Participle – a special unchangeable form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions WHAT IS DOING? WHAT DID I DO? HOW? HOW? and etc.
Morphological features of gerunds.
The participle has the characteristics of a verb and an adverb:
Verb signs | Adverb features |
May be returnable or non-refundable wiping - wiping | The participle, like the adverb, is an unchangeable word |
Can be perfect and Not perfect form reading - having read | The participle depends on the predicate verb. Type subordinating connection– adjacency. |
View
Participles come in perfect and imperfect forms.
Repayment
Participles are reflexive and non-reflexive.
Writing NOT with gerunds.
NOT with gerunds is usually written separately.
For example :
without reading, without deciding.
NOT with gerunds is written together if the gerund is formed:
1) from verbs that are not used without NOT;
2) from verbs with the prefix NEDO-.
For example :
indignant
without looking, without sleep
The syntactic role of the gerund.
The participle in a sentence is always a circumstance.
The boy, having played enough, went home.
He opened the door talking on the phone.
1. The question of the place of gerunds in the morphological system of the Russian language. Signs of verbs and adverbs in gerunds.
2. Formation of participles.
3. Meanings of time in gerunds. Categories of type and pledge.
4. Adverbialization of gerunds.
§ 1. The question of the place of gerunds in the morphological system of the Russian language. Signs of verbs and adverbs in gerunds.
The morphological status of the gerund has not been definitively determined. The traditional view is that participle is an unchangeable verb form that denotes an additional action and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb: In our pampered age, haven’t you, poet, lost your purpose, for goldhaving exchanged that power to which the world listened in silent reverence. (Lerm.). This point of view is presented in most university textbooks.
In accordance with another point of view, the gerund is considered as an independent part of speech, having the characteristics of a verb and an adverb.
Let's look at the characteristics of verbs and adverbs in gerunds.
2. Derivatives
3. Morphological
4. Syntactic
§ 2. Formation of gerunds.
NSV gerunds are formed from the present tense stem using a suffix -a- (-i-): reading - read, watching - watching, hearing - hearing. If the stem ends with a hard consonant, then when forming participles it is softened: take - taking, carry - carrying, sweep - sweep. If the verb has a suffix -va-, then the adverbial adjective is formed from the stem on -wai-, whereas in the present tense the stem ends in –th-: create – creating. Verb be forms a gerund with the suffix – teach-: being. Suffix -teach- also found in obsolete or colloquial forms of gerunds: driving, playing, regretting, sneaking.
Many NSV verbs do not form participles or are rarely used. These include:
1) verbs with a one-syllable stem -A and on -And in the infinitive and with a stem consisting only of consonants, in the present tense: pi th – drink ut, vr at - vr ut, waiting th – railway ut, shi th – sew ut;
2) verbs with the present stem in sibilant or labial + l: knitting ut, lick ut, rash ut, pinched ut, etc.;
3) verbs -Well t: I'll fade yeah, I'm drying out yeah, I'm going out t, etc.;
4) verbs with the basis of the present tense in the back language: shore ut, zhg ut, etc.;
5) verbs: thirst, moan, climb, rot, ride, want, sing, stab and etc.
SV participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive using a suffix –v-/ -lice- / -shi-. The choice of suffix depends on the final vowel of the stem: suffix –in-/ -lice- joins stems with a vowel ( -V- to the basics without -sya, -lice- to the basics -sya): draw - having drawn, smile - smiling; morph -shi joins stems with a consonant: grow up - grown up, as well as to the stems of the past tense, which differ from the stems of the infinitive: frozen - frozen, locked - locked. Some verbs form variant forms of gerunds (from the infinitive stem and from the past tense stem), one of which is colloquial: chill - chilled - chilled And chilled, frozen - frozen - frozen And frozen, die - died - having died And died.
