Suggestions for a soft sign in Tatar. Tatar alphabets in Latin. Memo for students of the Tatar language

Simple and easy about the Tatar language

Now let's get down to the grammar itself.

We divided all words in the Tatar language into six groups: 1) words-names; 2) words replacing them; 3) words-actions, words-processes; 4) number words; 5) words-signs; 6) function words.
Noun words are nouns. Those. then a huge number of words that denote objects, phenomena, abstract and concrete concepts of reality. But we use them only so that I will not be reproached for reinterpreting traditional academic grammar and leaving out one of the parts of speech.
But there is one here important detail. The fact is that a whole class of verbs (process words) are translated into Russian as nouns. These are the so-called action names. In the Tatar language they are initial form verb, from which it is easy to isolate the basis that is so necessary when learning a language. Let's look at examples and their translation:
Baru – walking; base bar
Uylau – reflection; uyla base
Chygu – exit, exit process; base chik(g)

In order to master the language being studied, knowledge of words alone is, of course, not enough. It is necessary to master the rules of combining words, forming word forms, or, in other words, the grammar of a new language. Introductory course This self-teacher has precisely this goal: to introduce the Russian-speaking reader to the basic rules of Tatar grammar in the simplest and most understandable form. I constantly relied on the reader's knowledge of Russian grammar and paid more attention to the contrasting elements of the Tatar and Russian languages.
§1. PHONETICS

1.1. The graphics of the Tatar language are based on the Cyrillic alphabet. This gives some advantage for the Russian reader, but on the other hand, it contributes to the appearance of errors due to the different interpretation of some letters.

The graphics of the Tatar language were based on Arabic writing for 1000 years, until 1927. From 1927 to 1939, the Latin alphabet was used, on the basis of which spelling rules were carefully developed. The basic principles of spelling were also used during the transition to Russian graphics. In modern Tatar writing, all letters of the Russian alphabet are used with the addition of special characters for specific Tatar phonemes: ә, ө, ү, җ, ң, һ.
Changes in two alphabets within one century could not but affect the state of the spelling of the language. The phonetic system of the Tatar language has been replenished with Russian phonemes - , . And in the orthography of the Tatar language, the principle of graphic design of Russian and borrowings that came through the Russian language was strengthened, i.e. new Russians and European words in the Tatar language they are written similarly to their Russian version.

Tatar alphabet

A a F f N n U y
Ә ә җ ң Ү ү ъ
B b Z z O o F f Y y
B in I and Ө ө X x ь
G g Y j P p I h E e
D d K k R r C c Yu u
E e L l S s H h I
Yo e M m T t Sh w

The pronunciation of six specific letters of the Tatar alphabet, of course, is best practiced under the guidance of an experienced teacher. But if you learn their approximate pronunciation with the help of these tips and the following exercises, this will not become an obstacle to learning the language.

[ә] = [æ] – this sound can otherwise be designated as [’’a], that is, a very soft [a]. It is close to Russian ['a] in the words 'sit', 'look', 'row'. When pronouncing [''a], lower the tip of your tongue to your lower teeth and you will get the sound [æ]. By the way, he is in English language: black, hat – , .

[ү] = [ü] – soft and more rounded [’у]. A sound close to it is found in the Russian words “bale”, “ditch”, “lute”. Pronounce these words, giving ['u] an even greater rounding (roll your lips into a tube), and you will approximately get the desired sound.

[ө] = [ә:°] – this vowel sound presents the greatest difficulty for the Russian-speaking reader. The closest version of the Tatar [ө] can be found in the words “maple”, “honey”, “Peter”. But in the Tatar language [ө] is short, and Russian [’о] is found only under stress. Try to pronounce these Russian words as briefly as possible and with more rounding, and you will be close to the desired sound. It is similar to the sound that is common in English: bird, work. But the English sound lacks rounding.

[җ] – this sound is also often found in English, and in borrowings from English in Russian it is expressed by the letter combination j: “jumper”, “Jack”. Tatar borrowings are also formalized: jilyan - җilyan, Jalil - Җәlil. The sound [zh] in Russian is always hard, but to form from it soft version for a Russian-speaking reader it usually does not present any difficulties. It should be noted that hard [zh] is also uncharacteristic for the Tatar language, as [’zh] is for Russian. Therefore, as a rule, mixing of these sounds does not occur.

[ң] is a nasal sound produced by a small tongue. The sound combination [ng] in the word “gong” when pronounced through the nose can be considered the closest in the Russian language. This sound is often found in French: jardin, bien, chien [тjeŋ]. It has been noticed that mastering this sound with the help of a teacher-consultant is not at all difficult. And if you have the opportunity to check your pronunciation, do not neglect this opportunity.

[һ] = [һ] – pharyngeal sound. It is formed in the pharynx and is pronounced with aspiration. There is a sound close to it in the English language: hat, hand, hare. In Russian, the closest sound can be considered [x] in the words robe, chill, if pronounced without a guttural sound. It must be remembered that Tatar [һ] is of more posterior, pharyngeal origin.

EXERCISES
a) Say each row several times:
ak-әk, az-әz, at-әt, ar-әr, am-әm;
ak-әk-uk-үk, az-әz-uz-үz, uky-үke;
on-өn, om-өm, ok-өk, as-әs-us-үs-os-өs;
zhi-җи, zhe-җе, zhu-җу;
un-un, an-an, in-in;
ham-һәm, khas-һәs, hat-khava.

b) Read, paying attention to the new sound letters (try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words):
mәk, rәt, shәp, fәn, bәlesh, tәrtә, chәinek, tәlinkә, eshlәpә, kәbestә;
mүk, kүk, kүl, kүp, bүre, kүrәgә, kүsәk, bүrәnә;
kөn, ton, kөl, tolke, өrpәk, kөrәk, өstәl;
kәҗә, җen, җil, җir, җәy, җыyu, җылы, җыр, рәнү;
son, in, an, un, tan, tәңre, bәrңge;
һava, һich, һәr, һөnәr.

When performing the exercise, pronounce the last syllable clearly.

