Wooden floors (Fig. 1) in most cases consist of load-bearing beams, floor, inter-beam filling and finishing layer of the ceiling. Sound or heat insulation is provided by the flooring, which is called a ramp.
Beams are most often wooden beams rectangular section. For rolling, it is advisable to use wooden boards. In order to save wood, plank beads can be replaced with beads made of ribbed or hollow gypsum or lightweight concrete blocks. Such elements are somewhat heavier than wooden planks, but they are non-flammable and do not rot.
To provide better sound insulation from the air transfer of sound along the roll, a clay-sand lubricant 20-30 mm thick is made, on top of which slag or dry calcined sand 6-8 cm thick is poured. A backfill made of porous material absorbs part of the sound waves.
The wooden floor structure includes a flooring made of planed tongue-and-groove boards, nailed to the joists, plates or boards, which are laid across the beams at intervals of 500-700 mm.
Wooden floor beams
Load-bearing elements beam floors are wooden beams of rectangular section with a height of 140-240 mm and a thickness of 50-160 mm, laid at intervals of 0.6; 0.8; 1 m. The cross-section of wooden floor beams depends on the load, the hemming (rolling) with backfill, and the plank floor laid over the joists as directly over the joists (Table 1.).
Table 1. Minimum cross-section of rectangular wooden floor beams
| Width span, m |
Distance between beams, m | ||||||
| 0,5 | 1 | ||||||
| 1,5 (150) | 2,5 (250) | 3,5 (350) | 4,5 (450) | 1,5 (150) | 2,5 (250) | 3,5 (350) | |
| 2,0 | 5 x 8 | 5 x 10 | 5 x 11 | 5 x 12 (10 x 10) |
10 x 10 | 10 x 10 | 10 x 11 |
| 2,5 | 5 x 10 | 5 x 12 (10 x 10) |
5 x 13 (10 x 11) |
5 x 15 (10 x 12) |
10 x 10 | 10 x 12 | 10 x 13 |
| 3,0 | 5 x 12 (10 x 10) |
5 x 14 (10 x 11) |
5 x 16 (10 x 13) |
5 x 18 (10 x 14) |
10 x 12 | 10 x 14 | 10 x 15 |
| 3,5 | 5 x 14 (10 x 11) |
5 x 16 (10 x 13) |
5 x 18 (10 x 15) |
10 x 16 | 10 x 14 | 10 x 16 | 10 x 18 (15 x 16) |
| 4,0 | 5 x 16 (10 x 13) |
5 x 18 (10 x 15) |
10 x 17 (15 x 15) |
10 x 18 (15 x 16) |
10 x 16 | 10 x 19 | 10 x 21 (15 x 19) |
| 4,5 | 5 x 18 (10 x 14) |
10 x 17 (15 x 15) |
10 x 19 (15 x 17) |
10 x 20 (15 x 18) |
10 x 18 | 10 x 21 | 10 x 23 (15 x 21) |
| 5,0 | 10 x 16 | 10 x 19 (15 x 16) |
10 x 21 (15 x 18) |
10 x 23 (15 x 20) |
10 x 20 | 10 x 23 | 10 x 26 (15 x 23) |
The use of hardwood as floor beams is not permissible, as they do not bend well. Therefore, coniferous wood, cleared of bark and antiseptic, is used as a material for the manufacture of wooden floor beams. Most often, the ends of the beams are inserted into sockets specially left for this purpose in brick walls ah directly during the laying process ( rice. 2 a. or rice 2 b.), or are cut into the upper crown of log, cobblestone and frame-panel walls.
The length of the supporting ends of the beam must be at least 15 cm. The beams are laid using the “beacon” method - first the outer beams are installed, and then the intermediate ones. The correct position of the outer beams is checked with a level or spirit level, and the intermediate beams with a lath and a template. The beams are leveled by placing tarred scraps of boards of different thicknesses under their ends. It is not recommended to place wood chips or trim the ends of beams.
Wooden floor beams are usually laid along a short section of the span, as parallel to each other as possible and with the same distance between them. The ends of the beams resting on the outer walls are cut obliquely at an angle of 60 degrees, antiseptic, burned or wrapped in two layers of roofing felt or roofing felt. When embedding wooden beams into nests of brick walls, we recommend treating the ends of the beams with bitumen and drying them to reduce the likelihood of rotting from moisture. The ends of the beams must be left open. When sealing wooden floor beams, spatial niches are filled around the beam with effective insulation (mineral wool, polystyrene foam). When the brick walls are up to 2 bricks thick, the gaps between the ends of the beams and the brick wall are filled with cement mortar. It is also possible to insulate the ends of the beams wooden boxes, after tarring them. In thick walls (2.5 bricks or more), the ends of the beams are not covered, leaving ventilation holes. This protects the ends of the beams from moisture condensation. The diffusion of moisture in a wooden beam is shown in Fig. 3.
