure of the concrete.
After pouring all the steps, it is advisable to cover the steps with film so that the concrete does not crack when it dries quickly.
It is better to begin dismantling the formwork after three to four weeks, when the concrete has completely dried. The staircase is ready: all that remains is to finish it to your taste.
12/08/2013 at 15:12
I. General information
II. Main product characteristics
Design
V. Scope of application
VI. Standard project
VII. Making reinforced concrete stairs yourself
VIII. Installation
IX. Average cost of reinforced concrete staircase products
During the construction of buildings, everything is worked out in detail technical nuances, Related engineering projects, construction technologies and building materials.
Multi-storey buildings, cottages, schools, kindergartens, institute buildings, banks, industrial complexes and many other residential and industrial purposes have reinforced concrete stairs + reinforced concrete flights of stairs in their master plan.
I. General information
Reinforced concrete stairs and flights of stairs are connecting elements that are installed in special openings between floors or levels (this opening is called a staircase).
These elements are subject to constant kinetic or mechanical stress. Reinforced concrete products are manufactured at reinforced concrete factories, according to standard sizes and building codes, using concrete grade M300. And privately to order - according to individual sketches.
Flights for stairs are an inclined component of a staircase structure, which includes load-bearing beams and a certain number of steps (from 3 to 18 steps).
Standard flight width is 90cm.
II. Main product characteristics
- stable monolithic design,
- has a long service life,
- not subject to destructive effects from sudden temperature changes,
- does not rot or be destroyed by insects or rodents,
-has high resistance to chemical and mechanical influences,
- does not tend to age,
- highly resistant to wear,
— the possibility of diversity in the decorative and finishing design of the flooring,
— possibility of manufacturing any shape and configuration,
- reasonable price and quality,
— reinforced concrete stair steps are fire-resistant and durable.
Reinforced concrete stairs and flights have one single disadvantage - weighting general design building.
III.
By methodology production process And engineering technologies products are divided into:
- monolithic type (prefabricated),
- combined type.
Based on the number of flights used, concrete stairs are classified:
- for one-march,
- two-march,
- three-march
- and screw ones.
The form is: straight, L-shaped, U-shaped, U-shaped, curved, screw and exclusive configuration.
According to GOST, reinforced concrete staircases are divided into the following types:
— flat march without equipping fascia step elements (LM)
- ribbed march with equipment of frieze steps (LMF),
- ribbed march with half platform (LMP). 
IV. Design
All reinforced concrete elements of the staircase - flights, steps, platforms and beams, as well as additional components and fastening materials constitute iron concrete structures stairs, which are obviously displayed in project documentation home, namely in the drawing of the staircase.
The design parameters of the prefabricated modification divide products into small-sized and large-sized.
A small-sized group is assembled from individual elements into a composition that includes steps, stringers (or without stringers), platform beams and slabs.
The heaviest of this structure are platform beams (300-450kg).
Large-sized or industrial stairs differ in size and number of structural elements: platforms and flights.
V. Application area
- industrial complexes of all types,
- schools and kindergartens,
- airport and railway stations,
- cinemas and restaurants,
- higher education buildings educational institutions,
- ordinary reinforced concrete house stairs up to 3 floors,
- multi-storey frame, brick, stone houses and other areas.
VI. Standard project
The development of drawing and technical information with the provision of all structural details of the future staircase is a standard project. Several options with drawings are provided to the customer for consideration. They include technical drawings with component parts and their dimensions. Drawings can be drawn up individually for each type of stairs. Namely: with straight, L-shaped, U-shaped, U-shaped, curved, spiral staircases.
How to make a concrete staircase with your own hands
In three dimensions and in section, all the complexities of the future structure in combination with the interior of the house are clearly visible. 
A typical design of a staircase complex is carried out before the construction of a house (low-rise or multi-storey buildings). It is included as part of the general construction project.
All details of the project plan are discussed and agreed upon with the customer. A standard design for the installation of reinforced concrete stairs and flights can be ordered from government design organizations or private design bureaus.
List of detailed information of the drawing part of the project
precise technical marks for high-rise installation,
range of sizes along the horizontal and vertical plane,
clearance niches for fastening products;
parameters of concrete steps,
all technical data for installing beam products,
calculation of the resistance of buildings to the additional weight of stairs,
Typical projects are divided into standard (for multi-storey buildings), and non-standard or customized(for private houses).
The first includes prefabricated stairs (factory), consisting of two elements: a staircase and a flight. To the second - all other options.
IN standard projects private houses up to 3 floors and above take into account: firstly, the size of the site allocated for construction or installation, secondly, the manufacturing and installation technology, the type of raw materials used in production and the shape of the staircase structure, thirdly, the space provided for installation (load-bearing walls, middle of the hall) and geographical area.
