Pioneer movement- activities of children's communist organizations in the USSR and other socialist countries. Having some similarities with the earlier scouting movement, the Pioneer movement differed from it in significant aspects: there were no separate organizations for boys and girls, Pioneer camps and Pioneer Palaces, the number of which numbered in the thousands, were financed by the government and trade unions, recreation and activities in them were absolutely Pioneer newspapers and magazines were printed free of charge in millions of copies.
In the USSR, the pioneer organization was formed by the decision of the All-Russian Komsomol Conference on May 19, 1922. Until 1924, the pioneer organization bore the name of Spartak, and after the death of the leader of the world proletariat it was renamed the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin.
Origins and origins of the pioneer movement
The pioneer movement arose as a spontaneous self-organization of adults and children in response to homelessness and devastation in Russia after Civil War. Pioneer groups began to spontaneously appear at their place of residence, the purpose of which was mutual assistance, organization Everyday life and leisure, the fight against homelessness and the influence of the street. At that time there was neither a clear structure of the organization nor any hierarchy. The basis for the pioneer organization was the previously rich experience of the Russian scout movement. Even during the Civil War, scout organizations helped search for homeless children, organized children's police units and provided social assistance. However, the scout movement under the new government was doomed to leave the historical scene, since in Russia scout structures originated and functioned as monarchical children's organizations. However, having dissolved the scout organizations, the new government still positively assessed the experience of the scout movement and decided to put it at the service of the interests of both the party and the country as a whole. The origins of the pioneer movement were the prominent party and public figure N.K. Krupskaya and one of the ideologists of Russian scouting I.N. Zhukov. It was N.K. Krupskaya, in her famous work “RKSM and Boy Scoutism,” who proposed that the Russian Komsomol create a children’s organization, “scouting in form and communist in content,” and I. N. Zhukov proposed calling the children’s organization pioneer. The leaders of the scout movement, who accepted Soviet power and began working with the pioneers, abandoned the bourgeois principles of scouting from the point of view of the new government, but left in the pioneer organization everything that was most positive from their point of view that was in the scout movement. The pioneer organization has preserved game forms educational work with children, organizing children into groups, the institute of counselors, gatherings around the fire, elements of symbolism (for example, three lily petals of a scout badge in a pioneer badge replaced three flames of a fire, the three ends of a pioneer tie that turned red began to mean three generations: pioneers, Komsomol members and communists ). The scout call “Be ready!” has also been preserved. with a change in its focus on the struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants around the world. Thus, in the first time after the change in social formation in Russia, the scout movement was transformed into a pioneer movement, retaining its organizational form, but changing its ideological content and becoming controlled by the highest party and Kosmomol bodies. Later, moving further and further from the cradle of scouting, the pioneer organization was enriched with its history, its traditions and features characteristic only of it.
Structure of the pioneer organization
The All-Union Pioneer Organization united republican, regional, regional, district, city, and district pioneer organizations in the USSR. The basis of the All-Union Pioneer Organization was the pioneer squad. Pioneer squads were created in schools, orphanages and boarding schools with at least 3 pioneers. In pioneer squads, numbering more than 20 pioneers, pioneer detachments were created, uniting at least 3 pioneers. At school, the detachment united pioneers who, as a rule, studied in the same class. In orphanages and pioneer camps, groups of different ages could be created at places of residence. A detachment of 15 or more pioneers was divided into units.
Leadership of the All-Union Pioneer Organization
The All-Union Pioneer Organization was led by the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM), which in turn was controlled by the CPSU. All councils of pioneer organizations worked under the leadership of the corresponding Komsomol committees. Komsomol congresses and conferences heard reports from the councils of pioneer organizations and assessed their activities. The chairmen, deputies and secretaries of the councils of pioneer organizations from Central to District were approved by the Plenums of the relevant Komsomol committees. The basis for organizational-mass and instructional-methodological work with pioneers and pioneer personnel were numerous Palaces and Houses of Pioneers and schoolchildren, and other out-of-school institutions. Komsomol committees provided the pioneer squads with senior pioneer leaders, carried out their selection, placement, advanced training and education. Primary Komsomol organizations sent squad leaders to the Pioneer squads, selected leaders of circles, clubs, sections, and other interest groups, and helped them organize the life of Pioneer groups.
Pioneer self-government
The highest body of a squad, detachment, unit is the pioneer gathering. The gathering of the detachment accepted schoolchildren into the pioneer organization, invited the squad council to recommend worthy pioneers to the ranks of the Komsomol, planned the work, assessed the activities of the detachment council, units, and each pioneer. The gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council. The councils of the squad and detachments elected the Chairman of the council of the squad and detachment. In the All-Union, republican, regional, regional, district, city, district pioneer organizations, the form of self-government of pioneers was the pioneer rally, which was held once every 5 years, and the regional, regional, district, city and district - once every 2-3 years. City (district) councils of the pioneer organization created pioneer headquarters from representatives of all pioneer squads of the city. The most active part of the pioneer organization, its most active elite, gathered at the city headquarters.
Procedure for admission to the pioneer organization
The Pioneer organization accepts schoolchildren aged 9 to 14 years. Admission is carried out individually, by open voting at a meeting of the pioneer detachment or squad (if it is not divided into detachments) operating in secondary school and boarding school. Those who join the Pioneer organization at the Pioneer line make the Solemn Promise of a Pioneer Soviet Union. A communist, Komsomol member or senior pioneer gives him a red pioneer tie and a pioneer badge. As a rule, pioneers were accepted into a solemn atmosphere during communist holidays in memorable historical and revolutionary places, most often on April 22 near the monument to V.I. Lenin.
Solemn promise of the pioneer of the Soviet Union
Last edition (1986):
“I, (last name, first name), joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise: to passionately love and take care of my Motherland, to live as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, as required by the Laws of the Pioneers Soviet Union".
Gala reception to the pioneers
Texts of previous editions of the solemn promise
Promise of 1922
I promise with my word of honor that I will be loyal to the working class, I will help my fellow workers every day, I know the laws of the pioneers and I will obey them
Promise of 1923
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise that
1). I will stand firmly for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of the workers and peasants of the whole world.
2). I will honestly and steadily comply with the laws and customs of young pioneers.
Promise of 1924
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise that I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants of the whole world. I will honestly and steadily carry out the behests of Ilyich, the laws and customs of the young pioneers.
Laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union
- A pioneer - a young builder of communism - works and studies for the good of the Motherland, preparing to become its defender.
- A pioneer is an active fighter for peace, a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries.
- The pioneer looks up to the communists, prepares to become a Komsomol member, and leads the Octobrists.
- A pioneer values the honor of his organization and strengthens its authority through his deeds and actions.
- A pioneer is a reliable comrade, respects elders, takes care of younger ones, and always acts according to his conscience.
- A pioneer has the right to: elect and be elected to pioneer self-government bodies; discuss at pioneer gatherings, rallies, meetings of councils of detachments and squads, in the press, the work of the pioneer organization, criticize shortcomings, make proposals to any council of the pioneer organization, up to the Central Council of the Higher Professional Education named after V.I. Lenin; ask for a recommendation from the squad council to join the ranks of the Komsomol.
Pioneer motto
The declared goal of the pioneer organization: to educate young fighters for the cause Communist Party Soviet Union. It is expressed in the motto of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. To the call: “Pioneer, be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” - the answer follows: “Always ready!”
Pioneer badge
Pioneer symbols
- Pioneer tie
- Pioneer badge
Pioneer paraphernalia
The most important pioneer attributes were the squad banner, squad flags, bugle and drum, which accompanied all the solemn pioneer rituals. Each pioneer squad had a pioneer room where the corresponding attributes were stored and meetings of the squad council were held. In the pioneer room, as a rule, there was a ritual stand with pioneer attributes, a Lenin corner and a corner of international friendship. At school and in classrooms, pioneers published and hung handwritten squad and detachment wall newspapers.
Tying a pioneer tie upon admission to the pioneers
Pioneer uniform
On ordinary days, it coincided with the school uniform, complemented by pioneer symbols - a red tie and a pioneer badge. On special occasions (holidays, greetings at party and Komsomol forums, meetings of foreign delegations, etc.) a dress uniform was worn, which included:
- red caps, pioneer ties and badges;
- for boys - white shirts with gilded buttons and sleeve emblems, belted with a light brown belt with a gilded buckle, blue trousers and dark shoes;
- girls have white blouses, blue skirts, white knee socks and white shoes;
- in regions with a hot climate, shoes were replaced with sandals, and trousers could be replaced with shorts, if this did not contradict the spirit of the event and the national traditions of the republic;
- for banner groups, the dress uniform was complemented by a red ribbon over the shoulder and white gloves.
Pioneer publications
The Central Committee of the Komsomol, the Central Committee of the Komsomol of the union republics, regional committees, regional committees of the Komsomol, Central, Republican, regional and regional councils of pioneer organizations published pioneer newspapers and magazines and literature necessary for children, including the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda”, magazines “Pioneer”, “Koster” ", " Young technician", "Young Naturalist", etc. Radio and television regularly produced programs for pioneers, the call letters of the radio newspaper "Pionerskaya Zorka" were broadcast daily, the "Orlyonok" television studio worked on Central Television, and the monthly documentary film magazine "Pioneerism" was shown in cinemas before the film was shown. .
