Any schoolchild can answer; children begin to study this part of speech from the second grade and learn about what prepositions there are throughout their entire life. school curriculum. However, in a conversation they begin to use them from the very first phrases, because they make it possible to build the dependence of words on each other so that the statement takes on meaning and becomes a sentence. And although a preposition is an unchangeable part that does not act at all as a member of a sentence, but can only be attached to one, for a correctly constructed statement its presence is mandatory and irreplaceable. Therefore, for a correctly delivered speech, you simply need to know what prepositions there are, how they affect the endings of the words they are associated with, and how to use them correctly. After all, it is this small detail that forms semantic dependencies and relationships between words.
In the humanitarian dictionary, the definition of a preposition in the Russian language sounds something like this: this is a service word that formalizes the subordination of the case form of names to another word, expressing an attitude towards objects regarding their actions.
Main functions
Like all function words, prepositions are not used independently; they are always associated with a noun or another word used as such, which makes it impossible to define this element as a part of speech, but they are included among them. In some cases, it is the preposition that can determine antonymous and synonymous shades and pairs, making it quite easy to choose the right combination of words for the statement.
For example: to school - from school; before lesson - after lesson; at the kindergarten - at the kindergarten - near the kindergarten; due to inattention - due to inattention.
What are the prepositions?
All prepositions are divided into temporal, spatial, causal and target. Some of them can be used with nouns in one case, while others are used with words in different cases. For example:
- to a friend, to school - D. p. (to whom? to what?);
- thanks to a friend, thanks to school - D. p. (thanks to whom? thanks to what?);
- at seven o'clock - V. p. (at what?);
- in the park - P. p. (in what?).
The example shows that the preposition “in” can be used with words in different cases. Prepositions such as in, about, from, with, through, at, on, without, can have a huge number of meanings. In Russian they are called non-derivative prepositions.
If the preposition is formed from and is used with only one case, then it is called derivative. For example:
- around the house, the original form of the preposition is an adverb around;
- In one hour, the original form of the preposition is a noun flow, used with a preposition "V";
- thanks to the help, the original form of the preposition is the gerund .
Structural differences
Along with all the differences, Russian prepositions are also divided by their structure. Namely:
- Simple, consisting of one word. As a rule, these are one- and two-syllable. Non-derivative and some derivative prepositions: on, in, to, under, over.
- Complex or paired ones, which are essentially a type of simple prepositions: because of, from under and others.
- Compounds that are prepositional-case combinations: in fact, along by, in part, in relation to, depending on and so on.
Places by value
Since the preposition is only a connecting part, it cannot have its own meaning, but only determines the grammatical relationships between nouns used in oblique cases and other words. In other words, it lexical meaning depends on the word to which it is attached, however, it can convey various adverbial nuances of the connection between words.
All prepositions of the Russian language are divided into the following categories:
- Spatial or prepositions of place: from, in, to, at, by, under, because of, about, in front of, around, near. For example: lives in the city; works at a factory; runs around the house.
- Temporal or prepositions of time: before, through, in, by, to, with, before, during. For example: after half an hour; jogging in the morning; walk before bed.
- Causal: from, for, from evil, due to, thanks to, by chance, in view of, as a result. For example: blushed with shame; broke a vase out of spite; I made a mistake due to carelessness.
- Prepositions indicating purpose: for the sake of, for, in, to and others. For example: say for fun; speech on occasion; go on vacation.
- Object, determine and indicate to which object the action is directed: about, about, with, about, regarding, about and others. For example: miss your daughter; find out about ratings.
Classification of derived prepositions
Depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed, they are divided into the following categories. Many hours are devoted in the school curriculum to what kinds of prepositions that come from other parts of speech, and rightly so, because it is very important to know what kind of connection words can form, and how to use them correctly in speech and writing.
Spelling prepositions
Knowing what prepositions there are is just as important as spelling them. Therefore, one of the main topics of the school curriculum regarding prepositions is spelling. The very first rule that children learn is: “Prepositions with other words are written separately.” To correctly determine whether a word is a function word, a question or complement can be placed between the preposition and the associated word.
For example: on (what?) the sea or at the Black Sea.