The number of steps, width, height and shape are agreed with the customer.
VII. Making reinforced concrete stairs yourself
The question always arises: “how to make a reinforced concrete staircase with your own hands?” When performing this work, some skills in the construction field are required, as well as a thorough understanding of the installation stages: assembling the formwork, installing the rebar frame and pouring the concrete frame.
Assembling the formwork is the most sensitive moment– precise selection of formwork for each element is carried out.
Wooden boards, plywood and metal sheets can be used as formwork. When installing, wooden formwork must be soaked in water to prevent moisture absorption from the concrete and damage geometric shape steps, etc.
elements. An easy option for manual installation is the option of a wall staircase or an inter-wall staircase. The most difficult operation is making formwork for a spiral staircase.
All options involve the installation of support beams made of thick timber.
After final assembly and strengthening of formwork sections, reinforcement of marches and platforms is carried out. The role of reinforcement is played by metal rods and mesh. The final step is pouring concrete. To prepare the concrete composition you will need cement, sand, and crushed stone. All components are diluted with water, then mixed in a concrete mixer for 15 minutes.
Using buckets, the solution is poured into the formwork.
Within 25-28 days, concrete reaches one hundred percent maturity, it's time to start decorating. Natural wood, laminate, thick plastic, cork - ideal for finishing work.
Precise technological execution phased construction will give concrete structures strength and appropriate resistance to various destructive environments.
All DIY products, elements and stairs (reinforced concrete) have a number of advantages, namely: high resistance to mechanical stress due to the applied building materials, special decorative finishing and various exclusive forms, so reinforced concrete stairs in private houses are preferred by all clients who have country houses.
VIII. Installation
Installation begins with pouring concrete platform on the first floor in a flight of stairs. Precise marks for reinforced concrete structures are made in advance. Each slab is checked for defects.
Installation steps: stringers of 2 flights go into the nests of the platform beams. The stepped part is placed on the stringers, resting its ends on it, while the front edge rests on the step lying below.
The march consists of two steps - lower and upper. Their purpose is to transition to the site. In turn, the platform is a reinforced concrete slab that serves as the load-bearing walls of the building or concrete beams. The handrails are attached with screws to the grille.
The connection of these structural elements is carried out by welding.
Factory marches have a solid cross-section, and the treads are folded or overhead. Handrails are delivered to the site ready-made and installed on site. The weight of a reinforced concrete element reaches 1t.
When installing large-sized reinforced concrete positions, teams of professional builders and special equipment (crane) are involved. The installation technology is carried out simultaneously with the construction of high-rise buildings. It is recommended that the step-by-step process of the technological process be strictly observed, otherwise it is fraught with unforeseen circumstances - collapse of staircases or cracks in load-bearing walls and the products themselves. 
Installing stairs on metal reinforced concrete stringers is the easiest option and consists of: installing stringers, installing formwork and reinforcement, the last thing is pouring concrete.
This architectural composition can be installed anywhere. They are mounted without the use of additional equipment, unless the weight of the flights exceeds 350-400 kg.
IX. Average cost of reinforced concrete staircase products
For the attention of builders, combined reinforced concrete stairs can be purchased in ready-made prefabricated form at factories. It is also possible to individually manufacture reinforced concrete staircases to order from professional companies producing reinforced concrete products.
Product type (length) (width) (height) (weight) price
ML30-60-10(9 speed) (3610.0) (1050.0) (1200.0) (1.80) 10570rub
ML30-60-12(9 speed) (3610.0) (1200.0) (1200.0) (2.0) 11860rub
ML36-60-13(11 speed) (4280.0) (1350.0) (1200.0) (2.70) 17970rub
1LM30.11.15-4 (3000.0) (1050.0) (2500.0) (1.480) 9850rub
1LM30.12.15-4 (3000.0) (1200.0) (2500.0) (1.70) 10500rub
LM1(3910.0) (1050.0) (1600.0) (1.920) 11650rub
LM2(4250.0) (1050.0) (1800.0) (2.080) 10750rub
Staircase structures made of monolithic concrete
During construction country houses and apartments on several levels use stairs. These essential elements must be practical and safe.
Most often, monolithic concrete stairs have recently begun to be used, since they do not require treatment after pouring and have a number of undeniable advantages.
- Calculations and design
- Manufacturing
Device options and advantages
The structure can be located both indoors and outdoors and, depending on the type, consist of one or two inclined beams and steps.
The following can be used as load-bearing elements:
- Stringers of a monolithic staircase - can be made of reinforced concrete or steel, the steps are attached from above.
- Bowstring - steps are inserted into those located with inside grooves. It is made of reinforced concrete, steel or wood.