1.2. The complexities of the sound system of the Tatar language are not limited to specific Tatar letters. In addition, there is a discrepancy in the common letters for the Tatar and Russian alphabets.
a – in the Tatar language this letter denotes a more posterior, wider and somewhat rounded sound [аү]. When pronouncing it in the word pencil, try to create as much space as possible in your mouth, and you will approximately get the Tatar [a].
o, e, y – these vowel letters of the Tatar alphabet are characterized by brevity compared to Russian ones. Since in the Russian language there is no meaningful contrast of vowels by length, for a Russian-speaking reader at first this will seem unimportant. But it is not difficult to get used to this phenomenon. It is important to pay attention to this from the very beginning of training, until the use of these sounds becomes the norm.
в – this letter in the Tatar language serves to designate two sounds: [в] and [w]. The second sound is in the English language, and in borrowings it is conveyed in two ways: William - William. The same is true with regional borrowings from the Tatar language: avyl - aul, karavyl - guard. In the Tatar language itself, this sound can be denoted by the letter y: sorau [soraw] - soravy [sorawy].
g - this letter also denotes two sounds. These are quite different sounds. This sound, formed with the help of a small tongue, is familiar to Russian-speaking readers: it is produced when a person burrs and does not pronounce [r].
k – similar to the letter g, denotes two sounds [k] and [қ]. The sound [k] is a voiceless pair [ғ].
ch is a Russian affricate, that is, there is practically no complex sound [tsh’] in the Tatar language. It is used only in borrowings due to the knowledge of the Russian language by the majority of Tatars, as well as in some dialects. The letter h in the Tatar language roughly denotes the sound [sh’], or what in Russian is denoted by the letter shch.

Now you practically know the pronunciation of all Tatar letters (there are still a few peculiar moments of the Tatar sound system, but they are initial stage are not of fundamental importance). You also need to know the fundamental laws of Tatar phonetics. They exist in any language, and you need to constantly remember them during your first lessons. In the Tatar language, the three basic rules of practical phonetics are:
– law of synharmonism;
– desire for an open syllable;
– clear pronunciation of the last syllable;
– phonetic alternation.
The law of synharmonism. In the Tatar language, all words according to pronunciation are divided into hard and soft. We call hard words those in which front vowels are used: [a], [o], [u], [s]. And soft are words that use front vowels: [ә], [ө], [ү], [е], [и].
Soft sounds: [ә], [ө], [ү], [е], [и].
Hard sounds: [a], [o], [u], [s].
Pay attention to the paired opposition between hardness and softness.
This law has great importance, since not only all words, but also all suffixes obey this law of synharmonism. Accordingly, almost all suffixes and particles have two options: hard and soft. Therefore, you need to learn to determine by ear the softness or hardness of Tatar words.

Read aloud several times, try to hear the difference between the pronunciation of different columns:

Soft words Hard words
өstәl (table) arysh (rye)
burәnә (log) balyk (fish)
eshlapә (hat) san (number)
kharef (letter) bash (head)
sүз (word) avyl (village)
rәsem (drawing) altyn (gold)
ber (one) alty (six)
ike (two) tugyz (nine)
Och (three) syynif (class)
kon (day) shoe (shoe)
tәрҗмә (translation) kaida (where)
nәrsә (what) kaychan (when)
nichek (like) bara (goes)
kem (who) katyk (katyk, a national drink reminiscent of kefir)
eskәmiya (bench) torba (pipe)

For the Tatar language, the proximity of two or more consonants is uncharacteristic. Of course. they occur, but in comparison with the Russian language they are very few in number. Most often, consonants are adjacent to sonants (sonants: [р], [л], [м], [н], [й], [w]) or at the junction of a root and a suffix.
To better understand the phonetic psychology of the Tatar language, you can turn to the mastered borrowings from Russian: stol - өstәl, furrow - burazna, stack - eskert, cage - kelәt, pipe - torba, resin - sumala, rye - arysh, ditch - kanau.

As for stress, in the Tatar language it is qualitatively different from Russian. Remember that all syllables in the Tatar language must be pronounced clearly. Therefore, from the very beginning of learning, you should place a weak emphasis on the last syllable, this way you will get rid of the common mistake of Russian speakers studying foreign languages: “swallow the endings of words.”

Another important law of the Tatar language is the phonetic principle of spelling, i.e. “As we hear, so we write.” There are quite a few exceptions to this law: first of all, these are borrowings from Arabic and new borrowings from Russian. But, despite this, the rule “as it is heard is how it is written” must be remembered, since it is fundamentally different from Russian spelling.
Compare:

Russian language Tatar language
kolobok [kalabok]kolobok [kalapka]milk [malako]drill [swirl’] kitap [kitap] kitabyn [kitabyn] kolagym [kolagym] kolaktan [kolaqtan]

EXERCISE
a) Write these words in two columns and read them out loud several times:

soft words hard words
ishek (door), өstәl, uryndyk (chair), nәrsә, bu (this), kara (black), ber, berenche (first), kol (ash), kol (slave), Idel (Volga), bәrәңge (potato) , һөнәr (craft), karama (elm), chәchәk (flower), eskәmiya, eskater (tablecloth), bashlyk (hood), altyn (gold), saryk (sheep), kolak (ear), avyz (mouth).

When possessive suffixes are added to words ending in unvoiced sounds, voicing occurs, which is reflected in the letter.

b) Write the missing words:
kitap - kitabym, saryk - ..., uryndyk - uryndygym, ... - kolagym, ishek - ..., balyk - ..., tarak (comb) - ... .
kitap - kitabyn, ... - sarygyn, uryndyk - ..., ... - kolagyn, ... - ishegen, ... - balygyn, ... - ... .

Why do we need Latin?
(suzlek.ru, shortened and corrected - KhayR)

Many Turkic peoples have switched or are in the process of switching to the Latin script. The latter also includes Tatar language. The transition to the Latin alphabet, at least partially, is inevitable. I will try to explain why the Latin script is ideal for the Tatar language.

