3 aspects of the crisis: 1) The presence of different national languages, which pose a barrier to the effective exchange of information.

2) Modern languages ​​contain many terms that are interpreted ambiguously, which leads to ambiguity in communication.

Modern forms of natural language make it difficult to describe objects that are not perceived by specific senses.

Exit routes:

Creation of the supranational language Esperanto.

Creation of formalized languages ​​- the use of languages ​​that would eliminate the ambiguity of words.

Forms of existence of language.

Territorial and social differentiation and forms of existence of the national language.

Nature Language norms.

Literary language as the highest form of existence of language.

Boundaries of the concept of modern literary language.

Literary language and functionality. Styles.

About secret speech.

Systems of regular and interdependent options for the implementation of linguistic interaction form the forms of existence of language. The forms of language existence include:

Territorial dialects or dialects are the pronunciation features of sounds.

The supra-dialectical language of education (Koine language).

Various social dialects (professional speech or argot, caste languages, secret corporate languages).

Vernacular.

Youth argot.

Everyday colloquial speech.

Literary speech.

All forms of language existence, except secret ones, within a given national language are understandable. However, the highest form is the literary language.

The relationship between the forms of existence of a language becomes more complex as functional styles develop. The speaker gradually develops usus(translated as custom, rule) speeches is the generally accepted use of a word or phrase. Both common speech, dialect, and professional argot have their own usage. Nature the linguistic form is similar in both dialects and literary languages. norms are the existence of an ideal, model, standard for the speaker. Between the individual norms of the literary language and vernacular there are border zones where interpenetration of norms occurs, and there are duplicate variants of norms.

Two factors participate in the dynamics of the norm in any society:

prevalence of competing variant

Literary norms can change with the development of language. The concept of normal is very subjective. Those. From the point of view of linguistics, the different forms of an existing language cannot be right or wrong, exemplary or funny.

Features of the literary language norm:

Literary language arose as a supra-dialectical norm; it is the language of the media and education.

Literary language has the highest prestige in communication.

The norms of the literary language are codified, and systems of language norms are created in grammars and dictionaries.

The norms of the literary language are more stable.

Literary language is the most convenient, optimal version of the national language for expressing meanings.

The norms of a literary language are a national and historical phenomenon.

The following important norms of literary language can be distinguished:

orthoenic (phonetic), i.e. single rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations.

Lexical, rules associated with the use of individual words and combinations in accordance with their semantic meaning.

Grammar, rules for combining words to construct sentences

Stylistic techniques, tools that help bright and exact expression thoughts.

The Russian literary language exists in two forms: oral and written.

Features of the oral form:

Any form of language can be perceived by ear using phonetic and prosodic language. Properties

Created in the process of speech, it looks spontaneous.

It is characterized by verbal improvisation, simple sentences, repetitions, and incompleteness.

Speech is formed taking into account the psycholinguistic characteristics of the addressee.

Features of writing:

Graphically fixed, not perceptible by ear.

Can be thought out in advance.

Bookish vocabulary and the presence of complex sentences are typical.

Strict adherence to language standards.

Not targeted at a specific addressee.

Can be improved.

Forms of speech and functional styles.

	Forms of speech
	func. styles	written
lecture, report, discussion	scientific	diploma, article, dissertation, monograph, book
poetry, prose. Jokes	art
speech, debate, speeches	journalistic
negotiations, speech in court, press conference	official business	agreement, order
	colloquial	writing, play, script

Midlife crisis is a long-term emotional state (depression) associated with a reassessment of one’s experience in middle age, when many of the opportunities that a person dreamed of in childhood and adolescence have already been irretrievably lost (or seem to be lost), and the onset of one’s own old age is assessed as an event with a very real deadline (and not “sometime in the future”).

A midlife crisis is a turning point in life. The time when we reap the first fruits of our achievements and look for new ways of development. In order not to fall into depression, you need to recognize the enemy by sight and learn to fight him.

At the origins

Discussions about the midlife crisis can be found in the monographs of the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung and the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky. Both noted that at a certain life stage It is human nature to think about reassessing values. In the middle of the last century, the leading American sociopsychologist Daniel Levinson defined the midlife crisis as “a state of deep physiological and psychological stress.” But the official terminological status of “midlife crisis” received only thanks to the Canadian psychologist Jacques Elliot, who first used it in 1965.

Three stages

The course of the midlife crisis is described in different ways, but most experts agree with the stages proposed by the American and Swiss analyst Murray Stein. Conventionally, they can be called “death”, “reinterpretation” and “rebirth”. At the first stage, a person has a feeling of irretrievable loss, which may be associated, for example, with the loss of parents. In the second, uncertainty arises, which is accompanied by numerous questions about the effectiveness of the years lived and attempts to understand one’s place in life. On the third, a new meaning is acquired. Psychologists do not undertake to define the boundaries of the stages, warning: if a person experiences a crisis ineffectively, the stages-states may return. It is recommended to pay special attention to the second stage: the search for answers and the formation of a new consciousness take time.

No gender

Both Jung, Vygotsky, and Levinson believed that the midlife crisis is a predominantly male problem. But modern science is erasing gender stereotypes. The midlife crisis is no longer the exclusive domain of men. A researcher of the characteristics of transitional moments in a person’s life, Doctor of Science Dan Jones believes that the crisis occurs differently in men and women. While men primarily assess their level of success through professional achievements, women rely on personal relationships and their own worth as a wife and mother. True, women who devote themselves to their families often cannot avoid a crisis. The loss of former attractiveness is another reason for the emergence of a midlife crisis, and not only among women.

When to expect?

If Jung and Vygotsky gave very vague age boundaries for the crisis (from 35 to 60 years), then Levinson, who actively studied various age-related crises, limited the time frame. He believed that the crisis occurs “at the stage of transition to middle adulthood,” which occurs at the age of 40-45. IN modern world Both men and women between the ages of 25 and 50 go through the “midlife crisis,” while in Russia, where life expectancy is lower than in Europe, most of the population goes through a midlife crisis at 30–40 years of age.