Monolithic concrete stairs have a number of undeniable advantages: strength, durability, and high environmental friendliness.
The design does not require frequent repairs and can be made to order. The advantages include relatively inexpensive materials and work.
It is very important that high-quality monolithic stairs made of concrete are silent and safe.
Main types
Stepped products are different:
- A concrete staircase for a home can be entirely monolithic.
It is poured into pre-prepared formwork, which is dismantled after the cement mortar has hardened. It is worth noting that this option has recently been used infrequently for the home. There are several reasons for this, but the main one lies in the large weight, which significantly increases the load on the foundation. But basement or yard stairs made of concrete are not uncommon today.
- Combined - made from cement-sand mortar and metal.
They consist of a frame made of high quality steel and concrete steps. In this case, the formwork is assembled for each of them separately.
There is another classification of monolithic concrete stairs:
- Marches - can contain 1, 2 or more spans, called marches. According to building codes, the ideal angle is 45˚. The most optimal flight is considered to have 9 steps; sometimes it is advisable to use more, although then you will also have to make a landing.
Its width should be the same as the span, and its length should not exceed 1.5 average steps. This type is one of the most common.
- Screw or spiral - are a more complex design, so they are not used too often.
They are not very convenient, but they take up little space, so they can be used in small spaces. Spiral monolithic reinforced concrete stairs are calculated and designed much simpler than marching ones.
Do-it-yourself concrete staircase - calculations, installation, tips on how to make
So, if the length of the steps is 0.5 m, the length of the entire staircase structure will be approximately 2 times greater. In the interior of modern houses and multi-level apartments, they look very elegant and stylish. They can be successfully combined with marching ones. So, in the main part of the house a product of the first type is installed, for example, from the 1st to the 2nd floor, and from the 2nd to the attic - a spiral staircase, which will save not only money, but also space.
The product can be ordered from professional builders or made independently.
It is worth noting right away that this is a very labor-intensive process, and for those who have never worked with a cement-sand mixture, it is better not to undertake it, as this will jeopardize the safety of movement. Do not forget that a monolithic staircase with your own hands must be made of high-strength concrete.
It should be thick and not slip out of the formwork, thereby breaking the symmetry.
In order to calculate the height, you need to measure it from the floor to the part of the wall where the last step will end.
After this, visually draw a diagonal from the end point to the floor so that you get a right triangle. Then calculate the most optimal width of the marches, length and height of each step. Do not forget to deduct the height of the top floor slab, as well as those that will serve as the base of the staircase and its platform if you decide to make a two-flight structure.
Write down all calculations on paper and make a drawing. When calculating the height of the steps, do not forget that they will be lined with some material, for example, plastic or carpet, their thickness must be taken into account.
Making a staircase with your own hands
Only the highest quality materials are used. The grade of concrete for the manufacture of monolithic stairs should not be less than M-300.
- They start by assembling the formwork. It is necessary to ensure that the cement-sand mixture does not leak out or spread; it is advisable to use moisture-resistant plywood. Don’t forget about the special adhesive lubricant, which will help you dismantle the prefabricated equipment easily and without damaging the surface.
- Reinforced mesh, consisting of strong metal rods welded together by a point method, is a mandatory component of both monolithic marching staircases and spiral staircases.
It serves as a skeleton that prevents concrete from cracking and crumbling.
- After the formwork and reinforced mesh ready, you can begin concreting monolithic stairs. It is worth noting that they are installed before finishing dwellings during construction. Make sure the concrete is viscous and start pouring it into the formwork. It is more convenient to do this from the top step.
It is very important to ensure that there are no bubbles or voids; each freshly poured step must be compacted. For this purpose, a vibrating screed is used.
Staircase structures made of monolithic concrete can be used only after the surface has completely dried. A facing works It's better to leave it until completion interior decoration Houses.
Price
If you do not want to do the work yourself, you can turn to specialists.
The price of a monolithic concrete staircase in Moscow in this case will be approximately as follows:
Do-it-yourself monolithic concrete staircase: photo and video instructions
Concrete is a material of extraordinary strength and durability. But for the builder, its most interesting property is the plasticity of the newly prepared mixture. If structures from other materials are constructed, that is, they are composed of elements, then concrete ones are poured into a finished form.
Monolithic concrete stairs are, without a doubt, the most durable of all.
At the same time, the view can be more than fantastic. In this lesson you will learn how to make a monolithic concrete staircase with your own hands without involving specialists.
To do this, you only need desire, perseverance, patience and determination.
Types of construction
According to the method of manufacturing, concrete stairs are classified into two types:
- monolithic - the flight and landing, if provided, are a single whole and are manufactured as one structure.
The price for a monolithic concrete staircase varies depending on the structure;
- combined - march elements are produced separately. For example, a metal frame is installed, and the steps for the stairs are made of concrete.