Pioneer practice
- Waste paper collection
- Scrap metal collection
- Help for pensioners (Timurov movement)
- Game "Zarnitsa"
- Pioneerball
- Classes in sports clubs and sections
Pioneer camps
The vast majority of pioneers spent their school holidays in pioneer camps. In the USSR, there were up to 40 thousand summer and year-round pioneer camps, where about 10 million children vacationed annually. There was a kind of unspoken hierarchy between them. The most famous of them was the All-Union Pioneer Camp of the Komsomol Central Committee "Artek", which had international status. The second place in prestige was occupied by the All-Russian Pioneer Camp "Orlyonok" ( Krasnodar region, RSFSR). This was followed by the republican recreation camps “Ocean” (Primorsky Territory, RSFSR), “Young Guard” (Odessa region, Ukrainian SSR) and “Zubrenok” (Minsk region, BSSR).
Countries in which pioneer organizations existed
- NRB - Dimitrov pioneer organization "Septemvriyche" (1944)
- Hungary - Union of Hungarian Pioneers (1946)
- GDR - Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organization (1948)
- DRV - Ho Chi Minh Pioneer Organization (1941).
- DPRK - "Seongyongdan" (1946)
- PRC - Pioneer Organization of China (October 13, 1949)
- MPR - Pioneer organization named after Sukhbaatar (1925)
- Cuba - Union of Pioneers of Cuba (1964)
- Poland - Union of Polish Scouts (1950-1956)
- SRR - Pioneer organization of the SRR (1944)
- USSR - All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin (1922)
- SFRY - Pioneer organization named after Joseph Bros-Tito (1942)
- Czechoslovakia - Pioneer organization Socialist Union Youth of Czechoslovakia (1945)
- Austria - "The Young Guard" (1946)
- Belgium - Belgian Pioneer Union (1945)
- UK - Woodcraft Folk
- Guinea - Pioneer Organization of the Republic of Guinea
- ARE - “Nasservan Vanguard”
- West Berlin - Pioneer organization of the Union of Free German Youth of West Berlin (1967)
- Netherlands - Uilenspiegelclub (1953-1964)
- Colombia - José Antonio Galan Pioneer Organization
- Congo - "Pioneers of the People's Republic of the Congo"
- Norway - "Young Pioneers" (1952)
- Senegal - "Pioneers of Senegal"
- Finland - Democratic Union of Finnish Pioneers (1945)
- France - "Pioneers of France" (1945)
- Switzerland - "Running Ahead" (1961)
Countries in which pioneer organizations exist
- Venezuela
- Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh Pioneer Organization (1941)
- DPRK - "Seongyongdan" (1946)
- PRC - Pioneer Organization of China (October 13, 1949) - 130 million pioneers
- Cuba - José Martí Pioneer Organization (1964)
- Moldova: The pioneer movement in Moldova was restored in 1997-1998. In 2005, more than 6,000 children were among the pioneers of Moldova. The largest detachments of the pioneer organization operate in the cities of Balti, Comrat, Cahul, Criuleni, Ungheni, Edinet.
- Russia - Union of Pioneer Organizations - Federation of Children's Organizations (SPO-FDO), created in 1990 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation in 1992), successor to the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin. Also in Russia there are many purely pioneer organizations, for example in Moscow it is MGPO (Moscow City Pioneer Organization), recreated as an independent children's organization public organization March 16, 1992 (registration certificate after re-registration No. 12434 dated September 2, 1999). It has a small page on list.mail.ru and a developing forum designed to unite current and former Moscow pioneers.
Children's pioneer chants for camps, schools, counselors and games. Motto Anyone who wants to sail with us must be dexterous and brave! Two bears were sitting Two bears were sitting - Two bears were sitting On a thin branch - On a thin branch One was sitting properly - One was sitting properly The other was shouting "peek-a-boo" - The other was shouting "peek-a-boo" One peek-a-boo - One peek-a-boo Two peek-a-boo - Two peek-a-boo Both plopped into the flour - Both plopped into the flour Mouth in the flour - Mouth in the flour Nose in the flour - Nose in the flour Both in sour milk - Both in sour milk Thank us Thank us for eating, And everyone can cook! Speech Presenter: One, two! All: Three, four! Host: One, two! All: Three, four! Host: Who's coming? All: A squad of healthy, brave and cheerful, perky friends. Host: One, two! All: Three, four! Presenter: Steady your feet. All: Clearer step. Detachment of young Leninists! Presenter: We will preserve our health, We value our health. And we give everyone recipes, Everything: How to maintain health, So that we can live cheerful and cheerful until old age. Thanks to our cooks Thanks to our cooks for giving us a great dinner. Thank God for bread, And the cooks for lunch. The deer has antlers The deer has antlers Well, we eat the antlers. Thank God for the legs, and thank the chefs for the food. I have a train leading the children I have a train - TU - TU - CHI - CHI He carries me along the rails - TU - TU - CHI - CHI He has a pipe and a stove - TU - TU - CHI - CHI And a magic ring - TU - TU - CHI - CHI We will leave from the station - TU - TU - CHI - CHI It has four halls - TU - TU - CHI - CHI We will go to Paris - TU - TU - CHI - CHI And maybe closer - TU - TU - CHI - CHI Then the spring rain began - TU - TU - CHI - CHI And our little train got stuck - TU - TU - CHI - CHI We are standing in a huge puddle - TU - TU - CHI - CHI We have no time for Paris here - TU - TU - CHI - CHI We are ready, as always. We are ready, as always, to defeat you without difficulty. Hey, dashing kids Hey, dashing kids, It's time for us to get together. Bim - bom! Ta-ra-ra! We are never bored. The sun is shining brightly, brightly, We are hot from the sun - hot! Summer, air and water - Ours best friends! Who cooks for us? Who cooks for us? Cooks! Who loves us so much? Cooks! What should we tell the chefs? Let's tell them: "Thank you!" You will be tempered from a young age. You will be tempered from a young age - You will be good for the rest of your life. We were very tired We were very tired, But we sat down at the table, We saw the borscht And we forgot about everything! Whoever does exercises Who does exercises grows into a hero. Now we ate gingerbread. Now we ate gingerbread, so that we don’t snore at night. We thank God for you. We thank God for you, for feeding us! Defeated you again Defeated you again, One, two, three, four, five. Pasta, pasta Pasta, pasta We have been waiting for you for so long, you have come and we are ready to greet you all. To make your day okay To make your day okay, Start it with exercise. Thank God for the bread. Thank God for the bread, and to the cooks for lunch. We are terribly hungry. We are terribly hungry. It is no longer important to eat. We eat everything. This is the kind of people we have.
Pioneer horror stories - remember your youth
After lights out in the pioneer camps, few people immediately went to bed. The pioneers fought with pillows, jumped on the beds, had a royal night, in general, did anything to stay awake. When the children's bodies were tired, but sleep still did not come, the children began to tell horror stories. It was on such summer nights in the wards that one could hear heartbreaking stories about a coffin on wheels, glass eyes, red cookies and other horrors. All this folk art made the guys tremble with fear, but no one admitted that they were scared. Later, the writer Eduard Uspensky collected such stories in the book “Red Hand, Black Sheet, Green Fingers (scary stories for fearless children).”
Red tie
One boy did not want to join the pioneers for a long time. Because I didn't consider myself worthy. Or he wasn't in the mood. Or some other reason. In general, I didn’t want to. But they persuaded him and accepted him on the line in places of military and labor glory, and solemnly tied a red tie. Well, the boy came home happy, wanted to change into pajamas, but the tie wouldn’t come undone, but, on the contrary, was pulled tighter and tighter and was strangling the boy by the neck. The boy turned blue all over, wheezing, and couldn’t do anything. Then the boy’s dad jumped up and cut his red tie with scissors! And then black blood poured out of him, and he burned with a blue flame, and then the boy shook his head for a long time and did not join either the Komsomol or the Communist Party.
Black gas mask
At one school, the military instructor always came to NVP lessons wearing a black gas mask. And no one has ever seen his face. And then one day he came and said: “Children, today we are studying protection against weapons of mass destruction. Put on your gas masks." The children put them on, where can you go? Here the military instructor asks again: “Do you know why you put them on?” The children are all blue, wheezing - they can’t do anything! wearing gas masks because... And the military commander laughed, took off the gas mask from his head, the children looked - and there was not a head, but a dead skull, teeth out, holes instead of eyes. Then the military commander cried green tears and fell and died. Then the children were not confused, they began to quickly and quickly take off their gas masks, but they wouldn’t come off, they stuck to their heads, and the children all suffocated to death. And now at that school the NVP was canceled and the Law of God and an elective in marketing were introduced.
In a series of issues of the Pioneer magazine for the 90s, a “scary story for fearless schoolchildren” by Eduard Uspensky “Red Hand, Black Sheet, Green Fingers” was published. I remember how chills ran down my spine when, as an 11-year-old teenager, I read these scary stories.
In those years, pioneer camps gave rise to their own folklore and Uspensky decided to create this work based on it. In 1986, speaking on the radio program “Pioneer Dawn,” he asked schoolchildren to send scary stories they knew. The letters received with horror stories written down by the children formed the basis of this story. I wonder what devilry, as a rule, had its own colors, mainly red.
The story starts out rather creepy.
“One day at the end of July, in a pioneer camp near Golitsyn, they found a strangled boy. He went to bed, like all the other guys, in a ward for twenty-two people. But in the morning he didn’t wake up, didn’t run to exercise like everyone else, but remained lying in his bed in the corner, quiet and dead."