Firstly, the Latin alphabet adequately reflects the pronunciation of the language. In words such as “sәgat” [sәғәt], “dikkat” [diққәt], “tankyyt” [tanqit], people who are accustomed to the Russian pronunciation of words, of which the vast majority, will pronounce these words with a soft “t”. Although, as people who know the language know, there is no “th” sound in the Tatar language, like in most European languages! The soft sign in the word “sәgat” softens the previous “a”, which in turn conveys solid sound"ғ" (гъ). This sound does not exist in Russian.

Strangely, letters denoting the sounds “қ” and “ғ” were not introduced into the Tatar language, as was done in other Turkic languages: Bashkir, Kazakh, Uzbek, etc. The non-introduction of these sounds and, consequently, confusion in the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet was carried out deliberately in the late 30s of the 20th century. The decision to switch the Tatar language to the Cyrillic alphabet was not thought out and approved by the Tatar intelligentsia. Ardent supporters of the Cyrillic alphabet explain the absence of these letters as a clever use of consonants without introducing additional diacritics. However, this explanation is, to say the least, stupid. Also, no separate letter was introduced to reflect the labial sound “v” (w). Therefore, in the words “kotlau” and “kotlavy” the letter “u” alternates with “v”. This, in turn, contradicts the rather strict rule of agglutinativeness of the Tatar and Turkic languages in general. Here the desire of the Cyrillists (who initiated the Cyrillic alphabet and continue to use it) is manifested not to introduce another letter and thus “pull” the Tatar language to Russian, to dissolve Tatar in Russian. Let's list a few more mistakes of the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet. In the words “yash” [yәsh], “yam” [yәm], the letter “b” says that “ya” in this word is read as “yә” and not “ya”. In the word “yashe” soft sign is not placed, because with it it will be read in the Russian manner as yashye [yashye], which is generally incorrect! Here again there is a failure to comply with the strict rules of agglutinativity. This “supplement” of a word with a soft sign is explained by the fact that the letter “ya” at the beginning of a word or after a soft or hard sign or a vowel letter denotes two sounds “ya” or “йә”, depending on whether the word is soft or hard, according to the rule synharmonism, which is strictly observed. In the words “yaulyk” [yawlyk], “yabalak” [yabalak] and others, the letters “a”, “u”, “y”, “o” indicate the hardness of the word. In the words “yaki” [yәki], “yaisә” [yәisә], the letters “ә”, “ү”, “i”, “ө”, “e”, “e” indicate the softness of the word. In the word “yash”, the letter “b” speaks of softness, because there are no other soft letters in the word, unlike the cognate word “yashe”. Similarly, the letter “yu” can sound like “yu” or “yu”. The letter “ё” is found only in Russian borrowings. In the words “yort”, “yok”, “yomran” the letter combination is not conveyed by the letter “yo” like the letters “ya” and “yu”, for example, as “yort”, “yok”, “yomran”, which is used to convey transcription more logical. This phenomenon can also be explained: in Russian words, the emphasis is always on the letter “е” and this can confuse the Russian-speaking reader, because in the Tatar language, in the vast majority of words, the emphasis is on the last syllable.

The letter “e” at the beginning of a word, after the letters “b”, “b” and vowels conveys two sounds “yy” or “ye”, as in the words “avyraerga” [awyraiyrga], “buencha” [buyyncha], “eget” [ Yeget] according to the basic rules of agglutinativity and synharmonism. Unlike the letters “yu” and “ya”, the letter “e” is found between consonants in Tatar words (non-borrowings): “sәlәt”, not “salyat”, “sүz”, not “syuz”, but “eget”, and not “eget”. In order to convey the unotated letter “e” at the beginning of words, it is used soft letter“e”, as in the words “esh”, “eth”, “ez”. In the word “ate” [yil], the softness or hardness of the word is unclear (you just need to know the pronunciation).

Another mistake is related to the use of “ь” and “ъ”. In Russian, as you know, “ъ” is used to convey the sound “й” between the prefix and the root: “congress”, “conjuncture”, “adjutant”. In the Tatar language there is no such thing as a prefix! But still, “ъ” is used: in words to separate two-root words with a hard first root and an iotized second: “ashyaulyk” [ashyaulyk], “yanyөzәr” [yanyөzәr]. “b” is used similarly, but in the case of the first soft root: “bishyelyk” [bishyyllyk]. "b" is also used to convey the sound of "y" such as "donya" [donya]. “Ъ” is also used to emphasize the sounds “қ” and “ғ”: “dikkat”, “әгъза” [әғза], “ig’lan” [iglan]. "b" is also used to emphasize soft sound“k” in the word “pack” [pack].

In the words “avyraerga” [awyraiyrga], “avyraya” [awyraya], “buencha” [buyyncha], the use of the letters “e” and “ya” illogically reflect the strict agglutinative nature of the language: “avyr-ay-yrga”, “avyr-ai- a", "bui-yn-cha"

This is exactly the Cyrillic alphabet imposed on us by the communist regime in the late 30s. Ardent Cyrillists (with a sufficient level of knowledge of the Tatar language), of course, recognize all these mistakes, but continue to persistently reject the Latinization of the Tatar language, seeing in anything new, more logical, but unusual, claims to isolation and separatism.

Is it possible to use the Cyrillic alphabet for the Tatar language? Of course you can. Generally speaking, any language can use any graphics. For the Tatar language it is also possible to use the Cyrillic alphabet, but without “pulling by the ears” the rules of pronunciation of Tatar words to the rules of pronunciation of Russian words, using the same alphabet, that is, without similar blunders as given above. Namely, the introduction of the letters (possibly with additional diacritics) “қ”, “ғ”, “w”, the non-use of iotized letters “yu”, “ya”, “e” and the use of one of the letters “e” or “e”. This way we get rid of the letters “ь”, “ъ”. The use of excluded letters is possible only in Russian borrowings: “brush”, “cement”, “waxing” (it is better, of course, to completely replace these words with others).