A number of verbs form gerunds SV from the base of the present-future tense using a suffix -a(s): they will see - seeing, tilt - tilting, return - returning. Usually these are verbs of the 2nd conjugation, as well as verbs of the 1st conjugation with the present tense stem on a consonant: will bring - bringing; verb go with various attachments: coming, going, leaving. As a rule, these forms have variant formations created according to general rule– using suffixes -v- / -lice (s) / -shi: seeing, bending, returning and etc.
Two-aspect verbs form two gerunds with a suffix -A- to express the value of NSV and -V- to express the meaning of SV: attack – attacking And attacking, research - exploring And having researched, organize – organizing And organizing.
For a competent morphological analysis of gerunds as a part of speech, this article provides detailed plan action with clear examples. The technique is also described morphemic parsing gerunds with ghost examples.
How to make a morphological analysis of gerunds?
Morphological analysis gerunds as an independent part of speech includes the grammatical and syntactic characteristics of the word. During the analysis, the morphological features of the gerund, as well as its role in the sentence, are determined.
Plan for morphological analysis of gerunds as a part of speech:
I. Part of speech. General grammatical meaning. Which question does it answer?
II. Initial form. Morphological characteristics ( permanent).
- View ( perfect, imperfect);
- Recoverability ( returnable, non-refundable);
- Transitivity ( transitive, intransitive);
- Immutability.
III. Syntactic role.
TOP 1 articlewho are reading along with this
Examples of morphological analysis of gerunds
Having fed children, mom went to the store.
what did you do?
II. N. f. - having fed . Morphological features: perfective form, irrevocable, transitive, unchangeable word.
III. Syntactic role - circumstance (went - When? - having fed ).
Walking, the children saw a hare running out of the forest.
I. Participle, denotes an additional action, answers the question - doing what?
II. N. f. - walking . Morphological features: imperfective form, irreversible, intransitive, unchangeable word.
III. Syntactic role - circumstance (saw - When? - walking ).
Rejoicing, he greeted his friend.
I. Participle, denotes an additional action, answers the question - doing what?
II. N. f. - rejoicing . Morphological features: imperfective form, reflexive, transitional, unchangeable word.
III. Syntactic role - adverbial (welcomed - How? - rejoicing ).
Morphemic analysis of gerunds
In some sources, morphemic analysis of gerunds is included in general grammatical analysis. Participles are an unchangeable part of speech, therefore, when analyzed by composition, they do not have endings. The formative suffixes of gerunds are - -a/-i, -v/-lice/-shi.
Examples of morphemic analysis of gerunds
Having identified himself friend. Na-zv-a-vshi-sya - a derivative of the verb “to be called”; the basis - calling himself, console - on the-, root - -sound-, suffixes - -a-, -lice-, postfix - – s.
Reading book. Chit-a-ya is a derivative of the verb “read”; the basis - reading, root - -cheat-, suffixes - -and I.
The morphological analysis of the gerund, like the morphological analysis of the participle, depends on whether we recognize the gerund as a special form of the verb, or whether we consider the gerund independent part speech.
Scheme of morphological analysis of gerunds as a verb form:
1. Verb. The initial form is the infinitive.
2. Morphological characteristics:
a) constant:
Transitivity,
Returnability,
Conjugation;
b) non-permanent signs: in the form of gerunds.
Educational complexes offer an analysis of the gerund, corresponding to the approach to it as a hybrid part of speech.
Thus, complex 1 offers the following analysis: part of speech (gerund), immutability, aspect, syntactic function. Complex 2 suggests indicating recurrence and type. Complex 3 offers the following scheme: from what verb is it formed, aspect, syntactic function. If we proceed from the fact that the gerund is an independent part of speech, then the parsing scheme changes.
Scheme of morphological analysis of gerunds as an independent part of speech:
1. Participle.
2. Morphological characteristics:
a) constant:
Transitivity,
Returnability,
Immutability;
b) inconsistent signs: no.
3. Syntactic role in the sentence.
Let's give sample morphological analysis of gerunds.
Sipping sour wine, squinting from the pipe smoke, he gloomily listened to what Zoya was telling him. When she finished, she cracked her fingers.
