Spelling the endings of nouns and numbers. Spelling unstressed case endings of nouns

Nouns have three “fallible” cases: genitive, dative, prepositional. This lesson will help you cope with difficulties in declension of nouns.

For nouns of the first declension in the genitive case the letter I is written at the end, and in other “mistaken” cases - dative and prepositional - the letter E is written.

For nouns of the second declension, only the prepositional case, in which the letter E is written, causes difficulties. For nouns of the third declension, the letter I is written in all “mistaken” cases.

To find out which vowel should be written in the unstressed ending of a noun, you must first determine which declension this noun belongs to, then find out in which case it is used, and remember which vowel letter is written in this “erroneous” case.

2. Reinforce what we have learned

We reason like this:

Smile when meeting... Meeting- a noun of the first declension, used in the prepositional case, we write the letter E at the end.

Strive for the goal... Goal is a noun of the third declension, in which the letter I is written in all “erroneous” cases.

When writing unstressed case endings nouns can be checked using another method. You can use “wildcard” words with stressed endings in all “erroneous” cases. For first declension nouns, such a “wildcard” word will be the word fox.

We reason like this:

Write in a notebook... Notebook- a noun of the first declension. Without specifying the case, we use a “wildcard” word fox. Wrote in a notebook - wrote in a fox.

We remember that nouns ending in -Я, -И,

II ( army, essay, planetarium), in all “mistaken” cases the rule of two letters I applies.

For nouns ending in -IYA, -IE, -IY, in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases we write two letters I at the end (one letter I belongs to the stem, the second letter I belongs to the ending).

We reason like this:

Approach Marie... Maria- a noun ending in -YA. In all “mistaken” cases it has two letters AND at the end. That's why we write approach Maria.

Visit the planetarium... Planetarium- a noun ending in -II. In “erroneous” cases, the rule of two letters I works in it. Therefore, we write visit the planetarium(two letters I at the end).

Bibliography

Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

Homework

Task No. 1

Rewrite, opening the parentheses. Determine the type of declension of nouns and their case. Graphically indicate the endings.

To languish in (captivity), play on (piano), hear about (defeat), stand on (square), think about (realization) (idea), travel around (Central Asia), in quiet (solitude), arrival (parliamentarian) , walk along (path), play a role in (development) of the plot, calm down at (thought), fight (duel), come to (mother), visit (construction), prepare for (audit), participate in (excursion) .

Task No. 2

Rewrite by putting the nouns (in brackets) in the appropriate case form. Indicate the case of nouns and indicate their endings.

1.Gavrila was overcome by a wave of (memories) of her (village), running down a steep mountain down to (river), hidden in (grove) (M. G.). 2. So he lived with (the feeling) that he could call and come to (Lyubov Petrovna) (Sol.). 3. I sit in (half-oblivion): neither sleeping nor awake (Sweet). 4. The snow at (the foot of) the trees resembled lean sugar (Nag.). 5. I lived in (charm) (incomprehensibility) of the surrounding (Nag.). 6. In the fierce (singing) winds, the heart does not hear the correct (harmony) (Sick.). 7. And how many (deeds), (events), (fate), human (sadness) and (victory) fit into these ten (days), which turned into ten years! (Tward.). 8. The trunks of (apple trees), (pears), (cherries) and plums are painted from worms in white paint(Ch.). 9. Heavy huge clouds (T.) were still crowding in (distance).

The spelling of the endings of nouns depends on what type of declension the nouns belong to. Errors in the choice of endings -е or -и do not occur in all case forms, but only in the forms of three cases: genitive, dative and prepositional.