Myth or reality?

Most modern psychologists believe that all people, without exception, are experiencing a midlife crisis. It’s just that temperamental and reflective people go through this period more painfully, while others don’t notice it at all. Modern science generally prefers not to use the term “crisis”, calling it a “transition period”, since this period can be accompanied by both serious depression and significant personal growth. American psychologist Joan Sherman, for example, is confident that the path a person chooses after a crisis depends on numerous factors, including the support of loved ones.

New opportunity

Scientists from Tel Aviv University, led by Carlo Strenger, are convinced that average age– the moment when the “second wind” should open. This time is perfect for self-development, setting new goals and actually achieving them. Israeli scientists refute the idea that the brain capabilities of a 40-year-old person begin to deteriorate. It is at this age that life can be full of rich events and activities for which there was simply no time before. To overcome the crisis, according to Professor Strenger, will help to realize the opportunity to improve your life, build personal plans, know yourself and search strengths, which, however, may not meet the expectations of others. Finally, the one who is not afraid of difficulties and is guided when choosing a new path can defeat the crisis own experience and knowledge, not blind ambition. James Hollis, in his book Midway Pass, talks about the unique opportunity that a person receives. It allows you to make the second part of your life more exciting and interesting.

Know the enemy by sight!

Loss of appetite, drowsiness, feelings of hopelessness and pessimism, irritability and anxiety, feelings of guilt, loss of interest in what is happening - these are the symptoms that may indicate the onset of a midlife crisis. Thoughts about the illusory nature of the life lived, about unrealized plans, an unfound calling, that most of life has remained in the past lead to despondency, emptiness, self-pity and other negative things. emotional experiences. Modern domestic and foreign psychologists give different descriptions ways out of the crisis, while the majority are confident that it is possible to prepare for the crisis in advance. Healthy eating, full-fledged active rest, a new hobby - all this can help you withstand the “blow” with dignity. Considering that the age limits for the onset of a crisis are extremely blurred, preparations should begin in adolescence.

Midlife crisis: when a man ruins everything. What to do?

A man's life - " invisible to the world tears." Painful crises of self-identification flow into one another throughout life. The search for meaning at every stage of life plunges a man into a state of confusion and aggressiveness. How to help your man? The famous psychologist and radio host Elena Novoselova argues.

A person can laugh at the notorious “midlife crisis”, consider it the lot of weaklings and losers, or an invention of psychologists - or who knows what else... But exactly until one morning he wakes up irritated, with a heaviness in his chest and an incomprehensible melancholy . And he won’t deal with this feeling for several months, until he finally realizes that he’s been “overwhelmed” and something needs to be done about it. This is in best case scenario. More often, the situation is much sadder: troubles in the family, difficulties at work, escape to alcohol or the search for new love relationships as a panacea for troubles...

Unfortunately or fortunately, a person goes through several turning points in his life, experiencing them painfully and difficultly. Problems arise unexpectedly, out of the blue. Yesterday, a person was still full of plans, prospects, he knew why he lived and worked. And today everything has become meaningless. It’s not clear why you should give all your best at work, it’s boring to set your teeth on edge when spending weekends with your family, you want to bury yourself in a hole and not see anyone. And all this - out of the blue, for no apparent reason. This condition is called a personal crisis.

As I grew older, I began to be afraid of the dentist, not the pain, but the bill.

A person is designed in such a way that his personality grows through a sinusoid of crisis states, and not smoothly and upward. Crises are like giving birth to yourself, and being born is always painful and risky. It seems to me that we live not one, but several lives. In each of them, there is, of course, the same personality, with its own emotional, behavioral and logical structure. But the content, the way of thinking and feeling, the arrangement of values ​​change with development, that is, the change of “lives”, quite significantly. And this, in turn, changes a person’s perception of reality and himself in it. This means that the way of life is changing. This is connected, in my deep conviction, not with age-related changes, but with how a person survived his crises, how he was “born again.” If you fail and despair, there will be one result. If you successfully passed the test, built new values ​​within yourself, fell in love with them, it means you have become wiser, matured, loved life and began to appreciate it more. I began to treat many things more leniently, including myself.

In psychology, it is customary to associate personal crises with hormonal changes, with sexual life, with decreasing male potency and female menopause. There are certainly reasons for this. But no less important and significant for a person is the search for the meaning of existence. And not in high philosophical significance, forcing you to look for answers to “damned questions”, but in the daily saturation of your day with these very meanings. The meaninglessness of living life day after day leads to depression and deprives you of joy and pleasure.

Personal crises don't only come with age. There is a crisis of achievement that can manifest itself both with the crisis of the thirties and in the “fatal forties.” And also the empty nest crisis that characterizes the experience of turning fifty. I would not classify crises either by age or by situation. In my opinion, a crisis can occur both with and without aggravation. It still hurts the person. He still gets sick!

I say “man” and “he” for a reason and not because I have not encountered similar experiences in women. Of course they happen. But not with such regularity and tragedy as in men. Until men started talking about it, I for a long time believed that periods of personality development in men and women follow the same sinusoid. I had no idea that where a woman has a “hole,” a man has an “abyss.” And there are reasons for this.

Background

The identity crisis, the midlife crisis, began to be talked about with or without reason relatively recently. Twenty or thirty years ago no one had heard of him. This does not mean that before people did not worry, did not search for themselves, did not feel inexplicable melancholy and disappointment. Of course, all this happened. Everyone remembers the film “Flying in a Dream and in Reality,” in which the hero Oleg Yankovsky toiled between love and duty, the desire for the significance of his own life and the meaninglessness of existence. The style and atmosphere of Roman Balayan’s wonderful film breathes the crisis of the main character. To say that crisis situations are a sign only of our time is incorrect and frivolous. I think that men’s crises in our time are aggravated by many factors: the loss of a leading position in society, strict criteria for success, loss of priorities.