When supporting beams on interior walls two layers of roofing felt or roofing felt are placed under their ends.
Every third beam embedded in the outer wall is secured with an anchor. Anchors are attached to the beams from the sides or bottom and embedded in the brickwork.
If there is no timber of a suitable cross-section, you can use boards knocked together and placed on edge, and the total cross-section, compared to the whole beam, should not decrease.
In addition, instead of block beams, you can use logs of the appropriate diameter, hewn on three sides, which is more economical ( round wood much cheaper than lumber), but in this case the logs must be kept in a dry room for at least one year, like a log house.
To enhance bearing capacity floors, a cross pattern of installation of power beams can be used. When using this scheme, the ceiling rests on all the walls of the building along the contour. The intersection nodes of the beams are tightened with clamps or twisted wire. The cross floor scheme is used extremely rarely, since it is much easier to reduce the pitch of the load-bearing beams and make an ordinary floor, but the production of a cross floor requires less lumber than a traditional one, with the same load-bearing capacity of the floors.
Structural differences in floors are observed when they are insulated (Fig. 1.). The interfloor ceiling is not insulated, the attic floor (with a cold attic) is insulated with the installation of a lower vapor barrier layer, and the basement floor is insulated with the installation of an upper vapor barrier layer.
Roll up
The next stage in the construction of floors is the rolling flooring. To attach it to the beams, cranial bars with a cross-section of 5 x 5 cm are nailed, directly onto which the boards are laid. (Figure 4.)
The knurling plates are tightly fitted to each other, eliminating all the gaps between the individual boards. Strive to ensure that the bottom surface of the knurl is in the same plane as the floor beams. To do this, you need to select a quarter (rebate) in the knurling boards. To build a ramp, it is not necessary to use full-fledged boards; they can be replaced with a slab. A lining of boards 20-25 mm thick is secured with nails driven in at an angle. As we have already noted, instead of rolling boards, you can use fiberboard, gypsum slag and others easily concrete plates, which increases the fire resistance of the floors. The laid bevel is covered with a layer of roofing felt or roofing felt and insulation is filled in or laid: as in the walls, mineral wool, sawdust, and slag can be used here. When insulating floors bulk insulation materials are not compacted, but are backfilled to the height of the beams. The type of insulation and its thickness are determined from the calculated outside air temperature, using the data in Table 2.
Table 2. The thickness of the attic floor filling depending on the outside temperature
| Material | Volumetric weight, kg/m³ | Backfill thickness (mm) at outside air temperature, °C |
||
| -15 | -20 | -25 | ||
| Wood sawdust | 250 | 50 | 50 | 60 |
| Wood shavings | 300 | 60 | 70 | 80 |
| Agloporite | 800 | 100 | 120 | 140 |
| Boiler slag | 1000 | 130 | 160 | 190 |
Lastly, the upper edge of the beams is covered with roofing felt or roofing felt, and logs are placed on top. Note that lags are not mandatory element ceilings Laying lags is economically justified if the beams have a sparse arrangement.
We also draw your attention to which floor elements will be superfluous when constructing basement and attic floors:
- there is no lining in the basement floor
- there are no joists or clean floor in the attic floor
The basement floor can be designed in such a way that the bevel and insulation will be superfluous (of course, without compromising performance), however, in this case, roofing felt laying will be required over the entire floor area, and the backfill will be gravel or compacted crushed stone (Fig. 5.)
Chimney (chimney) device
At points of contact wooden floors with smoke channels they arrange cutting (Fig. 6.)
The distance from the edge of the smoke duct to the nearest wooden structure is taken to be at least 380 mm. Floor openings where chimneys pass through are sheathed with fireproof materials. In areas of overlap in chimneys, cutting is done - thickening the walls of the pipe. Within the cutting, the thickness of the walls of the chimney increases to 1 brick, that is, up to 25 cm. But even in this case, the floor beams should not touch the brickwork of the chimney and be at least 35 cm from the hot surface. This distance can be reduced to 30 cm by laying between the groove and the beam soaked in clay solution felt or asbestos cardboard 3 mm thick. The end of the shortened beam, located opposite the groove, is supported by a crossbar suspended on clamps (Fig. 7.) to two adjacent beams.
Economical covering
A floor consisting of wooden panels with one-sided and double-sided cladding, which together with the panel frame absorbs vertical loads, is considered economical. The sheathing can perform a load-bearing function only if it is firmly connected to the edges of the board frame boards. The ribs and sheathing firmly connected to each other have a high load-bearing capacity.