(A. N. Tolstoy)
Analysis of gerunds as verb forms:
sipping- verb, beginning form sip;
fast. signs: transition, non-return, NSV, I reference;
squinting- verb, beginning form squint;
fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, II reference;
non-post signs: in the form of a gerund;
synth. role: part of the circumstance.
having graduated- verb, beginning form finish;
fast. signs: transition, non-return, NE, II reference;
non-post signs: in the form of a gerund;
Analysis of the participle as an independent part of speech:
sipping- participle;
fast. signs: transition, non-return, NSV, unchangeable;
non-post signs: none;
synth. role: part of the circumstance.
squinting- participle;
fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, unchangeable;
non-post signs: none;
synth. role: part of the circumstance.
having graduated- participle;
fast. signs: transition, non-return, NE, unchangeable;
non-post signs: none;
synth role: part of the circumstance.
Functional parts of speech
Functional parts of speech are those that, without independent parts of speech, cannot form a sentence and serve to connect independent units or to express additional shades of meaning.
Pretext
Pretext- this is an auxiliary part of speech that serves to connect a noun, pronoun and numeral with other words in a phrase. Prepositions can denote a relationship between an action and an object ( look in the sky), object and object ( boat with sail), sign and object ( self-sacrificing).
Prepositions do not change and are not independent parts of a sentence.
When parsing syntactically, there are different techniques for working with prepositions. Firstly, prepositions may not be highlighted in any way. Secondly, prepositions can be emphasized together with the attached word as a single prepositional case group expressing a single meaning. This approach is presented in complexes 1 and 2 (in complex 1 the preposition is also circled in a box). Complex 3 disposes of prepositions ambiguously: in some examples it is not highlighted at all, in others it is emphasized together with the noun; there are even cases of emphasizing a preposition together with an adjective, definition in constructions like at the forest edge; the latter is unacceptable.
Prepositions are used either with one case (for example, despite- with V. p., from And y - with R. p.), or with several cases (for example, behind- with V. p. and etc., on And V- with V. p. and P. p., By - with D. p. and V. p., With - with R. p., V. p. and Etc.).
By education, prepositions can be divided into
1) non-derivatives(primitives) - not related in origin to other parts of speech, for example, without, with, with, from, because of;
2) derivatives(non-primitive), that is, those that are related in origin to other parts of speech:
a) adverbial: near, around, opposite, along;
b) denominate: in view, in the form, during, at the expense of, regarding;
c) verbal: thanks, including, excluding, starting, after.
According to their structure, prepositions can be divided into
1) simple(written without a space): around, thanks to, around, as a result of;
2) composite(written with a space): during, in continuation, except for, during, in connection with, depending on, towards.
Prepositions can express following values:
1) object: talk about yourself, homesickness,
2) spatial: live in Moscow / near Moscow / near the metro,
3) temporary: come in the evening, work before/after lunch, come every other day,
4) causal: not to come due to / due to / due to illness,
5) target: live for the sake of children, give as a souvenir, make for a friend,
6) comparative: the size of a fist, take after your mother,
8) attributive: boat with a sail, plaid skirt, down coat.
The question of the categories of prepositions by meaning is touched upon only in complex 2, and 6 such categories are highlighted in it: the defining and comparative meaning is not highlighted, and the objective meaning is called additional.
Prepositions come either before a noun or before the definition(s) relating to that noun if the definition precedes the noun: in a beautiful dress. Only a few prepositions are also used after a noun: for what And what for.
Like the participle, the gerund can be considered as an independent part of speech or as a special form of the verb. We proceed from the understanding of the participle as a verbal form.
Participle is a special form of the verb that has the following characteristics:
1. Indicatesadditive action , answers the questions of what to do? or having done what?
2–3. It hasgrammatical features of verbs and adverbs .
The features of a verb includeview ( reading - NSV,after reading - SV),transitivity ( reading book - transitional,sitting on a chair - intransitive) andrepayment ( washing - non-refundable,washing my face - return). In addition, the gerund is characterized by the samecontrol , like other verb forms:reading/reading/reading/reading a book, but reading a book.