In the first case, the entire process is carried out at the installation site. In the second, the structure is only assembled on site.
Calculation, installation, pouring and finishing of concrete stairs with your own hands
The photo shows monolithic concrete stairs.
Necessary Requirements
Despite its other advantages, a concrete structure has one significant drawback for private construction - heavy weight.
Therefore, before deciding how to make a concrete staircase in your house, you first need to make sure that the wall and floor can withstand such a load.
A standard march 4 m long and 1 m wide weighs about 2.5 tons. The support of such structures should be either monolithic foundation, or reinforced concrete beam.
When installing in an already completed building, another difficulty may arise.
If a layer of heat insulation is placed under the coating, then it will be pressed under the weight of the march. Before installation, it is necessary to disassemble the floor and remove the insulation.
Construction of concrete stairs
This entire process is labor-intensive and time-consuming, since installation of formwork, pouring, and, most importantly, hardening of the material take a lot of time.
However, a DIY concrete staircase is a doable task.
Work on constructing a concrete staircase with your own hands is carried out in several stages:
- layout;
- formwork installation;
- reinforcement;
- pouring concrete.
Preliminary calculations
Making a concrete staircase will not require excessive effort if you consider its construction at the planning stage.
The easiest option is to make steps between two walls. And the formwork in this case is simple, and the volume of concrete is minimal.
If the building has already been built, then the arrangement of stairs will depend on the parameters of the room.
When choosing a project, you need to remember some features:
- the steeper the angle of the march, the less concrete will be required and the lower the price of the product will be.
But at the same time, the greater the slope, the more difficult it is to climb and descend;
- it is easier to build a landing than winder steps;
- spiral staircases will require many formwork panels non-standard shape, which will significantly complicate installation. The price also increases;
- When making calculations, it is necessary to take into account the recommended sizes of steps, otherwise it will be extremely inconvenient to use.
Manufacturing of formwork
Essentially this is wooden mold along which concrete is poured.
Formwork is constructed from plywood 12–18 mm thick or edged boards 3 cm thick.
- If the formwork for a concrete staircase is intended to be used once, then the material is not protected. If repeatedly, the product is covered with glassine, old linoleum, or roofing felt.
- The material is fastened with wood screws: nails are difficult to remove after concreting.
- For supports and temporary stands, timber with a cross-section of up to 10*10 cm is used. The number of supports is calculated based on the fact that a pine beam 3 m long can withstand up to 150 kg.
- All elements are cut from plywood or boards with a jigsaw and assembled according to the sketch.
In its finished form, the formwork looks like a model of a staircase, in which only the upper part of the steps and the landing are missing.
- It is better to make the side formwork from plywood, the bottom from boards, as shown in the photo.
Reinforcement of the staircase structure
Before the staircase formwork is poured with concrete, reinforcement is performed.
The metal frame significantly increases the strength of the product and prevents cracking and crumbling of concrete. Mounting rods and steel mesh are used.
- At the stage of installing the formwork in the wall, you need to make grooves for attaching the mounting rods.
- Transverse rods are fixed into the grooves, then longitudinal rods are laid - the step between them depends on the length of the span.
- Fastening of reinforcing bars is done either by spot welding or wire knitting.
The latter method is more appropriate for a small amount of work.
- The resulting frame mesh should rise 5–10 mm above the bottom. To do this, plastic bosses are installed under the mesh.
- The side edge of the step is reinforced with a reinforcing bar, the top - with a flat steel mesh, fixed to the main frame.
Concreting stairs
To pour concrete stairs, use a solution of at least B15 grade.
The composition is prepared independently in a concrete mixer. It is necessary to add at least 4 parts of crushed stone (fraction 10 - 20 millimeters) to the finished solution so that the concrete does not leak out of the formwork during pouring.
The technology for constructing concrete stairs involves the sequence of the following stages:
- Concreting stairs is done at a time, so it is advisable to prepare the solution in one portion.
- The formwork is wetted with water.
- Filling is done from bottom to top.
- The steps are compacted and carefully leveled with a trowel.
- Concrete surfaces are covered with film to prevent uneven drying.
- The formwork and supports are removed after the concrete has hardened - no earlier than after 4 weeks.
Concrete monolithic stairs are designed for the most severe operating conditions.
For external structures it is difficult to find a more durable and unpretentious material. Inside the building, the attractiveness of the structure is no less important. The most varied finishing is possible: wood paneling, cladding artificial stone or ceramic tiles, a combination of materials. The choice of design depends only on the features of the interior and personal tastes.
The video below will tell you in detail about the construction of a monolithic concrete staircase on your own!
Good luck with your construction!