Chipboard and construction plywood performed well as cladding. Boards are also suitable for this, but they, however, due to the large number of equally oriented seams, do not contribute to increasing the load-bearing capacity of the floor.
Gypsum fiber or plasterboard boards cannot be considered as additional load-bearing elements. Not able to bear the load and such sheet materials, like cement particle boards and joiner boards. In addition, they are much more expensive than chipboard and plywood. In Fig. 8 shows several options for the installation of floors.
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Rice. 8. . |
Methods for calculating wooden floors
Previously, master builders determined the load-bearing capacity of floors based on their experience. This often failed them, especially when constructing buildings with complex configurations, which led to the collapse of buildings.
Nowadays, computer technology has come to the aid of builders, providing, together with advances in the field of materials science, high accuracy calculation. In Fig. 9, as an example, gives the results of calculating the floors shown in Fig. 8 .
It can be seen that despite the smaller thickness of the beams in the frame (almost 40%), the panels can cover approximately the same spans as wooden beams. The maximum permissible room width and span width in our case is about 6 m.
For one- and two-span structures, if the design values are exceeded, additional supports are required under the ceiling, which significantly increases the cost of the structure.
For a single-span floor, where the panels rest on supports only with the ends of the stiffening ribs, the width of the span, which is slightly larger than the clear width of the room, should not exceed approximately 5 m. For a two-span floor, the permissible width of the span and, accordingly, the room increases to 6 m.
In many projects proposed various companies, the depth of the house is determined by the two-span ceiling. The width between the longitudinal walls of the house usually ranges from 9... 12 m, and in the middle they place load-bearing wall. When calculating floor structures, their own weight is determined first of all. In the version shown in Fig. 9 , it is taken equal to 100 kg/sq.m., as most often happens. Additional load (weight of the inhabitants of the house and interior furnishings) taken equal to 275 kg/sq.m.. Light partitions installed on the ceiling without any static calculations are also taken into account. Such a load could be created, for example, in a situation where on a floor area of 20 sq.m. accommodate 73 people at a time. On this simple example it is clear that the regulatory indicators are focused on the unconditional safety of the inhabitants of the house. When calculating wooden structures usually provide a triple safety margin, eliminating the likelihood of their collapse. In other words, in a room with a total area of 20 sq.m., that is, dimensions 5.90 x 3.40 m (see the permissible width of the floor span indicated in Fig. 9), 220 people could be accommodated, which, of course, simply unrealistic. However, this example suggests that the calculated load-bearing capacity of the floor is so high that on this floor you can safely install a fireplace, shelves, a tiled stove, a bed with a water mattress, an aquarium and much more.
Limitation of deflection under standard load
However, even under standard load, the floor sag, which can be felt even when walking on it. To avoid these unpleasant sensations, deflection of the ceiling should be no more than 1/300. This means that with a span width of 6 m, the ceiling can sag under standard load (even if it occurs only in exceptional cases) no more than 2 cm.
The ceiling, naturally, can bear a load no more than that allowed by loaded walls, lintels and supports. In this regard, a developer who does not have the appropriate special knowledge and who intends to place heavy structures or objects on the ceiling should seek advice from a specialist in static calculations of the stability of building structures.
The ceiling gives the building additional rigidity. Wind loads acting on the building through the roof, gables and external walls are transmitted through the ceiling to the entire building structure. To compensate for these loads, the upper cladding of the floor is strengthened. When laying individual floor beams, sheathing slabs (usually made of chipboard) are placed with mutually offset seams and attached to the beams. Using ready-made elements floors, which is common in the construction of prefabricated houses, they are firmly connected to each other, and at the edges - to the load-bearing support (walls, partitions).
If the size of the building on any of the facades exceeds 12.5 m, additional load-bearing partitions, giving it the required rigidity. These walls must again be connected to the ceiling.
In contrast to the thermal insulation of the interfloor ceiling, which is of secondary importance, its sound insulation is given Special attention. Structures with good strength, unfortunately, do not always meet the requirements for noise protection. Designers working in the field of prefabricated housing construction have to solve a controversial problem: creating statically reliable connections on the one hand, and on the other - and at the same time “soft” disconnected structures that provide optimal sound insulation.
Beams rolled up and filled with expanded clay or slag (Fig. 10 a, b) no longer meet the requirements either from the point of view of work technology or in terms of sound insulation and a number of other problems.
The new standards were forced to include requirements to improve protection against impact noise, even to the detriment of the load-bearing capacity of structures. To jointly solve the problem of sound insulation, experts from the field of construction of prefabricated houses and the production of gypsum and insulating boards sat down at one table. As a result, new designs were created, which were soon included in the standards (Fig. 11).