In some mystical way, there are no iotized letters in the Latin alphabet, there are 2 letters that can be designated as “k” - “k” and “k” - “q”, there are 2 letters to designate two different sounds “v” - “v” , "w". To denote the sounds “ғ”, “ә”, “ө”, “ch”, “sh”, “ү”, “ң”, “җ” we can use diacritics. The result is an alphabet with 26 with Latin letters and 8 letters with diacritics. In total, we get 34 letters with the correct display of all Tatar sounds and a one-to-one correspondence between the spelling and transcription of a word, instead of 39 Cyrillic letters with a very “cunning” use of letter combinations. Ardent Cyrillists, of course, will object: in English and French there is no unambiguous correspondence between pronunciation and writing, as evidenced by transcription in dictionaries. The answer to this question is this: English, French and ideographic writing have a centuries-old tradition and, as linguists say, is not an advantage of the language, but rather a disadvantage.

Why not return to Arabic graphics or even deeper - to runic writing? Well, firstly, the runic is not formalized - there is no single runic alphabet. Secondly, Arabic graphics also do not reflect the transcription Tatar word. It is known that in Arabic there is no concept of synharmonism and there is no difference between the softness and hardness of the vowels “a” - “ә”, “o” - “ө”, “u” - “ү”. Also, the sounds “v”, “w”, “u”, “ү” are written the same way. In order to distinguish them, different additional elements, like “hamza”, “fatha”, “damma”, “qasra”. Moreover, by different writers in different ways. The reader had to determine the softness or hardness of the word based on the context.

The Latin alphabet is, first of all, a window into the global information space in the era of globalization, in the era of the Internet. The Tatar language becomes more attractive for study, development, and dissemination. Our language does not need to be in the shadow of the confusing and complex Russian language. A few more advantages of using the Latin alphabet that are not mentioned. The alphabet makes the language more modern, words become 20-30% shorter, which for printed publications becomes essential, and most importantly, reflects the spirit of the language, the mentality of native speakers.

Latin alphabets
(I took some parts from the site suzlek.ru - KhayR)

There are many variants of alphabets for the Tatar language. However, many of them differ only in the spelling of some letters. Therefore, there is no point in writing about each of them.

The first Tatar Latin alphabet was Yanalif, created on the basis of the Turkish alphabet (one of the first versions of the common Turkic alphabet).

Yanalif-2 was adopted on September 15, 1999 and was based on the Yangalif alphabet. However, already on November 16, 2004 constitutional Court The Russian Federation banned its use (Nonsense! How can you tell a foreign people which alphabet to use?!). In 2000, several brochures and books were published with titles like “Tatar telenen orfographiyase”, which describe the principles and rules of spelling of the Tatar Latin alphabet. Despite the fact that Yanalif-2 has been officially approved, unfortunately, it is not included in the standard Windows layout, unlike the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet. Moreover, the letter "n with tails" was added to Unicode only with version 6.0, i.e. in 2010 year! And this letter is still present in a very small number of fonts.

Zamanalif was recommended for use in IT. Among the advantages of this alphabet, I would highlight the guaranteed display of these graphics in browsers, smartphones and a one-to-one correspondence between Zamanalif and Yangalif-2. However, the excessive presence of additional diacritics in words is not entirely convenient for reading. Also, not all characters are present in standard keyboard layouts, which is a significant drawback of this alphabet created for IT.

The idea of using the correct Latin alphabet without installing additional programs, keyboards or layouts, using only 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, is not new. This idea is used in various European languages, as well as in Turkic ones. For the Tatar language it was first proposed in the alphabet Inalif. In this alphabet, in order to denote the letter “ı”, “y” is used, as in the Latin spelling of Russian surnames, where “y” is present; “j” is used to denote “y”, as in the pre-war Yanalif; further, to denote “ j" is used "zh" in the English manner. "j" is rarely used because it is a borrowing from Russian, so "zh" does not lengthen the word much. In order to denote letters such as “ә”, “ө”, “ь”, their morphologically similar letters with an apostrophe after them are used: “a’”, “o’”, “u’” respectively. Here the apostrophe softens the letters “a”, “o”, “u”. In order to denote the letters “z”, “ş”, “x”, the letter combinations “ch”, “sh”, “kh” are used, respectively, in the English manner. Similarly, to denote the letter “ğ”, the letter combination “gh” is used. The use of “h” for such letter combinations does not cause ambiguity, since in the Tatar language “h” is used rarely (borrowing from Farsi) and at the beginning or end of words or between vowels. To denote “ŋ”, the letter combination “ng” is used. However, this letter combination can be misunderstood by people who do not know the language well: “to’nge” means the word “tөnge”, not “tөŋe”, “singa” means the word “siŋa”, not “singa”. This deficiency is corrected by the modified alphabet Inalif2(suzlek.ru): it uses the letter combination “n’” to denote the letter “ŋ”, which cannot be interpreted ambiguously. Also in this alphabet, in order to denote the letter “x” the usual “x” is used instead of “kh”, to denote the letter “y” the usual “y” is used instead of “j”, to denote the letter “ı” the similar spelling “i” is used ", instead of "y", to designate the letter "j" the usual "j" is used instead of "zh". That is, the Inalif2 alphabet is as close as possible to the official Yangalif-2, so that the user does not get confused in writing the letters “x”, “y”, “j” due to habit. Inalif2, likeInalif,primarily intended for printing on a computer, andnot for reading. Inalif2 also has disadvantages. For example, "һәмзә" is not defined at all. The creator of suzlek.ru answered me that this sound should be written as “’”. However, I have noticed that confusion can arise. For example, "maemai" - "ma" may". According to the above rules, not knowledgeable of the language people can read this word as "mәmay" /" a""="ә "/.

There is also an alphabet Diphthong imlase or Dialife. It is also an analogue of Inalif and is not worthy of separate consideration, unlike Inalif2. And I mention it only because it is included in the article about Tatar writing on the Wikipedia website.

December 24, 2012 was approved new law about the status of the Tatar language in the Republic of Tatarstan, which has adopted new alphabets based on Latin and Arabic scripts. They will be used in conjunction with the Cyrillic alphabet. In fact, the new Latin alphabet is a complete copy General Turkic alphabet. It contains all the best features of the previously used official Yanalif-2 and the popular Zamanalif.

