How to install a sewer system in a private house. Do-it-yourself sewerage diagram and installation in a private house. Elements of the internal sewer system

The information from this article will be useful not only for doing all the work yourself. With its help, you can find out what a modern sewer system is for a private home, how to properly purchase components and design routes. This knowledge will help to competently monitor the actions of the construction team, prevent errors, and make adjustments to the design documentation.

Read in the article:

Basic definitions

It is immediately necessary to clarify the purpose of the project. We will leave the issues of storm (5) and drainage (4) sewerage outside the scope of the article. The effluent in these systems is not too dirty, so there are no significant problems with its disposal.

It is more difficult to resolve issues with household waste. They are discussed below. The figure shows the internal (1) and external (2) parts autonomous sewerage for a private home. This example shows a septic tank (3) with a drainage field, but in practice other solutions are used. To choose the best option, you should familiarize yourself with them in more detail.

1. must remove domestic wastewater with sufficient capacity.
2. It will be useful to avoid unnecessary difficulties in the process of their disposal.
3. The absence of blockages and complex regulatory procedures will simplify operation.
4. The durability of system components will increase the intervals between major overhauls.

For your information! To make a correct assessment, consider all important factors together. The cost of purchasing individual components is supplemented with data on service life, maintenance, and other mandatory expenses during use.

Operating principle, sewerage system in a private house

IN household systems use a gravity drain system. Drains move under the influence of gravity, so a sufficient slope is needed on all horizontal sections of the sewer system in a private house.

Sinks, showers, and other plumbing fixtures are connected through (5, 8). These simple devices create a hydraulic seal that prevents the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewer. The fan pipe (7) is needed not only for... It prevents vacuum in the upper part of the riser during a volley discharge of wastewater that blocks the working opening.

If the external part of the system is properly equipped, the liquid will be purified to a safe level.

Where to place the sewer system on the site

For your information! When choosing suitable place to accommodate cesspool it is carried 15 m or more from the foundation of a private house. The distance can be reduced to three meters if you install a modern biological treatment station.

Related article:

From our materials you will learn the structure, operating principle, location requirements, secrets of independently installing cleaning facilities for a private home, as well as advice and recommendations from specialists.

The distance to the well is increased (30-50 m). In a relief area, a low-lying area is chosen for installing a septic tank, away from residential premises. To avoid problems, the distance to the boundaries of the neighboring property should be more than three meters.

Functional sewerage for a private home: how to make the calculation correctly

During housing construction autonomous system sewers are designed together with architectural components and other engineering structures. For accurate calculations, specialized specialists take data on the drainage of individual points (plumbing, other equipment). They calculate the percentage of filling of the working channel, the speed of fluid movement, the slope and diameter of the pipes in different areas.

The following information will help you draw the right conclusions yourself:

1. At the stage of preparing a general construction project, install connection points for devices and equipment as close as possible to the riser.
2. In multi-storey buildings, bathrooms are installed one above the other.
3. To prevent blockages, route turns are made at angles less than 90°. An exception is the vertical sections of the sewer system of a private house.
4. Special couplings are used for a smooth transition between different diameters.
5. At turns and long sections, an element with a removable side cover (“inspection”) is installed to simplify inspection and remove blockages.

To lay a sewer system in a private house with your own hands, you can use the following standard sizes:

Expert opinion

VK design engineer (water supply and sewerage) LLC "ASP North-West"

Ask a specialist

“The distance to the riser should not be increased by more than 5 m. Specialists recommend installing the toilet no further than 1.5-2 m. If these rules are violated, the height difference for draining by gravity will increase significantly.”

As the distance to the vertical section of the fan pipe increases, it may not be enough to compensate for the vacuum. To solve the problem, in in the right places Special valves are installed for sewer systems for a private house. They allow air from the room to pass through, but prevent the penetration of odors from the drainage system without a hydraulic seal.

Current building regulations establish a maximum height difference. For a horizontal sewer section for a private house 100 cm long, it should not exceed 15 cm. Otherwise, the liquid flow moves too quickly and does not have time to wash away contaminants.

This table shows optimal values For different diameters drainage systems while maintaining normal tilt angles:

Selecting components for a sewer drain system in a private house

To ensure good compatibility of all components of the route, it is recommended to use products from the same manufacturer. As a rule, specialized companies offer a varied catalog of PVC sewer pipes. It is not difficult to clarify the sizes and prices of current offers using the Internet. Such products have significant advantages compared to analogues:

1. Reasonable cost implies low costs even when equipping large properties.
2. Low weight simplifies transportation and work operations. Plastic sewage systems for dachas do not create unnecessary load. Therefore, strengthening the power frame of the building will not be required.
3. The standard connection system (with socket and integrated O-ring) speeds up installation work.
4. Such pipes are not subject to the destructive effects of corrosion and aggressive detergent components.

Polyvinyl chloride is most often used to create sewer systems for a private home. This material is used to create durable pipes, which in a multilayer design can be installed at a depth of up to 8 meters (SN8 modifications). They maintain integrity over a wide temperature range (from -10°C to +65°C).

Pipelines made of polyethylene are more flexible and designed for low temperatures, but they can be damaged by UV radiation. They are intended only for transporting cold water. Pipes made of polypropylene are 2-3 times more expensive than pipes made of PVC. They are able to withstand short-term movement of liquid heated to +95°C. But it is unlikely that such properties will be needed at a great distance from plumbing fixtures.

Non-pressure gravity sewerage for a private home is not subject to heavy loads from the inside. But even in this case, to maintain the integrity of the structure, you should choose PVC pipes gray with a wall thickness of at least 1.8 mm. For outdoor work, more durable products are purchased. To make identification easier, they are specially painted Orange color.

When designing the external sewer route of a private house, you can use the following verification data. They determine the permissible wall thickness for pipes with a diameter of 200 m:

For your information! The connection between the home and external parts of the sewer system of a private house can be made using corrugation to prevent disruption of the integrity of the system due to soil movements. Select elements corresponding in diameter (double-layer) with smooth inner walls.

In multi-layer structures, ribs increase rigidity. The inner part is made smooth for the smooth passage of drains.

Carrying out installation work without errors: connecting pipes, correct slope and other nuances

How to properly install a sewer system in a private house (connect individual parts into a single system) is described in the following description:

• After marking the dimensions from the plan, cut the pipe at an angle of 90°. To accurately perform this operation, use the following device (1). Use a hacksaw with a metal blade, or a special tool.
• Use a file (2) to chamfer the end part at an angle of 15°, remove minor defects at the incision site. Remove burrs with a knife.
• To simplify the connection, a small area (3) is coated with a special lubricant (soap solution). Do not use silicone sealant. It blocks the mobility of the connection, which must be preserved in this node.
• A rubber ring (4) is inserted into the recess. As a rule, such products are supplied assembled with a sealing element.
• At the next stage, insert one part into the other until it stops. The corresponding position is marked (5) with a visible marker color.
• Next, the parts of the structure (6) are moved apart by approximately 1 cm.

This technology ensures reliable fastening and tightness of the connection. The created gap will prevent deformation of the route during thermal expansion of plastic pipes during the operation of the sewer system for a private home.

A working drawing can be created manually, without necessarily observing the scale and exact drawings of individual products. But when drawing up a package of design documentation for the sewer system of a private house, the following facts must be taken into account:

1. Sufficient slope is maintained in all areas, permissible maximum distance to the riser.
2. The route is laid without right angles, without creating any obstacles to the drainage.
3. Do not forget about installing revisions in difficult places and on long sections.

A similar drawing can be used as a basis for preparing a list of necessary sewerage components for a private home.

Related article:

IN this material We will look in detail at how its devices are mounted, we will also study it, and along the way we will find out the cost of such work when performed by specialists.

If the sewer pipes of a private house are installed in a concrete screed, reliable protection from external influences is provided, but repairs are difficult. The route can be installed behind wall panels, inside the floor frame structure. In these cases, access is easier, but the noise level increases. To create comfort and at the same time maintain the integrity of the walls, the risers are secured through damping gaskets. In some situations, it is necessary to install special insulation that blocks the sounds of the drain. The corresponding layers are made of polyurethane foam and other moisture-resistant materials.

Official instructions indicate the specifics of using their products. The following pictures show examples with manufacturer's explanations:

External part of an autonomous sewage system for a summer residence

For year-round living, a continuously functioning sewer system is required for country house. The owner himself will decide what to choose for insulating individual areas. But this design must be strong enough and resistant to moisture.

An attentive person will notice that the picture shows an exit from the house located above the ground. However, many houses are made with a basement (basement). In such buildings it is easy to make a route below the soil freezing level for a certain region.

But don't rush to conclusions. It is necessary to take into account the gradual slope and distance of placement of treatment facilities for a private home. It is possible that you will have to install them at too great a depth. Additional protection against groundwater penetration will be required. The cost of supplying fluid to the drainage field will increase.

After determining the depth, the passage of the route through the area is checked. Protection from reinforced concrete slabs or other structures is installed under vehicle driveways, parking lots, and other additional loads. The pipes are laid on a bed of sand, cleared of stones and other large fractions. The individual parts of the structure are assembled according to the manufacturer's instructions. The necessary sections of the sewer system for a private house are insulated.

As well as inside buildings, sharp turns are not used here to prevent the movement of wastewater. Inspection wells are installed on long sections of sewerage for a private home. Connections with such elements and septic tanks are made movable. This will prevent damage due to soil displacement during use.