Young police trainee Viktor Rakhmanin begins an investigation into mysterious murders. At the same time, he has to collect many terrible children's and non-children's stories about otherworldly forces. He meets with “witnesses” of these incidents, travels to different cities, examines mysterious places - cemeteries, mansions.
Some of the stories obtained by Rakhmanin
About the Red Spot
“The old Nikolskoye cemetery in our city has long had a bad reputation. Even in the old chronicles it was reported that sometimes terrible screams are heard from the cemetery, and red lights rush there.
Recently the Kryuchkov family received new apartment in Nikolskaya Sloboda. In an old house, in a house that has undergone major renovations.
The Kryuchkov family consisted of a husband and wife - workers of Bolshekhim. Moreover, the husband was the head of the microfilm department. This was an ordinary working family, like there are thousands in our city. They had been on a waiting list for housing for many years, and before that they lived in an ordinary communal barracks. They had a girl, Lyusya, and a ten-year-old son, Vasya.
When the family moved to a new home, Natalya Nikolaevna - the wife of the Kryuchkov family - was the first to notice the large red spot on the wall.
Look! - she said to her husband.
Just think, he replied, the builders spilled a bottle of wine.
But one morning a few days later, Nikolai Nikolaevich was found murdered on his bed. He was dead and extremely pale. And the spot on the wall became even brighter.
Many claimed that he drank God knows what every day, and it drove him to his grave. But what evil tongues will not say about a person who works at a large chemical enterprise and has access to alcohol.
The girl Lucy said that she saw a hand sticking out of a red spot at night and thought for a long time about who to strangle. Then she attacked the head of the family.
After some time, the same fate befell the mother of two orphans. Son Vasya told the neighbors:
Mom and Dad often drank in the evenings and wandered around. One night, a red hand stuck out from a red spot and began to shake my mother. The next morning she died. I am very afraid of the red spot.
The spot, according to neighbors, has become even brighter since that day.
After some time, this stain migrated to the apartment of the investigative officer Vasilenko, who inspected the Kryuchkovs’ apartment. And after some time, he also died tragically in his bed. After his death, the stain disappeared. Neighbors claimed to have seen a red hand flying out of his window."
About Green Eyes
“The guys were silent for a long time. Suddenly one boy, black, with a short haircut, about fourth grade, asked:
Do the Moscow police know about Green Eyes?
What? - Rakhmanin was dumbfounded.
About Green Eyes?
Yes, said the other boy. And about the Green Pistol.
Rakhmanin honestly admitted that the Moscow police do not know anything about Green Eyes.
Tell me, and I will make the Moscow police happy.
Aren't you afraid? - asked the fourth grader.
Not yet, Rakhmanin answered.
The boy began to talk.
In one city there lived a girl. She had a grandmother. When the grandmother was dying, she told the girl: “Don’t turn on the old green record.” She
closed her eyes and died and was buried. Mom also told the girl: “Make sure you don’t turn on the green record.” But the girl was impatient, and she still turned on the record when no one was home. And a terrible voice sang:
“Green Eyes are running, running along the wall...
Now the girl will be strangled,
Yes Yes Yes..."
The girl heard the doorbell and turned off the record. The girl's mother entered the apartment. The mother was missing one arm. The next day the girl put on the record again, and her mother came in without two hands.
Wow! - said Rakhmanin. Some kind of Auschwitz!
And the boy continued:
Then mom came without one leg. And then without two legs. When she came last time, then she said: “You destroyed me, and you yourself will also die. Don’t play the record.” But the girl did not listen to her mother and started the record again. Before the record had time to sing a few words, the doorbell rang. The girl looked through the peephole, but saw no one. The girl nevertheless opened the door, and right in front of her stood huge, floor-to-ceiling Green Eyes. They said: “You didn’t listen to your mother and you will die yourself.” And the Eyes strangled the girl..."
The story about the Master of the Cemetery
"Near an English cemetery there was a hotel. No one lived in it. Once two French tourists came to England. They did not believe in any horrors and, having learned about the hotel in the cemetery, went to live there. At night, opening the window to let people in Fresh air, they saw that two red lights were shining in the passages between the graves. It was clear that these eyes were tired of being among the graves, and they wanted to attack the room. The French grabbed their revolvers... The flapping of wings was heard... They started shooting... They called the police. The creature ran away. And in the morning they saw... that the boys were standing in the yard near a monster with wings and sticks pushing it near its eyes, which were still glowing... They gave the Master of the Cemetery for research. After research, they were told that the monster escaped from geneticists 29 years ago. That this is a very dangerous animal... A human cell was crossed with a cell bat and left in favorable conditions. The geneticists completely forgot about the cells, when a monster flew out of the box where they were lying, grabbed the first person it came across in its teeth... (“Obviously genetics,” Rakhmanin thought to himself)... broke the window and flew away. And he settled in the cemetery because it was calm there... But other monsters remained, his brothers, and they take revenge on the people who fight them.
Recorded the story of Bereket Dima, 6th grade."
The story about the Man with Blue Teeth.
“In one city there lived a girl. She was very beautiful. Her mother died and only her grandmother remained. One day a girl went dancing. Her grandmother told her: “If a man with blue teeth invites you, don’t dance with him.” She came to the dance, danced with different men, and then a man with blue teeth invited her. The girl went to dance with him. The dancing ended, and the man said that he would walk her home. They got into the car and drove off. And this girl had a friend with a motorcycle. He was driving behind me the whole time. The Man with Blue Teeth's car was already moving at a speed of one hundred and fifty kilometers per hour. The acquaintance could barely keep up with them. The girl was very scared. So they drove out of town onto the highway. And they started driving very quickly. And then a Black Sheet flew out of the window of the Man with Blue Teeth’s car and flew towards the motorcyclist. She began to choke him. He began to struggle with it, lost control, flew into a ditch and crashed. And no one saw this girl again.”
The main otherworldly characters of the story:
Red Hand, Black Sheet, Green Fingers, Coffin on Wheels, Cemetery Master, Red Cookie, Yellow Eye, Green Skull, Red Spot, Green Eyes, Red Faced Woman with Red Gloves, Black Tulip, Man with Blue Teeth
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
ROSTOV STATE ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY (RINH)
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
ABSTRACT
On the topic: “History of the pioneer movement in the USSR”
Performed by student Khanina A.E.
gr. 241-ORM
Checked by Assoc. Chervyakova A.A.
Rostov-on-Don
2011
Content
Introduction
- History of the emergence of the pioneer movement
Pioneering and culture
Pioneers in the Stalin era
Bibliography
Introduction
The All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin is a mass children's communist organization in the USSR. It was formed by the decision of the All-Russian Komsomol Conference on May 19, 1922, since then May 19 has been celebrated as Pioneer Day. Until 1924, the pioneer organization bore the name of Spartak, and after Lenin’s death it received his name. It originated from the Scout movement, but differed from it in significant aspects: the system was all-encompassing state in nature and aimed at the ideological indoctrination of children and their education as citizens completely devoted to the Communist Party and the Soviet state.
- The history of the pioneer movement
As soon as it emerged, the Komsomol declared war on scoutism (including Yukism), seeing it as its rival. Already at the 1919 congress of the RKSM, a decision was made to disband the scout troops.
At the same time, in communist circles there began to be a need to create their own, communist organization to work with children. The idea was formulated by N.K. Krupskaya, who on the 20th of November 1921 made a report “On Boy Scoutism” several times in different places (the report was soon published in a brochure entitled “RKSM and Boy Scoutism”), in which she proposed that the Komsomol take adopt scouting methods and create a children's organization, “scouting in form and communist in content.” The leaders of the Komsomol, who had an extremely negative attitude towards scouting, initially perceived these ideas with caution. However, after Krupskaya’s speech at the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM (November 29), a special commission was created to discuss the issue of “using scouting for the education of working youth and children.” A detailed report by I. Zhukov was presented to the commission. On December 10, 1921, based on the commission’s report, a positive decision was made by the Bureau, and the search for specific organizational forms began. At the beginning of 1922, the idea was put forward of using scouting methods not among Komsomol members, but among children and creating a children's communist movement (CCM). I. Zhukov suggested for new organization the name "pioneers" (borrowed from scouting practice). Its symbols were slightly modified scout symbols: a red tie (instead of green; it was already used by the Yukovites), a white blouse (instead of green), the scout motto “Be prepared!” and the scout’s answer to it is “Always ready!” From scouting, the pioneer organization retained playful forms of educational work with children, the organization of children into groups, the institute of counselors, gatherings around the fire, elements of symbolism (for example, the three lily petals of the scout badge in the pioneer badge replaced the three flames of the fire, the three ends of the pioneer tie that became red began to mean three generations: pioneers, Komsomol members and communists). The scout call “Be ready!” has also been preserved. with a change in its focus on the struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants around the world.