In high school, children are introduced to adverb education. And here the most important thing is to determine whether this part of the sentence is an adverb or is it already a preposition. To do this, you need to determine whether the sentence contains a noun in and how it is related to the controversial part.
For example: look around (adverb) or look around you (preposition).
There is also the following rule: “To make sure that a word in a sentence is a preposition and not another part of speech, it should be replaced with a synonymous preposition. At the same time, the semantic meaning should not change.” Here is a list of interchangeable auxiliary prepositions:
- due to (because of, for a reason);
- like (like);
- about (about, about);
- as a result (due to reason).
For example: Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk. Due to bad weather we did not go for a walk.
Notes
The following prepositions are written separately: during, in continuation, throughout, in conclusion, in order to avoid, in fact, in contrast to.
It should also be noted that paired or conjoined prepositions, such as because of, from under, for, for, over, are written only with a hyphen.
For example: The sun came out from behind the clouds. A cat jumped out from under the closet.
There are also prepositions whose spelling you just need to remember. Namely: near(without and through(with a soft sign).
Using prepositions with cases
It is very important to know what prepositions there are in cases, since often it is thanks to the preposition that you can correctly determine in which case a particular word is used, which is very important for correct spelling. It should be noted that prepositions are not used with nominatives, only with indirect ones:
- with the genitive case - without, around, for, from, from, at, with;
- with the dative case - to, thanks to, according to, in spite of, in defiance of, towards, by;
- with the accusative case - through, about, despite, through, in, on, under, for;
- With instrumental case- above, before, between, behind, under, with;
- with the prepositional case - about, at, in, on.
This table of prepositions is compiled taking into account derivative and non-derivative prepositions, which in each individual case can be used only with one or more cases of nouns.
Instead of a conclusion
In fact, learning this topic thoroughly during school years is not so difficult; there are very few rules for spelling and forming prepositions from other parts of speech. The main task is that you should learn to distinguish a preposition from other elements and know how to use it correctly. This is what will allow you not only to correctly structure the words of a sentence, but also to be able to write them down without confusing the endings.
Pretext- this is an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences: Wish To mom, I'll go behind bread, go By three, come back behind her.
Morphological features of prepositions
Types of prepositions
1. By composition prepositions are divided into three groups:
2. By origin prepositions are divided into two groups:
More details about prepositions formed from other parts of speech:
Classes of prepositions by meaning
Prepositions can express:
Note: prepositions can be used with only one or several case forms. For example, the preposition according to used only with the dative case ( according to the order, according to the decree); pretext because of - only with the genitive case ( from around the corner, because of illness); pretext V can be used with prepositional case and accusative case ( at school - to school).
Morphological analysis of the preposition
Preposition parsing plan:
Standard for parsing a preposition
U many Russian rivers, like Volga, one bank is mountainous, the other is meadow (I.S. Turgenev).
U (river) - preposition; serves to connect words in phrases and sentences; ordinary; non-derivative; refers to a noun ( rivers); used with the genitive case; has an object meaning.
Like (Volga) - preposition; serves to connect words in phrases and sentences; ordinary; derivative; refers to a noun ( Volga); used with the genitive case; What matters is the type of action.
Additionally:
Source of material Internet site
Additionally on the site:
The preposition is quite curious. They express the relationship between object and subject, and these relationships can be as complex as desired. Prepositions are not only “small words” like “to”, “by”, “for”, “through”, etc., but also whole phrases - “due to the fact that”, “due to the fact that”, “ on the occasion of the fact that” and others. Such prepositions consisting of several words are called compound prepositions. Naturally, they did not form in the Russian language right away: they began their development in the 19th – 20th centuries, when scientific literature and the media gained universal popularity. The relationships between the members of a sentence (statement) in such literature are quite complex and subtle and are far from those used in the speech of “naive” native speakers.
Various types of “new” specific prepositions - compound, complex (written with a hyphen: “because”, “on-over”, “from under”, etc.), derivatives (formed from other parts of speech: “by”, “as a consequence”, “in continuation”, etc.) even at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries were associated with clerical and other types of “non-artistic” speech (for example, journalistic). Korney Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” gives an interesting example. One old retired official decided to get busy and tried to translate the romantic fairy tale “Red Rose”. The translation as a whole turned out to be good, but the language in which it was written was more like clerical language. Here is one of the fragments: “For lack of a red rose, my life is broken.” The publishing house told the official that such pretexts are unacceptable in a romantic story. The old man seemed to understand everything and redid the text: “Due to the absence of a red rose, my life is broken,” making the speech of the desperate hero even more clerical.