Cesspool: low cost and big problems

How to choose an autonomous sewer system in a private house will become clear after studying all the options. You should start with traditional designs, well proven by centuries of operation.

Authenticity of origin last photo raises doubts. However, such structures were actually used many centuries ago. These days they continue to do their job functional purpose.

However, the application similar projects sewerage of a private house is contrary to the norms of modern legislation. Oddly enough, it is much easier to comply with SanPin requirements using a classic “dream house” located at a sufficient distance from the main building and other objects. Its depth is limited to 3 meters. This parameter is adjusted taking into account the actual groundwater level. Designs without a bottom are allowed to be used with a total amount of drainage of no more than 1 cubic meter. within 24 hours.

The permissible minimum distance to the well is determined by the geological characteristics of the site:

• clay – 20 m;
• loams – 30 m;
• sand – 50 m.

For your information! When carefully studying the issue, it is necessary to take into account the distances to the corresponding objects in neighboring areas.

If you want to comply with SanPin standards without extra costs, use this drawing of an autonomous structure (toilet with a cesspool) as a basis

Closed tank: a simple solution, operating features

The figure shows important details:

• Hatch (1) for inspection and removal of accumulated waste.
• A high neck (2), which makes it possible to install the main part below the soil freezing level.
• Large ribs (3) enhancing the rigidity of the structure.
• Pipe for removing explosive gases (4). According to current building regulations, its height above the ground is less than 60 cm. The hole must be 10 cm or more in diameter.

The volume of sewerage capacity for a private home is selected taking into account real needs. The main disadvantage is the fairly frequent calls for a sewer truck. The depth is not made more than 2.5-3 m, so as not to complicate the removal of household waste using the standard length of hoses and the power of pumping equipment.

It’s not difficult to figure out how to make a sewer system in a private house (storage tank) from brick, iron concrete rings.

Metal tanks are rarely used due to their low resistance to corrosion processes.

Septic tanks: review of technical solutions with professional recommendations

How to properly install a sewer system in a private house will be easier to decide after a detailed acquaintance with the basics of the technology. Through the transport system, wastewater enters the first tank. Here large heavy fractions settle to the bottom and the processes of biological decomposition begin.

Through a special pipe, the partially purified liquid enters the second tank. Similar processes occur here, but with a noticeably smaller amount of mechanical impurities.

At the third stage, the smallest impurities are retained by a layer of granular backfill. The last container has no bottom. The liquid penetrates the soil and is further purified in a natural way. When all components are set correctly, the system prevents contamination environment.

For your information! A clear advantage of the technology is the reduction in calls to the services of vacuum cleaners.

The number of treatment stages determines the degree of sewerage cleaning for a private home. Therefore, for full reproduction, it is recommended to use at least two containers.

A closed third tank is installed here. After this, the liquid is discharged onto a special aeration field. This part is formed from drainage (perforated) pipes. They are laid in rows with an interval of 40-60 cm on a bed of crushed stone. Ventilation shafts are installed at all ends. Such facilities provide effective cleaning without the use of additional biological and technical means.

In this sewerage option for a private house, you will need an appropriate free area on the land plot to accommodate the drainage field. When the groundwater level is high, it has to be raised onto artificial embankments. Here you will have to install additional pumping equipment and control automation. Exact costs can be calculated taking into account the terrain, number of users, and other features.

To simplify a sewerage project for a private home, purchase ready-made equipment sets. Manufacturers offer a wide range of ready-made solutions designed for different conditions and needs.

How to prevent environmental pollution using an artificial treatment plant

Automated sewage treatment plants for a private home. The price of such kits is the highest in the corresponding equipment category. However, the significant initial investment is offset by several advantages:

• relatively small in size;
• high-quality wastewater treatment;
• minimal hassle during operation.

In this model, the separation of contaminants is improved using a powerful aeration unit. Active air saturation of a sewerage cleaning system for a private home accelerates not only biological, but also chemical reactions. Dissolved salts, iron and other impurities are converted into solid sediment. A well-purified liquid comes out.

When you contact specialists, the sewage system of a private house will be calculated professionally. A specialized company will carry out delivery, installation and commissioning work, and issue official warranty obligations. Comparing costs independent execution similar actions, it is necessary to take into account the cost of auxiliary procedures, the purchase of tools and consumables.

The information provided will simplify the formulation of requirements for individual project. They will help you implement it without errors and unnecessary costs. Clarify the sewerage parameters for a private home using the comments to the article. Communicate with experienced craftsmen, express your own opinion about products from different manufacturers. On this specialized information platform, valuable knowledge can be obtained completely free of charge.

Video, professional installation of plastic sewer pipes

It is difficult for us to live without amenities, even if we are in a private home. We strive to provide maximum comfort, creating an optimal standard of living for our family. For this, it is very important to think through the issue of construction in advance.

When building a sewer system with your own hands in a private country cottage, You can save money, but you need to carry out this work in accordance with construction and installation requirements.

Sewerage installation in a house involves the arrangement of external and internal sewerage systems.

The internal part is pipe routing, installation of a drain pipe and a riser.

External refers to a set of pipes running from the house to a septic tank or deep cleaning station.

Internal sewerage diagram

You need to choose a scheme based on the layout of each house. It is ideal when all plumbing equipment is connected to one collector through which the water will flow.

IN big house, with several bathrooms, it is more correct to prefer a scheme in which there will be at least two cesspools or a septic tank. And in a two-story house it is necessary to install risers.

How to draw up a sewerage diagram for a private house:

1. draw up a house plan;
2. determine the location of risers;
3. mark the locations of plumbing fixtures and decide on how to connect them;
4. depict the pipes running from the fittings and riser to the plumbing, and all connection elements;
5. do this for each floor;
6. determine the dimensions of the fan pipe and riser;
7. add up the length of all internal pipes;
8. At the final stage, draw up a diagram of the external sewerage system.

How to choose sewer pipes

Different ones are used for external and internal sewerage.

For laying pipes inside, polyvinyl chloride and gray ones are used. For sunbeds and risers, pipes with a diameter of 110 mm are used, and for drainage - 40 and 50 mm. Turns are made with two plastic elbows bent at right angles.

Often, pipes for external sewerage are orange, have a diameter of 110 mm and the required rigidity. Can also be used in two layers corrugated pipes.

Pipe properties

Cast iron:

• durable and strong, designed for heavy loads.
• expensive, heavy and fragile, corrosion on the inside can contribute to clogs.

Polypropylene:

• Light and flexible, withstands high water temperatures well.
• there are no shortcomings.

Polyvinyl chloride:

• inexpensive and lightweight, used for external sewerage.
• They are fragile and do not tolerate high water temperatures well.

Pipe laying

The most serious process when constructing a sewer system in a house is the routing and laying of pipes. Upon completion of work, check the tightness of the system, and only then proceed to its operation.

Pipe connection

Today, many types of revisions, tees, elbows and plastic pipes that are easily connected are sold. The joints can be processed. And in places where the pipe passes through the foundation, it is recommended to install a sleeve.

It is also important to remember the slope of the pipes, which depends on its diameter and is 2 - 3 cm per 1 m.

Sewer outlet

In order not to encounter a discrepancy between the internal and external sewer systems, begin the installation of the sewer system from the outlet,

It is installed through the foundation below the frost level. When installing the outlet higher, it will be necessary to insulate the pipe.

If you didn’t think about it, you will need to punch a hole in it large enough to install a drain pipe with a sleeve. The sleeve is a small piece of pipe with a diameter of 130-160 mm. It should protrude 15 cm on both sides of the foundation.

The outlet diameter must be no less than the diameter of the riser. And the sleeve is needed to create a pipe slope.

Pipe routing and riser installation

It is ideal to place the riser in the toilet. It can be mounted openly or hidden.

To connect sewer pipes to the riser, oblique tees are used, and adapters are used at the joints of pipes that differ in diameter. At the intersection of pipes, it is necessary to install a collector with a diameter of 100-110 mm. Also install water seals that will protect you from unpleasant odors.

Installation of a special tee (revision) on each riser is mandatory. With its help it will be possible to clear the blockage. You can install cleaning after each bend.

It is better to place the riser in the toilet of a private house

Fan pipe outlet

Functions of the drain pipe:

• maintains atmospheric pressure inside the system;
• increases the durability of the sewer system;
• ventilates the entire sewer system.

The fan pipe is the continuation of the riser. This is a pipe leading to the roof. Before connecting the drain pipe and the riser, it is important to install an inspection. After which the pipe is led out at a convenient angle into the attic.

Cannot be combined fan pipe with a chimney or ventilation of the house. The exhaust pipe outlet must be located at a distance of 4 meters from windows and balconies. The height of the retreat from the roof should be 70 cm. It is also important to place the sewer, house and chimney ventilation at different levels.

External sewage system of the house

There are different ways to install a sewer system in your home, but it is very important to choose the right system that meets your needs.

It is necessary to select an external sewerage scheme taking into account the following:

• you live in the house temporarily or permanently;
• number of people living;
• daily water consumption per person;
• soil water level;
• plot size;
• soil type and structure;
• climate.

For more detailed information, you should read the relevant chapters of SNiP and SanPin.

