Each of us has seen a globe at least once in our lives, in a store or in a school closet. A globe, according to S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary, is “ visual material- rotating model globe or other spherical celestial body."
More precisely, a globe is an image of a map applied to a spherical surface that repeats approximate form Earth, preserving the similarity of contours and areas.
The globe has been created since ancient times. Among ancient writers one can find references to Crates of Mallus, who around 150 BC. ago created the “globe of the earth.”
But still, the oldest globe that has survived to our times is the “earth apple”, which was created by Martin Beheim in 1492, a German geographer from Nuremberg. It is he who is considered the creator of the globe. Martin Beheim was an outstanding scientist in Germany in the 15th century.
He gained his knowledge from sea expeditions and from the great astronomers of that time. When working on the “apple”, Martin used materials famous traveler Mark Polo and the Portuguese with whom he sailed along the coast of West Africa in 1484.
He subsequently received the position of court cartographer and astronomer in Lisbon, and it was to him that Christopher Columbus came for advice before his main discovery.
In 1490, finding himself in his hometown of Nuremberg, Martin met a lover of travel and geographical science, Georg Holzschuer, a member of the city council.
Georg was inspired by Beheim's stories about his African expedition and persuaded him to create a globe that would display all the knowledge of that modern cartography. At that time, this was a truly great discovery.
Work on the globe or the “Earthly Apple,” as the scientist himself called it, dragged on for four whole years. The metal ball, covered with parchment, was painted by a local artist from maps that Behaim gave him.
The boundaries of states and seas, as well as the coats of arms and flags of many countries, as well as elements starry sky, equator, meridians, south and north poles.
But of course, the accuracy of this globe cannot be judged, since it was based on ancient Greek knowledge about the world. Therefore, all locations of land objects on it are very approximate. Also, America is not depicted on this globe, since when the globe was finished, Columbus had not yet returned from his journey.
Subsequently, the globes were transformed, changed, and new knowledge brought from sea expeditions, simple travels or research by great scientists was added to the images on it. But it was Martin Behaim's globe that became the main prototype for modern globes.
And yet, the “Earth Apple” is a unique exhibit, a landmark of the Nuremberg German National Museum. It is there that it is still kept.
The creator of the world's first globe was the German traveler and geographer Martin Beheim (1459-1507). In 1492, Martin created the so-called “Earthly Apple” globe. This “Earth Apple” had a diameter of 54 centimeters, which displayed geographical data known at that time.
Beheim did not depict the land between the Asian islands and Europe on his globe, but located many islands that are shrouded in various legends. This is the island of Brazil, the island of St. Brandan (named in honor of the saint who discovered this island in 578), the island of Antilia (discovered according to some sources in 734, and according to others - in 1414). The globe “Earth Apple” by Martin Behaim has great historical and geographical value. It is now on display at the Nuremberg National Museum.
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The invention of the globe is one of the greatest geographical discoveries. With its help, it is easier to remember the locations of continents and oceans, islands and seas, tropical forests and icy deserts. This item was created and improved by many scientists around the world. It has its own history, interesting and very ancient.
History of the globe
On Latin, globe means ball. We came up with it twice. The first time the inventor was attracted by love was not geography at all, but poetry, and this happened before our era, in the 2nd century.
Who invented the globe? The philosopher and philologist, Crates of Malos, could listen to the poem “Odyssey” all day long, and then plot the routes of the main character on the map. But this was not enough for Crates, because at that time it was already known that the earth has round shape. He took and painted the ball. It was he who first invented the globe.
This globe corresponded to the level of knowledge of that time, but still it was a real globe. Contemporaries appreciated his invention, but after a few centuries, descendants forgot Crates's globe.
Secondly, a copy of the earth was invented in 1492 in the city of Nuremberg. It was created with the aim of visually showing the geographical discoveries of Portuguese sailors.
The title of inventor was awarded to the scientist Martin Behaim. This globe was called the “Earthly Apple” - a metal ball no more than half a meter in diameter. There was no America on it yet, since the discovery of Columbus took place much later. There were no indications of latitude and longitude, but there were meridians and tropics, as well as short description countries Now the very first globe is carefully kept in the Nuremberg Museum.
A great many globes of the most unexpected sizes have been created from different materials and designs. But there are two instances that cannot be ignored.
The largest globe in the world
A giant globe with the name Eartha was created by DeLorme, a company that develops maps and GPS navigation systems. Its diameter is 12.6 meters, which is comparable to a four-story building. This creation is located in the USA, in the city of Yarmouth.
The globe consists of 792 map fragments. All of them are secured with hidden bolts on a huge frame constructed from 6 thousand aluminum pipes. But its highlight is not only its scale. It is housed in a glass building, and at night it is illuminated from the inside - it is a truly memorable sight.