A new round of popularity of compound prepositions occurred in the first decades Soviet power when all sides were politicized human life. Documentation, reports, decrees, resolutions, propaganda newspapers - all this forced ordinary people use “clerical” prepositions even in everyday conversations.
In modern times, such components as “in part”, “in action” have become in demand; they are typical for business speech.
By the way, the size of these “difficult” prepositions is sometimes amazing: some of them are much longer than nouns, adjectives and verbs. The longest preposition (and at the same time conjunction) is “accordingly”, it consists of 14 letters. This excuse is often used by teachers as well as employers.
How to remember writing compound prepositions
It is often difficult to write compound prepositions. For example, the ending for such prepositions as “in continuation”, “during”, as well as for the one written together “as a result”. These prepositions were formed from stable phrases in which the noun stands in accusative case. All such nouns (cf. “I’ll come at an hour”, “minute at a minute”) have the meaning of time, some lasting period. Simple preposition "in" in in this case is synonymous with the expression “during”: “During the continuation of the conversation (that is, while the conversation continued) he did not mention the matter again.”
At the same time, in the combinations “in continuation”, “during” it stands in prepositional case and answers the question “where?”, “in what?”: “In the continuation of the story (that is, in the text), the hero does such and such.”
The preposition “despite” is also very often misspelled. Once upon a time, at the time of its inception, it really was a combination of a gerund with the particle “not” and a simple preposition “on”, so it was written separately. But these days are long gone, and the preposition “despite” is written together.
Some of the mistakes are astounding. “In conclusion, I’ll tell you about ...” - it seems that the speaker is sitting in or is about to sit down. I wonder if those who make such mistakes understand the meaning of what they write?
Writing derived prepositions
Derivative prepositions formed from phrases are adjacent to compound prepositions in origin and complexity of spelling. How to correctly write “an object (like) a cube”? in this case, you should choose a synonym for the intended preposition: “an object like a cube.” The meaning remains the same - it means that before us derivative preposition, which is written together. But “a problem (like) triangles” does not stand up to such a test: “a problem like triangles” is nonsense; This means that here there is a preposition and a noun, which are written separately (and the noun is also part of a stable phrase - the term “similarity of triangles”). By the way, “like” is also a compound preposition. Their simple synonym is the colloquial “type”, as well as the conjunction “like”: “an object like a cube.” This preposition has its “double”: “In the genus Panthera of the Feline family there are four species - lion, tiger, jaguar and leopard.”
The preposition “instead” is synonymous with the preposition “for”, “about” - “about”, “in view of” - “because of”. The preposition “after” roughly corresponds to the simple preposition “on”: “We looked after the departing train” - “we looked at the departing train.” These prepositions should be distinguished from phrases with nouns and simple prepositions: “Put money into my bank account”, “we arrived at the place he indicated”, “the hunter looked at the trail and determined what kind of animal ran here”, “have in mind."
| Prepositions | Difference from a combination of a noun and a preposition |
|---|---|
| In view of(=because of, due to) | Keep in mind, in mind (= close, within sight) |
| Like, like(=like) | Notice the similarity between mother and daughter.Sort of The Ivanovs are all blondes |
| About(=o) | Put down the money on account in the bank |
| Instead of(=for) | We entered the forest instead of where the sun's rays hardly penetrated |
| Due to(=because of, due to) | As a consequence New documents have been added to this criminal case |
| Following:We looked with slight sadness after the sailing ship sailing away | Grandfather looked closely follow an animal that recently ran through the snow |
| Formed from adverbs: be inside Houses,go towards the wind, growing along roads and etc. | To the meeting classmates we get together every ten years |
Prepositions such as “inside” and “along” are written together: “what lies inside the box”, “trees grow along the road”. It is not difficult to remember this, because there are no words “inside” and “dol”, although in the Old Russian language they may have existed. These prepositions were formed from adverbs with the meaning of space, and adverbs are always written together. The preposition “towards” also belongs to this group, also formed from the adverb: “To go towards the wind” (preposition), “he goes to meet” (adverb); however, it must be distinguished from a noun with a preposition: “we are going to a high school reunion.”