All external sewage systems are divided into two types:

• storage (cesspool, sealed container);
• cleaning structures Wastewater(single-chamber septic tank, septic tank with two overflowing wells, aeration tank, septic tank with a biofilter, septic tank with several chambers and a filtration field).

Cesspool without bottom

This is a very old method of sewerage, which is now used exclusively as a country house.

In the cesspool, walls are made from rings of concrete or bricks, and the earth remains as the bottom. In a hole, relatively pure water seeps into the ground, and organic waste settles at the bottom.

When completely filled with waste, it needs to be cleaned.

It is possible to make such a cesspool if people do not live in the house permanently and do not consume a lot of water. In this case, groundwater must pass at least 1 m below the bottom of the pit, otherwise it will lead to contamination of soil water.

Adding microorganisms to the pit will slightly reduce the unpleasant odor and speed up the process of water purification.

Sealed storage tank

This option involves installing a sealed container into which water will drain. You can purchase a ready-made container made of metal or plastic, or you can make one yourself from concrete rings. The lid is made of metal, and the bottom is made of concrete. Important during construction storage tank is its complete tightness and insulated lid.

When filling the tank, it must be cleaned using a special vacuum cleaner. The volume of the tank and the frequency of cleaning it depend on water consumption.

This system can be used when groundwater is high, so you will protect water sources and soil. But its downside is that you will need to call the sewer truck quite often.

Single chamber septic tank

This is a well, the bottom of which is covered with a layer of crushed stone and coarse sand. Water seeping through them is purified by 50%. Along with mechanical cleaning, biological cleaning processes take place here.

You should not build such a sewer system in a private house if people live in it permanently. This option can only be used when groundwater levels are low. It should be noted that crushed stone and sand need to be changed periodically.

With your own hands, you can make a septic tank from polypropylene, reinforced concrete rings, brick, or fill its walls and floor. In this case, it is necessary to determine whether the wastewater treatment will take place in the well field or in the filtration field. You also need to equip the system and carry out its hydro- and thermal insulation.

Two-chamber septic tank

The most popular method of installation in a country house, it is economical and can be built independently.

It consists of two wells. The first has a sealed bottom, and the second does not, but is filled with crushed stone and sand, which will need to be replaced approximately every five years.

The first well plays the role of a sump, and the second - a filter well. Periodically, the first well is filled with waste and to clean it you need to call a sewer truck about 2 times a year.

It is worth installing such a sewer system in a house if, even during a flood, the groundwater level is below 1 m from the bottom of the second well.

Soil and biological treatment - septic tank with filtration field

This type of septic tank is made in the form of a container divided into sections connected by pipes.

The first container is needed to settle the wastewater. Clarified water goes to the second section, where organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. Afterwards the water goes to the filtration fields.

This is a vast underground area where soil treatment of wastewater takes place. If the soil on your site is sandy, then this perfect option. After this, the water is sent through pipelines to a well or drainage ditch.

Sometimes sand and crushed stone need to be replaced in the filtration field.

Natural treatment station - septic tank with biofilter

With its help, it is possible to carry out sewerage at any level of groundwater.

Such a station is a container divided into 3-4 sections.

In the first, the water settles, in the second, organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms. In the third, water is separated, and in the fourth, organic matter is decomposed by aerobic bacteria, which live only under the condition of constant air flow. To do this, a pipe rising above the ground is installed above the chamber. In the pipe leading from the third chamber to the fourth, there is a filter with aerobic bacteria. Purified water can be used for technical purposes. From the fourth chamber there is a pipe leading to a drainage ditch, or storage tank.

For a country house with permanent residence, a septic tank with a biofilter is the optimal solution. The disadvantage is that if they do not live permanently, the bacteria will simply die.

Artificial treatment station - septic tank with forced air supply

This is a quick cleaning installation, in which natural processes are artificially induced. It is impossible to install a sewer system using an aeration tank without connecting it to

4

A modern sewer system in a private house is a complex of sewerage equipment, communications and engineering equipment– pipelines, cesspools, septic tanks.

The main function of the sewer system is to collect wastewater from the place where it appears into one network and transport it to the disposal facility.

If the sewerage system is designed correctly, takes into account all the requirements of SNIP and operates it correctly, then it will become the key to comfort and coziness in a private home or.

And vice versa - a neglectful attitude towards sewerage construction can lead to mistakes, which, in turn, will cause dire consequences -.

If the layout of the sewer networks is broken or drawn up incorrectly, this will necessarily lead to the saturation of groundwater with fecal components, and well (well) water will be unsuitable for drinking.

And the saddest thing that can happen is that with a large volume of wastewater, the building may flood, and this means that anything can happen to the foundation, walls and basement. Not to mention the smell that accompanies all these troubles.

A sewerage project for a home should be drawn up based on data from a specific area. Therefore, it is important to follow some recommendations that are common to all projects. The sewerage system in a private house must be based on “three pillars”. This:

1. External sewerage.
2. Sewage tank.

General principles and rules of construction

An autonomous sewer system is built and operates in the same way as a city network. The wastewater generated in the house must be collected in one pipeline and discharged into a septic tank or into.

Then the dirty water is purified several times and discharged into the soil. Or it is spent on economic purposes. Based on this, it is not difficult to understand that the home sewage system is very simple.

From each water consumer (faucet, mixer, shower) you need to lay pipes that are connected to a common riser.

The general sewer drains wastewater into a septic tank, which serves to purify the water.

Any sewer consists of two parts:

1. The internal network consists of a plastic pipeline and plumbing fixtures.
2. The external network is the same pipeline, filter collectors and a septic tank (cesspool), which is located on the site outside the house.

What does a sewerage system diagram consist of, and how can you create it yourself for a private home?

You can develop a simple sewerage scheme yourself - knowledge of building regulations and SNiP is enough for this. More complex systems sewers require the participation of professionals, because even a small miscalculation will cause large and serious problems.

A standard simplified sewerage scheme includes one common riser, a pipeline through the sewerage elements, an external pipeline and a reservoir.

How to plan and draw up a diagram correctly?

1. In a one-story house, the kitchen and bathroom should be located next to each other, and as close as possible to the place where the sewage discharges to the street.
2. In a two-story house, the toilet should be on each floor, so rooms with high humidity It is better to place them on top of each other so that it is more convenient to connect all the pipes to a common riser.
3. The layout of the internal sewerage system should have as few connections, junctions and joints as possible.

When building a two- or three-story cottage with several bathrooms, toilets, a swimming pool, a jacuzzi and other amenities of civilization, you need to use more complex circuit sewerage.

It may be necessary to install several septic tanks, several common sewer risers, and even pumping station. Therefore, for such complex work it is necessary to hire specialists.

Competent calculation of the scheme, simplicity and reliability of the sewer system, taking into account all the details - all this can only be done by a professional.

Before developing a project, you need to pay attention to the following points:

1. How - through a central water supply or from a well (well).
2. What plumbing fixtures and in what quantity will be installed in the house.
3. Where is it planned to build a septic tank (cesspool).
4. The climate in a given area is the amount of annual and monthly precipitation, seasonal temperature changes, and so on.
5. How will the septic tank be cleaned - independently or using sewer equipment. Organization of access roads to the septic tank.

If the sewerage and water supply diagram for the house is drawn up correctly and competently, then it should include the following points:

1. Sewage diagram of a private house indicating all the wiring, with the quantity and size of materials.
2. Layout of sewer pipes and risers.
3. Indicating turns in the sewer system.
4. Locations in external sewer networks.
5. Pump locations.

Internal networks

The construction and dimensions of the internal sewerage network in the house are determined by the size of the premises and the relative location of water consumers.

Using PVC pipes, all drainage objects must be connected to a common sewer riser.

The pipeline is connected either with special fittings or in a socket, without the use of fittings. Several Yet existing methods connecting pipes - by welding or gluing.

The assembled sewer must be attached to the walls of the house or to some supporting structures with clamps or clips.

Also, the sewer pipe must be secured next to the tie-in into the common riser, and next to.

This ventilation method is excellent when laying several sewer risers. But it is not recommended to install more than five valves on the entire sewerage system.

The aeration valve cannot completely replace the vent pipe, because the air movement through it passes only in one direction - into the sewerage system. Therefore, gas can accumulate in the room, and it must be removed outside.

Professional terms

Here are a few special, most common plumbing terms. If you know what this or that word means, it will be easier for you to navigate both when purchasing plumbing fixtures and when installing your own sewage system in the house.

• The vacuum valve is designed to provide the sewage system with air when the system is discharged, which can sometimes occur inside it. The vacuum valve protects the premises from the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewage system.
• BA is an element of the riser of the sewerage system, which is located in the area above the pipe supply and has a connection with the external environment.
• Outlet is a pipe that connects the sewer well, located at the end of the system, with the general sewer network in the area outside the building. The outlet pipe is installed at the very end of the sewerage system.
• The supply line is a pipe that connects all the plumbing to a common riser or to a drain pipe.
• Sewer network (sewer network) - a system of all sewerage devices and devices, pipes and shut-off valves.
• Riser - sewer pipes installed vertically. The riser ensures the removal of sewage water.
• Discharge pipe - drains sewage outside the premises.

Sewage in a house can be done in different ways. But the main thing is to choose the right sewerage system for your home, for your individual needs.

Disposal of human waste products is an indispensable condition for organizing comfortable living in private property. Therefore, a particularly important stage in installing a drainage system is the development of a sewerage system in a private house.