General Turkic alphabet

The common Turkic alphabet with minor changes is used by the Azerbaijani (1991, with a change of one letter in 1992), Gagauz (1996), Crimean Tatar (1992, officially since 1997) and Tatar (since 2012) languages.

soft- oh, oh; gok, gka/, gko; me/gche; softer, see also. softness 1) a) One that gives in easily, yields when pressed, touched and causes a feeling of something. pleasant, gentle (opposite: hard) Soft/soft moss. My pillow... Dictionary of many expressions

soft- oh, oh; gok, gka, gko; softer; the softest. 1. One that gives in easily, yields when pressed, touched, and causes a feeling of something. pleasant, gentle (opposite: hard). M. moss. My pillow. M. to the touch. M. like fluff. //… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Apostrophe (spelling sign)- This term has other meanings, see Apostrophe (z... Wikipedia

SOLID- hard, solid; hard, hard, hard and hard. 1. Capable of maintaining its shape and size unchanged, not having the ability to flow or spread; opposite liquid (physical). Solid. The boundary between solid and liquid state body is not... ... Dictionary Ushakova

SOLID- HARD, oh, oh; hard, hard, hard, hard and hard; harder. 1. full Retaining its shape and size, unlike liquid and gaseous. Solids. 2. Unyielding when pressed, hard, strong. T. cardboard. T. soil. Solid... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

solid- oh, oh; hard, hard, hard, hard and hard; harder. 1. only full. f. Able to retain its shape and size, unlike liquid and gaseous. Solid. Solids. Solid and liquid fuel. 2. One that hardly… … Small academic dictionary

Names of letters of the Russian alphabet- The names of the letters of the Russian alphabet are the names by which the letters of the Russian alphabet are called. Over time, the names of letters have undergone changes, names have been replaced, simplified and changed in pronunciation. As parts of speech, modern names of letters ... Wikipedia

A very Russian detective- A very Russian detective... Wikipedia

Akanje- Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der Phonetik der russischen Sprache. Als Lautschrift wird im Artikel das Schriftsystem des Internationalen Phonetischen Alphabets (Abk.: IPA) verwendet. Andere sprachliche Aspekte des Russischen werden im Artikel… … Deutsch Wikipedia

Phonetic alphabet- Not to be confused with the International Phonetic Alphabet. The phonetic alphabet is a standardized (for a given language and/or organization) way of reading the letters of the alphabet. It is used in radio communications when transmitting spellings that are difficult to understand... Wikipedia

Russian alphabet- (alphabet) a set of graphic signs of letters in a prescribed sequence, which create written and printed form national Russian language. Includes 33 letters: a, b, c, d, d, f, e, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, f,... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

Books

Write a dictation without mistakes! Grades 1-4, Ushakova Olga Dmitrievna. This manual is intended primarily for you - caring mothers and fathers who help their children with their studies. Its main purpose is to improve the literacy of your children, to bring them to automaticity... Buy for 159 rubles
Russian language. 2-3 grades. 200 tasks in the Russian language for thematic control. Separating soft sign. Dividing solid sign. To the textbooks of L. Ya. Zheltovskaya, O. B. Kalinina “Russian language”, O. N. Zhuravleva. The manual is intended for organizing thematic control when working on the textbooks by L. Ya. Zheltovskaya, O. B. Kalinina "Russian language. 2nd grade", "Russian language. 3rd grade". It complements... Buy for 85 RUR
200 tasks in the Russian language for thematic control. Separating soft sign. Solid dividing sign. 2-3 grades, O. N. Zhuravleva. The manual is intended for organizing thematic control when working on textbooks by L.Ya. Zheltovskaya, O.B. Kalinina “Russian language. 2nd grade", "Russian language. 3rd grade.” It complements the kits...

Tatar alphabet

[ә] = [æ] – this sound can otherwise be designated as [’’a], that is, very soft [a]. It is close to Russian ['a] in the words 'sit', 'look', 'row'. When pronouncing [''a], lower the tip of your tongue to your lower teeth and you will get the sound [æ]. By the way, it is in English: black, hat – , .

[ү] = [ü] – soft and more rounded [’u]. A sound close to it is found in the Russian words “bale”, “ditch”, “lute”. Pronounce these words, giving ['u] an even greater rounding (roll your lips into a tube), and you will approximately get the desired sound.

[ө] = [ә: ° ] – This vowel sound presents the greatest difficulty for the Russian-speaking reader. The closest version of the Tatar [ө] can be found in the words “maple”, “honey”, “Peter”. But in the Tatar language [ө] is short, and Russian [’о] is found only under stress. Try to pronounce these Russian words as briefly as possible and with more rounding, and you will be close to the desired sound. It is similar to the sound that is common in English: bird, work. But the English sound lacks rounding.

[җ] – this sound is also often found in English, and in borrowings from English in Russian it is expressed by the letter combination j: “jumper”, “Jack”. Tatar borrowings are also formalized: Gilyan – җilәn, Jalil – Җәlil. The sound [zh] in Russian is always hard, but forming a soft version from it is usually not difficult for a Russian-speaking reader. It should be noted that hard [zh] is also uncharacteristic for the Tatar language, as [’zh] is for Russian. Therefore, as a rule, mixing of these sounds does not occur.

[ң] - a nasal sound produced by a small tongue. The closest sound combination in Russian can be considered the sound combination [ng] in the word “gong” when pronouncing it through the nose. This sound is often found in French: jardin, bien, chien [òjeŋ]. It has been noticed that mastering this sound with the help of a teacher-consultant is not at all difficult. And if you have the opportunity to check your pronunciation, do not neglect this opportunity.

[һ] = [ һ ] - pharyngeal sound. It is formed in the pharynx and is pronounced with aspiration. There is a sound close to it in the English language: hat, hand, hare. In Russian, the closest sound can be considered [x] in the words robe, chill, if pronounced without a guttural sound. It must be remembered that Tatar [һ] is of more posterior, pharyngeal origin.