Midlife crisis in men - when a mistress is no different from a wife...

It is generally accepted that the myths about the heroes of the times of the birth of our civilization reflected the ideas of the ancients about agricultural cycles and astronomical observations. In my opinion, there is one more hidden meaning: personal development, reaching new, previously unknown limits.

The heroes of ancient myths, be it Osiris, Baloo, Adonis, Attis or Dionysus, enter into a conflict that is caused by an attack on their well-being. The enemy usually belongs to the supernatural world. The hero dies, that is, leaves the everyday world, fights otherworldly forces, defeats them, or takes possession of the object he needs to restore his well-being. The death of the Hero is accompanied by the fading of nature, depression and sterility, sadness and anxiety. The return and resurrection of the Hero is the resurrection of life, the triumph of victory over darkness. In myths, this event is associated with the spring revival of nature, novelty and promises of prosperity. The revival of life itself. The Gospel story about the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ also tells about this.

Are not the stories of mythological heroes a vivid allegorical description of the condition of a man in a period of crisis? Perhaps the ancients knew about this cyclical nature and conveyed to us the idea of ​​human development in poetic form?

When we talk about a personal crisis, we mostly mean a man, and much less a woman. Not only does a man’s personal crisis pass brighter and more severely, but it is also almost unbearable for those around him, since it is often destructive. Men's hopelessness and apathy, which arose for no apparent reason, frightens women, they begin to speculate on the non-existent: “He’s cheating, he’s fallen out of love...” - and further in the text. Paranoid surveillance, nervous conversations, and suspicions begin. In short - the end of the calm family life!

A man experiences such conditions several times during his life.

Crossroads of the thirtieth anniversary

The male crisis of thirty years is like a two-faced Janus.

One of his “heads” looks into the past, assessing what has been done and achieved. And as a rule, in the past, almost everything went wrong. There is a very accurate joke: “If you didn’t have a bicycle as a child, and now you have a jeep, you still didn’t have a bicycle as a child.”

Midlife crisis: old age is approaching, but there is still no Lexus.

The second head looks into the future and asks in horror: “Is that all? Now only repetition? No acute experiences? Life is over and all the most interesting things are behind us?” The man’s soul protests and demands change. My thoughts are racing from changing my family to moving to another country. Most often, a man decides to change his job or type of activity. He may suddenly want to get a new education, go into business from a well-paid position. He can turn things around quite sharply, sometimes not paying attention to the reasonable arguments of his wife and friends. Or he may suddenly become interested in competitive or extreme sports. After all, at this age it’s not too late, all roads are still open...

A man at this age is so drawn to exploits and the search for strong emotions by the same notorious phallic aspect of his life. A man needs bright victories. And quickly and with honors. He longs to realize his own childhood and youth dreams of heroism, a vibrant life, independence and adventure. Maybe it’s still possible to catch up with childhood? Well, except he’s unlikely to become an astronaut! And then, who knows...

The crisis of the thirtieth birthday, naturally, does not come on the birthday, exactly by the clock. It can occur between 28 and 34 years of age. And it proceeds differently, depending on what baggage a person brings to the first peak.

Paradoxically, the richer the luggage, the stronger than a man covers. If by the age of thirty he has been married for a long time and has children, permanent job with stable income, then the feeling of hopelessness and melancholy is especially acute, since the crisis of achievement is added to the crisis of revaluation. The man studied, worked, built a nest... It seemed to him: just a little longer, and he would be able to relax. He thought: “Now I’ll buy an apartment, and we’ll live... Now I’ll become a leader, and we’ll be able to live more peacefully... Here the children will grow up a little, it will become easier." The apartment has been bought, the position has been won, the children have grown up, and what next? Sheer déjà vu? Now everything will go according to a pre-planned scenario: winter vacation, summer rest, and between them work in a circle. And no surprises! And no dreams! No bright emotions! All that's left to do is live... It's unbearable.

What's behind? Yes, too, everything is a “C”, as with a bicycle: continuous regrets and fantasies: “But if I had then...” But this is just suffering for something that has not come true. And it’s pounding in my head: “Never, never, never...” Existence becomes meaningless. If dreams of bright emotions, a happy joyful family, big victories are just an illusion, and life is worries, responsibility and duty, then what is there to live for? For the sake of gray everyday life, repeating itself like a bad dream?..

In these difficult times, a stereotype learned in youth often comes into play. New love will bring flight and a desire to move forward. Fresh feelings for a woman, like living water, will wash your soul and restore joy. This means that life will again find meaning and fulfillment.

This line of thinking leads a man to the most tragic consequences. A crisis is a deeply personal, personal event that has little dependence on other people. It happens to a man not because his wife turned out to be a witch, and his work turned into a routine. But because the time has come for him to rethink himself, his goals and values. If a person does not solve them in an established family life, he will transfer the untouched problems into a new relationship. And in a year or two everything will happen again, but it will be even more difficult - the person will feel empty.

So it makes no sense to resolve internal conflicts by changing external factors.

The most effective and safe way To go through this period is to grow professionally and learn. Concentrate on your and only your personal tasks, find new goals, go beyond the pessimistic “never”. Don't be afraid to be selfish. This is a short period of concentration only on yourself. It will end, but everyone will remain safe.

The first crisis may go more or less smoothly and push a person to development. Experience shows that a crisis passes more easily if:

1. The man got married after twenty-five years, avoiding early marriage.
2. The man has prospects for career growth, and the maximum has not yet been reached.
3. He has not stopped developing, he wants to change further, and his ambitions are quite high.
4. He will take the risk of bringing something new, special, but not destroying the family into his life.
5. He realizes that a new wife or mistress will not save him from a personal crisis.