On February 2, 1922, the bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM sent out a circular letter to local organizations about the creation of children's groups under Komsomol cells. On February 4, the corresponding decision was made by the Moscow Committee of the RKSM. For this purpose, a special bureau was created, one of whose members, former scoutmaster Valerian Zorin, organized a children's group on February 12 at the First Communist Boarding School named after the Third International (in Zamoskvorechye). The troop, called “Young Scouts” in scouting, soon disbanded, and Zorin switched to organizing children at the Kauchuk plant. At the same time, on February 13, another former scoutmaster and member of the RKSM, 19-year-old Mikhail Stremyakov, organized a detachment of “young pioneers” at the factory apprenticeship school (fabzavuche) named after N. A. Borshchevsky at the former Mashistov printing house on Krasnaya Presnya. This latter group is generally considered the first pioneer group. At the same printing house, Stremyakov began publishing the pioneer magazine “Drum” in April, and subsequently became the first editor of the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda”. On March 2, a temporary bureau of children's groups was created under the Central Committee of the RKSM with the task of developing a charter, which was presented in May at the II All-Russian Komsomol Conference. The resolution adopted on May 19 read: “Taking into account the urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children, the All-Russian Conference instructs the Central Committee to develop the issue of the children’s movement and the use of the reorganized “scouting” system in it. Taking into account the experience of the Moscow organization, the Conference proposes to extend this experience on the same basis to other organizations of the RKSM under the leadership of the Central Committee.” A bureau for work among children was created consisting of 7 people, 4 of whom were former scoutmasters.
Throughout 1922, pioneer detachments appeared in a number of cities and villages. On December 3, the first pioneer detachments appeared in Petrograd. The first four detachments were created from the Russian detachment of young intelligence officers. This event took place in the club of the old and young guards (Teatralnaya Square, house no. 14).
In October, the 5th All-Russian Congress of the RKSM decided to unite all pioneer detachments into the children's communist organization “Young Pioneers named after Spartak”. On January 21, 1924, the day of Lenin’s death, by decision of the Central Committee of the RKSM the organization was named after Lenin, and in March 1926 the official name was established - the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin (retained by the organization until the end of its existence).
- Structure of the pioneer organization
In its classic form, the All-Union Pioneer Organization united republican, regional, regional, district, city, and district pioneer organizations in the USSR. Formally, the Regulations on the All-Union Pioneer Organization stated that the basis of the organization is the squad, which is created in schools, orphanages and boarding schools with at least 3 pioneers. In squads numbering more than 20 pioneers, pioneer detachments are created, uniting at least 3 pioneers. In orphanages and pioneer camps, groups of different ages could be created. A detachment of 15 or more pioneers is divided into units. In fact, as indicated, the pioneer detachments (divided in turn into units led by the unit members) united students of the same class, and the squads united students of the same school.
In the 80s, the structure of the organization underwent some changes - a new link was created between the pioneers and Komsomol members - senior pioneers (in fact, pioneers before joining the Komsomol). The external difference was wearing a badge that combined elements of the Komsomol and Pioneer. In theory, older pioneers should have continued to wear a red tie, but many tried to wear “adult” ties.
Organization management
The All-Union Pioneer Organization was led by the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM), which in turn was controlled by the CPSU. All councils of pioneer organizations worked under the leadership of the corresponding Komsomol committees. Komsomol congresses and conferences heard reports from the councils of pioneer organizations and assessed their activities. The chairmen, deputies and secretaries of the councils of pioneer organizations from Central to District were approved by the Plenums of the relevant Komsomol committees.
The basis for organizational-mass and instructional-methodological work with pioneers and pioneer personnel were numerous Palaces and Houses of Pioneers and schoolchildren, and other out-of-school institutions. Komsomol committees provided the pioneer squads with senior pioneer leaders, carried out their selection, placement, advanced training and education. Primary Komsomol organizations sent squad leaders to the Pioneer squads, selected leaders of circles, clubs, sections, and other interest groups, and helped them organize the life of Pioneer groups.
The highest body of a squad, detachment, unit is the pioneer gathering. The gathering of the detachment accepted schoolchildren into the pioneer organization, invited the squad council to recommend worthy pioneers to the ranks of the Komsomol, planned the work, assessed the activities of the detachment council, units, and each pioneer. The gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council. The councils of the squad and detachments elected the chairman of the council of the squad and detachment. In the All-Union, republican, regional, regional, district, city, district pioneer organizations, the form of self-government of pioneers was pioneer rallies, which were held once every 5 years (all-Union and republican) or once every 2-3 years (territorial, regional, district, city and regional). City (district) councils of the pioneer organization created pioneer headquarters from representatives of all pioneer squads of the city. The most active part of the pioneer organization, its most active elite, gathered at the city headquarters.
- Attributes of the pioneer movement
The pioneer organization accepted schoolchildren aged 9 to 14 years. Formally, admission was carried out on a voluntary basis. Admission was carried out individually, by open voting at a meeting of the pioneer detachment or squad (if it was not divided into detachments), operating in a secondary school and boarding school. Those who joined the pioneer organization at the pioneer line made a solemn promise to be a pioneer of the Soviet Union. A communist, Komsomol member or senior pioneer presented him with a red pioneer tie and a pioneer badge. As a rule, pioneers were accepted into a solemn atmosphere during communist holidays in memorable historical and revolutionary places, for example on April 22 near the monument to V.I. Lenin.
Pioneer's Solemn Promise
Last edition (1986):
“I, (last name, first name), joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in the face of my comrades, solemnly swear: to passionately love and take care of my Motherland, to live as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, as required by the Laws of the Pioneers Soviet Union".
Note: 1922 Promise
I promise with my word of honor that I will be loyal to the working class, I will help my fellow workers every day, I know the laws of the pioneers and will obey them.
Pioneer Laws
Latest edition (1986)
A pioneer - a young builder of communism - works and studies for the good of the Motherland, preparing to become its defender.
A pioneer is an active fighter for peace, a friend to pioneers and the children of workers of all countries.
The pioneer looks up to the communists, prepares to become a Komsomol member, and leads the Octobrists.
A pioneer values the honor of his organization and strengthens its authority through his deeds and actions.
A pioneer is a reliable comrade, respects elders, takes care of younger ones, and always acts according to conscience and honor.
A pioneer has the right to: elect and be elected to pioneer self-government bodies; discuss at pioneer gatherings, rallies, meetings of councils of detachments and squads, in the press, the work of the pioneer organization, criticize shortcomings, make proposals to any council of the pioneer organization, up to the Central Council of the Higher Professional Education named after V.I. Lenin; ask for a recommendation from the squad council to join the ranks of the Komsomol.
The declared goal of the pioneer organization: to educate young fighters for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It is expressed in the motto of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. To the call: “Pioneer, be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!” - the answer follows: “Always ready!”
Pioneer Anthem
The anthem of the pioneer organization is considered to be “March of Young Pioneers” - a Soviet pioneer song written in 1922 by two Komsomol members - pianist Sergei Kaidan-Deshkin and poet Alexander Zharov:
We are Pioneers - children of workers!
The era of bright years is approaching,
With a joyful step, with a cheerful song,
We stand for Komsomol,
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
We raise the red banner
Children of workers - boldly follow us!
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
Rise up with fires, blue nights,
We are Pioneers - children of workers!
The era of bright years is approaching,
The cry of the pioneers is always be prepared!
Pioneer symbols
Pioneer tie
Pioneer badge
Pioneer squad. Standard bearer, honor guard, drummers. USSR stamp.
Pioneer uniform
On ordinary days, it coincided with the school uniform, complemented by pioneer symbols - a red tie and a pioneer badge. On special occasions (holidays, greetings at party and Komsomol forums, meetings of foreign delegations, etc.) a dress uniform was worn, which included:
red caps, pioneer ties and badges;
for boys - uniform white shirts with gilded buttons and sleeve emblems, belted with a light brown belt with a gilded buckle, blue trousers and dark shoes;
girls also wear uniform white shirts with gilded buttons and sleeve emblems or just white blouses, blue skirts, white knee socks and white shoes;
in regions with a hot climate, shoes were replaced with sandals, and trousers could be replaced with shorts, if this did not contradict the spirit of the event and the national traditions of the republic;
for banner groups, the dress uniform was complemented by a red ribbon over the shoulder and white gloves.
on the dress shirt on the left sleeve above the sign of the pioneer organization there was a belt loop (a strip of fabric) on which the insignia of the pioneer organization was attached - plastic red stars with an eyelet for sewing on.
- Pioneering and culture
The Central Committee of the Komsomol, the Central Committee of the Komsomol of the union republics, regional committees, regional committees of the Komsomol, Central, Republican, regional and regional councils of pioneer organizations published pioneer newspapers and magazines and literature necessary for children, including the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda”, magazines “Pioneer”, “Koster” ”, “Young Technician”, “Young Naturalist”, etc. Radio and television regularly produced programs for pioneers, the radio newspaper call sign “Pionerskaya Zorka” was broadcast daily, the television studio “Eaglet” worked on Central Television, and in cinemas before the film was shown monthly documentary film magazine "Pioneria".
Films featuring Pioneers
The adventures of Petrov and Vasechkin, ordinary and incredible
Vacations of Petrov and Vasechkin, ordinary and incredible
Guest from the future
Adventure Electronics
Moscow - Cassiopeia
The eccentric from the fifth "B"
Next to you, 1976
Welcome, or No Trespassing
Bronze Bird (film)
Passenger from Equator
Old Man Hottabych (film)
- Pioneers in the Stalin era
Pavlik Morozov was proclaimed an example of a pioneer, who, according to the official version, reported to the authorities against his father (who abandoned Pavlik’s mother), who was helping the “kulaks,” and spoke out against him in court, after which he followed the kulaks who covered the bread and denounced them; for this he was killed by them. “Pavel Morozov is not alone, there are legions of people like him. They expose bread grabbers, plunderers of public property, they, if necessary, bring their fathers to the dock…” wrote the Tavdinsky Rabochiy newspaper. Special “pioneer patrols” were organized to monitor all “disorders.” “Pionerskaya Pravda” reported on the following “exploits” of young pioneers: Kolya Yuryev saw a girl in the wheat who was collecting spikelets, and grabbed her. Pronya Kolybin boldly exposed his mother, who went into the field to collect fallen grains to feed him. The mother was sent to the camp, the son was sent to rest in Artek. Mitya Gordienko several times caught hungry collective farmers in the field collecting spikelets. Speaking as a witness in court, he said: “Having exposed the thieves of collective farm grain, I give an obligation to organize thirty children of our commune to protect the harvest and to be the leader of this pioneer detachment...” After one of Mitya’s denunciations against two adults, the husband was sentenced to death, and the wife to ten years of imprisonment with strict isolation. For this, Mitya was awarded a gold watch, a pioneer suit, boots and an annual subscription to the local newspaper “Lenin’s Grandchildren”.