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Rice. eleven. Options for floors according to current standards with weakening air noise up to 52...65 dB and drums - up to 7...17 dB: 1 - tongue-and-groove chipboards; 2 - wooden beams; 3 - plasterboards; 4 - fiber insulating board; 5 - fibrous insulating mat or board; 6 - dry sand; 7 - slatted sheathing, in which the distance between the slats along the axes is 400 mm and fastened with spring brackets; 7a - wood boards; 8 - connections with screws or glue; 9 - sound-absorbing floor covering; 10 - logs with a section of 40x60 mm; 11 - plasterboard boards with a thickness of 12 - 18 mm or chipboard with a thickness of 10...16 mm; 12 - concrete slabs laid on cold bitumen; 13 - sheathing made of tongue-and-groove boards. |
For the first time, the conversation turned to the use of so-called spring brackets, separating the beams and the lower cladding of the floor. (Fig. 12)
Practice has shown that this innovation has led to a reduction in noise levels by approximately 14 dB - a result that deserves attention. To improve sound insulation, weighting agents, for example, sand, concrete slabs, must be placed inside the ceilings of this design. various forms and other materials that reduce the transmission of high-frequency sounds.
The disadvantages of filling with sand are the likelihood of it spilling through seams and holes into the rooms below. But this can be prevented, for example, by laying film or special mats. These mats consist of two films welded together, with sand between them.
Instead of sand, you can also use slabs based on a cement binder. The disadvantage of these solutions is that such fillers are heavy, which requires stronger beams to the detriment of the efficiency of structures.
Make a floor with open (that is, not sheathed underneath) wooden beams that would provide reliable protection from noise is hardly possible today. Unfortunately, new scientific studies have not yielded positive results. So the question of the perfection of noise-protecting structures is awaiting its solution.
Climate protection
Wooden structures are specially protected from climatic influences outer wall, flat roof, there is no need to cover the attic (technical) floor or attic with sloping walls if the roof is in good working order. Wood protection interfloor covering important only in “wet” rooms (as a rule, in the shower area, bathrooms, laundries and baths). The ceiling does not need ventilation at all, so it should not be taken into account.
For all non-ventilated floor structures presented in the article, including open beams, wood protection is quite sufficient paint and varnish coatings or other finishing. Special chemicals not needed here.
Fire protection for floors
Standards impose special requirements on building materials and structures fire protection. All materials are divided into flammable and non-flammable. Structures made from materials with different properties are distinguished between those that can hold fire for some time (semi-fire-resistant) and those that completely prevent the spread of fire (fire-resistant). These characteristics are recorded in building codes.
IN housing construction, in particular, in buildings where the floor of the upper floor is located more than 7 m from ground level, the interfloor structures must have at least fire-retardant properties (the duration of fire resistance is at least 30 minutes in experimental conditions). For the manufacture of wooden structures, it is allowed to use solid wood and other wood materials normal sizes and density. However, in public buildings The wood is treated with solutions that make it fire resistant. Naturally, they can also be used non-flammable materials, in particular, gypsum fiber and gypsum boards.
Typical examples of floors made of wooden panels with fire insulation are shown in Fig. 12.
When designing floors on open wooden beams(Fig. 13) it is also necessary to take into account the fact that these beams are exposed to fire not only from below, but also from the sides.
When determining the durability parameters of structures made of solid wood (for example, coniferous), its burnout rate is taken to be 0.8 mm/min.
When calculating floors using open wooden beams 24 cm high with a span width of 5.80 or 5.85 m, the width of the beams is increased to 120 mm or more, so taking into account fire resistance, they must be chosen with a cross section of 11x24 cm.
Based on the above, we can conclude that with regard to the reliability of sound insulation and fire safety There are still a lot of questions regarding floors, and in the coming years they will have to be resolved through the joint efforts of scientists, designers, and manufacturers. building materials, designers and builders.
Increasing the load-bearing capacity of floor beams
The load-bearing capacity of floor beams can be increased if necessary. Increase cross section beams by attaching overlays made of thick boards to them, the ends of which, like the beams, should lie on supports - one of the most common ways to solve this problem.
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Rice. 14. . |
You can also use U-shaped steel channels, attaching them to the side of the beam with bolts. The advantage of this method is that the floor beams will only need to be opened (“exposed”) for fastening on only one side.
But perhaps the simplest, but requiring serious labor costs, would be to strengthen the floor by laying additional beams (between existing ones) spanning the span from support to support.
In most old houses, the cross-section of the floor beams is sufficient (and even with a margin) and they are laid in small increments, which indicates good construction.
The condition of the beams and ceilings must be checked in any case. Beams damaged by pests and moisture, and therefore weakened, should be strengthened.