Melancholy can overcome a person even with these favorable conditions. But he will create his future, and not destroy the present. A successful exit from a crisis is characterized by a feeling of confidence, new clear goals, and responsibility for oneself and family.

Opening prospects return the excitement and joy of life to a person. Identity crisis over! The crisis of thirty years is not so typical for a woman - at this time she actively resolves her problems. Its revaluations are associated with completely different achievements. Despite equal training and education, boys and girls are almost always set up for different lives. For a girl, it was and remains one of the main tasks in life - to create a family and give birth to children. Even if a woman makes a brilliant career and postpones this process for the time being. If a woman by the age of thirty has completed her minimum program, that is, has established herself professionally, she has good husband and there is a child, then the crisis will pass her. She doesn’t have the question “What’s next?” The road is more or less clear. Feminine nature is in harmony with its social role.

The age of onset of crisis varies from 37 to 42 years - this is one of the most difficult periods in a man’s life. It is also sometimes called "forties fatal." How to survive a midlife crisis with minimal disruption? Advice from a psychologist - for men and their wives.

If the crisis of a man’s thirtieth birthday mainly affects his revaluation of his social role, concerns the choice of work path, self-determination in life, and at the same time his personal life suffers much less, then at forty this is a real disaster.

There are several reasons for this - and they are not comparable to the reasons for the identity crisis.

Firstly, this is the age of summing up. If a man considers himself successful by the age of forty, that is, his social ambitions are satisfied, then he is a winner. And the winner requires a reward and a pedestal, and thunderous applause, and admiring glances. The man is a hero! His family is fine, everything is in its place. He fulfills the role of head of the family, in his opinion, perfectly. He has hobbies, his own circle of friends, and the external attributes of success. The world simply must admire his achievements. And who inhabits this world? Did his wife, who went with him all the way through his formation, see both his “broken nose” and despair? She has long stopped praising and admiring her husband, and treats his successes as something completely natural. Sometimes he will say: “You’re great! I should also have this...” - and will calmly continue the conversation about family needs. These are not the ones" copper pipes", which male pride craves, oh, not those!

Maybe the father is admired by his children, who reached his fortieth birthday adolescence? I can already see your smile, we won’t even discuss it. Everything is clear here.

So who will appreciate the hero’s feat? Who will look at him with loving eyes, full of admiration and delight? You know this too! Young women captivated by the image of the “alpha male”. And the point here is not that the man was drawn to exchange “his old forty-year-old wife for two young twenty-year-olds.” And not that he is corrupted or corrupted. He needs success like air! But the wife is in no hurry with the laurel wreath - or appears at the wrong time and inappropriately. And there are so many enthusiastic girls around... “If not now, then when?” - the man thinks. He is haunted by the question: “What am I worth in life?” - and a person does not look for an answer from colleagues and friends, this is a passed stage. He needs the admiration of women. Now the main thing for him is the attitude towards his powerful personality.

Fears are mixed with the hunger for recognition. Forty is not twenty or thirty. The man has reached his fifth decade. It is unknown how much of a man's life is left; where is the triumph?

And here your body also tells you: youth slips away like sand through your fingers. The lungs, liver, blood vessels, stomach, heart begin to play tricks... The man suddenly realizes that old age is just around the corner, that all the best is left behind, that he will soon begin to lose strength, that nothing can be turned back, that he is getting old.

The first signs of erectile dysfunction complete the gloomy picture. Dear ladies, do not try to understand what this means for a man. The cellulite, wrinkles and other minor troubles that bother us cannot give even a shadow of an idea of ​​what a man feels! Any change at the hormonal level, anxiety, fear of impotence, decreased potency, erectile dysfunction in mid-life cause panic in men.

Impotence for a man is the end of life, the curtain. Forever.

One day we were having a philosophical conversation with a middle-aged gentleman. We talked about the meanings of life and death. And he exclaimed: “Death! It’s natural and it awaits everyone! But it’s better to die before you realize that you can’t do it anymore! That’s what’s really scary!” He was sincere.

The man becomes withdrawn and irritated. He looks at himself in the mirror: it seems like nothing, not an old man. And in my head I hear: “Soon you will become old and weak. Hurry while there is gunpowder in the flasks.” And he's in a hurry...

Desperately rushes to restore health, sometimes causing harm to himself. This makes him even more scared. And if you consider that testosterone, the hormone of aggressiveness, splashes into the blood in large volumes during stress, then you can easily imagine the situation in the home of an aging man. No one seems to care enough. And the wife, as a rule, becomes the scapegoat.

At the age of forty, a man's suffering is concentrated on his potency and intimate achievements. Self-identification suffers, because, as you and I already know, the phallus for him is a symbol of success and victory, well-being and masculine strength.

He is absolutely sure that his relationship with his wife has outlived its usefulness, his feelings have evaporated, and only duty remains. A sense of duty is what inspires a man the least in his forties. A sense of duty cannot make him happy, rather the opposite. Therefore, during a crisis, a man claims that his wife tortured him; it is she who does not give him the opportunity to breathe deeply and feel young. The marital bed grows cold. And the wife is “to blame” for this too.

A man feels that no one understands him, he is endlessly lonely, everyone needs something from him, but no one needs him. He can become sentimental, shed tears. The very fact of tears, self-pity and sentimentality become for a man a sign of intolerable unhappiness: “If I cried, then life is truly terrible.”

The following text can be printed and attached with a magnet to the refrigerator, so as not to bother your spouse with “composing” the reasons for dissatisfaction and disappointment.

