We continue to explore the levels of the language system, based on . In this lesson we will talk about spelling prepositions.
Lesson 16. Spelling hyphenated paired prepositions because of, from under, over, on-for; a bunch of prepositions as a result, in view of, like, like, about; in several parts of compound prepositions during, in continuation, in conclusion, in absence, in contrast to, in anticipation of, in order to avoid, despite, despite
I. Non-derivative paired prepositions because of, from under, over, for written with a hyphen, for example: (appear) from behind the mountains, (climb) out of the ground, (fly) over the shore, (live) across the river.
Exercise. Find in the sentence the noun dependent on the verb, to which the preposition from under refers, and determine its case. Soon, from under Masha’s most beloved Christmas tree, grown especially for her mother, the black shiny nose of a hedgehog appeared.
II. Derivative prepositions are written together 1) as a result,
2) in view, like, like, about.
In order to correctly write derivative prepositions, you need to be able to distinguish them from homonymous independent parts of speech (see previous lesson).
1. Preposition due to has a causal meaning (it can be replaced by a preposition because of ) and is written at the end with the vowel E. This preposition must be distinguished from the adverb subsequently and a noun with a preposition because of.
Adverb subsequently written with the vowel AND at the end, this adverb in a sentence can be replaced with the adverb then compare:
1) (preposition) Due to(because of) Due to unforeseen circumstances, the train was late.(late due to what?, because of what? due to circumstances)
2) (adverb) Subsequently(then, then) the lovers lived happily.(lived when? subsequently, later, then)
noun in instrumental case with a simple pretext because of It has lexical meaning"under investigation":
A mistake was made(where?, in what?) because of on business.
2. Derivative prepositions in view, like, like, about in a sentence must be distinguished from homonymous nouns with non-derivative prepositions. To do this, it is necessary to identify phrases where the dependent word is a noun with a derived preposition, and remember to replace parts of speech with synonymous or similar ones. Nouns with non-derivative prepositions appear in sentences in their direct lexical meaning. Compare paired sentences:
1) - Preposition ( didn't arrive in view of what? due to bad weather; due to bad weather). What do you mean?- Expression keep in mind means have in mind.
2) Rivers like the Volga have strong currents.- Preposition ( rivers what?, like what? like the Volga, like the Volga). The sculpture is similar(for what?) like an animal.
3) My brother is like me.- Preposition ( Brother like who? like me, like me) (There is also a complex particle like, expressing doubt.) This adjective agrees with the noun in gender.- Noun with preposition ( agrees what? sort of)
4) The conversations were about the economic situation.- Preposition ( walked about what? about the situation, about the situation). Deposit money into a bank account.- Noun ( put where?, for what? on account)
Exercise. Which of the sentences with synonymous prepositions corresponds to colloquial speech?
- The plane did not arrive due to bad weather.
- The plane did not arrive due to bad weather.
- The plane did not arrive due to bad weather.
III. Compound prepositions are written in several parts during, in continuation, in conclusion, in absence of, in contrast to, in anticipation of, in order to avoid, despite, despite.
1. For synonymous prepositions during, in continuation the vowel E is written at the end. These prepositions always have the meaning of time and, in a phrase together with a noun, answer the question how long?, For example:
During (continuing) the week Borya prepared for the exams. (preparing for what?, how long? within a week)
These prepositions must be distinguished from nouns in prepositional case with the non-derivative preposition during, in continuation, which are used in a sentence in its direct lexical meaning, for example:
1) There have been some changes in the flow of the river recently.(occurred where?, in what? during what? rivers)
2) Further events developed(in what?) in continuation(what?) novel.
2. Preposition Finally has the meaning “at the end of something” and is written with the vowel E. Noun with a preposition in custody has the lexical meaning "in prison" or "in the final part of the text", prepositional case and ending -And, compare:
1) In conclusion (at the end) In his speech, the author touched upon a problem that worries everyone.- Preposition ( touched in conclusion what? at the end of the speech)
2) The criminal was kept(where?, in what?) in custody
(in prison) in custody.
3) The main idea of the text is expressed(where?, in what?) in custody.
3. Preposition in the absence of written at the end with the vowel E. This preposition can be replaced with a preposition without, for example:
In the absence (without) the mother, order was maintained at home. (kept in the absence of whom?, without whom? in the absence of the mother)
A homonymous noun with the preposition in absence has the meaning "to be absent" ( Ivan Ivanovich in absence), is outdated and modern speech not used.
4. Preposition Unlike
Unlike his sister, his brother was very restless. (was restless unlike who? unlike my sister)
A homonymous noun with a preposition in its direct lexical meaning is used today only in grammatical form with honors (graduate with honors).