Why do so many people make mistakes when writing prepositions? Most likely, the matter is simple inattention - the writers do not understand the meaning of the text or understand it approximately. Each element of language has its own meaning, and if you rely on it, you can special labor determine the correct spelling.
They are divided by structure, meaning, composition, and method of formation: derivative and non-derivative prepositions, single-valued and polysemantic, simple, complex and compound prepositions, by category depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed.
Under meaning of prepositions, since they do not have independent meaning, understand the grammatical relations that they express in combination with indirect cases nouns Prepositions serve as indicators syntactic connections words with each other (e.g. think about the future). They are directly connected in speech with case forms and are used with a certain case (or cases), being in connection with one or another case form. Together with case endings prepositions of nouns express different semantic meanings. In other words, the lexical meaning of a preposition depends on the lexical meaning of the significant words (main and dependent) that it connects. Moreover, when combined with the same case form of a noun, prepositions convey different shades of adverbial meanings. By value prepositions are divided into categories:
- spatial(point to the place): in, from, to, at, on, because of, over, under, about, around, in front of, near and etc.:
lives V village, working on factory, resting under Moscow, etc.
- temporary(indicate time): to, in, through, by, from, to, before, during, on the eve, during:
charger By morning, rest on holidays, work behind month
- causal(indicate the reason): from, from evil, for, due to, due to, by chance, thanks to, in view of, as a result of, due to and etc.:
error By inattention, trembled from fear
- targeted(point to target): in, by, to, for, for, for, etc.:
say V joke, speech To occasion, go on rest
- course of action(indicate the course of action): with, without, in, from and etc.:
work With hobby, laugh from souls
- object(indicates the object to which the action is directed): about, about, about, with, on, regarding, regarding and etc.:
miss your son, find out about money (cf.: transfer money to the customer’s account)
Depending on with how many case forms prepositions are related, they are divided into:
- unambiguous
- prepositions that are used with one case:
at house (P.p.), To home (D.p.), from forests (RP);
- polysemantic- prepositions that can express different meanings, used with several cases:
forgot on table (spatial meaning), absent on minute (time value), believe on word (meaning a manner of action).
That. in different case constructions and with different cases, prepositions can have different meanings. For example, the preposition By “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov identifies 15 meanings; The large academic dictionary of the Russian language lists more than 30 meanings of the preposition on .
By its structure prepositions are divided into:
- Non-derivatives
(or primitives) is a small and non-replenishing group of the simplest words that have always belonged to this part of speech (were not formed from other words):
without, in (in), before, for, for, from (iso), to (to), except, between, on, over (need), about (about, both), from (from), on, under ( under), before (before), with, about, for the sake of, with (with), through, at, through; from behind, from under; over, over, under.
Almost all such prepositions are ambiguous. Many can combine with more than one case form of a name. The meanings of prepositions depend on the meanings of the cases with which they are combined and on the meanings of the controlled nouns. A non-derivative preposition can be combined with three cases ( by, from), with two cases ( in, for, between, between. on, oh, under) or with one case ( without, for, before, from, because of, from under, to, over, from, in front of, with, about, for the sake of, at, through, for, over).
- Derivatives (or non-primitive) are prepositions formed from independent parts speech by losing their meaning and morphological characteristics. Derived prepositions include words that are formed from adverbs, nouns and gerunds. The meanings of derived prepositions are determined by the meanings of the adverbs, nouns and gerunds from which they were formed. There are significantly more derived prepositions than non-derivative ones. All of them are usually unambiguous, and each such preposition is connected with only one case. Derivative prepositions are divided into simple and compound. Simples coincide with adverbs, nouns and gerunds ( along, near, thanks), compounds formed from adverbs, nouns and gerunds with non-derivative prepositions (close to, at the expense of, despite).
Derivative prepositions are divided into categories depending on those parts of speech from which they were derived:
- adverbial
, formed from adverbs, mainly express spatial and temporal relationships:
- simple:
near, close, deep, along, instead, instead, out, inside, near, around, in front, like, in spite of, after, past, above, towards, on the eve, except, on the contrary, about, on top, like, behind, besides, across, after, in the middle, in the middle, before, against, behind, above, over, through, among, accordingly, accordingly, etc.;
- compound:
close to, (not) far from, far from, up to, henceforth to, regardless of, in relation to, along with, following, next to, together with, along with, next to, in accordance with, comparatively with.