Nouns of the first declension (country, drop, uncle, alley) in the genitive case forms have the ending -ы (-и), and in the dative and prepositional forms - e: R. Country-y d. Country-e Drop-e p. ( O) country-e2. Nouns ending in -iya (army, series, line, Maria) form a special variant of declension; in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases they have the ending -i:R. =D. =P. Army-i Seri-i Lini-i Mari-i

3. Nouns of the II declension in the form of the prepositional case have the ending -e: (in) the house, (on) the horse, (on) the table, (about) heat, (in) other-e. 4. Nouns in -iy, -i (genius, scenario, meeting, meeting) form a special variant of declension and have the ending -i in the form of the prepositional case: (about) geniuses, (in) scenarios, (at) meeting, (at) meeting. These words should not be confused with nouns in -е (confusion, doubt, oblivion, grumbling), which are declined according to general rule: (o) confusion, (o) doubt, (o) oblivion, (o) grumbling. Exception: forgotten. 5. Nouns of the III declension (sadness, night, rye, quiet) in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i: R. Grust-i Night-i Rzh-i Tish-i d. Grust-i Night-i Rzhi Tish-i p. (O) sad-i (K) night-i (In) rzh-i (V) tish-i 6. The word path, as well as ten nouns starting with -mya (banner, flame, tribe, stirrup and etc.) are indeclinable and in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases they have the ending -i: r. Put-i d. Put-i p. (B) put-i

Endings of adjectives and participles1. Checking the unstressed ending of an adjective can be done in two ways: 1) by selecting a similar adjective in the same form, but with a stressed ending (new, new, new, but: holy, holy, holy); 2) by asking the question “which one?” V in the required form(which? - new, which? - new, which? - new). 2. The rules for writing case endings of participles coincide with the rules for writing endings of adjectives. A slight difference concerns only participles with a sibilant stem. So, if at the endings of adjectives after sibilants, e is written in an unstressed position, and under stress - o (bigger, greater), then at the endings of participles e is always written: walking, seeing, singing, roaring.

Endings of numerals1. In the forms of the nominative and accusative (when combined with inanimate nouns) cases of computational three hundred, four hundred is written at the end -a, in the numeral ninety - -o, in the numeral two hundred - -i. 2. Numerals denoting numbers from 11 to 19 in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i:3. The numerals forty, ninety, one hundred in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have the ending -a:4. Numerals denoting numbers from 200 to 900 (two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred) change both parts when declined:5. All parts of complex ordinal numbers, except the last one, are used in the genitive case: twenty-five thousandth, forty millionth. The exceptions are parts one hundred, ninety: one hundred millionth, ninety thousandth.

Pronoun endingsThe spelling of some pronoun endings is similar to the writing of adjective endings, so can be checked either by an adjective with a stressed ending like saint, or by the word what. Full correspondence of pronoun endings in indirect cases(except for the accusative) to the endings of the word “what” is observed in the pronouns this, himself, every, each, such, which, no, etc. Incomplete correspondence (instead of -o- is written -e-) - in the pronouns my, yours, yours, ours , yours, etc.:

Verb endingsThe spelling of personal verb endings depends on what type of conjugation the verbs belong to. 1. In the Russian language there are two main types of conjugation: I conjugation with the endings -у, -ест, -ет, -ем, -ети, -ут (-ут) (I’m going, I’m going, I’m going, I’m going, I’m going, going) and II conjugation with endings -у, -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -am (-yat) (shout, shout, shout, shout, shout, shout). If the verb has a stressed ending, writing it does not cause any difficulties. If the ending is unstressed, you need to determine the type of conjugation of the verb and select the ending according to the conjugation. 2. The verbs run, want, honor (as well as prefix formations from them) are heterogeneously conjugated. The verbs give, eat (and their prefixes) are called special conjugation verbs: give - I'll give, give, give, give, give, give, give; eat - eat, eat, eat, eat, eat, eat.

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Table 1 - Case endings of nouns in singular

Cases	I declension	II declension	III declension
I. p.	-and I wives A, earth I	, -o, -e horse, sat down O, floor e	night, horse
R. p.	*-s, -i* wives s, earth And	-and I con I, sat down A, floor I	-And night And, horses And
D. p.	-e wives e, earth e	*-u, -yu* con Yu, sat down at, floor Yu	-And night And, horses And
V. p.	-u, -yu wives at, earth Yu	, -a, -i, -o, -e con I, sat down O, floor e	night, horse
etc.	-oh (-oh), -ey (-her) wives Ouch, earth to her	-om, -eat con eat, sat down ohm, floor eat	-yu night yu, horses yu
P. p.	-e wives e, earth e	*-e, -i* con e, sat down e, floor e	*-And* night And, horses And