Do-it-yourself monolithic concrete staircase: video
Not a single residential or industrial building is conceivable without such structural element like a staircase. A series of steps serves as a communication point between rooms located on different levels. She experiences considerable stress every day. Therefore, increased demands are placed on it in terms of comfort, reliability and safety. This article will talk about how to make a concrete staircase with your own hands.
- Reinforced monolithic concrete stairs
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- Staircase design
- Calculation of stage parameters
- Decoration Materials
- Staircase structures can be rectangular, rotary or spiral. But regardless of the type, the concrete architectural element has the following advantages.
- Resistance to moisture, temperature fluctuations and aggressive environments. Therefore, such structures are erected both indoors and outdoors.
- High strength is achieved by reinforcing the concrete mixture. The steps can withstand very impressive loads, which makes them incredibly reliable and practically durable.
Monolithic concrete stairs photo
- Concrete stairs provide ample opportunities regarding decorative finishing. Here you can use porcelain stoneware and ceramic tiles, wooden planks (parquet, laminate) and other materials.
- The steps do not require special care or regular impregnation. If a defect occurs on the surface, it is enough to re-fill the area to be restored with concrete.
- The construction of the structure is carried out on its own without the use of special or expensive building materials, as well as without the involvement of special equipment and specialists.
- Filled steps are ready for use within 7-10 days. This allows you to use them at all stages of construction, carry tools, materials, etc.
- Since the staircase is erected simultaneously with the construction of the house, in addition to its direct purpose, it plays another role - constructive.
- Among the disadvantages are its impressive weight, massiveness (takes up a lot of space) and solidity - the staircase cannot be dismantled, rearranged or modified.
Concrete grade for staircase structures
- To make concrete stairs, ready-made mortar M200 class B15 or M250 class B20 is usually used. This material is based on fine crushed stone, with the addition of binders, modified additives and other fillers.
- When choosing concrete for the construction of external stairs, it is important to pay attention to the frost resistance (F) and water resistance (W) indicators.
To mix concrete mortar Mark 250 on your own, use the following proportions:
- 1 part concrete M400;
- 2 parts washed sand;
- 4 parts of crushed stone fraction 10×20 mm;
- about ½ part water;
- 0.7% by weight of cement plasticizing additive C-3.
Mixing the mortar the old fashioned way, using a pallet and a shovel, is incredibly difficult, especially since filling the steps must be done in one go. Therefore, it is recommended to borrow a compact concrete mixer from your neighbors or rent it from construction crews.
First, sand and crushed stone are poured into the device, bulk materials stir for at least 2-3 minutes. Then a plasticizer (in dry or concentrated form) and water are added. All components are mixed for at least 5 minutes.
Important! Poor mixing of all components reduces the final strength of concrete by 20%.
How to make a concrete staircase with your own hands
Staircase design
- If work on the construction of a staircase is carried out independently (without the involvement of specialists), then the project on paper is drawn up on its own. The plan calculates the dimensions of the room, the slope of the structure, its length and width, and also takes into account the presence doorways, method and direction of door opening.
- The construction of concrete stairs requires special attention to the angle of inclination. The optimal value of this parameter is in the range of 26-37º. A staircase that is too steep can be life-threatening, while a staircase that is shallower can take a lot of time. usable area, and it is not particularly comfortable when ascending/descending.
- When developing a project, you must act consistently. First, the number of steps is calculated, then their length, width, angle of rotation, platform parameters, etc. Only when the right approach we can talk about the safety and convenience of the design.
Calculation of stage parameters
- In addition to strength characteristics, such a design must meet operational characteristics. The selected parameters should be as comfortable as possible when ascending or descending while maintaining evenness of step.
- As for the width, it can vary from 0.9 to 1.5 meters. Undoubtedly, the wider the staircase, the more convenient it is, but the area of the room does not always allow the construction of structures of the preferred size. Therefore, when designing, we take into account not only comfort, but also free squaring.
There are average indicators of stages that determine ease of use:
- height 190-220 mm;
- width 250-330 mm.
- To correctly calculate the parameters, use the simple formula 2a+b=640, where: a - step height; b - step width; 640 mm is the average length of a human step.
- Substituting the average data, we get: 2×190+280=660. As you can see from the example, the selected dimensions fully correspond to comfortable performance characteristics.
- Using the Pythagorean theorem, we calculate the length of the march. Here it is necessary to take into account the thickness of the decorative floor covering. The result obtained is divided by the height of one step. For example: 3000/190=15.8, which means there are 16 steps for a 3-meter long flight.
- If during the calculations the tenth part is small (for example, it turned out to be 14.3 or 16.4), then it is recommended to take only the whole number as a basis, and distribute the remainder evenly over the height of all steps (the damage to the comfort of ascent and descent will be insignificant).