Gone are the days when standard device for a private country household there was an ordinary country toilet, which consisted of a plank booth and a cesspool. We invite you to read the article.

In modern times, a sewage system in a house is an indispensable attribute.

Types of sewerage systems for a private home

Water is necessary in your home or dacha; there is no point in arguing with this statement. But its excess is even more harmful than its deficiency. An excessively watered area is even more useless in an economic sense than a dehydrated one. Therefore, special systems are created to remove excess moisture:

1. A drainage sewer system designed to collect and remove liquid from moisture-saturated soil layers.

1. A storm sewer system that performs the function of collecting rain and melt water, its sewage into special storage tanks and subsequent discharge into storm sewers or devices for use for household needs during the dry period.

1. Fecal sewerage, responsible for the collection, purification and disposal of household wastewater and human waste products. We suggest you read the article about that.

Each of these devices performs a specific function and has its own design differences in accordance with its purpose.

The nature of the wastewater in each system requires separate collection and sewerage of liquid from each type of specified device.

How to make a sewerage diagram in a house with your own hands

Such a document is a graphical action plan. A sewerage project makes it possible to correctly calculate the need for materials for installing a sewerage system for your home.

Watch the video

The basis for drawing up drainage diagrams is a building project, which clearly indicates the installation locations of plumbing fixtures and their names, which allows you to select the correct materials.

Factors influencing the composition and design of sewage systems in the house

To determine the size and placement of the main elements when installing a sewer system in a private house, it is necessary to determine the level of water consumption. The calculation uses average consumption data.

As a first approximation, you can use the standard of 100 liters per person. When designing, you should adhere to the basic rule of placing the main external sewerage equipment at a distance of no closer than 4 meters from the border of the site and no closer than 10 meters from a residential building.

In this case, the distance to the nearest water intake (well or borehole) must be at least 35 meters.

If your neighbors complain about you, then the inspection authorities (the sanitary and epidemiological service) will demand that the distance be no less than the figure indicated above!

Below is an example project.

The purpose of drawing up a plan is to locate the main equipment of the drainage system, determine the cross-section of sewer outlets and select the appropriate fittings for the installation of a gravity drainage network.

Elements of the internal sewer system

These include the following details;

1. Kitchen sink siphon and drain pipe.
2. The same device for the washbasin in the bathroom.
3. There is also a siphon and drain pipe from the bathtub, and a drain with a siphon from the shower stall.
4. The drain pipe and siphon from the bidet are in the toilet. There is also a siphon and an elbow connecting the toilet to the sewer riser.

In a two-story house, these elements may be repeated on each floor, but they may also be absent, in which case appropriate adjustments must be made to the list provided.

All of the listed parts are connected to a horizontally located outlet pipe. Since we are talking about a gravity drainage system, when laying the drainage channel, it is installed with a slope of 2-5 millimeters in the direction of the drainage and is connected to the riser of the drainage system.

The size of the outlet pipe may vary within the nominal diameter 32-50 millimeters. In practice, they usually prefer to make do with one, maximum diameter, which simplifies the selection of fittings. See the diagram below.

All data on the use of plumbing elements are summarized in an axonometric drawing, according to which it is necessary to calculate the need for materials.

When laying sewer pipes in a country house, all connections must be made at an angle of 135 degrees, for which appropriate fittings are produced.

How to make a diagram of the internal sewage system at home yourself

Such a graphic document provides for the display of all communications in the house, including the drainage diagram. The following circumstances are taken into account:

1. All plumbing fixtures are installed on the floor along one wall, common to rooms such as the kitchen, bathroom and toilet.

1. The kitchen is equipped with a sink, dishwasher and washing machine.
2. These units are connected to a common outlet pipe through siphons, which prevent air from the sewer with characteristic odors from entering the room.
3. The outlet pipe passes through a hole in the wall into the bathroom, where the following plumbing fixtures can be connected: washbasin, bathtub, washing machine - each device with its own siphon.

1. The next hole in the wall opens into the toilet, where a bidet and toilet can be placed.
2. All connections are made to a discharge pipe with a diameter of 40-50 millimeters using tees at an angle of 135 degrees. The connections must be made “in a socket”, equipped with a sealing collar for tightness.

The system for collecting and disposing of wastewater is free-flowing, so the sewerage drainage line. This rule must be followed very scrupulously.

If the slope is insufficient, water drainage will be difficult or impossible, and exceeding the parameter will lead to accelerated drainage. As a result, the water will drain, and some of the contaminants will remain in the pipe, creating the preconditions for future blockage.

The second significant component of the internal sewerage system in a private house is the riser, which receives waste water from the outlet pipe. There may be several such outlets.

For this reason, the diameter of the riser pipe is selected within 100-150 millimeters. The riser must be equipped with an inspection to monitor its condition and ensure the possibility of cleaning.

But functionally, this element of the system performs another important task - its continuation provides ventilation in the sewerage system.

Another revision is installed at the upper end of the riser in the house, to which the base of the fan pipe is attached. It is discharged through the ceiling and roofing slabs. The upper end must be at least half a meter above the roof ridge to reliably remove unpleasant sewer odors.

In addition, when the riser pipe is completely filled drain waters siphon failure is possible.

A vacuum is created in the filled riser pipe, as a result of which the water seals in the siphons are sucked into the riser. Air, not at all scented, penetrates into the living space of the house through empty water seals. The result is obvious.

This unsightly situation is completely resolved by installing a fan pipe through which air enters the system, equalizing the pressure.

The fan pipe must be protected by the head from clogging with debris and leaves. They are most often made in the form of a deflector, creating an upward air flow for ventilation.

Thus, the riser plays a vital role in the overall drainage system and all the features of its design must be taken into account when designing the sewer system.

Features of sewerage installation in a two-story private house

The installation of the upper floor in a country house also involves the use of a drainage system. There are fewer drain points, usually a shower and a toilet.

To save money, the sewerage distribution on the second floor is carried out in parallel to a similar network on the first floor. This simplifies the design and installation of the system, since there is no need to install a second riser - the drain will be connected to the existing one.

Elements of the external sewer system

The external wastewater treatment and disposal system consists of a number of units, the action of which is aimed at disinfecting wastewater.

The main ones are:

1. Filter wells or septic tanks. The first ones are the easiest to manufacture and operate. They are a pit in the ground up to three meters deep. The transverse size can reach two meters regardless of its shape. The walls of the pit are reinforced with concrete or brickwork. They can be solid or perforated with holes of 40-60 millimeters. A filter up to 80 centimeters thick is installed at the bottom of the well.

You can use slag, gravel, broken bricks for it. The latter is laid in a top layer of broken brick, the size of the fraction is about 50 millimeters. For the gravel filter, material from 15 millimeters is used.

1. Septic tanks. The container is divided by one or more partitions.

The drained liquid fills the first chamber. At the site where the liquid jet falls, you need to install a protective plate that will not allow it to erode the silt layer. You need to place a cartridge with a bacterial culture in the chamber, which will become the basis of the aerobic filter.

In it, the biological mass decomposes pollution. Water overflows over the upper edge of the partition and enters the second chamber, where an aerator is installed and the water is blown through with sprayed air. In this case, the contaminants are oxidized and further processed, this time by anaerobic bacteria in the presence of oxygen

When using a septic tank, the degree of wastewater treatment reaches 75–90%, which indicates the need for additional purification for complete disinfection.

1. Soil field filtration
2. Sewage installation projects are carried out individually depending on actual conditions.

This method is used for post-treatment of wastewater as it passes through soils. Liquid enters the system from the septic tank drainage pipes, passing through a gravel filter and a double layer of geofabric.

At the same time, all fine particles are retained in them, and the degree of purification reaches 98%.

The limitation for the use of this method of additional wastewater treatment is the characteristics of the soil. Fields are ineffective on soils with low permeability - dense loams and clays. Sandy gravel and sandy soils are the most favorable, allowing for high-quality filtration of wastewater.

1. Infiltrators. Infiltrates are installed on low-permeability soils. These are box-shaped plastic products with side bars, closed at the top and open at the bottom. Depending on the volume of processing, up to 3-4 devices can be installed sequentially.

Any of the described objects can be used both together and in the configuration chosen by the buyer. The connection of objects is made by laying plastic pipes with a diameter of 100-150 millimeters, less often - for large objects - pipes of 200 millimeters are used.

In addition, each external sewerage facility is equipped with a ventilation system; inside the building, vent pipes are used for this purpose.

The use of septic tanks is most popular in areas with insufficient precipitation, while the purified liquid is actively used for reuse for household needs.

Design of external sewerage

These two components of a single task are completely opposite. If the internal sewerage system is intended for collecting wastewater, then the external one is for its disinfection and disposal.

Therefore, the rules for its design have only one similarity with internal requirements - the slope from the foundation of the house towards the storage tank should be 1-2 millimeters per meter for the same reasons (see above).

The tasks solved by external sewerage are the processing of wastewater for the purpose of its disinfection. Water discharged into the ground after purification must be absolutely safe, since, after final purification by ground filtration, it returns to the consumer.

Since the object goes into external environment, you need to take into account the depth of soil freezing. The pipe should be located below this level.

But, even if this condition is met, it is advisable to insulate the sewer pipe in case of emergency climatic circumstances, which have recently happened with enviable regularity.

And to guarantee the integrity of the pipeline in case of a critical drop in temperature.