In singular case endings it is written:

letter e : in the dative and prepositional cases of nouns of the 1st declension and in the prepositional case of the 2nd declension (except for words in -and I , -th , -ies ), For example: to factories e, to factories e, to the ground e, about the battery e, to become e; to factory e, to the machine e; about pestilence e; all L e;
letter And :
- in the genitive case of nouns of the first declension, for example: at the factories And, near the ground And, near the battery And, from becoming And;
- in the prepositional case of nouns of the II declension on -ies , -th , For example: in the lecture hall And, in excitement And, about worldview And ;
- in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of nouns of the first declension in -and I , nouns III declension and heterodeclension of neuter nouns in -me , For example: from the collection And, to the collection And, in the collection And; from overcoats And, to the overcoat And, in an overcoat And; at the banners And, to the banners And, about the banner And.

It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of the prepositional case of neuter nouns on -ies And -ye , For example: be in thought And, be fully prepared And (ending -And ); be in thought e, be on the coast e (ending -e ).

Case endings in surnames and titles

In Russian surnames -in(-yn) and on -s(-s) V instrumental case singular is written -th (like adjectives), for example: with Vyacheslav Demin th, with Rostislav Sinitsyn th, with Kirill Kolosov th . The ending is written in foreign surnames -ohm , For example: Darwin ohm, Chaplin ohm .

In the names of settlements on -in(-yn) , -s(-s) , -ino(-ino) , -ovo(-evo) the ending is written in the instrumental case of the singular -ohm (as in nouns), for example: near the city of Kashin ohm, Borodin village ohm, the city of Dmitrov ohm .

Case endings for plural nouns

Table 2 - Case endings of nouns in plural

Cases	I declension	II declension	III declension
I. p.	-s, -i wives s, earth And	*a, -i, -s, -i* con And, sat down A, floor I	*-And* night And, horses And
R. p.	wives, lands	*-ov, -ey,* con to her, sat down, floor to her	*-to her* night to her, horses to her
D. p.	*-am, -yam* wives am, earth yam	*-am, -yam* con yam, sat down am, floor yam	*-am, -yam* night am, horses yam
V. p.	-s, -i, wives, land And	-a, -i, -s, -i, her, -ov con to her, sat down A, floor I	-and, -ey night And, horses to her
etc.	-ami, -yami wives ami, earth yami	-ami, -yami con yami, sat down ami, floor yami	-ami, -yami night ami, horses yami
P. p.	-ah, -yah wives Oh, earth I	-ah, -yah con I, sat down Oh, floor I	-ah, -yah night Oh, horses I

In the genitive plural, after the sibilants, the letter b is not written, for example: solution tasks, repair dwellings.
In the genitive plural of nouns -ya And -ye in unstressed position it is written -th , under stress - -to her , For example: liar th(liar), delusion th(meditation), But stat to her(article), scam to her(bench). Exceptions: Rouge to her(gun), pay ev(dress), ust ev(mouth), upper reaches ev(upstream), downstream ev(lower reaches).
Nouns have -and I , -ies in the genitive case it is always written -th , For example: lin th(line), built th(building).
If nouns in the genitive plural end in -en , That soft sign is not written, for example: songs, cherries ( Wed apple trees, kitchens). After -en letter in the genitive case b written in words villages b, young ladies b .

In this article we will analyze spelling unstressed case endings nouns of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd declension.

So, what are they unstressed endings you need to check, and which ones you just need to remember. You need to check the unstressed endings –е, –и in nouns of the genitive, dative, and prepositional case. You should remember unstressed endings in nouns in the instrumental case.

1st declension: -th memo(s) Ouch, village to her.

2nd declension: ohm (th) year, ohm, gender.

For check correct definition the unstressed ending of a noun should be determined by case (see how to determine). Then determine the declination (see how to determine). Next, we remember the ending of the noun of a certain declension in the required case.

In the summer the children swam in the lake.

The guys were swimming(where? in what?) In the lake, that means prepositional.