Important! When calculating, you should take into account the height of the tallest family member. So that when he gets up on the second step he doesn’t hit his head on the ceiling. Here it is necessary to add 400 mm to a person’s height (the average height of two steps without finishing material!)
Formwork for pouring concrete stairs
- Formwork assembly is one of the key points construction. To make the concrete surface as smooth as possible, use moisture-resistant plywood with a thickness of at least 20 mm. For the side walls of steps and the formation of risers, edged boards with a thickness of 30-35 mm are used.
- For the bottom surface, take a solid slab. Its installation under the right angle performed using vertical bars or special telescopic stands, which can be rented from construction crews without any problems.
- Since the mass of the concrete mixture is quite large, it makes sense to use metal corners and bars to strengthen the formwork. It is recommended to attach additional reinforcing elements to the bottom of the formwork every 50-80 cm.
- Next, steps are formed using edged boards. When installing, take as a basis inner dimensions, that is, when fixed, the external parameters of each step will be 30-35 mm (exactly the width of the lumber used) greater than the design indicators.
- Wooden elements must fit tightly to each other, the formation of gaps and cracks is not allowed. To prevent the solution from being absorbed into the lumber, before pouring it, it is generously moistened or the walls are protected with plastic film, as well as any waterproofing material.
Important! When assembling the structure, self-tapping screws are used. Their location should be only external, so that when dismantling the formwork there are no difficulties that could lead to partial destruction of the concrete surface.
Technology for reinforcing concrete stairs
- To give strength to the staircase structure and prevent the edges of the steps from crumbling, reinforcement is carried out. For the work you will need steel reinforcement with a diameter of 8 and 14 mm, knitting wire, as well as a tool for bending and cutting rods, pliers.
- Thicker steel rods are used for longitudinal reinforcement, and smaller diameter rods for transverse reinforcement. At a distance of at least 30 mm from the bottom of the formwork, 14 mm reinforcement is laid in increments of 150-200 mm. To do this, it is enough to place broken pieces of brick or ceramic tiles under it.
- Transverse rods are also laid out at a distance of 150-200 mm from each other. Fixation of the reinforcement in the form of a mesh is ensured by means of a knitting wire, fastened and tightened with pliers.
- For reliability, you can lay out the second row of the finished mesh with 150x150mm cells from 4 mm reinforcement. This layer should be positioned in such a way that the concrete layer covers the metal by 30-40 mm. To ensure such parameters, original chairs are prepared from metal rods.
- If the structure will rest on three sides (top, bottom and side), then reinforcement is laid in advance during the construction of the walls. As a result, the most durable fixation of the staircase from the side is ensured.
How to properly pour concrete stairs
- The concrete solution begins to be poured from the bottom step. The frame is filled in small portions. After filling, tamping is performed with an electric vibrator. This tool will help get rid of air voids that adversely affect the strength characteristics of the finished structure.
- In addition to the vibrator, you can gently tap with a hammer on all sides of the formwork. As a rule, the mixture will settle 2-3 cm from the required level; the deficiency is compensated by a new portion of the concrete mixture. Next, the tamping process is repeated.
- If the solution no longer settles, then the surface is finally leveled with a trowel or rule. Between concreting each step, a break of 10-15 minutes should be maintained, during which time the pressure of the solution drops slightly.
- To move upward, you can lean a standard wooden ladder on the frame or use ordinary boards. After completion of the work, the concrete is covered with plastic film, which prevents it from drying out prematurely.
Important! During the first 2-3 days, the polyethylene is periodically removed, and the concrete surface is wetted by spraying; a direct stream of water should be avoided.
- The frame is dismantled after 3-4 weeks; it is during this period that the concrete mixture will gain at least 80-90% strength.
- The undoubted advantage of concrete surfaces is their absolute maintainability. Therefore, if any defects are found after drying, they can easily be corrected by partial “patches” or re-filling. However, in order to avoid financial and time costs, it is better to do it once according to all the rules, putting in more effort and effort.
Decoration Materials
- It is not recommended to leave a concrete staircase without further finishing. After some time, the edges of the steps will begin to crumble. And the appearance of the staircase leaves much to be desired, although many modern styles welcome concrete structures in their original form.
- Depending on the style direction, the steps are lined with porcelain stoneware, ceramic mosaics, and wooden planks. The side walls and bottom surface of the stairs are usually plastered and then painted.
- For safety of movement, the staircase structure is equipped with fences. Balusters and railings are made of wood and chromed metal. They are distinguished by high decorative qualities Forged Products, which can be called real works of art.
The stairs are difficult building construction, which should be characterized by high reliability, safety, durability, aesthetics and comfort. A concrete staircase meets all of the above standards. It is better to entrust the manufacture of concrete stairs to professionals. When carrying out work, you need to make the correct calculations, create a unique project and follow all the steps of the step-by-step instructions.