With prolonged exposure to moisture due to leaks in the overhang area, damage to the ends of the beams on the supports is possible. In this case, it is better to remove the damaged part of the beam to healthy wood, and strengthen and lengthen the remaining part with overlays made of sufficiently thick boards that provide the required strength.
The clean floor and the filing are elements of the interfloor covering, but belong to the category finishing works. Therefore, we will talk about them in the next article.
It is quite possible to build wooden floors in a house with your own hands. This design is considered one of traditional options. Such floors are installed during the construction of residential buildings from almost any materials: brick, foam concrete, expanded clay blocks, and, of course, they will be relevant in wooden house. How to make them yourself? A detailed answer to this question can be found in this article. Installation, insulation, sound and vapor insulation: we will consider the most important aspects work.
Interfloor, as well as attic wooden floors in the house, made of wood, in their own way design features there is practically no difference. They consist of wooden beams, as well as inter-beam filling, which is a roll made of panels or wood. Wooden beams are load-bearing structures, which are usually made from coniferous species tree. These could be, for example, hewn logs, boards or beams.
Step 1. Determine the dimensions of the materials used and the main distances
The cross-section of the beams is determined depending on the length, as well as the load that will fall on them. Approximately, the ratio will be as follows: the height is 1/24 of the length, and the width is approximately half the height.
As for the distance between the beams (or, as they say, the size of the laying step) - it is determined based on data on the cross-section of the material, as well as the length of the span. For convenience, this distance can be determined from the corresponding table.
Step 2. Do-it-yourself installation of beams
Once you have decided on all the sizes and distances, it is time to install the beams. In order to use thinner and shorter beams, load-bearing partitions should also be installed. This is also necessary in order to minimize the total thickness of the floor made of wood.
The ends of the beams are cut obliquely, then it is necessary to carry out their antiseptic treatment, use special compounds, which will protect the tree from a wide variety of damage for a long time. Then the beams must be wrapped in waterproofing material - in two layers and, finally, embedded in the partitions and external walls of the residential building. What should be the depth of embedding of beams? According to the standard, at least 180 centimeters. At the same time, the length of the supporting part will be about 150 centimeters, and the width of the gap between the wall and the end of the beam will be about 3 centimeters. When creating a support for beams on internal walls, it is necessary to place two layers of roofing material or other materials under them waterproofing materials. When arranging a wooden floor, the ends of the beams must be left open; they cannot be covered with bitumen or roofing felt, since they must “breathe”.
On the sides of the beams, “skull” bars are stuffed, the cross-section of which is 4x4 cm or 5x5 cm.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=1&v=F6cn3B0ehos
Step 3. Rewind device
1 – Wall; 2 – Waterproofing; 3 – Beam; 4 - Polyurethane foam; 5 – Insulation; 6 – Anchor; 7.8 – Roll up; 9 – Skull block. The rolling of wooden floors is arranged either from an ordinary board, or from two boards (boards) knocked together perpendicularly next to each other. When starting the reeling device, you should pay attention to the fact that the bottom of the reeling is located in the same plane with the bottom surface of the beams. The only exception may be the case when you decide to make an antique style, and the beams in your house turn out to be somewhat protruding. Do not forget that any wooden elements that you use in the construction of your home must be carefully treated with antiseptic compounds. Next, the roll should be covered with waterproofing material, for example, roofing felt. It is constructed in such a way that the waterproofing covers the beam to half its height. Then insulation is performed: a layer of thermal insulation - expanded clay, polystyrene foam, stone wool and other materials are laid on waterproofing.
Step 4. Insulation
1 – Beam; 2 – Skull block; 3 – Rolling with filing; 4 – Vapor barrier; 5 – Insulation The quality of the insulation affects not only the level of heat loss in the building, but also how long it will last. rafter system, as well as on the durability of the roof covering. Good thermal insulation should also be combined with good ventilation of the space in the attic of a residential building.
Most often, insulation of interfloor wooden floors in a house is carried out using slabs from mineral wool. The material is usually laid between beams or on the ceiling. The material used for insulation is laid on plastic film or other vapor barrier materials(for example, for Polycraft material). For those materials that have a foil side, this side should be at the bottom. Next, the space between the beams is filled with thermal insulation. When doing insulation with your own hands, in order to prevent heat loss through the so-called “cold bridges”, you also install an additional layer of heat-insulating material, which is placed on top of the beams.