EXERCISES

a) Say each row several times:

ak-әk, az-әz, at-әt, ar-әr, am-әm;

ak-әk-uk-үk, az-әz-uz-үz, uky-үke;

on-өn, om-өm, ok-өk, as-әs-us-үs-os-өs;

zhi-җи, zhe-җе, zhu-җу;

un-un, an-an, in-in;

ham-һәm, khas-һәs, hat-khava.

b) Read, paying attention to the new sound letters (try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words):

mәk , rәt , shәp, fәn, bәlesh, tәrtә,tea , tәlinkә , eshlәpә , kabestә ;

mүk , kүk, kүl, kүp, bүre,kүrәgә , kүsәk,bүрәнә ;

kon, ton, kol, tolke, orpak, korak,өstәl ;

kәҗә , җen, җil, җir, җәй, җыу, җылы, җыр, җәү;

son, in, an, un, tan, tәңre, bәrңge;

һava, һich, һәr, һөnәr.

When performing the exercise, pronounce the last syllable clearly.

a – in the Tatar language this letter denotes a more posterior, wider and somewhat rounded sound [аү]. When pronounced in a word pencil try to create as much space as possible in your mouth, and you will approximately get Tatar [a].

o, e, y – these vowel letters of the Tatar alphabet are characterized by brevity compared to Russian ones. Since in the Russian language there is no meaningful contrast of vowels by length, for a Russian-speaking reader at first this will seem unimportant. But it is not difficult to get used to this phenomenon. It is important to pay attention to this from the very beginning of training, until the use of these sounds becomes the norm.

в – this letter in the Tatar language serves to designate two sounds: [в] and [w]. The second sound is in the English language, and in borrowings it is conveyed in two ways: William - William. The same is true with regional borrowings from the Tatar language: avyl - aul, karavyl - guard. In the Tatar language itself, this sound can be indicated by the letter y: sorau [soraw] - litter [ litterws].

g - this letter also denotes two sounds. These are quite different sounds. This sound, formed with the help of a small tongue, is familiar to Russian-speaking readers: it is produced when a person burrs and does not pronounce [r].

k - similar to the letter G denotes two sounds [k] and [қ]. The sound [k] is a voiceless pair [ғ].

ch is a Russian affricate, that is, there is practically no complex sound [tsh’] in the Tatar language. It is used only in borrowings due to the knowledge of the Russian language by the majority of Tatars, as well as in some dialects. Letter h in the Tatar language the sound [sh’] is approximately denoted, or what in Russian is denoted by the letter sch.

Now you practically know the pronunciation of all Tatar letters (there are a few more peculiar aspects of the Tatar sound system, but they are not of fundamental importance at the initial stage). You also need to know the fundamental laws of Tatar phonetics. They exist in any language, and you need to constantly remember them during your first lessons. In the Tatar language, the three basic rules of practical phonetics are:

– law of synharmonism;

– desire for an open syllable;

– clear pronunciation of the last syllable;

– phonetic alternation.

Law synharmonism. In the Tatar language, all words according to pronunciation are divided into hard and soft. We call hard words those in which front vowels are used: [a], [o], [u], [s]. And soft are words that use front vowels: [ә], [ө], [ү], [е], [и].

Soft sounds: [ә], [ө], [ү], [е], [и].

Hard sounds: [a], [o], [u], [s].

Pay attention to the paired opposition between hardness and softness.

This law is of great importance, since not only all words, but also all suffixes obey this law of synharmonism. Accordingly, almost all suffixes and particles have two options: hard and soft. Therefore, you need to learn to determine by ear the softness or hardness of Tatar words.

Read aloud several times, try to hear the difference between the pronunciation of different columns:

Soft words	Firm words
өstәl (table)	arysh (rye)
burәnә (log)	balyk (fish)
eshlapә (hat)	rank (number)
kharef (letter)	bash (head)
sүз (word)	avyl (village)
rasem (drawing)	altyn (gold)
ber (one)	alty (six)
ike (two)	tugiz (nine)
өч (three)	syynif (class)
kon (day)	shoe (shoe)
tәrҗemaә (translation)	kaidah (where)
nәrsә (what)	kaichan (when)
Nichek (how)	bara (going)
by whom (who)	katyk (katyk, a national drink reminiscent of kefir)
eskәmiya (bench)	sack (pipe)

To better understand the phonetic psychology of the Tatar language, you can turn to borrowings from Russian: table - өstәl, furrow - burazna, stack - eskert, cage - kelәt, pipe - sack, resin - sumala, rye - arysh, ditch - kanau.

As for stress, in the Tatar language it is qualitatively different from Russian. Remember that all syllables in the Tatar language must be pronounced clearly. Therefore, from the very beginning of learning, you should place a weak emphasis on the last syllable, this way you will get rid of the common mistake of Russian speakers learning foreign languages: “swallowing the endings of words.”

Compare:

EXERCISE

a) Write these words in two columns and read them out loud several times:

soft words hard words

ishek (door), өstәl, uryndyk (chair), nәrsә, bu (this), kara (black), ber, berenche (first), kol (ash), kol (slave), Idel (Volga), bәrәңge (potato) , һөнәr (craft), karama (elm), chәchәk (flower), eskәmiya, eskater (tablecloth), bashlyk (hood), altyn (gold), saryk (sheep), kolak (ear), avyz (mouth).

When possessive suffixes are added to words ending in unvoiced sounds, voicing occurs, which is reflected in the letter.

b) Write the missing words:

kitap - kitabym, saryk - ..., uryndyk - uryndygym, ... - kolagym, ishek - ..., balyk - ..., tarak (comb) - ... .

kitap - kitabyn, ... - sarygyn, uryndyk - ..., ... - kolagyn, ... - ishegen, ... - balygyn, ... - ... .

§ 2. TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE TATAR AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES

2.1. Each language has its own characteristics, its own structural specificity. Some languages are grammatically similar, while others are very different. Tatar and Russian languages belong to different types languages, and this leaves its mark on the study of Tatar.