Factors influencing circuit design

They can be both objective, caused by specific conditions, and subjective, arising from the appropriate attitude of the designer.

The first include the already mentioned depth of soil freezing, which affects the depth of the pipe in the outer part of the sewer.

Objective reasons also explain the choice of the method of filtering liquid purified by septic tanks. When installing sewerage on clay soils with low water permeability, a method using infiltrates is forced to be chosen.

The factors of the first group include the absence of a special closed shaft for placing a vent pipe. We have already seen its necessity. In such a situation, it is installed with an outlet through the wall in a wall-mounted version; it is fastened to the wall using brackets.

If installing a drain pipe in this option is also undesirable, you can use an air valve to relieve pressure in the sewer drain.

Types of sewerage facilities and their functioning

To disinfect and purify wastewater sewered in a private home, several techniques are used:

1. Accumulation of liquid in a special container. Here the primary separation of the waste into solid liquid fractions occurs. It uses chemical and biological preparations that help liquefy the mass and its partial processing by active bacteria. Culture can be purchased in specialized stores or at the construction market.

The above cleaning scheme is used in industrial conditions, but most operations in one form or another are also performed on home cleaning devices.

INFORMATION TO HELP!!! Thus, chemical and bacteriological treatment of wastewater is carried out in the storage tank. Further purification occurs in the filter well. Filter in in this case consists of gravel and sand. Good results are obtained by using granulated slag and broken bricks, which are good adsorbents.

The well body was made of a concrete ring with a diameter of up to 2.5 meters and a height of up to 2 meters. A neck was installed in the upper part in such a way that only the metal lid remained at ground level.

A filter mass is poured around the ring. It is also practiced to make the body using brickwork.

A further development of filter devices is the production of septic tanks with several chambers designed for various purposes.

The first tank serves for the accumulation of wastewater, primary separation into fractions, chemical and biological treatment, and aeration. Treatment with atomized air is carried out to further oxidize the decomposition products contained in the effluent.

To do this, a compressor operating in continuous mode is built into the cleaning system.

In the last section treatment plant a filter well is installed in which wastewater is purified.

The design of an autonomous cleaning system may differ in different versions, but the operating principle remains unchanged. The degree of wastewater purification in modern septic tanks reaches 98%, which is a very high figure.

However, the most modern device needs periodic pumping and cleaning of sludge.

Laying depth and angle of inclination of pipes to the tank

How deep the elements of the outer part of the sewer system need to be placed depends on the climatic characteristics of the construction region. One thing is obvious - the most dangerous thing for a pipeline is its freezing, especially if it is made of metal materials.

Behind this phenomenon is most often its destruction. But the most unpleasant thing is that before the weather warms up, you can forget about the operation of the sewer system. Only after it is possible to excavate the system is it time to spend money on repairs and restoration of the system.

Routing and laying of pipes

As a result of the accumulated experience, certain rules for the installation of internal and external pipelines when laying sewers have been formed. They look like this:

1. Regardless of the location and method of its placement, the type of pipes and other conditions, it is mandatory to observe when laying a slope towards the drain. In this case, you should be guided by the requirements of SNiPs, since each pipe size requires a certain slope. Violation of the rules regarding its size usually leads to the formation of a blockage.
2. The distances between sewerage objects must be optimal in length; if they exceed 4-5 meters, an inspection insert is necessary. On 10-meter sections it is necessary to install inspection well.
3. When laying a sewer system in a country house (underground installation), you must follow the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85 and 2.04.01-85 regarding compliance with the distances between individual sewer network objects.
4. In Russian conditions, an important factor is the placement of the pipeline below the zero freezing point of the soil. To ensure this factor, the trench must be deep enough, but you can go the route of insulating the sewer, even using heating cables during installation.
5. Laying of sewer pipes is carried out only on a bed of sand and the covering is also provided on top. This stage is very important for their integrity.

When using plastic pipes, tamp the sand layer carefully. The best results are obtained by pouring copious amounts of water onto the cover. In this case, the highest quality compaction occurs, after which it is possible to backfill with soil.
Watch the video

The correct autonomous sewer system for a country house can work for a long time, provided it is installed well and properly maintained.

Insulation of sewer pipes

This measure allows you to avoid extensive excavation work when laying communications in regions with harsh climates and protect shallow pipes from freezing. For this purpose, various insulating materials are used:

• glass wool;
• mineral wool;
• foamed polystyrene, and many others.

For complete guarantee, you can also install a heating cable with a switch-on sensor when the temperature drops critically. The costs incurred will eliminate the need repair work and associated costs. A sewer line constructed in this way does not require deep burial.

Above, we have already considered the requirements for the angle of inclination of gravity sewer pipes for the internal system. They are also valid for its outer part: 1-2 millimeters per meter of wiring length.

Storage tank volume calculator

A septic tank is a cleaning device that must contain and process the required volumes of household wastewater. First of all, you need to take into account that the septic tank, in accordance with sanitary requirements, must be enough for at least a three-day wastewater clarification/purification cycle.

Simply put, the minimum volume of cameras treatment plant corresponds to the total three-day water consumption of all residents of a private house. There must also be a certain operational reserve in case of replenishment in the family, i.e., an increase in the number of consumers.

Determining the actual daily water consumption of one person is not a simple question; so, according to SNiP this is 200 liters; This indicator is currently considered outdated due to the widespread use of various types of household appliances that use water.

For example, it is considered that:

• taking a shower for 7 minutes will require 70 liters;
• using a bidet for 5 minutes – 40 liters;
• one-time bath or jacuzzi – about 110 liters;
• during one cycle of operation of the dishwasher, 15 liters are consumed;
• 1 toilet flush consumes up to 9 liters of water.

Taking into account the above, in this calculator you are asked to choose and enter into the parameters for calculation the daily water consumption of one person from the range of 260-370 liters; This is the average range of recommendations.

SNiP 2.04.03-85, depending on wastewater flow, distinguishes:

• single-chamber types - with wastewater flow up to 1 m3/day;
• two-chamber - up to 10 m3/day;
• three-chamber - over 10 m3/day; therefore, the attached diagram above is not mandatory, but serves only to demonstrate one of the possible options for installing a septic tank.

For small farms, reinforced concrete rings are most often used as anaerobic concrete tanks. Reinforced concrete sewerage structures are distinguished by their reliability and practically unlimited service life. The problem that previously accompanied them - insufficient tightness - is now being solved modern means waterproofing. MDS 40-2.200 recommends placing the bottoms of the tanks at least 3 meters from the surface, which limits the number of rings in one section (chamber) of the septic tank.

The active volume of a septic tank (Vak) is determined as the product of the daily water consumption of one consumer (Q liters), the number of consumers (K) and the number of days (D) of wastewater clarification (sludge): Vak=Q * K * D. According to the recommendation of SNiP 2.04.03 -85, with annual discharge of sediments, the minimum D is taken: 3, if the flow of wastewater is up to 5 m3/day or 5, if the flow is more than 5 m3/day. In addition, if you plan to clean the tank less than twice a year, then Vak should be increased by 20 percent for sediment.

When determining the height of chambers (for example, from concrete rings), it should also be taken into account that according to clause 3.35, MDS 40-2.200, the height of the air volume above the liquid level cannot be less than 500 mm.

The capacity of the septic tank must ensure the daily volume of wastewater. The amount of sewage liquid directly depends on the number of people living in a private house. As a first approximation, it is believed that one person consumes up to 200 liters per day.

The areas of these expenses are quite traditional and are associated with economic and sanitary consumption. Thus, a family of 4 people consumes about a cubic meter of liquid per day.

You can more accurately determine this indicator using the built-in online calculator.

Septic tank and cesspool

The most important device in the external part of the sewer system is the septic tank or other device for filtering wastewater. Installation of concrete or brick construction not associated with any features.

Watch the video

But the now popular high-quality plastic devices require additional attention. In areas where there are high seasonal groundwater levels, the tank may float up.

In sealed cesspools, the contents are retained for the entire time between pumping. With a large family, such operations are performed quite often, because each person produces about 100 liters of wastewater per day.

The cesspool is located in a place convenient for access by a sewage truck, no more than 6 meters from the border of the site.

The danger of cesspools lies in insufficient wastewater treatment. If in sealed devices this issue is not considered at all, then in filtration devices the degree of purification is about 75%, which is clearly not enough and contaminants gradually accumulate in the soil.

Filter wells

Do-it-yourself sewerage installation in a private house is also possible in other ways. So, outer part performed in the form of filter wells. This becomes possible on marl or sandy soils with high permeability.

The composition of the filter in this case is heterogeneous:

• in the lower part a layer of blast furnace slag up to half a meter thick is poured;
• then there is a layer of gravel with a fraction of 15 millimeters;
• The top layer should be properly poured from broken bricks, which exhibit strong adsorbing characteristics.

On upper layers In such a filter, large components of the filtrate are deposited, followed by smaller ones. Filter wells are effective if biological wastewater treatment is used. Aerobic bacteria gradually develop in the filter, capable of processing organic matter contained in wastewater.

It is possible and often used to dispose of filtered liquid through drainage ditches into the nearest body of water. Wastewater in the drainage ditch undergoes additional purification by passing through a gravel-sand filter.

The degree of purification in a filter well, depending on the throughput characteristics of the soil, can reach 90-95%.