Step 5. Sound insulation, do-it-yourself ceiling lining, working with chimneys
After the beading has been installed and insulation has been completed (the material is placed on the beams), the next stage begins - installing the ceiling lining. You can make a lining, for example, from plasterboard boards of standard thickness (9.5 mm). Installing such slabs with your own hands is easy and quick, and the surface will be smooth. If you want to arrange mansard roof in your house with your own hands, a floor made of boards will be nailed to the beams. In this case, along with thermal insulation, it is important to provide high-quality, sufficient sound insulation. To do this, special materials that create a soundproofing layer are laid under the floor boards. Additional protection from extraneous sounds and noise will also be provided by a good layer of insulation.
In those places where the chimneys pass, corresponding holes will need to be left in the wooden ceiling: they will be framed with additional shorter beams. These beams will rest on each other using special clamps. When planning a device of this design, keep in mind: the distance from the unprotected outer surface of the chimney to the beam must be at least 40 centimeters. You can carry out special measures - arrange a “sandbox”, thermal insulation or asbestos lining at the intersection with the ceiling - then this distance can be reduced to 10-20 cm.
As you can see, it is quite possible to construct wooden floors with your own hands in country house, their insulation, sound insulation and others related work. The main thing is to follow all the specified rules and use only high-quality materials in your work.
D Wooden coverings and ceilings have a thousand-year history and continue to be in demand to this day due to their practicality, reliability and environmental qualities.
The load-bearing elements of these floors are rectangular or round shape, laid at certain intervals. The space between them is filled (sewn up) with boards, filled with insulation, we will look at how to make a ceiling using beams in more detail later, first you need to go through a little theory. This design is capable of covering rooms up to six meters if the beams are solid. Beams made of laminated wood can span spans of ten meters or more.
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Types of ceilings on beams
A floor with an attic on one side is called an attic. A house with several floors will require floors between floors.
Attic floors do not require floors; dry screeds, even just walking boards, will suffice.
Interfloor ceilings require the presence of warm rooms both above and below. They do not need insulation, but they do require sound insulation.
Of the structural solutions for floors, there are three main ones:
- Floor supported on the top edge of the beams.
- Floor supported on the bottom edge of the beams.
- Separate-load-bearing floors (with separated beams).
But before studying their structure and installation, let’s select required material. Selecting wood, especially for beams, is the most important step. Do not waste time, effort and money on it.
Materials for ceilings on beams
We choose wood for beams that is well-dried with even fibers and corresponds to the first quality category.
Pine is suitable for covering beams, but if there are mostly deciduous forests around, oak or beech may be more economical. Poplar, ash, maple, acacia and fruit trees are unsuitable.
The tree must not have:
- multiple or large (on the order of several millimeters) longitudinal cracks;
- the slightest transverse cracks;
- fallen knots;
- damage by fungus or mold;
- attack by wood-boring insects
Knots, cracks and twisted fibers are visible to the naked eye. Gray or bluish-gray spots will indicate damage by fungus or mold.
The insects will be given away by tiny round holes, fancy grooves visible on the cut or surface of the material.
Such a tree cannot be used. Tiny “saboteurs” are capable of turning a beam into dust in a matter of months. It is worth considering that the most insignificant part with insects can “infect” the entire structure.
We coat the edges with which the beams rest on the outer walls bitumen mastic and wrap it in two layers of glassine, securing it with tape. At the same time, we do not touch the ends of the beams, leaving them open for normal moisture exchange.
In addition, dry wood is good food for fire. In order to reduce the risk of fire, we will treat the finished floor with fire retardants, both above and below.
Some general points
We lay the beams so that the supporting part is at least 12 cm on stone walls, and at least 8 cm on wooden walls.
We arrange beam niches in stone external walls so that there is a gap of 3-5 cm between the end of the beam and the masonry. After installation is completed, fill it with cotton wool made from polyester fibers. Unlike mineral ones, it does not shrink and is not afraid of water.
Let's move on to the installation of floors.
How to make a floor resting on the top edge of the beams
Such ceilings are usually made for utility rooms that are not heated. They are also suitable for use, but for interfloor installations their thickness is too large.
The beams we take are not necessarily rectangular. Can be used regular logs, but always with the bark removed.
We place the beams strictly parallel to each other and fix them with steel anchors.
Anchors made of steel strip or reinforcement are laid into the thickness of the masonry during its construction. We attach the beam to them with nails or screws.
After the beams are mounted, lay down 40 mm thick boards, nailing them in place.
The ceiling is ready. If necessary, we close it with a screed or arrange it.
Floors with panel roll. The floor with a panel roll-up consists of beams with cranial bars on which the roll-up panels are laid. The panels are manufactured in a factory and delivered to the construction site in finished form with shingles nailed to the bottom surface, which are then used for plastering. The upper surface of the shield is coated with clay and covered with sand or sifted slag.
In interfloor ceilings, the backfill serves as sound insulation, in attic floors - as thermal insulation.