Ozer O (it, mine) is a neuter noun, has the ending -o, which means it belongs to the second declension. A noun of the second declension in the prepositional case has the ending -e. So, let's write down:

The guys were swimming(where? in what?) PP 2nd class., -e) to the lakes e .

Another way to check the ending of a noun is to insert instead of a noun with an unstressed ending, substitute a noun of the same declension and in the same case, but with a stressed ending: the guys swam in the river, in the lake .

Now let's look at the spelling of unstressed endings of nouns in all cases.

The declension of a noun is determined by nominative case and we talked about this in.

Genitive

A noun in the genitive case answers questions whom? what? (from where? where?) . Prepositions used: from, to, from, without, at, for, about, with.

Endings:

1st declension: -i, -s.

2nd declension: -a, -i.

3rd declension: -i.

Example: The sheep has soft long wool . → Wool(who?) in sheep s – 1st declension.

Dative

A noun in the dative case answers questions to whom? what? (where? where?) . Prepositions used: to, by.

Endings:

1st declension: -e.

2nd declension: -у, -у.

3rd declension: -i.

It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.

Example: The boy ran to the lake . → fled(where? to what?) to the lakes at – 2nd declension.

IN genitive case nouns of the first declension have the ending -i, in the dative - the ending -e.

Nouns of the third meaning in both cases have the ending -i.

Accusative

noun in accusative case answers the questions whom? What? (where? where?) . Prepositions used: in, on, for, through, about .

Endings:

1st declension: -у, -у.

2nd declension: -a, -i.

Example: You can often find a heron in the swamps . → Meet(whom?) herons Yu – 1st declension.

Nouns in the genitive and accusative cases can be distinguished by prepositions. In the first declension, the nouns in these cases differ in endings.

Instrumental case.

A noun in the instrumental case answers questions by whom? how? (where? where?) . Prepositions used: with, behind, under, over, between .

1st declension: -oi(s).

2nd declension: -ом (-ем).

3rd declension: -yu.

It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.

Example: Fish is caught with a fishing rod . → They catch(how?) fishing rod Ouch – 1st declension.

Prepositional

A noun in the prepositional case answers questions about whom? about what? (Where?) . Prepositions used: o (about), in, on, with.

1st declension: -e.

2nd declension: -e.

3rd declension: -i.

It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.

Example: We talked about autumn . → They talked(about what?) about autumn And – 3rd declension.

In the next article we will talk about the declension of plural nouns.

Spelling noun endings

To correctly write unstressed endings of nouns, in most cases (except for words ending in -ИЯ, -ИЭ, -ИИ), it is enough to determine which declension the word belongs to and see how words with stressed endings from the same declension are written in the same form.

When checking for the first declension it is convenient to use the words GRASS, EARTH, for the second - WINDOW, ELEPHANT, for the third - STEPPE, CHAIN. All endings in these words are stressed.

For example, we doubt what to write at the end of the phrase “BLOTS IN A NOTEBOOK_”. The word NOTEBOOK of the third declension. We substitute the test word “IN THE STEPPE”. Therefore, you need to write “BLOTS IN A NOTEBOOK”, with the letter I at the end.

In nouns female ending in -IYA, the ending -I is written in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases (ARMYA - from ARMY, to ARMY, about ARMY; NATALIA - from NATALIA, to NATALIA, about NATALIA), for masculine nouns in -IY and neuter gender in -IE in the prepositional case the ending –I is written (SANATORIY - about the SANATORIUM, CONSTELLATION - about CONSTELLATION).

IN ADDITION, PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING RULES GUIDING THE WRITING OF SOME SPECIFIC NOUN FORMS:

1. After the suffixes -USHK-, -YUSHK-, -YSHK-, -ISHK- in feminine nouns and animate nouns The ending -A is written in the masculine gender, for example: ZIMUSHKA, PASSION, KUPCHISHKA, TRUSISHKA. For neuter nouns and inanimate masculine nouns, after these suffixes the ending -O is written, for example: GORYUSHKO, GOLOSISHKO, MOLOCHISHKO, RUBLISHKO.