Watch the video

In general, a filter well is a transitional step from a cesspool to a septic tank. If you add another compartment with an aeration unit to the container, you can get a full-fledged septic tank. Sprayed air actively oxidizes the wastewater biomass, forming another bactericidal sludge layer, in this case it is represented by anaerobic bacteria.

Calculation of the volume of filter structures for sewerage at home

You should understand the responsibility of the residents of the house for the environmental condition of their place of residence. And it largely depends on the purity of groundwater. Therefore, a number of documents regulating water consumption and water treatment have been developed:

• Building codes and rules 2.04.03.85, regulating the installation of external sewage systems in private houses, as well as the arrangement of sanitary protection zones for small protective structures;
• SNiP 2.04.01.85 for internal networks and water supply in terms of determining the volume of wastewater;
• a manual on the procedure for designing engineering support systems MDS 40.2.200, which provides calculations for calculating the volume of wastewater in private housing construction.

Watch the video

Calculation of the volume of a septic tank can be performed for both a single-chamber and multi-chamber scheme. When the volume of consumption per day is about one cubic meter, one chamber is enough for the complete biocenosis of the contents of the septic tank.

With a larger number of drains, you need to use two or more containers, which are installed in series. Septic tanks of two or more chambers are divided equally, but it is possible to use devices in which the first chamber occupies up to 75% of the volume. Important - according to sanitary standards, making cesspools is prohibited!

The main importance when developing a septic tank project for a country house is its working volume, which can be calculated using the following algorithm:

• as the displacement of the daily volumes of incoming wastewater, multiplied by the time of their anaerobic processing in a day;
• as the total amount of liquid in all compartments of the septic tank;
• the distance from the bottom of the container to the lower edge of the spout pipe is taken into account;
• from the volume you need to subtract the height of the sediment layer, which can be up to 20% of the depth of the container; if cleaning is carried out in accordance with the rules - 2 times a year, this indicator can be ignored.

When calculating with your own hands, your own treatment device with final purification by filtration through the ground, you should take into account that this is realistic with a liquid consumption of 3-5 cubic meters per day.

If it is higher, you need to use SBR reactors or use a combined design with treatment with both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, not excluding the use of aeration.

The use of biochemical materials for wastewater treatment increases the degree of wastewater treatment and accelerates its processing tens of times.

The use of biochemical treatment of wastewater makes it possible to purify it to a degree of 98%, so this water can be used for watering the garden and at the same time obtaining an increase in the harvest. To fertilize the soil you can

use sludge deposits.

Principles of sewerage pipeline construction

The main difference between drain systems and other pipelines is the following features:

1. Gravity flow when working under atmospheric pressure conditions. Liquid flows through pipe products under the influence of gravity along a predetermined slope.
2. The flow rate is set by the angle of inclination of the pipeline towards the outflow. Moreover, its value should be strictly within 1-2 millimeters per meter. The reasons have already been mentioned above.
3. Tightness. For a gravity pipeline, it is provided by a socket connection of the elements using a rubber collar for sealing.

When installing a sewer system, it is not allowed to connect pipes skewed from the common axis. Otherwise, a gap will form between the wall of the part and the cuff with leakage of the transported liquid.

Which pipe products to choose at home

For wastewater disposal systems, pipelines made of various materials are used:

1. Ceramic. This material is very durable and is not subject to any influence from aggressive environments. Disadvantages include complex installation and difficult logistics.

1. For many decades, the market leaders were sewer pipes made of cast iron. This material is almost ideal for this application. The manufacturing material is resistant to corrosion in most environments and has fairly high strength characteristics. The accuracy of the socket connection is ensured by the production method - casting. In addition, the use of cast iron pipes allows the use of caulking during their installation to improve the tightness of the connection.

To facilitate the installation of cast iron pipelines, a wide range of fittings are produced.

1. Asbestos pipes. Some positive characteristics asbestos pipes do not cancel the main negative point - such materials are prohibited for use in housing construction.
2. Plastic sewer pipes today have practically replaced all other types. Simple delivery and unloading, manufacturability of the material during installation and durability have led to the fact that they have become the main materials for those who decided to make sewage systems with their own hands. The main method of assembling pipelines is in a socket. For internal systems, the main dimensions are:
   • For outlets from plumbing fixtures - diameters of 40 or 50 millimeters;
   • For the riser and drain pipe - size 100 or 110 mm;
   • For the outlet pipe from the house to the septic tank 100, 110 or 150.

Laying a pipeline from the house to the tank

Watch the video

Therefore, a rule has been established that determines the installation of a storage tank at a distance of at least 10 meters from a residential building. However, there are sources that regulate this value at 5 meters.

It should be understood that this is a random discrepancy, but it is better to stick to the first installation option. In this case it will be impossible to make a claim. But, strictly speaking, the correct installation of the container depends on the throughput and filtering capacity of the soil on the site.

It is mandatory to comply with the slope in the parameters mentioned above.

To lay a sewer outlet pipe, you will need to dig a trench of the required depth, determined by the level of soil freezing. Let’s imagine the labor costs associated with fulfilling this requirement, because we also need to provide for the thickness of the drainage layer. If in the Moscow region the soil freezes to 1.8 meters, then the depth of the trench will be more than 2.2. Therefore, many prefer shallow ditches, insulating the pipes with a protective jacket and heating cable.

The order of work is as follows:

1. The route is marked with pegs or a cord.
2. Excavation of soil to a connection depth of about 60 centimeters.
3. Backfilling of the drainage - about 20 centimeters of gravel and 10 centimeters of sand at the bottom.
4. Filling the drain with water to seal.
5. Marking the slope is done using a cord and a building level. The upper end at the exit from the building should be 20 centimeters higher than the opposite end at a ten-meter distance.
6. The pipes are laid section by section to a depth according to the laying pattern, the position is regulated by placing bricks under them and adding sand.
7. The heating cable is installed and secured with tape.
8. During installation, a thermal insulating casing is placed on the pipe.
9. The pipe with cable and insulation is covered with sand, then with previously removed soil.

The use of plastic pipes for the external drainage system will ensure their integrity during seasonal soil movements, since they are elastic enough to withstand such loads. Installing a sewer system in your home from this material ensures its performance for up to 50 years.

DIY installation cost

Paying for the services of invited specialists costs a lot of money. But if you analyze the installation technology according to the wiring diagram of the sewer system, it becomes obvious that there is nothing in it that cannot be done correctly yourself.

Watch the video

How to increase efficiency

The uninterrupted operation of the drain system is, first of all, ensured by high-quality installation.

Watch the video

The only thing that can be advised to the user is to install a waste shredder under the sink in addition to the sewerage system; doing this correctly is not difficult. This action will significantly protect the system from the formation of blockages.

Posts

Living in a private house, every owner dreams of creating maximum amenities in it, ensuring a comfortable standard of living. Therefore, it is important to worry in advance about such an important issue as installing a sewer system in a private house with your own hands. And below you will learn how to perform all the work competently, correctly and without harming the environment.

By building a sewer system yourself, you can save a lot of money. But it is important to do all the work correctly, taking into account all the requirements for construction and installation work.

Attention! Your site may require drainage, and you can buy everything you need for it at a discount in the online store https://www.drenaj-shop.ru/. But be sure to indicate that you came from our website “Remontik”.

The choice of sewer system layout should always be made in strict accordance with the layout of your home.

When planning, we recommend providing for the most compact placement of rooms for which water drainage and supply will be carried out (bathrooms, shower rooms, toilets, laundries and kitchens). But the best option is to place it in such a way that all plumbing equipment will be connected to one collector, through which wastewater will flow into a septic tank or cesspool.

If you have a large country house, which has several different rooms with drainage/supply of water located in different parts buildings, experts advise giving preference to a sewerage system that has at least two septic tanks or cesspools. In addition, if your house has two or more floors, and the bathrooms (bath and kitchen) are on different floors, then you will have to install risers.

Installation of sewerage in a private house. Types of sewerage

All work on the construction of sewerage in a country house or country house comes down to the installation of external and internal sewerage.

Work on internal sewerage includes the installation of a drain pipe, riser and pipe distribution to such rooms as the kitchen, shower room, toilet, etc. External or external sewerage includes everything that is located outside the house, that is, a system of pipes that go from the house to a deep cleaning station (a rather expensive solution) or to the septic tank itself (with a storage tank or filtration field).

Of course, if you can connect to centralized system discharge of wastewater, then the task will be significantly simplified. However, below we will look at an autonomous system that includes effective wastewater treatment in a septic tank, and not such a primitive structure as a cesspool.

Installation of internal sewerage in a private house

First of all, you need to deal with the internal circuitry. Even when designing a house, you need to make sure that all the rooms where the sewage system will be installed are as close to each other as possible, since this approach allows you to simplify the internal sewerage design. Each private house requires the installation of an individual sewerage system, which can vary greatly.

Therefore, you must take into account that in the toilet it is necessary to use pipes with a diameter of 100-110 mm to drain wastewater. For gray wastewater entering the sewer system from the bathroom or kitchen, it is worth using PVC or PP pipes with a diameter of 50 mm. All turns must be made using two plastic elbows, which are bent at an angle of 45 degrees, since in the future this will minimize the possibility of blockage (otherwise, it will be quite difficult to remove it).

It is cheaper and more reliable to use polypropylene (PP) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes in the sewerage system. In addition, installing an internal sewerage system using such pipes is much easier.