• You have become unsexy and uninteresting. Like a man in a skirt.
• There is nothing to talk about with you, you have no interests except household chores and your girlfriends.
• You no longer understand me, I am completely alone in my family.
• You don’t play sports, so you look blurry and flabby.
• You are only busy with your career and rags.
• You are treating me like a consumer.
• I need freedom, and you are constantly spying on me.
• I worked all my life, now I want to live for myself.
• There are a lot of problems at home, this is how you raised your children! I was busy with work, earning money. It’s unclear what you were doing.
• You always talk to me with metal in your voice.
• I'm an idiot for putting up with all this! I have one life!
• Don't pester me with stupid questions! You still won't understand what's wrong with me.

The changes that a man craves at the age of forty already concern the foundations of his well-established life. This is an escape from a prison where a witch rules the roost. And there are so many beautiful and kind fairies around! This is the breaking of everything familiar and established, this is the thirst for a “different life”. Truly different!

Middle age is when you can still do everything you did before, but you prefer not to do it.

The male crisis of forty years is a ten-magnitude earthquake. The man is walking peddling Everything is going wrong, the thirst for freedom is off the charts. Neither work nor usual hobbies can save you. Everything is devalued. All that matters is the last car of the departing train, which you can jump into while it is moving. And the man jumps!

Yes, it is at forty that a man thirsts romantic relationships, “high feelings”, sincere acceptance of oneself, without any claims or reservations. In this respect, he is like a teenager and thinks and feels just as anxious and vague.

At the age of forty, having become more sentimental and vulnerable, a man does not just have affairs to test his sexual viability. No! He falls in love! He needs understanding and unconditional acceptance. His soul requires inspiration, as in his youth. And this can only be given by a woman who is not like his wife.

There's another one here interesting point. If a man’s testosterone level begins to decrease by the age of forty, and this is what makes him more sensitive and sentimental, then a woman, on the contrary, becomes more self-confident and stronger. And a man needs soul mate, tender and sensual. It is such a woman that becomes sexually attractive to him. And the man begins to feel that he will never return to his family. Who would voluntarily return to prison!

It is during this period that the peak of divorces occurs. If a man gets divorced and starts a new family - with a good fairy, of course - after some time he will begin to compare her with his “old wife” and try to create a copy of her.

I have encountered situations that were more similar to the theater of the absurd than to real life. From them you can see what kind of confusion occurs in a man’s head.

“We got married in our fifth year at the institute, we were both just over twenty. We grew up professionally together. Then a daughter and a son appeared one after another. My wife was more involved with the children than with her career. And all my life I worked, worked, worked... We lived together for twenty years old. My wife has become like a mother, almost like a mother. We live like close relatives. But we are still young! There is no romance, no feelings. Life has become gray. A year ago I met a woman. Everything is like when I was twenty: wings on my back. Head I understand that, probably, these new feelings will end someday too. What if they don’t? But I don’t want to leave my family either. You can’t throw twenty years out the window. I’m ashamed in front of the children, they definitely won’t understand me. How can I leave them all ? So I’m torn to pieces. I can’t see my wife! She knows everything. I’m enormously irritated. I can’t look my children in the eyes, I’m ashamed at the thought of leaving my family. I go into the forest and cry there. I’m torn to pieces. Hellish torment! And love crazy, and despair, and shame, and the impossibility of living like this anymore... All in one bottle. How can I sort all this out? Maybe everything will somehow resolve itself?"

And this person sincerely believes that he can somehow sort everything out, everything will fall into place by itself. And the wolves will be fed, and the sheep will be safe. He may even tell his wife, who has learned about his mistress: “Why are you so worried! I’m not going to marry her! I’m not leaving the family. Give me a little freedom!”

And he says this, confusing his forty with sixteen, and his wife with his mother. His wife decides that her husband has either gone crazy or lost both his mind and conscience.

In reality, the husband really needs his wife’s support and help, but does not know how to ask for it, how to explain the terrible thing that is happening to him. Because a man behaves aggressively and inexplicably, he is responded to by being judged and pushed away. The crisis will end someday, but the suffering man has no idea about it. His problem is “forever.”

How can a woman cope with a midlife crisis?

If a woman of Balzac's age increasingly begins to have sad thoughts that her youth has passed, life is heading towards sunset, and the present and future are presented in dark gray tones - one can suspect that she has begun a so-called midlife crisis.

Most often, the crisis occurs at the age of about 40 years, but it can begin at 35 and 45 years. Few manage to escape the emotional distress of this turning point. But, if you approach this event philosophically and know what to do, then you can easily survive this period of life.

Symptoms of midlife crisis in women

Panic fear of losing attractiveness The woman begins to react too sharply and painfully to the inevitable age-related changes own appearance: fine wrinkles, weight gain, etc. Periodically, she meticulously examines her face and figure in the mirror, and finds herself completely unattractive. And when young and slender 20-year-old beauties catch her eye, she’s ready to cry out of despair. More and more often, a woman is visited by bitter thoughts that no one else will ever be able to please her. Dissatisfaction with her personal life If a woman is married, she begins to feel that her husband has stopped loving her and is ready to exchange her for someone younger and more beautiful, and if she is single, she becomes depressed and stops hoping for the best. Many married women Those experiencing a midlife crisis become terribly suspicious, suspicious and touchy towards their husbands. They constantly imagine betrayal, so they try their best to find physical evidence of it and, out of nowhere, throw real jealous hysterics at their husband. At the same time, a woman may even realize that she herself is ruining her relationship with her husband, but she cannot help herself. Dissatisfaction with work and career During a midlife crisis, a woman increasingly compares her professional achievements and standard of living with what her more successful peers were able to achieve, and begins to feel like a real loser. Fear of old age and illness A woman mistakes any slightest ailment for symptoms of serious illness and is very worried that she will soon become an old, sick and useless wreck.

All of the above fears, to a greater or lesser extent, visit almost all middle-aged women. But some women can take control of their emotions and behavior, while others have trouble doing so.