- simple:
- denominate
formed from various case forms of nouns and express objective and some adverbial relations:
- simple:
by, through, type (people like Ivanov), order (temperature of about one hundred degrees);
- compound:
in view of, by virtue of, during, in continuation of, as a consequence of, as, about, to the extent of, during, on occasion, in the case of, in connection with, for the reason of, on account of, on the part of, etc.
- simple:
- verbal
formed from verb forms (gerunds) and express various adverbial relations:
- simple:
thanks to, excluding, including, after, counting, ending, starting;
- compound:
starting from, based on, judging by, despite, despite, etc.
- simple:
By structure prepositions are divided into:
- simple
- prepositions - both non-derivative and derivative, which consist of one word, mostly one- and two-syllable. These are primarily non-derivative and some derivative prepositions, for example,
by, past, among, in, for, etc.
§1. general characteristics prepositions
A preposition is a functional part of speech. Prepositions are needed to connect words in a phrase. Prepositions express the dependence of some words on others. Prepositions can be used with nouns, pronouns and numerals.
Prepositions are an unchangeable part of speech. A preposition is not a member of a sentence, but since the meaning is expressed by a prepositional-case combination, during analysis, prepositions can be emphasized along with the words to which they refer. Prepositions express various semantic relationships:
- temporary: come under evening, submit a report To Thursday, call V Wednesday,
- spatial: put V table, put on table, put under table,
- Causal: skip classes because of illnesses,
- target: come For participation in competitions and others.
But eigenvalue the preposition does not appear outside the prepositional-case combination of the preposition with a noun, pronoun or numeral.
Prepositions can be used with only one case or with different cases. Examples:
To to whom? To what?: To to a friend, to school - D.p.;
thanks to to whom? what? thanks to help, thanks to father - D.p.;
in What? V five hours - V.p.;
V how? V forest - P.p.
From the examples it is clear that prepositions To And thanks to are used only with nouns in d.p., and the preposition V- with nouns in different cases: V.p. and P.p.
§2. Formation of prepositions
From an educational point of view, prepositions are divided into non-derivatives And derivatives.
- Non-derivative prepositions: without, V, before, For, behind, from, To, on, above, O, about, from, By, under, before, at, about, With, at, through.
- Derivative prepositions are formed by transitioning independent parts of speech into auxiliary parts. In this case, the lexical meaning and morphological characteristics of words are lost. Examples:
Around parka is a preposition formed from an adverb around.
During hour is a preposition formed from a noun with a preposition.
Thanks to help is a preposition formed from a gerund.
Accordingly, adverbial, denominal, and verbal prepositions are distinguished.
Non-derivative prepositions are more often used with different cases.
Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case.
§3. Preposition structure
From a structural point of view, prepositions are divided into simple And composite.
- Simple ones are prepositions consisting of one word: in, on, to, under, above, contrary to, etc.
- Compounds are prepositions consisting of two, less often three words: in continuation, during, in connection with, depending on, towards, etc.
§4. Places by value
According to their meaning, prepositions are divided into:
- Places (spatial): on the window, in the window, near the window, under the window, above the window, behind the window, in front of the window, etc.
- Time (temporary): at eight, about eight, by eight, before eight, after eight, etc.
- Object (object): about the book, about the book, with the book, etc.
- Reasons (causal): due to rain, due to rain, due to rain, due to illness.
- Goals (targets): for children, for the sake of children, money for children.
- Mode of action: work without inspiration, work with inspiration.
- Comparisons: character like his father, as tall as his father.
- Definitions: striped fabric, bicycle with motor, coffee with milk.
Prepositions can be unambiguous And polysemantic.
- Unambiguous: thanks to, in view of, because of, etc.
- Multi-valued: V (V Wednesday - time V closet - space, V father - comparisons, V stripe - definitions)
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
What are prepositions for?
- To connect words in a sentence
- For contact simple sentences as part of complex
- To express emotions
Is it possible to assume that each case corresponds to one specific preposition?
Are there unambiguous prepositions in Russian?