Denunciations were written both directly to the “authorities” and to “Pionerskaya Pravda”, which then transmitted them “according to their affiliation”. She introduced the institution of children's correspondents - "detkors" (by analogy with "worker correspondents" and "village correspondents"), who published their denunciations in the newspaper anonymously or under a pseudonym (for example, "Keeping Eye"). One children's teacher, for example, reported to the newspaper that the director of his school gave the children a task in class: “There were 15 horses in total in the village. And when people joined the collective farm, 13 horses died. How much is left?" The director, as a class enemy, was brought “to severe responsibility.” With the introduction of the passport system in 1932, “Pionerskaya Pravda” even took the initiative to instruct pioneers to check passports, but the party leadership did not support it. “Young Watchmen” exchanged experiences and organized their own meetings; the most active ones were awarded trips to Artek.
Pioneers in the Great Patriotic War
With the onset of the Great Patriotic War, the pioneers sought to help adults in every way in the fight against the enemy both in the rear and at the front, in partisan detachments and in the underground. The pioneers became scouts, partisans, cabin boys on warships, and helped shelter the wounded. For their military services, tens of thousands of pioneers were awarded orders and medals, four were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union - Lenya Golikov, Zina Portnova, Marat Kazei and Valya Kotik. Subsequently, the dead pioneers were included in the official list of pioneer heroes.
Pioneer organization in the post-war years
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the pioneers were engaged: in the city - collecting waste paper and scrap metal, planting green spaces, in rural areas - raising small domestic animals (rabbits, birds). In the Central Asian republics, pioneers grew cotton. Pioneers Tursunali Matkazinov and Natalie Chelebadze in 1949 were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and awarded the Gold Star medal and the Order of Lenin.
Since 1955, the names of the best pioneers began to be entered in the book of honor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin. In 1958, three stages of growth were introduced in the children's organization, at each of which the children were awarded a special badge. To move to a new level, the pioneer worked according to a pre-drawn up individual plan. All pioneer work was combined into a two-year pioneer plan, which was focused on concrete assistance to adults in fulfilling the seven-year plan.
Since 1962, the pioneer badge has depicted Lenin’s profile, which symbolizes the state’s recognition of the merits of the pioneer organization. This is due to the fact that in 1962 the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin was awarded the Order of Lenin for its success in the socialist education of teenagers. In 1972, the pioneer organization was re-awarded the Order of Lenin.
By 1970, the All-Union Pioneer Organization united 23 million pioneers in more than 118 thousand pioneer squads.
In 1990, at the X All-Union rally in Artek, the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin was transformed into the International Union of Pioneer Organizations - the Federation of Children's Organizations. In practice, this transformation, as well as the ban in 1991 of the CPSU, the dissolution of the Komsomol and the collapse of the USSR, undermined the power of the pioneer organization and led to the virtual liquidation of the majority of pioneer squads. At the same time, numerous pioneer organizations still exist in Russia, in all countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and in the former Soviet republics that were not included in it.
Pioneer camps
The vast majority of pioneers spent their school holidays in pioneer camps. In the USSR, there were up to 40 thousand summer and year-round pioneer camps, where about 10 million children vacationed annually. There was a kind of unspoken hierarchy between them. The most famous of them was the All-Union Pioneer Camp of the Komsomol Central Committee "Artek", which had international status. The second place in prestige was occupied by the All-Russian Pioneer Camp "Orlyonok" (Krasnodar Territory, RSFSR). This was followed by the republican recreation camps “Ocean” (Primorsky Territory, RSFSR), “Young Guard” (Odessa region, Ukrainian SSR) and “Zubrenok” (Minsk region, BSSR).
Conclusion
After the collapse of the USSR, in Russia, the ideological activities of the Pioneer movement were supported on a voluntary basis by the forces of public initiative groups and enthusiasts, which were of a purely symbolic nature. One such organization is the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. The overwhelming majority of opponents of the Soviet system remember their participation in the Pioneer movement and speak out against the revival of the Pioneer and Komsomol movements in Russia.
The main points of criticism of the pioneer organization are: its ideological nature and formalism. The leader of modern St. Petersburg scouts, Kirill Alekseev, considers the pioneer organization “a monster of formalism, indifference and bureaucracy.” According to the President of the Russian Union of Scouts, Igor Bogdanov, “in a pioneer organization, the main thing is to conduct the pioneer gathering on time, the main thing is formalism, what adults want. But the children don’t want that, they want to play.” Bogdanov considers another mistake of the pioneers to be tied to school.
The writer Vladislav Krapivin believes that if initially the pioneer detachments were voluntary associations, then, having fallen under the power of the school, the organization lost absolutely all elements of voluntariness and ceased to be an organization as such.
The sprouts of all childish democracy were carefully weeded out, like weeds from carrot beds. Everything was subject to strict school regulations. Class - squad. The links in the classroom (not always, but often) are in rows of desks.
It turned out that the main task of the pioneer was still the same: “Study, study, and study...”. Why a tie then?
Bibliography
- All-Union Pioneer Organization // TSB
Regulations on the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin. - 10.06.1986.
Self-government at school. Edited by Yu.K. Babansky. "Enlightenment", Moscow, 1983
Komsomol and children's movement(edited by the Central Bureau of Legal Affairs under the Central Committee of the RLKSM). - M.-L., 1925. P. 32.
Young pioneer. Collection of lectures given at the first Moscow provincial courses for workers of children's communist groups, vol. V. Zorin, M. Stremyakov, Ya. Smolyarov, L. Kotenko. - M., 1924. P. 57.
Memo to a young pioneer. - Simferopol, 1925. P. 33.
Regulations on children's communist detachments named after V.I. Lenin.. - Smolensk, 1933. S.5.
Young Pioneers /Under. ed. V. Zorin.. - M.-L., 1922. - P. 16.
Glory to the informers! How many Pavliks were there?- Druzhnikov Yu. I.
Editor-in-chief - M. M. Kozlov The Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945. Encyclopedia. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1985. - P. 559-560.
Do you know the meaning of the word "pioneer"? How did it come about? Who do they call that? We will answer these and other questions in the article. Pioneers are called pioneers, initiators. This was also the name given to a military position or a private in the engineering forces of the Armed Forces. Russian Empire in the 18th-19th centuries and some modern countries (for example, Germany).
When pronouncing the word “pioneer,” a person can mean either a sapper of the Armed Forces of the German states, or a soldier engaged in the construction of earthen fortifications, building bridges, digging ditches, leveling roads, and so on. This is also the name given to participants in the pioneer movement - communist children's formations in the USSR and other socialist states, created according to the standards of scouting activities.
Meaning
According to Efremova, a pioneer is someone who for the first time made his way to a new, unexplored area or country and began to develop it. This is the name given to someone who laid the foundations for something new in the field of culture, science or other field of activity. Efremova also believes that pioneers are both members of the communist children's formation and soldiers of the engineer units of the engineering troops. Ozhegov and Ushakov represent the same meanings of this word. And Dahl’s dictionary indicates that previously there were also mounted pioneers.
Origin
So what does “pioneer” mean? The Russian-speaking population borrowed this word from French at the beginning of the 18th century and it began to be used in the meaning of “infantry warrior”. Over time, this interpretation became a thing of history, and the word “pioneer” began to be used to describe pioneers - people who paved new paths.
When it ended October Revolution In 1917, pioneer children's groups began to be created in Russia, whose participants wanted to be the first in everything. With their social activities they wanted to pave the “path to a radiant tomorrow.”
First units
Pioneers... Who are they? The name day of the All-Russian Pioneer is May 19, 1922. It was on this day at the 2nd All-Russian Komsomol Congress that it was decided to create pioneer detachments throughout the country. The famous organization has been named after V.I. Lenin since 1924. In 1925, the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda” began to be published in the state, which was often affectionately called “Pionerka”.
The first detachments of red tie workers operated under Komsomol formations in factories and institutions, participated in community cleanups, helped eliminate illiteracy, and fight child homelessness. Since the 1920s. these organizations began to be created in educational institutions. In each school there was a pioneer squad, and in the classroom there was a detachment. Almost every 9-10 year old child could become a pioneer. At the initiation ceremony, the children took an oath and pledged to “live, fight and study, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches.”
Pioneer is a symbol Soviet era. He wore a red tie (as a sign of a revolutionary badge with the motto “Always ready!” and images of a fire flame, Lenin’s profile and a five-pointed star. Defense and military work occupied a large place in the activities of the red-tie children: circles of orderlies, young shooters, signalmen were founded, and sports were held -army games.
Movement
Do you know that a pioneer is an example for everyone? During the Second World War, the Timur mass movement appeared in the Soviet Union, named after the hero of the story “Timur and His Team,” written by A.P. Gaidar. The pioneers, just like the characters in the work, helped the disabled, the families of front-line soldiers, and the elderly. In the post-war period, Timur's men patronized the old Bolsheviks, collected waste paper and scrap metal in the winter, medicinal herbs in the summer, helped war veterans, and worked in the harvest.