Such a staircase is often installed in permanent or street buildings made of concrete and brick; its service life is more than 50 years, and subsequent cosmetic repairs will update the design and extend its service life to 100 years.
Advantages of concrete stairs
Compared to wooden structure The laying of a concrete staircase is carried out during the construction of a private house. This is one of the details of the object that enhances the structural strength. Other advantages of the structure include:
- reliability, strength, long service life;
- moisture resistance, minimal risk of fire;
- the possibility of laying together with the building, which ensures savings;
- use of corrosion-resistant steel reinforcement;
- possibility of finishing with any building material;
- resistance to negative external factors and increased use.
Choosing the type of staircase
Before starting construction work, you should decide on the type of structure, the shape of the staircase, and select suitable building materials High Quality. You should not save much on purchasing raw materials, as its quality can greatly affect the reliability and durability of the finished product. The staircase cannot be used immediately after pouring the steps, since the concrete will take up to 4 weeks to gain strength. Only after this can the formwork be removed. You also need to decide in advance on the location of the structure and the method of opening the doors.
By design, monolithic staircases are divided into straight (one- and two-flight), spiral (or screw). Screw options with winder steps have an aesthetic appearance; they are more in demand among consumers, but require formwork with a radial shape, so they are most often made to order.
An elementary option is a straight interfloor staircase with one flight, located between two walls. In this case, there will be no end parts of the structure, and the formwork is fastened to the walls. It is more difficult to make a semicircular or monolithic structure resting on one wall. To design the free end, you need to add one side part. You can choose a marching system where there are no supports on the walls (the lower and upper floors serve as load-bearing elements); the formwork is assembled with side elements.
But there is not always enough space to build a single-flight version, so preference is given to a two-flight version with winder steps or platforms between the flights.
Concrete stairs can also be monolithic, combined, prefabricated from factory-made flights, or type-set.
The first type is performed on site using the technology of pouring concrete mortar into the formwork; it can be installed anywhere (on the porch, street or basement).
Classic version fully monolithic design The second option is a metal structure complex shape(frame) with concrete steps. Each step is cast using formwork and reinforcing mesh, and marble chips and granite crushed stone are used as building materials. The dried surface is polished.
Prefabricated marches of factory production are used mainly in apartment buildings, however, if desired and if you have a small crane, this option can also take place. The main advantage is the price, the disadvantage is the limitation of standard sizes.
Stacked types consist of a concrete beam (stringer) and individual steps, which are rectangular, triangular, corner and with a groove. Reinforced concrete types are made in a factory according to specified dimensions and have a standard shape.
Staircases on steel stringers Calculation of stairs
Before starting construction work, you need to measure the space, make a diagram, drawing or project of the planned structure with preliminary calculation all elements and indicating the required dimensions. The drawing is developed reflecting design parameters, number of steps, height and width. As a rule, the height of the steps is 15-18 cm, and the minimum span width is 80-90 cm. You also need to take into account the thickness of the finishing material, know the building codes, carry out the work in stages, and do not forget about the presence of fences and embedded elements.
Climbing angle
The first parameter is the angle of inclination (lift), the value of which affects the length and height of the structure. So, with the same height, a product with a tilt angle of 25° will be longer than analogues with indicators of 35° and 45°.
The construction of a staircase structure with an angle of 45 degrees (span projection 3 meters) will require 2.35 times less building materials than for a product with an angle of 25° (span projection 6.4 m).
Optimal slope range 24 – 37 degrees
According to the manual, you need to choose the elevation angle based on the appropriate size of the flight, the complexity of the structure and its comfort.
Step sizes
Having decided on the angle of inclination and height, the work of designing concrete stairs includes breaking them down into steps. The optimal step size for calculation is 27-30 cm in width and 16-20 cm in height. If you make higher steps, it will be more difficult for both the elderly and people who are accustomed to a standard step to move along them. Very low steps of less than 15 cm will also be uncomfortable for an adult, but for children this is the best option.
You can select the parameters of the steps using the formula: 2H+L = 60-64 cm, where H is the riser (step height), L is the tread (width). To calculate, you can take the above indicators: 2*18+30=66 cm.
Stair width
As a rule, the width of the stairs is country house depends on the free space or space between the walls where it will be placed. It should not be narrower than 80 cm, since when climbing to the second floor along a narrow staircase (or descending from it), a person will feel like in a tunnel. It will also be inconvenient to carry any objects. Therefore, the optimal size would be 90-120 cm.
It is imperative to build a safe and secure fence, especially when elderly people and children live in the house. If the fence is located on the steps, it will slightly reduce the effective width of the flight, keep this in mind when calculating.