First of all, you must decide where the riser or collector pipe will be located, and only then carry out further wiring from it.

But first of all, it is worth understanding as accurately as possible how to independently develop a sewerage system for your home, since in the future it will be possible to perform a full calculation of the materials and plumbing equipment that will be needed for installing a sewerage system in a private house.

You can make a sewer diagram on a piece of checkered paper, but it is better to buy several sheets of graph paper for such a task. In addition, you will need a ruler, tape measure and a sharp pencil.

The sewerage diagram for a private house is drawn up in the following sequence:

• First of all, you need to draw up a detailed plan of the house to scale. If you don’t know the dimensions, you will have to use a tape measure and measure everything carefully.

• Next you need to decide on the location of the risers.

• Then on the plan you need to mark the locations of the plumbing fixtures and decide how they will be connected.

• Next, mark the pipes that will go from the riser and fittings to plumbing fixtures, and that’s it connecting elements(bends, tees, etc.).

• All of the above should be done for all floors of a country house.

• Now decide on the dimensions of the riser and fan pipe.

• Add the entire length of the pipes that belong to the internal sewerage system.

• Another stage is external sewerage. You need to draw up a diagram of it: the location of the pipes running from the septic tank or deep treatment station to the outlet. At the same time, do not forget all existing SNiPs.

Installation of sewerage in a private house: selection of pipes

Due to the fact that the conditions inside the house, as well as outside it, differ significantly, the pipes for such sewage systems must be used differently. Today, PVC or PP pipes, distinguished by their characteristic gray color, are usually used for laying internal sewerage. For risers and sunbeds their diameter should be 110 mm, and for outlets - 40 and 50 mm. However, do not forget that such pipes are used exclusively for internal sewerage, and for external sewerage it is worth using other solutions.

Typically, pipes that are installed underground from a septic tank or deep treatment station to the outlet are orange in color, which can be explained very simply - the bright orange color is more noticeable in the ground. But the pipes used for external sewerage differ from others not only in their color, but also in the requirements that apply to them. They have high rigidity because they bear a significant load.

More reliable designs are also offered, a striking example of which are double-layer corrugated pipes. But their laying depth, when maintaining a sewerage system, is usually small (usually up to two meters), so there is no need to use them. Most often, red pipes have a diameter of 110 mm, which is quite sufficient for draining wastewater.

Below we will look at all the disadvantages and advantages of pipes made from different materials, among which the most used are:

• Cast iron.

Advantages: durable and strong pipes, able to withstand high loads.

Disadvantages: heavy and fragile, expensive, on the inside, as a result of corrosion, roughness can form, which can cause blockage.

• Polypropylene.

Advantages: flexible and lightweight, making them in high demand for indoor drainage. Calmly cope with high drain temperatures.

Disadvantages: if you use them for their intended purpose, then they have no disadvantages.

• Polyvinyl chloride.

Advantages: reminiscent of cast iron, lightweight and inexpensive. Most often used for external sewerage.

Disadvantages: poorly tolerated high temperature waste water, fragile (crack, do not bend).

Installation of sewerage in a private house: laying pipes

Perhaps the most complex process When constructing an autonomous sewer system in a country house, the installation and laying of pipes is involved. If you are going to do this work on your own, then call someone for help, since this will affect not only the quality of the work, but also its speed. In addition, we advise you to check the tightness of the system by spilling water on it, and only then, when you are confident that all seams are secure, proceed to full operation.

Pipe connection

As mentioned earlier, the simplest option is to use PVC or PP pipes for sewerage. Today, a huge number of products are offered on the construction market, so you can easily find revisions, elbows, tees and plastic pipes that are easily and reliably connected at the joints, which is ensured by the presence of rubber cuffs. If necessary, all joints are additionally treated with plumbing sealant. Well, where the pipe passes through the ceiling and the wall, we recommend installing a sleeve.

Also, do not forget about the slope of the pipes. Taking into account SNiP, the angle of inclination of the pipe in a free-flow system directly depends on its diameter. For example, for a pipe with a diameter of 50 mm, you need to create a slope of less than 3 cm per 1 meter, and for a pipe with a diameter of 110 mm - no less than 2 cm per 1 meter. Don't forget this, since different points in the pipeline will have to be laid at different heights to provide the required slope.

Sewer outlet

In order not to encounter a discrepancy between the external and internal sewerage systems, you need to start installing the sewerage system in a private house from the outlet (the border part of the sewerage system connecting the pipe that leads to the septic tank with the pipe leaving the house).

The outlet must be installed through a foundation that exceeds the soil freezing depth corresponding to your region. Naturally, you can make the outlet higher, but you will need to insulate the pipe so that it does not freeze in winter. If you do not do this, then there is a high probability that you will only be able to use the toilet in the spring, after the weather warms up.

If you did not take care of this when building the foundation, then you will have to punch a hole in its structure into which a drain pipe with a sleeve can easily fit. Moreover, the sleeve is a small piece of pipe with a larger diameter than the sewer pipe (130-160 mm). It should protrude from both sides of the foundation by at least 15 cm.

Summarizing everything said above, we can say that at the current stage you need to make a hole in the foundation and insert a sleeve with a pipe into it. Remember that the diameter of the outlet pipe must be no less than the diameter of the riser. The sleeve itself is necessary so that you can set the required slope of the pipe in relation to the septic tank (2 cm by 1 m).

Wiring and installation of the riser

It is good if the riser is located in the toilet, since the recommended size of the pipe running from the toilet to the riser is 100 mm. It can be mounted both openly and hidden, depending on how the pipes will be located - in special boxes, channels, walls and niches or next to the wall (fastening with clamps, hangers, etc.).

To connect sewer pipes with risers, it is worth using oblique tees, and at the joints of pipes of different diameters, it is necessary to use adapters. At the intersection of pipes from sinks, showers and bathtubs, you need to install a collector pipe with a diameter of 100-110 mm. At the same time, take care of water seals that will protect your sense of smell from unpleasant odors.

On each riser you must install a special tee, with which you can clean out the blockage. To avoid having to carry out sewer cleaning work in the future, install a cleaning device after each turn of the pipe.

Fan pipe outlet

It’s worth saying right away that the removal and installation of the vent pipe plays an important role, since it is needed for:

• maintaining normal atmospheric pressure inside the system so that air vacuum and water hammer do not occur;
• increasing the durability of sewerage;
• ventilation of the entire system, which is required for the effective operation of the septic tank.

The vent pipe is a continuation of the riser, that is, it is a pipe that leads to the roof. Before connecting the riser and the fan pipe, you need to perform an inspection. Then you can bring the pipe into the attic at any convenient angle.

We do not recommend simplifying the work by combining the fan pipe with ventilation or chimney. In addition, you need to locate its outlet as far as possible from balconies and windows (at a distance of at least 4 m). Moreover, the height of the indentation from the roof should in no case be less than 70 cm. In addition, it is necessary to place sewer ventilation, house ventilation and chimney at different levels.

Summarizing all of the above, we can note the following:

• at the first stage, we recommend developing a detailed wiring diagram, minimizing the distance from the plumbing to the riser;

• you need to increase the diameter of the pipes going to the riser while connecting other additional devices (do not reduce the diameter);

• adhere to one simple rule: the larger the outlet of the device, the closer it should be located to the riser (the toilet should be closest to the riser);

• where blockages may form in the future, it is necessary to provide for cleaning and inspection;

• There must be a drain pipe in the distribution system for ventilation.

Installation of external sewerage in a private house

You can arrange an external sewer system in a country house with your own hands in various ways, which we will discuss below. It is important to wisely choose a system that fully satisfies your needs.

You need to decide on a sewerage arrangement plan taking into account the following factors:

• permanent or temporary residence in a private house;
• the number of people who live in the house daily;
• daily water consumption by one person (depending on the availability of a washbasin, washing machine, toilet, sink, bathtub, shower, etc.);
• groundwater level;
• soil structure and type;
• the size of your area around the house and how much space can be allocated for treatment facilities;
• climatic conditions.

All sewage systems for a private home can be divided into 2 types:

• storage systems (cesspool without bottom, sealed container);

• structures used for wastewater treatment (aeration tank - a septic tank with a constant air supply, a septic tank with a filtration field and three or two chambers, a septic tank with a biofilter, a septic tank with natural purification and two overflowing wells, a simple single-chamber septic tank with soil purification).

Cesspool without bottom

A cesspool is the oldest and most proven method of installing a sewer system in a private home. Just 50 years ago there were simply no alternatives to this method. True, then people did not use as much water as they do today.

A cesspool is the same well that has no bottom. In it, you can make walls from concrete rings, concrete, bricks and other materials, leaving the soil as the bottom. After wastewater enters the pit from the house, relatively clean water, being purified, will seep into the soil, and fecal matter and organic waste will accumulate, gradually settling to the bottom. When the well is completely filled with solid waste, it must be cleaned.

Previously, waterproof walls were not made in the cesspool, which means that when it was filled, it was simply buried and a new hole was dug in another place.

It is worth considering the fact that it is possible to install a sewer system in a private house using a cesspool only when the volume of waste per day does not exceed 1 m3. This is the only way that soil microorganisms that feed on organic matter can have time to process the water that penetrates the soil through the bottom of the pit. In this case, if the volume of wastewater exceeds this norm, the water will not receive the necessary purification, which will provoke groundwater pollution. If this happens, then all water sources within a radius of 50 meters will be contaminated.