The country had a system of Palaces (houses) of pioneers with various types clubs (technical, sports, artistic) and pioneer camps where children vacationed in the summer. Mandatory attributes of the life of the latter institutions were bonfires and songs, evening and morning lines (formation of all detachments), raising and lowering of the flag, gatherings of red-necked men (meetings dedicated to various patriotic themes). The pioneer camps “Orlyonok” and “Artek”, which were located on the Black Sea coast, were considered the best. Pioneer age ended at 14 years old, and many children joined the Komsomol.
Disappearance
So, we have already found out that a pioneer is a reliable comrade. Unfortunately, after the collapse of the USSR, this amazing organization almost completed its work. In today's Russia there are pioneer detachments, but they are small in number and not particularly popular among children. In the 1990s. some public formations tried to replace the disappeared movement with an organization of scouts that operated in pre-revolutionary Russia, but this also did not bring any results.
Journalism
Today many people ask what a pioneer is. The definition of this word has been forgotten by many. Nevertheless, many songs and books were written about the Red Ties of the USSR, films were made, most of which have no artistic value. It should be noted that the audience really liked the comedy about the pioneer camp “Welcome, or No Strangers Entry!”
In modern speech, especially among older people, you can sometimes hear the phrase “like a pioneer (pioneer),” that is, “to do something in a disciplined, obedient manner.” And the expression “Always ready!” means agreement and willingness to do something. In Soviet journalism, the red-necked people were called young Leninists (adherents of V.I. Lenin).
Tie
Through children's formation new personnel were forged for the Soviet country. Some children were forbidden by their parents to become pioneers, but they still joined the organization. They had to hide their ties from their moms and dads. In the USSR, almost all children were pioneers. First, the baby entered school and was accepted into the October class, after which he proudly wore a star with a portrait of a curly, fair-haired boy on his chest.
When the child turned 9 years old, his candidacy was approved at a detachment meeting, and then he was initiated into the pioneers. And finally, at the end of his studies, as “the final stage in the development of the student’s personality,” he was awarded
Every pioneer was required to wear a pioneer tie. It could be made of any fabric, but it had to be red. The schoolchildren knew how to tie it with a special knot. If a child came to school with a crumpled, hastily tied tie, or without one at all, it was considered a disgrace. A pioneer always had to be neat, tidy and wear the symbols of his organization with honor.
What do the three ends of a tie represent? They point to the unbreakable unity of three generations: communists, pioneers and Komsomol members. In some countries, the red scarf movement exists without much change (Moldova, Venezuela, North Korea, China, Cuba, Vietnam).
Heroes
Soviet pioneers who accomplished feats during their education Soviet power, WWII, are called heroes.
Their images were actively used in the USSR as examples of high morality and ethics. In 1954, an official list of pioneer heroes was created, and the Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneers named after V.I. Lenin was compiled, to which the Books of Honor of local red-tie formations were added.
War time
What are the pioneer heroes of the Great Patriotic War famous for? Patriotic War? Already in the first days of the battles for the Brest Fortress, 14-year-old Klypa Petya, a student of a musical platoon, distinguished himself. Many pioneers fought the Nazis in partisan detachments, where they served as scouts and saboteurs, and also carried out underground activities.
Among the young partisans, Volodya Dubinin, Marat Kazei, Lenya Golikov, Zhora Antonenko, and Valya Kotik are very famous. All of them died in battle, except for Volodya Dubinin, who exploded in a mine. Each of them, except for the over-aged Lenya Golikov, was 13-14 years old at the time of his death.
Very often, schoolchildren fought as part of army units (the so-called “daughters and sons of regiments” - Valentin Kataev’s story “Son of the Regiment” is known).
The pioneers of the Great Patriotic War showed their best qualities in battles. Thus, 15-year-old Chekmak Vilor saved a partisan detachment of Sevastopol at the cost of his own life. The boy had a bad heart, he was young, but in 1941, in August, he went into the forest with the partisans. He was on patrol on November 10, so he was the first to see the approaching punitive detachment. Vilor warned the partisans of the threat with a flare and alone took the fight to the Nazis. When he ran out of ammunition, he waited until the enemies came closer to him and blew himself up with the Nazis with a grenade. Vilor was buried in the cemetery of WWII veterans in the village of Dergachi, near Sevastopol.
What else did the great pioneers do? They served as cabin boys on warships, worked in factories in the Soviet rear, replacing adults who had gone to the front, and took part in civil defense.
At the Obol station (Vitebsk region), the Komsomol underground organization “Young Avengers” was created. It included the pioneer Zina Portnova, who joined the Komsomol underground, was executed by the Nazis and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.
Tens of thousands of young fighters were awarded for military merits:
- The Order of the Red Banner was awarded to: Yuliy Kantemirov, Volodya Dubinin, Andrey Makarikhin, Kostya Kravchuk;
- Order of Lenin - Vitya Korobkov, Tolya Shumov, Volodya Treasurers, Lenya Golikov, ;
- Order of the Red Star - Samorukha Volodya, Efremov Shura, Andrianov Vanya, Ankinovich Lenya, Kovalenko Vitya, Kamanin Arkady (twice);
- Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree - Valery Volkov, Petya Klypa, Sasha Kovalev.
Hundreds of pioneers were awarded the medal “Partisan of the Second World War,” over 15,000 received the medal “For the Defense of Leningrad,” and over 20,000 received the medal “For the Defense of Moscow.”
Five pioneers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union: Lenya Golikov, Valya Kotik, Marat Kazei, Zina Portnova, Alexander Chekalin. Many young combatants died on the battlefield or were executed by the Germans. Many children’s names were included in the “Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneer named after V.I. Lenin” and elevated to the rank of “pioneer heroes.”
Already in the first days of the war, while defending the Brest Fortress, a student of the musical platoon, 14-year-old Petya Klypa, distinguished himself. Many pioneers participated in partisan detachments, where they were often used as scouts and saboteurs, as well as in carrying out underground activities; Among the young partisans, Marat Kazei, Volodya Dubinin, Lenya Golikov and Valya Kotik are especially famous (all of them died in battle, except for Volodya Dubinin, who was blown up by a mine; and all of them, except for the older Lenya Golikov, were 13-14 years old at the time of their death) .
There were often cases when teenagers school age fought as part of military units (the so-called “sons and daughters of regiments” - the story of the same name by Valentin Kataev, the prototype of which was 11-year-old Isaac Rakov, is known).
For military services, tens of thousands of children and pioneers were awarded orders and medals:
The Order of Lenin was awarded to Tolya Shumov, Vitya Korobkov, Volodya Kaznacheev; Order of the Red Banner - Volodya Dubinin, Yuliy Kantemirov, Andrey Makarikhin, Kostya Kravchuk;
Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree - Petya Klypa, Valery Volkov, Sasha Kovalev; Order of the Red Star - Volodya Samorukha, Shura Efremov, Vanya Andrianov, Vitya Kovalenko, Lenya Ankinovich.
Hundreds of pioneers were awarded
medal “Partisan of the Great Patriotic War”,
medal "For the Defense of Leningrad" - over 15,000,
“For the Defense of Moscow” - over 20,000 medals
Four pioneer heroes were awarded the title
Hero of the Soviet Union:
Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova.
There was a war going on. Enemy bombers were buzzing hysterically over the village where Sasha lived. The native land was trampled by the enemy's boot. Sasha Borodulin, a pioneer with the warm heart of a young Leninist, could not put up with this. He decided to fight the fascists. Got a rifle. Having killed a fascist motorcyclist, he took his first battle trophy - a real German machine gun. Day after day he conducted reconnaissance. More than once he went on the most dangerous missions. He was responsible for many destroyed vehicles and soldiers. For carrying out dangerous tasks, for showing courage, resourcefulness and courage, Sasha Borodulin was awarded awarded the order Red Banner.
Punishers tracked down the partisans. The detachment escaped them for three days, twice broke out of encirclement, but the enemy ring closed again. Then the commander called for volunteers to cover the detachment’s retreat. Sasha was the first to step forward. Five took the fight. One by one they died. Sasha was left alone. It was still possible to retreat - the forest was nearby, but the detachment valued every minute that would delay the enemy, and Sasha fought to the end. He, allowing the fascists to close a ring around him, grabbed a grenade and blew them up and himself. Sasha Borodulin died, but his memory lives on. The memory of the heroes is eternal!
After the death of her mother, Marat and her older sister Ariadne went to the partisan detachment named after. 25th anniversary of October (November 1942).
When the partisan detachment was leaving the encirclement, Ariadne's legs were frozen, and therefore she was taken by plane to Mainland, where she had to have both legs amputated. Marat, as a minor, was also offered to evacuate along with his sister, but he refused and remained in the detachment.
Subsequently, Marat was a scout at the headquarters of the partisan brigade named after. K.K. Rokossovsky. In addition to reconnaissance, he participated in raids and sabotage. For courage and bravery in battles he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, medals “For Courage” (wounded, raised partisans to attack) and “For Military Merit”. Returning from reconnaissance and surrounded by Germans, Marat Kazei blew himself up with a grenade.