Online calculator for calculation
For your convenience, you can make all calculations using a convenient one.
Formwork assembly
After completing the calculations, you need to build the formwork yourself. For construction you will need the following materials:
- moisture-resistant plywood 1.2-1.8 cm thick, edged boards 3 cm thick for the bottom of the formwork, edging and risers;
- sheets of moisture-resistant plywood (0.6-0.9 cm each) for the manufacture of curved zones;
- support beams 10x10 cm or boards 15-17 cm wide and 5 cm thick for supports;
- beams 10x10 cm for mounting boards or plywood sheets;
- metal corners;
- fastenings (wood screws) 3.5 mm;
- concrete, trowel for leveling mortar, trowel, device for smoothing the edges of concrete structures.
To ensure that the concrete surface remains smooth after hardening, it is necessary to grind the wooden formwork parts in contact with the mortar. When using smooth plywood, no leveling procedures are required.
1 – timber for fastening formwork elements; 2 – tension beam; 3 – winder stage formwork; 4 – end formwork. The formwork must be assembled using the following steps:
- The lower part is made of large boards and plywood sheets. They are tightly fastened together with bars from the outside. The bottom of the structure is supported by beams or boards, and the pitch of the supports must correspond to the pitch of the steps. The parts are secured with self-tapping screws, which are convenient to unscrew during dismantling;
- on the sides they put a flange made of edged boards or plywood, reinforcing it on the outside with boards;
- install riser bars to the flange or wall with metal corners;
- joints in parts are sealed with a mortar of cement and sand or leveled with a plane or grinding machine.
Layout of formwork elements The thicker the beams, the higher the structural strength. The weight of a reinforced concrete structure will be large, which must be taken into account during the construction process. You can add additional rigidity using transverse bars.
Reinforcement
For a small staircase in a cottage, the reinforcement can be made with a mesh, which is tied from reinforcement measuring 1-1.2 cm at a distance of 15-20 cm (the size of the mesh cells will be 15x20 cm). The rods are connected with wire.
Large products must be made from a reinforcement frame, including several meshes mounted with vertical rods or welding. The distance between the grids is 2-3 cm.
The frame is the skeleton of the structure where the hardened concrete solution will be fixed, so its horizontal rods must be fixed in the wall, in pre-drilled holes. The mesh or frame is laid in the lower area of the formwork 2-3 centimeters from the bottom (the reinforcement can be raised using stands, bricks or stones). In the area where the railings are located, you need to place plugs or metal plates.
Pouring concrete
During concreting, a grade of concrete not lower than M200 (from class B15) is used. The solution is mixed in a concrete mixer or ordered from RBU and must contain the following components: 10 parts of cement, 30 parts of crushed stone fraction 10-20 mm, 20 parts of sand and 7 parts of water. If the composition is dense, you can add 3 parts of water.
Now you need to fill the composition correctly:
- the lower steps are performed first;
- the solution is compacted to give strength and density. To do this, you can use reinforcement, which is used to pierce the concrete in several areas. professionals recommend using more reliable way– a construction vibrator that squeezes concrete through the formwork;
- giving the steps the correct shape, smoothing them with a trowel;
- pouring the remaining elements and the porch;
- covering the solution with a film to protect it from cracks and early hardening. You can also regularly moisten the outer surface of the flooded area with water.
Removing formwork
Concrete gains strength within 4 weeks. After 7 days, you need to remove the boards from the steps and sides. The freed surfaces are leveled grinder or a grinder with a circle for processing concrete. After 21 days, the supporting beams from the lower area of the structure are removed. And only on the 28th day can the remaining formwork be completely removed.
Finish lining
A DIY concrete staircase can have different variants finishing: wood, laminate, tiles, carpet, acrylic stone or porcelain stoneware. Any material must be laid on a level base. After dismantling the formwork, uneven areas may remain on the site, which are recommended to be removed by sanding and plastering. The end parts are usually finished plaster mortar and covered with paint. After this, the steps are covered with one of the materials.
The surface can be covered with tiles, artificial or natural stone with a rough surface. The material is laid on cement mortar or tile adhesive. Using the same technology, mosaics are laid, creating original compositions from small elements.
Photo instructions for installing clinker steps The finishing can be done with wood panels that are resistant to abrasion. For this purpose, larch and exotic species that have undergone antiseptic treatment are selected.
Installation of larch wood cladding An excellent treatment option is laminate, which is abrasion-resistant, easy to install and durable.
If children or elderly people live in the house, then you can choose carpet, available in different colors.
The final stage is carpet finishing To save money, you can simply paint the steps with high-quality concrete paint.
Painting – cheap, but in its own way interesting option Anyway appearance stairs is associated with the taste preferences and financial capabilities of the owner.