Therefore, many representatives of the fair sex, unable to cope with negative emotions caused by a midlife crisis, they plunge into various behavioral extremes: they immerse themselves in work, doing it almost 24 hours a day, conflict with others, change lovers like gloves, etc.

But, going to various extremes, a woman, as a rule, not only does not feel relief, but can further aggravate her state of mind. What to do?

It is quite possible to overcome a midlife crisis, but for this you need, firstly, to pull yourself together and be patient, and secondly, to adhere to certain rules.

Develop in yourself positive thinking As soon as negative thoughts about how bad everything begins to enter her head, a woman must, through an effort of will, switch herself to positive thoughts about how wonderful everything is for her or what brilliant successes she will achieve in the future. Learn to see in any situation positive side For example, if a woman does not have a husband, this does not mean that she is lonely! This means that she will definitely meet her soulmate, and the wisdom that comes with age will help her make right choice and don't make a mistake. Taking care of your appearance Sincere self-love will help a woman survive a crisis period. By taking proper care of yourself, you can remain attractive at 40, 50, and 60 years old! After all, men aren’t getting any younger either, and most normal middle-aged men are still looking for close relationships with women their own age, not young girls! Find yourself an interesting hobby or hobby. You can, for example, take up drawing, embroidery, or join a club of interests. It has been noticed that women who have hobbies and interests other than family and work feel more fulfilled and cope with any crisis more easily. Set specific goals for yourself and develop tactics and strategies for their implementation. If a woman has a hard time with a midlife crisis and does not come out of depression for a long time, it means that something very important is missing in her life, for example, a close friend, love, romance or an interesting job. . So why not, instead of wallowing in depression, start doing something specific to attract the things you want into your life? Appreciate the good things in life In the life of almost every woman there is a lot that brings her joy, and that she is afraid of losing, for example, children, parents, friends, her beloved husband or an interesting job. A woman must learn to appreciate all this, and not take it for granted - only then can she easily survive the midlife crisis and realize that she is happy and that her life was not lived in vain!

In the fact that languages ​​exchange words with each other, there is, perhaps, not only a short-term benefit, but also a long-term, day after tomorrow, pattern. Perhaps it is through such an exchange that the future world language will begin to be born - or, as a step towards it, several world languages ​​(Slavic, Romance, English, Arabic, Indian, Chinese...).

However, perhaps some new Esperanto will become such a language - but rich, full of soul, feelings, shades. It is possible that - after long chains of centuries - it will become, as it were, the second language of all the people of the Earth, and then, perhaps, the first, the only one... It is not known whether this will happen, whether such a universal language will arise; but if it happens, it will apparently be a very painful revolution in the entire fabric of human culture, in all its flesh and blood.

This painfulness can probably be reduced only by a sharply slowed down - “evolutionary” - course of language revolutions. There is, perhaps, a limit beyond which changes become painful for a person and weigh on the nerves and souls. What exactly this limit is is unknown, but for different people it is different: more for children, less for adults, more for the healthy and strong-nerved, less for the sick and weakened...

Here, apparently, lies the heaviest psychological problem throughout the current revolutionary era: what kind of rhythm of change is harmless for a person (and therefore for society) and how the current super-rhythm is harmful. Alas, psychology has not yet even approached this difficult problem, and yet, perhaps, the entire course of progress depends on it.

Probably, language changes have their own safety threshold, and the further we step beyond it, the more painful it is for our feelings and nerves. The current changes, apparently, have crossed this threshold far; they sharply overstrain our psyche, flooding it with streams of painful sensations.

The flood of dry foreign words is only part of those linguistic changes that dry up our psyche and make it rational. The language of science, and public official speech in general - the speech of the press, radio, textbooks, and countless educational and popular science articles - have the same effect on us. Their dry speech is often devoid of feelings, full of numb, stale words, consisting of turns as long as a freight train - in them you forget the beginning, having reached the end... And even ordinary living words, falling into this airless space, become infected with its deadness and fade, become bleeding.

It’s like a degenerate language, an senile language - made of only logical meaning, almost without emotions. Let's remember about the cerebral hemispheres: the left is in charge of the abstract, logical thinking, right - figurative, sensual. The speech of science and public speech is, as it were, “left-hemisphere speech,” but cut off from the right hemisphere and therefore herbarium-dried.

In this speech, Russian words often lose the joyful energy of life, become ossified, and become dull and heavy. The scientific and publicly official word is, as it were, foreign word for our psychology, for our feelings. This is a machine, unemotional word, and it creates the same ripples in our subconscious discomfort what dry foreign words give birth to.

Chronic strings of such unpleasant sensations have been drizzling on our brain for decades, attacking it with their gray rains from morning to night - and silently, from an unexpected direction, they shake people’s nerves and undermine their spirit.

In times of scientific and technological revolution, science invades the atmosphere of everyday life hundreds of times more. And in the same way, its logical dryness invades everyday language, floods the “word sphere” of everyday life. The Russian language, as it were, begins to become foreign to us, alienated from our souls and feelings. Perhaps science today also poisons the language - and through it human feelings, souls, just as the current scientific and technical base of humanity poisons nature.

The linguistic atmosphere in which we live permeates all everyday life; school, work, meetings, radio, newspapers, TV - from morning to evening, almost this entire layer of the “sound sphere” is clogged with truncated, dried-out emotionality. A machine, unemotional attitude towards the word permeates people’s feelings and their psyche more and more deeply. Today, in my opinion, this is one of the general impoverishers of our souls.

Unfortunately, we do not see this because we do not see the psychological role of language - its second universal role. We understand language flatly - only as a tool of communication, a transmitter of information, a kind of huge Morse code. We do not know that language is the builder of human souls, and such an attitude towards it is a common part of the entire current pre-psychological attitude towards the world.

Our modern consciousness believes that people's lives are governed by economic, social and political interests, the laws of the base and superstructure. But how the laws of human nature rule us, how they are intertwined with socio-economic laws, how they share power with them - modern consciousness does not see all this.