When the war began, and the Nazis were approaching Leningrad, a counselor was left for underground work in the village of Tarnovichi - in the south of the Leningrad region high school Anna Petrovna Semenova. To communicate with the partisans, she selected her most reliable pioneers, and the first among them was Galina Komleva. During her six school years, the cheerful, brave, inquisitive girl was awarded books six times with the caption: “For excellent studies.”
The young messenger brought assignments from the partisans to her counselor, and forwarded her reports to the detachment along with bread, potatoes, and food, which were obtained with great difficulty. One day, when a messenger from a partisan detachment did not arrive on time at the meeting place, Galya, half-frozen, made her way into the detachment, handed over a report and, having warmed up a little, hurried back, carrying a new task to the underground fighters.
Together with Komsomol member Tasya Yakovleva, Galya wrote leaflets and scattered them around the village at night. The Nazis tracked down and captured the young underground fighters. They kept me in the Gestapo for two months. They beat me severely, threw me into a cell, and in the morning they took me out again for interrogation. Galya didn’t say anything to the enemy, didn’t betray anyone. The young patriot was shot.
The Motherland celebrated the feat of Galya Komleva with the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.
Chernihiv region. The front came close to the village of Pogoreltsy. On the outskirts, covering the withdrawal of our units, a company held the defense. A boy brought cartridges to the soldiers. His name was Vasya Korobko.
Night. Vasya creeps up to the school building occupied by the Nazis.
He makes his way into the pioneer room, takes out the pioneer banner and hides it securely.
The outskirts of the village. Under the bridge - Vasya. He pulls out iron brackets, saws down the piles, and at dawn, from a hiding place, watches the bridge collapse under the weight of a fascist armored personnel carrier. The partisans were convinced that Vasya could be trusted, and entrusted him with a serious task: to become a scout in the enemy’s lair. At the fascist headquarters, he lights the stoves, chops wood, and he takes a closer look, remembers, and passes on information to the partisans. The punishers, who planned to exterminate the partisans, forced the boy to lead them into the forest. But Vasya led the Nazis to a police ambush. The Nazis, mistaking them for partisans in the dark, opened furious fire, killed all the policemen and themselves suffered heavy losses.
Together with the partisans, Vasya destroyed nine echelons and hundreds of Nazis. In one of the battles he was hit by an enemy bullet. The Motherland awarded its little hero, who lived a short but such a bright life, the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War,” 1st degree.
She was executed twice by the Nazis, and for many years her military friends considered Nadya dead. They even erected a monument to her.
It’s hard to believe, but when she became a scout in the partisan detachment of “Uncle Vanya” Dyachkov, she was not yet ten years old. Small, thin, she, pretending to be a beggar, wandered among the Nazis, noticing everything, remembering everything, and brought the most valuable information to the detachment. And then, together with partisan fighters, she blew up the fascist headquarters, derailed a train with military equipment, and mined objects.
The first time she was captured was when, together with Vanya Zvontsov, she hung out a red flag in enemy-occupied Vitebsk on November 7, 1941. They beat her with ramrods, tortured her, and when they brought her to the ditch to shoot her, she no longer had any strength left - she fell into the ditch, momentarily outstripping the bullet. Vanya died, and the partisans found Nadya alive in a ditch...
The second time she was captured at the end of 1943. And again torture: they poured ice water on her in the cold, burned a five-pointed star on her back. Considering the scout dead, the Nazis abandoned her when the partisans attacked Karasevo. Local residents came out paralyzed and almost blind. After the war in Odessa, Academician V.P. Filatov restored Nadya’s sight.
15 years later, she heard on the radio how the intelligence chief of the 6th detachment, Slesarenko - her commander - said that the soldiers would never forget their fallen comrades, and named among them Nadya Bogdanova, who saved his life, a wounded man...
Only then did she show up, only then did the people who worked with her learn about what an amazing destiny of a person she, Nadya Bogdanova, was awarded with the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and medals.
For the operation of reconnaissance and explosion of the railway. bridge over the Drissa River, Leningrad schoolgirl Larisa Mikheenko was nominated for a government award. But the Motherland did not have time to present the award to her brave daughter...
The war cut off the girl from hometown: in the summer she went on vacation to the Pustoshkinsky district, but was unable to return - the village was occupied by the Nazis. The pioneer dreamed of breaking out of Hitler's slavery and making her way to her own people. And one night she left the village with two older friends.
At the headquarters of the 6th Kalinin Brigade, the commander, Major P.V. Ryndin, initially found himself accepting “such little ones”: what kind of partisans are they? But how much even very young citizens can do for the Motherland! The girls were able to do what they couldn’t strong men. Dressed in rags, Lara walked through the villages, finding out where and how the guns were located, the sentries were posted, what German vehicles were moving along the highway, what kind of trains were coming to Pustoshka station and with what cargo.
She also took part in combat operations...
The young partisan, betrayed by a traitor in the village of Ignatovo, was shot by the Nazis. The Decree on awarding Larisa Mikheenko the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, contains the bitter word: “Posthumously.”
On June 11, 1944, units leaving for the front were lined up in the central square of Kyiv. And before this battle formation, they read out the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding the pioneer Kostya Kravchuk with the Order of the Red Banner for saving and preserving two battle flags of rifle regiments during the occupation of the city of Kyiv...
Retreating from Kyiv, two wounded soldiers entrusted Kostya with the banners. And Kostya promised to keep them.
At first I buried it in the garden under a pear tree: I thought our people would return soon. But the war dragged on, and, having dug up the banners, Kostya kept them in the barn until he remembered an old, abandoned well outside the city, near the Dnieper. Having wrapped his priceless treasure in burlap and rolled it with straw, he got out of the house at dawn and, with a canvas bag over his shoulder, led a cow to a distant forest. And there, looking around, he hid the bundle in the well, covered it with branches, dry grass, turf...
And throughout the long occupation the pioneer carried out his difficult guard at the banner, although he was caught in a raid, and even fled from the train in which the Kievites were driven away to Germany.
When Kyiv was liberated, Kostya, in a white shirt with a red tie, came to the military commandant of the city and unfurled banners in front of the well-worn and yet amazed soldiers.
On June 11, 1944, the newly formed units leaving for the front were given the rescued Kostya replacements.
Leonid Golikov was born in the village of Lukino, now Parfinsky district, Novgorod region, into a working-class family.
Graduated from 7th grade. He worked at plywood factory No. 2 in the village of Parfino.
Brigade reconnaissance officer of the 67th detachment of the fourth Leningrad partisan brigade, operating in the Novgorod and Pskov regions. Participated in 27 combat operations. He especially distinguished himself during the defeat of German garrisons in the villages of Aprosovo, Sosnitsy, and Sever.
In total, he destroyed: 78 Germans, 2 railway and 12 highway bridges, 2 food and fodder warehouses and 10 vehicles with ammunition. Accompanied a convoy with food (250 carts) to besieged Leningrad. For valor and courage he was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, the medal “For Courage” and the Partisan of the Patriotic War medal, 2nd degree.
On August 13, 1942, returning from reconnaissance from the Luga-Pskov highway, not far from the village of Varnitsa, Strugokrasnensky district, he blew up a grenade passenger car, in which was the German Major General of the Engineering Troops Richard von Wirtz. The detachment commander's report indicated that in a shootout Golikov shot the general, the officer and driver accompanying him with a machine gun, but after that, in 1943-1944, General Wirtz commanded the 96th Infantry Division, and in 1945 he was captured by American troops . The intelligence officer delivered a briefcase with documents to the brigade headquarters. These included drawings and descriptions of new models of German mines, inspection reports to higher command and other important military papers. Nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
On January 24, 1943, in an unequal battle in the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov Region, Leonid Golikov died.
Valya Kotik Born on February 11, 1930 in the village of Khmelevka, Shepetovsky district. In the fall of 1941, together with his comrades, he killed the head of the field gendarmerie near the town of Shepetovka. In the battle for the city of Izyaslav in the Khmelnytsky region, on February 16, 1944, he was mortally wounded. In 1958, Valya was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Wherever the blue-eyed girl Yuta went, her red tie was always with her...
In the summer of 1941, she came from Leningrad on vacation to a village near Pskov. Here terrible news overtook Utah: war! Here she saw the enemy. Utah began to help the partisans. At first she was a messenger, then a scout. Dressed as a beggar boy, she collected information from the villages: where the fascist headquarters were, how they were guarded, how many machine guns there were.
Returning from a mission, I immediately tied a red tie. And it was as if the strength was increasing! Utah supported the tired soldiers with a sonorous pioneer song and a story about their native Leningrad...
And how happy everyone was, how the partisans congratulated Utah when the message came to the detachment: the blockade had been broken! Leningrad survived, Leningrad won! That day, both Yuta’s blue eyes and her red tie shone as it seems never before.
But the earth was still groaning under the enemy’s yoke, and the detachment, together with units of the Red Army, left to help the Estonian partisans. In one of the battles - near the Estonian farm of Rostov - Yuta Bondarovskaya, a little heroine great war, a pioneer who did not part with her red tie, died a heroic death. The Motherland awarded its heroic daughter posthumously with the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”, 1st degree, and the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.
An ordinary black bag would not attract the attention of visitors to a local history museum if it were not for a red tie lying next to it. A boy or girl will involuntarily freeze, an adult will stop, and they will read the yellowed certificate issued by the commissioner
partisan detachment. The fact that the young owner of these relics, pioneer Lida Vashkevich, risking her life, helped fight the Nazis. There is another reason to stop near these exhibits: Lida was awarded the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”, 1st degree.