Panels for floors must be manufactured in accordance with the standard - GOST 1005-49.
Panels with partial support are manufactured in the same way as panels with continuous support. The only difference is that instead of a continuous row of transverse slabs, transverse strips are nailed, with which the shield rests on the cranial bars.
The advantage of this design is that for the manufacture of panels it is possible to use waste wood available at sawmills. The wood of each layer of the shield must be thoroughly antiseptic before assembly. The assembly of panels for rolling up floors is carried out on special workbenches. There are many various designs workbenches for assembling these parts, from which we point to Erokhin’s workbench for assembling rolling boards and partitions and Glushchenko and Gergelevich’s workbench for assembling rolling boards.
Both of the above workbenches have general principle device, consisting in the fact that the workbenches have a number of bars, both removable and permanent, that serve as stops, pads and limiters. These bars are installed once for each part, thereby serving as a template. The workbenches have drawers for tools, nails, etc.
To bend the nails itself, sheet steel is laid on the workbench table. For the same purpose, nails should be placed slightly inclined when driving.
Ceilings with gypsum roll. More modern design The floor covering on wooden beams is a rolling floor made of gypsum blocks.
This ceiling consists of wooden beams on which a roll of hollow gypsum blocks 102 mm thick is laid.
This roll has sufficient sound insulation, so it is used in interfloor ceilings without backfill. IN attic floors Insulation made of mineral wool or other lightweight insulation materials is laid over gypsum blocks.
Rolling blocks do not require plaster, their lower surface is only rubbed down; The thickness of the grout layer is 5 mm. Rolling blocks are placed 1-1.5 cm below the bottom plane of the beams so that the beams can be plastered.
A vapor barrier is required along the top of the gypsum bead, for which the bead is lubricated with bitumen.
Gypsum rolling blocks are produced mechanized in special factories.
Overlapping with roll and filing. The oldest type of flooring, which has already become obsolete, but is still used on some construction sites, is the flooring on wooden beams with separate rolling and hemming.
A 4-5 cm thick plank is laid between the beams along the cranial bars; the top is coated with clay and covered with sand or slag. Boards 19-25 mm thick are hemmed along the bottom of the beams, and shingles are nailed to the hem. To avoid warping of the boards and resulting cracking of the plaster, the boards must be split and pegs driven into the crevices.
The disadvantage of this design is the high labor intensity of its manufacture, which significantly slows down the pace of construction, since all processes (filing, splitting, nailing shingles, etc.) are carried out on construction site. In addition, the air gap between the heel and the hem increases the combustibility of the ceiling.
If long boards are used for lining ceilings, the method of lining ceilings proposed by the innovator Sychev should be used.
The length of the clamp is made in such a way that there is a gap of at least 12-15 cm wide between the top of the suspended beam and the bottom of the beam.
The specified clearance is necessary for the convenience of laying the ends of suspended boards when filing ceilings.
For beams 20-25 cm high, the clamp is made 45-50 cm high.
Hemming of ceilings using Sychev’s device is carried out in compliance with the following rules.
Sometimes (usually in wooden buildings) the ceilings are not plastered; in this case, a so-called clean sheet of planed boards is installed. The hemming can be arranged in a run, in a quarter, in a tongue and groove, etc.
STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION
Date of introduction 01.07.87
Failure to comply with the standard is punishable by law
This standard applies to wooden floor panels manufactured in factories and intended for use in the floors of low-rise buildings.
1. MAIN DIMENSIONS
Notes:
1. Panels are used in floors with a pitch between joists and beams, regulated by the normative and technical documentation for floor structures and equal to 400 and 500 mm.
2. It is allowed to use panels, the types and nominal dimensions of which are indicated in brackets, in floors with a pitch between joists and beams equal to 600 mm.
Design and main dimensions of the shield
Note: It is allowed to produce transverse strips 40 mm thick with a width of 60 mm and above or, by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, 25 mm thick with a width of the strip and the lining under it of at least 100 mm.
1.3. Floor structures for single and double beams using panels manufactured according to this standard are given in the appendix.
2. Boards with index “a” should be used for laying between single beams 50 mm thick with cranial bars with a cross-section (40´ 40) mm; boards with index “b” should be used for laying between double beams with a total thickness of 100 mm (see appendix).
2. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1. Characteristics
2.1.1. Boards must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard and design documentation approved in the prescribed manner.
2.1.2. Shields should be made from deciduous wood (aspen, alder, poplar, linden, birch) and coniferous species.
2.1.4. For the manufacture of shields, unmilled edged boards. Wane must be cleared of bark.
2.1.5. Each deck board should be connected to the crossbar with two nails through the backing. The nails are pierced through with a bend across the grain of the wood.