There are about three thousand languages on the globe. Together with dialects, some scientists count more than 5,000 languages. Based on their origin, languages are divided into families, then into groups, etc. For example, the Russian language is part of the Indo-European family, the Slavic group, the East Slavic subgroup, etc. And the Tatar language is part of the Altai family, the Turkic group, etc.

According to their typological structure, all languages are divided into four large types: inflectional, agglutinative, isolating and incorporating. The four groups of languages represent four different types of word connections. Inflectional languages build their grammars (i.e., ways of connecting words) using inflections. These are almost all European languages: English, French, German, Russian, etc. There are internal differences between inflected languages: for example, English is more analytical, while Russian uses synthetic means more often. In other words, the English language uses prepositions more often than prefixes.

Words are connected completely differently in isolating languages that have abandoned inflections. The role of suffixes in such languages is played by the order of words in a sentence, other words that play the role of function words, intonation, etc. (Chinese).

Agglutinative languages do not have prefixes or prepositions; they simply glue suffixes to the end of words. The role of prepositions in such languages is played by postpositions (Turkic languages: Tatar, Bashkir, Turkish, Kazakh, etc.).

The Tatar and Russian languages have different principles of connecting words, constructing word forms and expression grammatical categories. And we rely on the fact that when learning a new language, one cannot do without mastering (for adults, without conscious mastering) the principles of grammar.

The Tatar language is classified as an agglutinative (gluing) language, while Russian is an inflectional language. This means that suffixes, the last of which act as endings in the Tatar language, are simply glued to the word, but in Russian one ending can combine several meanings. Hence the first rule of the Tatar language: the root of the word remains unchanged, the root usually equals the word.

Compare:

It's simple but basic rule You should definitely keep this in mind when you try to speak Tatar. Please note that the meaningful part of the word form in the Tatar language always comes first. There are no prefixes or prepositions before it, except for particles that enhance the meaning, which you will become familiar with in the relevant sections.

Examples :

ocharga - to fly,

ochmaska - do not fly,

ochu - flight, fly(initial form, expresses action as such)

ochyp kerү – to fly in,

ochyp utu – fly by,

ochyp chygu - fly out,

ochyp kitu - fly away...

kitap - book,

kitaplar - books,

whalebird - in books,

kitaplarimda – in my books

kitabym is my book,

kitap kibete – bookstore,

The difference is also observed in the fact that the initial form of the word in the Tatar language remains unchanged (of course, if we do not take into account phonetic changes in voiced-voicedness). This is especially noticeable in the example of borrowing. For example, Russian borrowings in the Tatar language attach their Russian ending to the root of the word:

Tatar language: machine – mashinalar – mashinada – mashinasyz;

Russian language: car – cars – in a car – without a car.

2.2. In the Tatar language, unlike Russian, the system of unambiguous affixes predominates. This phenomenon will greatly simplify your task of mastering the grammar of all parts of speech.

Therefore, at the initial stage of training it is necessary to pay maximum attention to affixes and their meanings. Of course, this raises another problem: the order of attaching immutable unambiguous affixes to immutable stems (more on this in the relevant sections of parts of speech).

EXERCISES

a) Put the words in the plural:

khәref – khәreflәr (letters); сүз – ...; kuz – ...; ishek – ...; tact (board) – ... .

b) Put the words in the singular:

kitaplar – kitap; balyklar – ...; machinelar – ...; sanar – ...; sүзләр – ...; ayaklar (legs) – ...; җөmlәlәr (sentences) – ..., uryndyklar – ..., khәreflәr – ... .

c) Place the words in the local-temporal case (-da/-ta/-дә/-тә – after voiced and vowels: -da/-дә; after voiceless ones: -ta/-тә):

syynif – syynifta (in the classroom); car - ...; tact – ...; өстәл – ...; җөмлә – ...; сүз – ...; uryndyk - ..., bus, eskәmiya - ..., avyl - ... .

2.3. The most important rules of the Tatar language also include the fact that the predicate, as a rule, is at the end of the sentence. This rule is most difficult to implement for a Russian-speaking reader, since the predicate in the Russian language usually comes immediately after the subject, and the Russian speaker begins the mental construction of a sentence with the predicate. The Tatar phrase must also begin mentally with the predicate, but say it at the very end. This moment is not easy to overcome psychologically.

I Working a lot of. Marat writes letter.

Min kup eshlim. Marat hut I am for.

But on the other hand, it helps when translating texts from the Tatar language. The main verb, which performs the function of the predicate, is easily found by students.

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ABSTRACT Culture Tatar people The work was done by the teacher Tatar language and literature... for the uninitiated, the terms are explained quite Just. Folklore - folk art, ... (tezme) or, later, easy factory scarf. Traditional head...

Introductory course

In order to master the language being studied, knowledge of words alone is, of course, not enough. It is necessary to master the rules of combining words, forming word forms, or, in other words, the grammar of a new language. The introductory course of this self-teacher pursues precisely this goal: to introduce the Russian-speaking reader to the basic rules of Tatar grammar in the simplest and most understandable form. We constantly relied on the reader's knowledge of Russian grammar and paid more attention to the contrasting elements of the Tatar and Russian languages.

The introductory part consists of ten paragraphs and will serve as a kind of grammar reference for you when working with the Main Course. In addition to this tutorial, you will need Tatar-Russian educational dictionary and patience.

♫ audio material for the lesson

§ 1. Phonetics

Changes in two alphabets within one century could not but affect the state of the spelling of the language. The phonetic system of the Tatar language has been replenished with Russian phonemes<ч>, <ц>– , . And in the orthography of the Tatar language, the principle of graphic design of Russian and borrowings that came through the Russian language was strengthened, i.e. new Russian and European words in the Tatar language are written similarly to their Russian version.