...In the city of Grodno, occupied by the Nazis, a communist underground operated. One of the groups was led by Lida’s father. Contacts of underground fighters and partisans came to him, and each time the commander’s daughter was on duty at the house. From the outside looking in, she was playing. And she peered vigilantly, listened, to see if the policemen, the patrol, were approaching,
and, if necessary, gave a sign to her father. Dangerous? Very. But compared to other tasks, this was almost a game. Lida obtained paper for leaflets by buying a couple of sheets from different stores, often with the help of her friends. A pack will be collected, the girl will hide it at the bottom of a black bag and deliver it to the appointed place. And the next day the whole city reads
words of truth about the victories of the Red Army near Moscow and Stalingrad.
The girl warned the people's avengers about the raids while going around safe houses. She traveled from station to station by train to convey an important message to the partisans and underground fighters. She carried the explosives past the fascist posts in the same black bag, filled to the top with coal and trying not to bend so as not to arouse suspicion - coal is lighter explosives...
This is what kind of bag ended up in the Grodno Museum. And the tie that Lida was wearing in her bosom back then: she couldn’t, didn’t want to part with it.
Every summer, Nina and her younger brother and sister were taken from Leningrad to the village of Nechepert, where fresh air, soft grass, where there is honey and new milk...Roar, explosions, flames and smoke hit this quiet region in the fourteenth summer of pioneer Nina Kukoverova. War! From the first days of the arrival of the Nazis, Nina became a partisan intelligence officer. I remembered everything I saw around me and reported it to the detachment.
A punitive detachment is located in the village of the mountain, all approaches are blocked, even the most experienced scouts cannot get through. Nina volunteered to go. She walked for a dozen kilometers through a snow-covered plain and field. The Nazis did not pay attention to the chilled, tired girl with a bag, but nothing escaped her attention - neither the headquarters, nor the fuel depot, nor the location of the sentries. And when the partisan detachment set out on a campaign at night, Nina walked next to the commander as a scout, as a guide. That night, fascist warehouses flew into the air, the headquarters burst into flames, and the punitive forces fell, struck down by fierce fire.
Nina, a pioneer who was awarded the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”, 1st degree, went on combat missions more than once.
The young heroine died. But the memory of Russia’s daughter is alive. She was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree. Nina Kukoverova is forever included in her pioneer squad.
He dreamed of heaven when he was just a boy. Arkady's father, Nikolai Petrovich Kamanin, a pilot, participated in the rescue of the Chelyuskinites, for which he received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. And my father’s friend, Mikhail Vasilyevich Vodopyanov, is always nearby. There was something to make the boy's heart burn. But they didn’t let him fly, they told him to grow up.
When the war began, he went to work at an aircraft factory, then he used the airfield for any opportunity to take to the skies. Experienced pilots, even if only for a few minutes, sometimes trusted him to fly the plane. One day the cockpit glass was broken by an enemy bullet. The pilot was blinded. Losing consciousness, he managed to hand over control to Arkady, and the boy landed the plane at his airfield.
After this, Arkady was allowed to seriously study flying, and soon he began to fly on his own.
One day, from above, a young pilot saw our plane shot down by the Nazis. Under heavy mortar fire, Arkady landed, carried the pilot into his plane, took off and returned to his own. The Order of the Red Star shone on his chest. For participation in battles with the enemy, Arkady was awarded the second Order of the Red Star. By that time he had already become an experienced pilot, although he was fifteen years old.
Arkady Kamanin fought with the Nazis until the victory. The young hero dreamed of the sky and conquered the sky!
1941... In the spring, Volodya Kaznacheev graduated from fifth grade. In the fall he joined the partisan detachment.
When, together with his sister Anya, he came to the partisans in the Kletnyansky forests in the Bryansk region, the detachment said: “What a reinforcement!..” True, having learned that they were from Solovyanovka, the children of Elena Kondratyevna Kaznacheeva, the one who baked bread for the partisans , they stopped joking (Elena Kondratievna was killed by the Nazis).
The detachment had a “partisan school”. Future miners and demolition workers trained there. Volodya mastered this science perfectly and, together with his senior comrades, derailed eight echelons. He also had to cover the group’s retreat, stopping the pursuers with grenades...
He was a liaison; he often went to Kletnya, delivering valuable information; After waiting until dark, he posted leaflets. From operation to operation he became more experienced and skillful.
The Nazis placed a reward on the head of partisan Kzanacheev, not even suspecting that their brave opponent was just a boy. He fought alongside the adults until the day he motherland was not liberated from the fascist evil spirits, and rightfully shared with the adults the glory of the hero-liberator native land. Volodya Kaznacheev was awarded the Order of Lenin and the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st degree.
The Brest Fortress was the first to take the enemy's blow. Bombs and shells exploded, walls collapsed, people died both in the fortress and in the city of Brest. From the first minutes, Valya’s father went into battle. He left and did not return, died a hero, like many defenders of the Brest Fortress.
And the Nazis forced Valya to make her way into the fortress under fire in order to convey to its defenders the demand to surrender. Valya made her way into the fortress, talked about the atrocities of the Nazis, explained what weapons they had, indicated their location and stayed to help our soldiers. She bandaged the wounded, collected cartridges and brought them to the soldiers.
There was not enough water in the fortress, it was divided by sip. The thirst was painful, but Valya again and again refused her sip: the wounded needed water. When the command of the Brest Fortress decided to take the children and women out from under fire and transport them to the other side of the Mukhavets River - there was no other way to save their lives - the little nurse Valya Zenkina asked to be left with the soldiers. But an order is an order, and then she vowed to continue the fight against the enemy until complete victory.
And Valya kept her vow. Various trials befell her. But she survived. She survived. And she continued her struggle in the partisan detachment. She fought bravely, along with adults. For courage and bravery, the Motherland awarded its young daughter the Order of the Red Star.
Pioneer Vitya Khomenko passed his heroic path of struggle against the fascists in the underground organization “Nikolaev Center”.
...Vitya’s German at school was “excellent,” and the underground members instructed the pioneer to get a job in the officers’ mess. He washed dishes, sometimes served officers in the hall and listened to their conversations. In drunken arguments, the fascists blurted out information that was of great interest to the Nikolaev Center.
The officers began sending the fast, smart boy on errands, and soon he was made a messenger at headquarters. It could never have occurred to them that the most secret packages were the first to be read by underground workers at the turnout...
Together with Shura Kober, Vitya received the task of crossing the front line to establish contact with Moscow. In Moscow, at the headquarters of the partisan movement, they reported the situation and talked about what they observed on the way.
Returning to Nikolaev, the guys delivered a radio transmitter, explosives, and weapons to the underground fighters. And again fight without fear or hesitation. On December 5, 1942, ten underground members were captured by the Nazis and executed. Among them are two boys - Shura Kober and Vitya Khomenko. They lived as heroes and died as heroes.
The Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree - posthumously - was awarded by the Motherland to its fearless son. The school where he studied is named after Vitya Khomenko.
Zina Portnova was born on February 20, 1926 in the city of Leningrad into a working-class family. Belarusian by nationality. Graduated from 7th grade.
At the beginning of June 1941, she came for school holidays to the village of Zui, near the Obol station, Shumilinsky district, Vitebsk region. After the Nazi invasion of the USSR, Zina Portnova found herself in occupied territory. Since 1942, a member of the Obol underground organization “Young Avengers,” whose leader was the future Hero of the Soviet Union E. S. Zenkova, a member of the organization’s committee. While underground she was accepted into the Komsomol.
She participated in the distribution of leaflets among the population and sabotage against the invaders. While working in the canteen of a retraining course for German officers, at the direction of the underground, she poisoned the food (more than a hundred officers died). During the proceedings, wanting to prove to the Germans that she was not involved, she tried the poisoned soup. Miraculously, she survived.
Since August 1943, scout of the partisan detachment named after. K. E. Voroshilova. In December 1943, returning from a mission to find out the reasons for the failure of the Young Avengers organization, she was captured in the village of Mostishche and identified by a certain Anna Khrapovitskaya. During one of the interrogations at the Gestapo in the village of Goryany (Belarus), she grabbed the investigator’s pistol from the table, shot him and two other Nazis, tried to escape, and was captured. After torture, she was shot in a prison in Polotsk (according to another version, in the village of Goryany, now Polotsk district, Vitebsk region of Belarus).
In the fall of 1918, a children's organization of young communists (YuKov) was created, but a year later it was dissolved. In November 1921, a decision was made to create an all-Russian children's organization. Children's groups operated in Moscow for several months; during the experiment, pioneer symbols and attributes were developed, and the name of the new organization was adopted - the Spartak Young Pioneer Units. On May 7, 1922, the first Pioneer bonfire was held in the Sokolnichesky Forest in Moscow.
Pioneers of the USSR
In the Soviet Union, the Day of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin, or, more simply, Pioneer Day, was officially celebrated on May 19. It was on this day in 1922 that the 2nd All-Russian Komsomol Conference decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere. The social hierarchy: October - pioneer - Komsomol member, was aimed at creating an internal ideological core in Soviet children and adolescents, the desire to grow and improve. The pioneer organization taught children how to live in a socialist society and how to coexist with their peers. Now many citizens see shortcomings in this approach to educating young people, they say, ideological clouding of the brain, which made puppets out of people. Even so, at that time the level of drug addiction and crime among young people was extremely low compared to our time. After the collapse of the USSR, Pioneer Day ceased to be an official holiday. Today Pioneer Day is unofficially celebrated by some children's organizations and companies involved in organizing children's leisure.