2.1.6. Cross strips and board linings are not allowed to be joined. It is allowed to manufacture panels in two stages and join the flooring boards along the axis of the transverse planks or between the transverse planks using overlays 200 mm long, as indicated in Fig. . The joints of adjacent boards should be spaced apart. The distance between joints is at least 450 mm.
Shield elements fastening diagram
1 - flooring boards; 2 - cross bars; 3 - linings; 4 - construction nails K2.5 ´ 50 according to GOST 4028; 5 - construction nails K3.5 ´ 90 according to GOST 4028; 6 - overlay
Crap. 2
2.1.7. The panels must be rectangular, have smooth side edges and a clean cut on the end sides.
Off shield shapes should not exceed, mm/m:
from straightness .............................................. 4
» perpendicularity ........................................... 2
» flatness ..................................................... 4
2.1.8. The gap between flooring boards should not exceed 8 mm.
2.1.9. Maximum deviations from the nominal dimensions between the cross bars should not exceed 10 mm.
2.1.10. The strength of the shields, determined by the value of the short-term destructive load, must be at least 1500 N (150 kgf).
2.1.11. The moisture content of the wood panels should not be more than 22%.
2.2. Marking
2.2.1. Each pack must be stamped with indelible paint or a tag must be attached, which must indicate:
name and address of the manufacturer;
batch number;
types of shields and their number;
type of antiseptic and method of treatment;
designation of this standard,
2.3. Package
2.3.1. Shields must be packed in packs according to the scheme indicated in Fig. . The bundles must be tied in at least two places with wire GOST 3282 or other dressing material that ensures the density and safety of the packs during loading, transportation and unloading. Each pack must contain shields of the same type. The weight of the pack should not exceed 80 kg for manual loading, and 300 kg for mechanized loading.
Scheme for packing shields into bundles
H- package height (no more than 1.2 m); L- pack length
Crap. 3
3. ACCEPTANCE
3.1. Shields shipped to consumers must be accepted by the technical control department of the manufacturer.
3.2. Shields are accepted in batches. A batch is considered to be the number of boards documented in one quality document.
When accepting shields as part of kits wooden products for houses, the batch size is determined by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer.
3.3. The consumer has the right to carry out selective control of the quality of the boards for compliance with the requirements of this standard.
3.4. During random inspection from a batch of panels, 4% of panels, but not less than 5 pieces, are selected for visual inspection and measurements.
3.5. If, when checking the selected boards, it is established that at least one of them does not comply with the requirements of this standard, a repeat inspection is carried out, for which a double number of boards are selected from the batch, but not less than 10 pieces. If at recheck If there is at least one shield that does not meet the requirements of this standard, then the entire batch will not be accepted.
4. CONTROL METHODS
4.1. Selected panels are checked individually.
4.3. The quality of impregnation of shields is determined in accordance with the requirements GOST 20022.9.
4.4. The dimensions and deviations in the shape of the shields are determined with an error of up to 1 mm using metal measuring rulers according to GOST 427 , metal measuring tapes according to GOST 7502 , straight edges with a length of at least 1000 mm GOST 8026 , testing plates according to GOST 10905 , testing squares with a length of one side of at least 500 mm GOST 3749 , probes according to GOST 882.
4.5. Deviation from the perpendicularity of the shields is determined by tightly applying one side of the square to the end or side edge of the shield. The deviation of the other side of the square from the shield is measured with a metal ruler.
4.6. The deviation from the straightness of the edges of the boards is determined using a straight edge or a rod that is aligned with the plane and does not bend under its own weight. A ruler or strip is applied edgewise to the edge of the shield in any place and a feeler gauge or metal ruler is used to measure the gap between the ruler (batten) and the edge.
4.7. The moisture content of the wood panels is determined by GOST 16588.
4.8. From the number of boards tested and meeting the requirements of this standard according to the indicators specified in paragraphs. -, two shields are selected to test their strength.
4.9. The strength of the shield is checked by testing a short-term concentrated static load equal to 1500 N. Tests are carried out under the influence of a load: on one of the transverse bars; on two longitudinal boards.
The load must be applied through wooden spacers as indicated in Fig. 4. Gasket size: on cross bar - (75 ´ 75) mm, on flooring boards - (75´ 175) mm.
The floor panel must be tested in its working position. The arrangement of supports for testing the shield must correspond to the diagram of its support during operation. After applying the test load, the shield is kept under this load for at least 5 s.
A shield that has withstood the test load without signs of destruction is considered to satisfy the requirements of this standard.
Load application diagram on the shield
Crap. 4
Note: The shield supports are conditionally replaced by arrows.