On weekdays, anyone can take a picture of themselves against the backdrop of a huge world map. In addition, the masterpiece is listed in the Guinness Book of Records.
America's Oldest Globe
Scientists have found that the globe is made from two halves of an ostrich egg, glued together with a natural polymer (shellac). The map is cut out on eggshells, and the carving itself is covered with blue paint. It was not possible to accurately identify the creator; there were no signatures on the item. Researchers suggest that the globe is related to the workshop of Leonardo da Vinci. There are sketches that are reminiscent of his work. It depicts: continents signed in Latin, various animals and even a shipwrecked sailor.
Map collector and philologist Dr. Missinet dates the find to 1504. And according to him, this globe is the first of those on which America was marked, and which has survived to this day.
The first person to try to create a three-dimensional model of the Earth was ancient Greek philosopher Crates of Mallus. In 150 BC, he presented his vision of the world order to society: on his globe, two oceans divided the earth’s sphere along and across the equator, washing the shores of four continents.
The globe has not survived to this day, but Crathetus’s hypothesis was one of the most authoritative for a very long time - more than a thousand years, until the research of scientists and the experience of travelers led cartographers to the understanding that the world does not look so schematic. Clearer ideas about the boundaries of continents, poles, and climate zones led to the creation of a new model of the Earth.
"Earth Apple"
Martin Beheim was a prominent scientist in 14th century Germany. He gained his knowledge about the world from the great astronomers of his time and from long sea expeditions. So, in 1484, he, together with a team of Portuguese sailors, took part in a voyage that opened the lands of West Africa to the world. Subsequently, Beheim received the position of court cartographer and astronomer in Lisbon, and it was to him that Christopher Columbus came for advice before his main discovery in life.
Once in his native Nuremberg in 1490, the scientist met a passionate lover of travel and geographical science, Georg Holzschuer, a member of the local city council. Inspired by Beheim's stories about the African expedition, the official persuaded him to begin creating a globe that would display all the knowledge of modern cartography.
Work on the half-meter-long “Earth Apple,” as the scientist called it, dragged on for four long years. The clay ball, covered with parchment, was painted by a local artist from maps provided to him by Behaim. In addition to the borders of states and seas, the globe was marked with drawings of coats of arms, flags, and even images of African aborigines, exotic to a European. For the convenience of sailors and travelers, elements of the starry sky, meridians, the equator, the south and north poles were depicted.
There is no need to judge the accuracy of this globe - it was largely based on ancient Greek knowledge about the world, which is why the location of land objects on it is very approximate. Moreover, ironically, at the time of the creation of this model, Beheim's friend Columbus had not yet returned from his western expedition, so that of all the existing continents, only Eurasia and Africa were indicated on the globe.
Nevertheless, the “Earthly Apple” is a unique exhibit that is of interest to historians, geographers, and anyone interested in learning about medieval science. To this day, Beheim's globe is the main attraction of the Nuremberg German National Museum.
Planet Earth. View from space.
The caravel quickly cut through the heavy waves. The captain, having determined the position of the North Star and made calculations, bent over the globe - they had been sailing for many days, and only this globe and the stars could help determine where the ship was. Without a globe it is difficult to find the way to distant overseas countries. Many ships setting out on long voyages had a globe; it served as a map in those days. This continued until the 18th century. And then detailed sea charts and sailing directions appeared, and the globe lost its importance for navigation, but was very useful to schoolchildren. In the dictionary of the Russian language by S.I. Ozhegov we read: “The globe is a visual aid - a rotating model of the globe or other spherical celestial body.” Let us add that this model most correctly reflects and appearance The earth and the relationship of its parts.
Globes have been made since ancient times. Ancient writers mention Crates of Pergamum, who made a “globe of the earth” more than 2000 years ago. Unfortunately, no images of him have reached us. The oldest surviving globe is considered to be the “earth apple” with a diameter of 0.54 meters, created in 1492 by the German geographer Martin Beheim from Nuremberg. When working on the “apple,” he used materials from the famous traveler Marco Polo and the Portuguese who sailed along the coast of Africa. But there is no image of America on this globe, since it has not yet been discovered.
150 years have passed, and globes have become quite popular. In London, for example, pocket globes the size of an orange were sold relatively cheaply, with a map printed on the inside of the hemispheres. heavenly bodies, that is, the globe was simultaneously a model of the Earth and the starry sky. 
Vintage globe.
Gradually, the design of the globe became more complex. In the 16th-18th centuries, a clock mechanism began to be used, with the help of which the globe rotated around an axis and it was possible to determine the time anywhere on the globe. Sometimes such a globe was attached to a model of the Moon moving around it, and then it served not only as a universal clock, but also as a calendar. Many European monarchs considered it obligatory to have globes in their office, which were quite impressive in size, complex and richly decorated.