If you add microorganisms to the cesspool, this will reduce the unpleasant odor emanating from it, and the cleaning process will significantly speed up. But be that as it may, you should not take risks.

Therefore, it is necessary to build a cesspool without a bottom only when the family does not live in a private house permanently, but only several times a week, without using a lot of water. At the same time, it is worth considering that groundwater must lie 1 m below the bottom of the pit, otherwise you will not be able to exclude contamination of the soil and water sources. A cesspool has a low price, but be that as it may, today it is not very popular in modern cottages and country houses.

Sealed container, presented in the form of a storage tank

In this case, you need to install a special sealed container next to the house, where wastewater will flow from the house through pipes. You can buy a ready-made container, which will be made of plastic, metal or some other material. However, if necessary, you can make it from concrete rings with your own hands. The lid is most often made of metal, and the bottom is made of concrete. The main condition for the construction of such a sewer system is complete tightness. For this type of sewerage, you can use pragma corrugated pipes.

This container must be cleaned. As soon as it is completely filled, you will have to call a sewer truck, which will not be very expensive. The frequency of emptying the tank directly depends on the volume of wastewater and the size of the tank. For example, if there are 4 people living in a house using a toilet, washing machine, bathtub and shower, then the volume of the storage tank should be at least 8 m3, and it should be cleaned every 10-14 days.

Therefore, if your site has a high level of groundwater, then it makes sense to use a sealed cesspool to install a sewage system at home. Thus, you can protect the soil and water sources from possible contamination.

But the main disadvantage of this system is that you will need to call the sewer truck quite often. So think in advance about the place where the pit will be located to ensure convenient access to it. The bottom of the hole or container is not deeper than 3 meters from the soil surface, otherwise the hose will not be able to reach the bottom.

It is also important that the lid of the storage tank is properly insulated and that the pipeline has good protection against freezing. The cost of this container directly depends on the volume and material from which it will be made. The cheapest option is to use used Eurocubes, and the most expensive is concrete pouring or brick. Don't forget about the monthly costs of cleaning the container.

A single-chamber septic tank is the simplest option for cleaning soil

It is worth noting that a single-chamber septic tank is not much different from a simple cesspool. Such a structure is a well, where the bottom is covered with a small layer of crushed stone (at least 30 cm), and coarse sand is poured on top of it with the same layer. Otherwise, wastewater from the house penetrates through pipes into the well, where the water seeps through crushed stone, sand and soil, being purified by 50%. Naturally, sand and crushed stone greatly increases the quality of water purification, but does not radically solve this problem.

In a private house, it is not recommended to build a sewer system using a single-chamber septic tank if people live in the house permanently or in case of a large volume of wastewater. You can use this option for temporary residence and low groundwater levels. In addition, sand and crushed stone need to be changed periodically, as they will silt.

Two-chamber septic tank - overflow settling wells

The construction of overflow settling wells and filter wells is a fairly popular method of installing sewerage systems in a private home. Moreover, this option is quite economical and can be installed independently.

Such a sewer system includes two wells: the first has a sealed bottom, and the second does not have it, but is sprinkled with sand and crushed stone.

Wastewater from the house is pumped into the first well, in which solid waste and feces sink to the bottom and fatty waste floats to the surface. Between these two methods, relatively clarified water is formed. Moreover, the first well is connected to the second using an overflow pipe at about 2/3 of its height, which is located at a slight slope, allowing water to flow there calmly.

The second well receives clarified water, which subsequently seeps through the soil, crushed stone and sand, purifying itself even better.

The first well is used as a settling tank, and the second is used as a filter well. The first well is filled with feces from time to time and to clean it you will need to call a special sewer truck. This should be done approximately once every 6 months. To reduce unpleasant odors, add microorganisms that decompose feces to the first well.

The two-chamber septic tank described above can be made on your own from concrete, brick or concrete rings, or you can buy a ready-made plastic septic tank from the manufacturer, where additional cleaning will be carried out using special microorganisms.

It is recommended to install a sewerage system in a private house based on two overflow wells only when, even during floods, the groundwater level is below 1 meter from the bottom of the second well. If the territory of your site is sandy or dry sandy soil then it will be a great option. However, do not forget that after about 5 years the crushed stone and sand in the second ring will have to be replaced.

Biological or soil treatment - septic tank with filtration field

This type of septic tank is made in the form of one tank, including several separate tanks, which are connected by pipes or into two or three sections. As a rule, if you need to install this type of sewer system in a private house, you can buy a ready-made version.

The first tank of the septic tank is used to settle wastewater, as happens in an ordinary settling well. The partially clarified water then flows into a second container or section, where all organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. Then the clarified water goes to the filtration fields.

A fairly large underground area (approximately 30 m2) acts as a filtration field. Primary wastewater treatment is carried out there. In this case, the water is purified by approximately 80%.

If your land plot has sandy loam or sandy soil, then this will be an excellent option, otherwise you will have to build an artificial filtration field from crushed stone and sand. Once the water passes the filtration field, it can be collected in pipelines and directed into drainage ditches or guide wells. It is forbidden to plant edible trees and vegetables above the filtration field, because in this case you will break up the flowerbed.

Attention! You can buy drainage wells at a discount in this section of the online store https://www.drenaj-shop.ru/catalogue/drenazhnye-kolodtsy/ if you indicate that you came on our recommendation - the Remontik website.

Over time, the filtration may become silted and it will have to be cleaned, or rather replaced with crushed stone and sand. This is a huge amount of work that may damage your site.

Installation of a sewerage system with a filtration field is only suitable when the groundwater is located at a depth of at least 2.5-3 m. At the same time, you must understand that there must be a distance of at least 30 m from the filtration field to water sources and residential buildings.

Septic tank with biofilter - natural treatment station

Thanks to the deep cleaning station, it is possible to carry out a complete installation of sewerage in a private house. And this despite high level groundwater.

This station acts as a container that is divided into 3-4 sections. It is best to buy it from a trusted manufacturer, checking with professionals about the required volume and equipment. The cost of this septic tank usually starts at $1,200, which is not cheap.

The first chamber of this septic tank is used to settle water, and in the second, organic residues are decomposed with the help of anaerobic microorganisms. In the third, water is separated, and in the fourth, organic matter is decomposed by aerobic bacteria, which require a constant flow of air. To ensure such conditions, a pipe is installed above the chamber. It should rise 50 cm above the ground. In the pipe leading from the third to the fourth chamber, a special filter is installed, into which aerobic bacteria are actually added. It turns out to be a kind of filtration field, but it is more miniature and concentrated.

Thanks to the small area of ​​water movement and the high concentration of microorganisms, water purification is carried out even more efficiently (up to 90-95%). This purification allows you to use water for watering the garden, washing your car and many other purposes.

From the fourth chamber there is a pipe leading either to a storage tank or to a drainage ditch.

For a private home where people live permanently, a septic tank with a biofilter is an excellent solution. It is easy to add microorganisms to the septic tank - you just need to pour them into the toilet. This cleaning station has no restrictions. One of its advantages is that it does not require electricity. The disadvantage is that it needs regular maintenance, since bacteria deprived of wastewater will simply die. If you add new bacteria, they will only work after 2 weeks.

Artificial treatment stations - septic tank with forced air supply

This is an accelerated cleaning station where natural processes occur artificially. Installing a sewer system in a country house with an aeration tank is impossible without supplying electricity to the septic tank, which is required for the air pump and connecting the air distributor.

This septic tank has 3 separate chambers or containers that are connected to each other. Through the sewer pipe, water enters the first chamber, where it settles and solid waste precipitates. Then the partially purified water passes into the second chamber, which acts as an aeration tank, where activated sludge, consisting of microorganisms and plants, mixes with water. All microorganisms and bacteria of activated sludge are aerobic, therefore forced aeration is extremely important for their life.

Then the water is mixed with sludge and goes into the third chamber, which is a deep cleaning sump. Then, using a special pump, the sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank.

Forced air supply ensures rapid wastewater treatment, and the water after purification can be used for various technical needs (washing a car, watering a garden, etc.).

Of course, an aeration tank will cost you quite a lot (from $3,700), but at the same time it is very useful. There are no restrictions when installing sewers of this type. Among the number of disadvantages, it is worth noting only the need for electricity, constant maintenance so that the bacteria do not die.

If your site has a high groundwater level, then drawing a conclusion from everything written above, you can choose several options:

• septic tank with biofilter;

Several general rules for sewerage in a private house

There are certain restrictions on the placement of the sewerage system.

Residential building location:

• 50 m from aeration treatment plants;
• 300 m from drainage wells and station;
• 25 m from the filter field;
• 8 m from the filter well.

Septic tank location:

• at least 20-50 m from any water sources (well, borehole, pond);
• at least 10 m from the garden.

Before you begin installing a sewer system in a private house, you must make a design. You should not work without it, since the sewer system is a system in which approximation is unacceptable. It is better to contact a design bureau or architects who will help create a high-quality project taking into account the climate, operating conditions, soil and site. It’s good if you do a sewerage project together with a house project before construction.

All work on installing a sewer system is not difficult. You only need to correctly route the pipes around the house, connect them to the collector and lead them to the septic tank. For earthworks you need to hire an excavator, although you can make them yourself. The main thing is the development of the project and right choice sewerage systems.