2. After the suffix -ISH- the ending -E is written for masculine and neuter nouns in the singular, and for feminine nouns - the ending - A. For example: GIANT, GORODISCH, SWAMP, LOG, BORED, SILISCH. In the plural, after the suffix -ISCH- the ending -I is written for masculine and feminine nouns, and the ending -A for neuter nouns. For example: FENCES, BOOTS, PALDONISHCHI, BOLOTISHCHA, WINDOWS.

3. The monosyllabic nouns VIY and KIY have the ending -E in the prepositional case.

4. In personal names and surnames of eastern origin, ending in -Ya and having an accent on the last syllable, the ending E is written in the dative and prepositional case: letter Zulfiya, dream about Aliya (name - Zulfiya, Aliya).

Exercise

Have you heard behind the grove the voice of the night singer of love, the singer of your sadness? (A. Pushkin)

“Hey, shepherds, run here, beat me, beat me!” Shepherds with a club at the wolf, the wolf - from them. The shepherds run and marvel. The wolf is crazy, he runs and shouts: “Catch up!” (Chingiz Aitmatov, White Steamship)

Again I’m on the high road_, poetry_ free - a citizen, again in a nomadic den_ I think alone. (P. Vyazemsky)

There is no pity for my deep melancholy. (E. Baratynsky).

In my memory there were no girlfriends of the old days. (E. Baratynsky)

He slowly climbed the stairs, slowly entered the room among the respectfully parted public, and, greeting his acquaintances, looked around the room questioningly. (I. Bunin)

“The servant of God Victor is engaged to the servant of God Natalie,” Father Vasily proclaimed even louder, almost singing, and, removing the rings from their hands and crossing them, he put his own on each. (Sergey Babayan, Gentlemen officers)

Happy is the one in whom the color of life is not destroyed by the cold. (I. Klyushnikov)

The earth still looks sad, but the air already breathes in spring, and the half-dead stem sways, and the spruce branches move. (F. Tyutchev)

“We can’t, dear sir, we’ll pick around little by little, collect pennies, maybe we’ll sew some money for the kids,” said Filat Nikitich. (F. Reshetnikov, Between People)

Temperament, curiosity, strength - everything in his powerful nature prevents him from settling in the lands he has discovered; he gives them to others, but he himself hurries on. (Daniil Granin, Zubr)

A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant rock; In the morning she set off early, playing happily in the azure. (M. Lermontov).

Sof_ Ivanovna really wanted to go, and we decided to entrust our fate to the nervous coachman. (N. Teffi, Mountains)

Vasily Dimitrievich was married to Vitovt's daughter Sophie: throughout his reign he had to respect family relationships and at the same time was on guard against his father-in-law's attempts. (N. Kostomarov, Russian history in the biographies of its main figures)

Whether you are in stormy poetry, sometimes gloomy, sometimes bright. (F. Tyutchev).

In this excitement, in this radiance, all as if in a dream, I stand lost; Oh, how willingly I would drown my entire soul in their charm. (F. Tyutchev).

And the wine farmer Mamontov was selling the same rotten stuff as it was ten years ago, under Vasily Aleksandrovich Kokorev. (N. Leskov, Life of a Woman)

I'm tired of girls, alone in the room, sewing patterns in silver. (K. Aksakov)

In the house and in the neighborhood, everything, from the yard girls to the yard dogs, ran away when they saw him (N. Gogol)

Fires, rumpled bushes, black, still smoking ruins flashed by. (Yu. Dombrovsky, The Monkey Comes for His Skull)

And the tired traveler grumbled at God: he was thirsty and hungry, wandering in the desert for three days and three nights... (A. Pushkin).

Behind the church, across the passage, lay a concrete building, covered in glass and aluminum. (Yu. Druzhnikov, Visa the day before yesterday)

I noticed, braced myself, and then suddenly, to my misfortune (or perhaps fortunately!), out of the blue, a repairman galloped onto our little town. (F. Dostoevsky, Polzunkov)

Thoughtfully and in some kind of senseless reasoning about the strangeness of his situation, he began to pour the tea (N. Gogol).

In fact, it was Skvorushk_, a very young yellow-throated one: he didn’t even know that such caterpillars were not eaten, and was very proud of his prey. (Boris Zakhoder, Fairy Tales for People)