In times of pre-rationalistic consciousness (in ancient india, China, Greece, in Europe of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, in Western and Central Asia) philosophy constantly tried to comprehend how human nature rules his life. Religious thinkers and idealistic philosophers of all centuries and peoples tried to understand this (albeit mythologically).

Unfortunately, the basis of our current worldview is narrow - it does not absorb many of the peak achievements of world thought. But Marxism arose as a reworking of the three great peaks of European thought - German idealist philosophy, English bourgeois political economy and French utopian socialism. Alas, we still do not understand the elementary truth: our philosophy can become smarter than other philosophies only if it absorbs their mind - it becomes a fusion of all the peaks of human thought.

The current consciousness is like a periscope, in which there are lenses of economic, social and political vision, but no - or almost no - lenses of psychological vision. That is why, looking for the laws of life, we see only part of such laws, we comprehend life with half an eye. And until we build psychological lenses into the periscope of our consciousness, until we merge their rays with social ones, we will see life half-blindly.

How does language, the builder of the human soul, affect people?

Every word that enters the soul of a baby becomes, as it were, a microcell of his soul, a psychological cell of his psyche. The word (the bundle of its meaning and feeling) is, as it were, the very psychological substance from which the fabric of the human soul is created.

Word by word, language implants in a person clots of human understanding of life - all the scatterings of human feelings, the entire cosmos of human thoughts. Language is one of the main parents of the human soul; Another such parent is a person’s occupation, his lifestyle. Together, together, these sculptors of the soul give birth to its myriads of elusive incorporeal cells. And until the very grave, language - together with the way of life - adjusts and rebuilds our psyche, heals or cripples the subconscious and consciousness.

We create language, and language creates us in its own image and likeness. From morning to night, modern public language irradiates us with particles of its spirit - machine lifelessness, dead soullessness. Language, a tool of communication, is increasingly becoming a tool for dehumanizing a person, increasingly turning him into a rational, machine-like biorobot.

That is why the crisis of language is today one of the main manifestations of the general crisis of humanity, another global problem, which intensifies this general crisis.

“The explosion of contacts” and human personality.

“Explosion of Change” is the child of NTR, and psychological impact science (especially through language) is upon us - two new levers of life that make a person rational and impoverish his feelings. How does the “explosion of contacts” that modern city life brings with it affect people?

English sociologists have calculated that the average city dweller now has from five hundred to two thousand acquaintances. This could broaden people's horizons and deepen their communication with each other. But the “explosion of contacts” reduces the majority of such contacts and deprives them of depth. And volatile - every day - contacts with thousands of people - on the streets, in shops, on transport - sharply overstrain the nerves, intensify the flow of painful emotions.

The “explosion of information,” city noise, polluted air, and separation from nature also overload the nerves.

American doctors have found that city noise robs people of health, sharply accelerates aging and reduces life by ten years. human life. Japanese scientists have found that in nature, in the forest, a person’s strength, nervous and physical, is restored 60 percent faster, stamina and concentration increase. This means that the mere separation from nature, without other shortcomings of the modern city, worsens the entire functioning of the nerves by the same amount - more than half.

And in response to the attacks of the city, the human psyche creates another defense shield: the brain begins to develop sets of emotional patterns, standards - the same responses to different people, different life signals. This also saves us nervous energy, because less energy is always spent on habitual responses.

Apparently, people are now becoming confused about many aspects of their nervous life, and this saves our nervous energy from being overused. But we pay dearly for such salvation: our feelings become depersonalized and lose their personal identity. Such depersonalization of feelings- the second (after the impoverishment and rationalization of feelings) major change in the psychology of modern man.

In the current flood of contacts, there are few deep contacts - heartfelt, spiritual, personal. Even in a family, close people communicate less and less with each other, and more and more with the TV, radio, newspaper - like that theatergoer who is not drawn to her loved ones.

Citizens now have too many, firstly, “mass” contacts (with entertainment and information levers of society), and, secondly, “role-based” contacts (in the role of an employee, buyer, passenger) - semi-personal or completely impersonal.

Cities are growing rapidly now, and if we do not stop their growth, they will grow even faster. At the end of the last century, 15 percent of the population lived in the cities of our country, now two thirds live, and by the end of the century, three quarters will obviously live. Giant cities and millionaires are growing especially dangerously: the disadvantages of city life in them are sharply amplified - as if in proportion to the square, or even the cube, of the population.

Impersonal contacts sharply harm all personal connections, undermine the foundations of the family, which stands on just such connections - deep, heartfelt, involving the whole person. An excess of “mass” connections, as it were, shakes the family molecules, splits them into atoms that have little attraction to each other.

Massive, typical contacts do not involve the whole person, but only a part of the person: either the outer layers of our psyche, or some of its “parts” - curiosity, memory, knowledge, interests - operate in them... They almost do not affect the depth of humanity souls, and this erodes the deep cordiality of personal connections, making them superficial and monotonous.

Psychologists have found that conversations among loved ones often follow the path of external information, everyday trifles, and current news. Such conversations do not require tension in the soul, they do not touch the depths of a person - and his living personality, feeling and thinking, again moves back.

Egoism gradually develops in us (in 4 stages) and the animal stage gives rise to the spiritual. That is why the whole world today is in a state of economic crisis. Why economic? What does all this have to do with economics? But the fact is that this is exactly the one" language", which we all understand. But what is it really? - Lack of light.

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Watkins, head of the team that prepared the UNESCO World Monitoring Report on Education for All. " A crisis in North Africa and the education system are very interconnected. Countries have highly educated people who don't have... fringe elements in society,” Watkins told reporters at UNESCO headquarters in Paris. He believes that the a crisis The education system has become "one of the main catalysts of unrest in these countries." “The system is poorly managed, underfunded...