A unique globe with a diameter of about 3 meters is kept in St. Petersburg, which also serves as a planetarium. On its outer surface there is a map of the Earth, on the inner surface there is a map of the starry sky. The history of this globe is interesting. In 1713, Peter I traveled through the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein (now German territory). During his trip he visited Gottorp Castle. There he was struck by a globe of unusual size - and feet in diameter (3 meters 19 centimeters). It was claimed that the globe was made under the guidance of the famous traveler and geographer Adam Olearius. In gratitude for the military assistance provided by Peter I, the guardian of the young duke presented the curiosity to the Russian emperor. This huge globe was transported to St. Petersburg, cutting through forest clearings. Subsequently, it was placed in the building of the newly built Kunstkamera, and after its opening in 1719, many people came to look at the amazing exhibit.
In 1747, a fire broke out in the Kunstkamera, and among the exhibits damaged by the fire was a gift from the Duke. All that was left of the globe were burnt metal constructions. Wanting to hide from the royal court true dimensions After the damage suffered, the academy decided on its own to “build another ball of the same size as the first.” Several proposals were made, including by the famous mechanic-inventor Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov. In 1748, “compass master” Benjamin Scott and his assistant F.N. Tiryutin began work on his project. The work took 7 years, but, according to contemporaries, the new globe turned out to be “the best art ever.” Its map continued to be updated with the latest data related to geographical discoveries until the end of the 18th century. The ball was fixed on a metal axis, a table and a bench were installed inside, on which 10-12 people could sit to observe the movement of celestial bodies, like in a planetarium (on inner surface A star map was made on the globe).
In Russia, one of the first original globes was made at the end of the 18th - early XIX century Pskov deacon Karp Maksimov. The structure had a diameter of about 90 centimeters. This globe was probably given as a gift to the Russian Emperor, since until 1793 it was kept in the “Office of Peter the Great” in the Kunstkamera. M.V. Lomonosov, who headed the Geographical Department of the Academy of Sciences, paid great attention to the production of globes.
According to experts, the largest globe in the world is considered to be one made for the Paris Exhibition of 1899. Its diameter is 13 meters, and the length of the marked meridian is 40 meters, each millimeter corresponds to approximately a kilometer of the earth's surface. The weight of the globe was almost 10 tons (that’s what a modern bus weighs)! The globe rotated around its axis at a speed corresponding to the actual speed of rotation of the Earth. There were reliefs on it earth's crust, country borders, sea routes, railways, routes of famous travelers and even mineral deposits are indicated.
A much smaller globe, but also very large, is kept in Denmark.
Initially, it was a spherical reservoir for natural gas, but about 50 years ago, one artist decided, in order to attract tourists, to paint the geographical characteristics characteristic of our planet on the outer surface of the metal ball. symbols. The result was a huge globe.
Medieval scientist.
The giant globe was also created in our country. It stands on the astronomical platform of the Moscow Planetarium. A model of the globe, two and a half meters in diameter, is made of special materials developed specifically for this purpose. durable materials- fiberglass and polymers, painted with paints that are not afraid atmospheric precipitation(valleys are green, seas are blue, rivers are blue). 70 meters from the globe, on the roof of the building adjacent to the astronomical site, there is a second ball - this is a model of the Moon. Its diameter is 70 centimeters. These sizes were not chosen by chance. The result is a real mock-up Earth-Moon system, it is “only” 5 million times smaller than the real one.
If you have read M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita,” then you probably remember the globe of the “prince of darkness” Woland. The globe lived the life of the Earth. If any part of it became filled with blood, it means that a war has begun at the corresponding point on the globe. If you looked closely, you could see all the details of the battles - destroyed houses, dead people. But such a globe is the fantasy of a brilliant writer. What kind of globes are there in reality? A wide variety of Earth models are produced. The most common are political, reflecting the modern territorial division of the world, and physical, showing the physical and geographical structure of the Earth. Particularly unique are the so-called relief globes with sculpted, convex surfaces of mountains and hills. And these small balls, showing our planet as only astronauts see it, will probably serve people for a long time.
Take note
The largest island in the world is Greenland.
The highest continent on Earth is Antarctica, where the ice thickness in some places exceeds 4 kilometers. If all this ice melted, the sea level would rise by 60 meters.
The stormiest place in the world is located on the island of Java; lightning flashes there 322 days a year.
Most high mountain The world's largest volcano is Mauna Kea in the Hawaiian Islands. Its base is located under water at a depth of 5500 meters, and the top rises 4300 meters above sea level. In total, the distance between the base and the top is 9800 meters.