Adverbial features of gerunds includeimmutability (gerunds do not have morphological signs of mood, tense, person, gender, number, characteristic of conjugated forms of the verb, and are not declined, unlike participles); syntactic function of the gerund -circumstance ; In a sentence, the gerund depends on the verb.
Imperfect participles kind answer the question what to do? and denote an action that is simultaneous with another action (for example, with the one indicated by the predicate):Standing on a stool, he took out books from the top shelf.
NSV gerunds are formed from NSV verbs from the present tense stem using the formative suffix -a(-я).
In the verb to be, the gerund is formed using the suffix -uchi from the stem of the future tense:be-learn . The same suffix is used to form stylistically colored variant forms of gerunds in some other verbs:game-i - game-yuchi .
Not all NSV verbs have imperfective participles; Thus, the NSV gerunds are not formed:
- from verbs ending in -ch:bake - baking ( oven );
- from verbs ending in -nut:wither - withering ,;
- from some sibilant verbs based on the present tense:write , write - writing , lick - licking (but adverb lying);
- from verbs with a present tense stem consisting only of consonants, and derivatives from them:drink , drinking (pj-ut) -pb I.
At the verbgive The participle is formed from a special stem:Giving (davaj-a).
Perfect participles kind of answer the question what have you done? and denote the action that preceded the action of the main verb:Standing on a stool, he took out a book from the top shelf.
SV gerunds are formed from SV verbs from the past tense stem using suffixes
In from verbs with a vowel stem:done-in ,
Lice from reflexive verbs with a vowel base (or outdated, stylistically non-neutral gerunds likehaving seen, having looked etc.): mind the lice,
Shi from verbs with a consonant stem: baked-shi .
Some verbs have variable forms of the gerund participle SV: one is formed according to the scheme described above, the other by adding the suffix -а(-я) to the stem of the future tense:frown - lice - frown - I - frown .
Verbsread, find do not have an educated in a standard way gerunds, instead of which gerunds are usedI read it, I found it , formed from the base of the simple future tense using the suffix -я.
Bi-aspect verbs may have two gerunds, formed according to the rules for the formation of gerunds NSV and SV, for example:
promise: promise-i - NSV,promise-in - SV,
marry: wife - NSV,marry-in - SV.
The gerund must indicate the action of the object (person) that is named as the subject, and this object (person) must be the subject of two actions - named in the predicate and in the gerund. If these requirements are not met, incorrect sentences like:
? I got a headache when I left the house (gerunds and the conjugated form of the verb denote the actions of different subjects).
? Lost, the puppy was soon found by his owners (the noun in the subject is the subject of the action, called the gerund, and the object of the action, called the predicate).
The participle can nameadditional action attributed to the main member one-part sentence, as well as to other members of the sentence expressed by an infinitive, participle or other gerund. The sentence is constructed correctly if the additional and main action have the same subject. For example:When crossing the street, you should look around.
Morphological analysis of gerunds
We will conduct a morphological analysis of the participle according to the following plan:
I.Part of speech (special form of a verb). General value. What verb is it derived from?
II.Morphological characteristics: a) appearance, b) recurrence, c) transitivity.
III.Syntactic role
Sample morphological analysis of gerunds
Sipping sour wine, squinting from the pipe smoke, he gloomily listened to what Zoya was telling him. Having finished, she cracked her fingers (A.N. Tolstoy).
I.Sipping (doing what?) - gerund;
II.Fast. signs: NSV, non-return, transition, unchangeable;
non-post signs: none;
III.Listened (how?) while sipping (circumstance)
I.(doing what?) - gerund;
II.Fast. signs: NSV, return, non-transition, unchangeable;
non-post signs: none;
III.Listened (how?) squinting (circumstance)
I.Having finished (doing what?) - gerund;
II. signs: NE, non-return, transition, unchangeable;
non-post signs: none;
III.Crunched (when?) after finishing (circumstance)