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The language sounds
It's different for us
There is a sound of love
And revelations

There's a sound of sadness
Anger without beauty
What doesn't give us
The joys of decrees

The finer the sound
lives in your mouth
The softer and more tender -
Lily colors

The more joyful
Your Soul sings
That...

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Which the examiner will ask you to answer - a crisis: * have you formed a correct idea of ​​yourself, do you accept yourself for who you really are? * do you understand that aging is inevitable? * do you find common language with your beloved woman... life? * is life interesting for you? * are you getting value from your work? Don't be afraid of old age to the crisis middle age is also characterized by fear of old age. She seems scary, helpless, wrinkled and senseless... You can do as much as you like...

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Remedy - What to do - One criterion, one topic - Desired result - Natural support Implementation of the plan - Uniting altruistic forces - Joining all humanity A crisis Obviousness crisis Global a crisis, covering all of humanity, is obvious: depression, drugs, family breakdown, terror, uncontrollability of social systems, danger of using nuclear weapons, environmental impacts, etc. According to...

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At this moment we overestimate our own achievements. In psychology, such points of the most acute perception of oneself are called age crises. A crisis(ancient Greek ΚρЇσις) - a decision, a turning point, a revolution, a time of transition, a turning point, a state in which... to bend, bend, move the hand closer to the back of the head and much more. Teenage a crisis 12 – 15 years A crisis adolescence is more protracted and acute. During this period, there is a separation from the family, a revaluation...

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Crises Ukraine cannot be surprised. A crisis authorities and a crisis trust in her a crisis education and a crisis education, a crisis family relations And a crisis fathers and sons, a crisis in ecology and a crisis economic - these and many others crises have long become integral elements of our Everyday life. Like streams, now weakening, now gaining strength, these private crises... this is exactly what we are seeing today in Ukraine. A crisis, which began in the American financial system, almost instantly...

CRISIS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE. Who is to blame or what to do?

The fact that our great and mighty Russian language is not experiencing better times, they have been saying for a long time. School teachers and philological professors are sounding the alarm, writers and publicists are worried, and everyone for whom native language– something more than a “second signaling system”.

The alarm is well founded: Russian speech is rapidly changing, and not in better side. Here is the dominance of profanity - not only in colloquial speech, but also in fiction, and the thieves' "Fenya" that penetrates all layers of society - from shoemakers to deputies, and the illiterate clerk, perceived by many as language norm, and a lot of unjustified English borrowings, and, finally, the “padonkaffian” jargon that recently appeared among Internet users, the essence of which is a deliberate distortion of the norms of spelling and pronunciation (preved, bear, crosavcheg).
Until now, we have traditionally struggled with borrowing, although completely unsuccessfully. Borrowing is a rather objective process, and it cannot be canceled so easily. And it’s also worth thinking about the fact that the most “pure” language in Europe from borrowings is Hungarian, followed by Icelandic, but something is not very noticeable for these peoples to stand out sharply from the rest with their virtues... And amid the noise of this struggle, the Russians people began to speak extremely tongue-tied, and it’s not a matter of vocabulary. There is a well-known saying: “you can’t put two words together.” And when a great people hardly utters any meaningful phrases, linking them with endless, this, that, kind of, as it were, or even meaningless abuse - this is worse than any user.
But language is not only a means of everyday communication, it is the circulatory system of culture. And if the language is bad, the culture will be bad too.
But this formulation of the question is too general, but what happens at the private level? Is there any connection between a person’s characteristic language and his views, his behavior? Does language determine the way we think? Does the worldview of a person for whom swearing or Internet slang have become the norm narrow?
You won’t be able to answer quickly, but, of course, the level of language proficiency is related to the level of thinking.
And since such a correlation exists, the question naturally arises: what to do? For us, Orthodox Christians, the idea is quite obvious that the Church could help society here. But how? Is it just a prayer for all citizens of Russia, so that they stop littering their speech, read more, expand their lexicon? Or is there something else?
There is a rich church culture that has developed over centuries, including the culture of language - primarily, of course, Church Slavonic, but many texts have been written (or translated into) in literary Russian - theological, pastoral, polemical, artistic, and finally.
Unfortunately, this entire huge cultural layer for the most part remains within the church environment, and it is not even known to all Orthodox people.
But can the Church go out into the external world? language environment, to reveal your cultural riches to people with little church or completely unchurched people? Can it somehow influence the state of the modern Russian language? And what are the mechanisms of such influence? Here we should not forget that the Church must also develop the language it uses, because language changes uncontrollably, and offering for study and imitation even the most outstanding texts written a hundred years ago means dooming itself to failure.
Only one thing is clear - the Church cannot stand aside, if only because Orthodox Christians are not in parallel world live, but in the same place as everyone else. They breathe the same air, ride on the same buses, speak the same language... which means that all the diseases of the Russian language are reflected in believers, in their spiritual life. Anyone whose ear and eye are accustomed to “previous” will have great difficulty understanding the works of the Holy Fathers. Anyone for whom criminal jargon is natural can perceive intra-church life in the format of such jargon. In other words, the problems of language are also the problems of the Church. And something needs to be done. And what?
There are many more questions here than answers. Even professional philologists do not know how to save the Russian language (and whether it needs to be saved at all). They do not have a unified opinion. Some believe that the patient is more likely alive than dead, and everything will somehow work itself out - after all, our language has experienced everything: and Tatar-Mongol yoke, and German influence, and French, and the much more terrible Soviet “newspeak”. Others believe that it has never been as bad as it is now, that the language is on the verge of complete destruction, splitting into dozens (if not hundreds) of primitive dialects.
In the same way, there is no consensus in the church environment. We do not have specific recipes for how to cure the Russian language with the help of Orthodox culture. There are no generally valid answers. But this is not a reason to give up. The answers will appear, apparently, only when we start doing something. ■

Editorial