Tatar alphabet

A a F f N n U y

Ә ә җ ң Ү ү ъ

B b Z z O o F f Y y

B in I and Ө ө X x ь

G g Y y P p Һ һ E e

D d K k R r C c Yu u

E e L l S s H h I

Yo e M m T t Sh w

[җ] – this sound is also often found in English, and in borrowings from English in Russian it is expressed by the letter combination j: “jumper”, “Jack”. Tatar borrowings are also formalized: jilyan - җilyan, Jalil - Җәlil. The sound [zh] in Russian is always hard, but forming a soft version from it is usually not difficult for a Russian-speaking reader. It should be noted that hard [zh] is also uncharacteristic for the Tatar language, as [’zh] is for Russian. Therefore, as a rule, mixing of these sounds does not occur.

[ң] is a nasal sound produced by a small tongue. The sound combination [ng] in the word “gong” when pronounced through the nose can be considered the closest in the Russian language. This sound is often found in French: jardin, bien, chien [òjeŋ]. It has been noticed that mastering this sound with the help of a teacher-consultant is not at all difficult. And if you have the opportunity to check your pronunciation, do not neglect this opportunity.

EXERCISES

a) Say each row several times:

ak-әk, az-әz, at-әt, ar-әr, am-әm;

ak-әk-uk-үk, az-әz-uz-үz, uky-үke;

on-өn, om-өm, ok-өk, as-әs-us-үs-os-өs;

zhi-җи, zhe-җе, zhu-җу;

un-un, an-an, in-in;

ham-һәm, khas-һәs, hat-khava.

b) Read, paying attention to the new sound letters (try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words):

mәk, rәt, shәp, fәn, bәlesh, tәrtә, chәinek, tәlinkә, eshlәpә, kәbestә;

mүk, kүk, kүl, kүp, bүre, kүrәgә, kүsәk, bүrәnә;

kөn, ton, kөl, tolke, өrpәk, kөrәk, өstәl;

kәҗә, җen, җil, җir, җәy, җыyu, җылы, җыр, рәнү;

son, in, an, un, tan, tәңre, bәrңge;

һava, һich, һәr, һөnәr.

When performing the exercise, pronounce the last syllable clearly.

a – in the Tatar language this letter denotes a more posterior, wider and somewhat rounded sound [аү]. When pronouncing it in the word pencil, try to create as much space as possible in your mouth, and you will approximately get the Tatar [a].

в – this letter in the Tatar language serves to designate two sounds: [в] and [w]. The second sound is in the English language, and in borrowings it is conveyed in two ways: William - William. The same is true with regional borrowings from the Tatar language: avyl - aul, karavyl - guard. In the Tatar language itself, this sound can be denoted by the letter y: sorau [soraw] - soravy [sorawy].

k – similar to the letter g, denotes two sounds [k] and [қ]. The sound [k] is a voiceless pair [ғ].

ch is a Russian affricate, that is, there is practically no complex sound [tsh’] in the Tatar language. It is used only in borrowings due to the knowledge of the Russian language by the majority of Tatars, as well as in some dialects. The letter h in the Tatar language roughly denotes the sound [sh’], or what in Russian is denoted by the letter shch.

EXERCISE

Read the transcription:

like [kak] – like [kak]; court [court] – court [қŏrt]; cheese [sĭrt] – grade [grade] – grade [grade]; without [without] – without [bez]; son [son] – son [sĭn]; gol [gol] – goal [goal]; cards [karts] – cards [karts]: count [kol] – count [kol]; chana [sh’ana] – chan [tsh’an]; chyk [sh’ĭk] – brush [sh’otka] – clearly [tsh’otka]; kөch [kosh’] – hummock [kotsh’ka].

1.3. Now you practically know the pronunciation of all Tatar letters (there are a few more peculiar aspects of the Tatar sound system, but they are not of fundamental importance at the initial stage). You also need to know the fundamental laws of Tatar phonetics. They exist in any language, and you need to constantly remember them during your first lessons. In the Tatar language, the three basic rules of practical phonetics are:

– law of synharmonism;

– the rule of striving for an open syllable;

– clear pronunciation of the last syllable.

In the Tatar language, all words according to pronunciation are divided into hard and soft. We call hard words those in which front vowels are used: [a], [o], [u], [s]. And soft are words that use front vowels: [ә], [ө], [ү], [е], [и].

Soft sounds: [ә], [ө], [ү], [е], [и].

Hard sounds: [a], [o], [u], [s].

Pay attention to the paired opposition between hardness and softness.

Read aloud several times, try to hear the difference between the pronunciation of different columns:

Soft words - Hard words

өstәl (table) -arysh (rye)

burәnә (log) - balyk (fish)

eshlәpә (hat) -san (number)

kharef (letter) -bash (head)

sүз (word) -avyl (village)

rәsem (drawing) -altyn (gold)

ber (one) -alty (six)

ike (two) -tugyz (nine)

өч (three) -syynif (class)

kon (day) -bashmak (shoe)

tәрҗмә (translation) -kaida (where)

nәrsә (what) -kaychan (when)

nichek (like) -bara (goes)

kem (who) -katyk (katyk, a national drink reminiscent of kefir)

eskәmiya (bench) - sack (pipe)

To better understand the phonetic psychology of the Tatar language, you can turn to the mastered borrowings from Russian: stol - өstәl, furrow - burazna, stack - eskert, cage - kelәt, pipe - torba, resin - sumala, rye - arysh, ditch - kanau.

As for stress, in the Tatar language it is qualitatively different from Russian. Remember that all syllables in the Tatar language must be pronounced clearly. Therefore, from the very beginning of learning, you should place a weak emphasis on the last syllable, this way you will get rid of the common mistake of Russian speakers learning foreign languages: “swallowing the endings of words.”

Compare:

Russian language Tatar language

kolobok [kalabok] kitap [kitap]

kolobok [kalapka] kitabyn [kitabyn]

milk [malako] kolagym [kolagym]

drill [swirl’] kolaktan [kolaktan]

EXERCISE

a) Write these words in two columns and read them out loud several times:

soft words hard words

When possessive suffixes are added to words ending in unvoiced sounds, voicing occurs, which is reflected in the letter.

b) Write the missing words:

kitap - kitabym, saryk - ..., uryndyk - uryndygym, ... - kolagym, ishek - ..., balyk - ..., tarak (comb) - ... .