5. Preposition in anticipation written with the vowel I, for example:
On the eve of the upcoming holiday, an orchestra rehearsal was announced. (was announced in anticipation of what? on the eve of the holiday)
Exercise. Based on the meaning of the preposition, explain the spelling of two letters D.
6. Preposition to avoid written with the vowel E, for example:
Stay home today to avoid trouble. (stay to avoid what? to avoid trouble)
A homonymous noun with a preposition is obsolete and is not used independently.
7. Prepositions despite, despite formed from participles. When writing these prepositions, you need to consider the following:
1) prepositional-case combinations of nouns with prepositions despite, despite oppositions have meaning, they can be replaced by combinations with a conjunction Although, and gerunds depending And looking used in their lexical meaning “to look with the eyes”;
2) particle Not in prepositions it has turned into a prefix and is written together, while with gerunds it is always written separately;
3) prepositional-case combinations of nouns with prepositions despite, despite in a sentence they are always separated by commas (separated) in the same way as participial phrases. Compare:
- Despite (despite) the rain, we will go outside.- Preposition ( let's go to no matter what? despite the rain, Although it's raining)
- He was walking down the street despite on passers-by.- Participle with particle not ( walked how?, how? despite not looking on passers-by)
Exercise. In which sentence are both highlighted words written together?
- To develop memory, chess players sometimes play (c) blind, that is ( despite on the board.
- (During haven't been there for a few days (no connections with the city.
- The whale continued to swim straight (to) a meeting ship, (despite to screams and gunfire.
- (For for centuries people have tried to invent aircraft and rise (c) high.
Teacher's comments on the material being studied
| Good advice |
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| In some cases, words with a prefix are written with a hyphen, and in others - together. Swim like a dog. Take more. | The prefix po is not the only condition for writing an adverb with a hyphen. It is necessary that the adverb ends in -mu (him), -ki, -ii. If these conditions are absent in an adverb, it is usually written together. In Georgian (in…ki). In a bearish way (in a…yi way). Little by little (we write together, there are no conditions for a hyphen). |
| Words with po and the final part -oom (-em) are written with a hyphen in some cases, and separately in others. I did it the old way. I followed the old trail. | Do not confuse adverbs in -oo (-mu) and adjectives. Did (how?) the old way (adverb). I walked along (what?) old (adjective) trail (here the preposition by refers to the noun: along the trail). |
| You can make a mistake in spelling words with the prefix ko-, for example: some...where, some...at...who. | Do not confuse adverbs with some and pronouns with some. Pronouns are written according to a special rule (see Continuous, separate and hyphenated writing of indefinite and negative pronouns). |
| It is difficult to understand when words are written together and when separately: in...breadth, in...depth, in...distance, in...up, in...down, on...top, along...bottom, along...top, on...side, in...front, on...back, on...century, in... century, etc. | Distinguish between adverbs with the meaning of time or space and the nouns from which these adverbs are derived. Please note that the presence of a dependent word indicates that we have a noun that must be written separately with the preposition. Went upstairs (There is no dependent word, it is an adverb, written together). Climbed to the top of the hill (There is a dependent word for hill, written separately). Remember: the words to the side, to the side, in depth, in depth, in width, in height, in length are always written separately. |
| Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether given word a noun or has already become a derived preposition: within... a day, during...discussion, in the flow...of the river. | This problem usually arises in relation to the following prepositions: during, in continuation, as a result, despite. If the forms during, in continuation have a temporary meaning, they are considered prepositions, with E written at the end. If these forms do not have a temporal meaning, they are considered nouns, and the corresponding case ending is written at the end. The photographs will be developed during the day. But: In the current of this river, fast and powerful, it is not easy to hold the boat. If the due form has the meaning of cause, it is considered a preposition and is written together. If this form has a different meaning, it is considered a noun and is written separately from the corresponding case ending. Due to an administrator error, failures in pipeline management occurred. But: An error crept into the investigation into the Maleev case. If the form despite has the meaning of concession (close in meaning to the conjunction although), it is considered a preposition and despite is written together. If a similar form is used to mean “without looking,” it is considered a gerund and is written separately. Despite the squalid surroundings, the service at the hotel was tolerable. But: Despite the faces of his neighbors, he continued to chew the sandwich. |
| A rule from reference materials is sometimes difficult to apply in practice. | Indeed, the rule about distinguishing between conjunctions and homonymous forms covers only the most typical cases. We hope, however, that the practice tests will be sufficient to master this topic. |
| You can make a mistake in spelling words with the stem-pol-, for example: half...seven in the morning; half...a metropolitan loaf. | In cases of half past six in the morning; at half past eight in the evening the base half is written together with the word. Word Eleventh floor written with a hyphen. Combinations in which there is an adjective between the base half and the second part of a compound word are written separately. floor of the capital's loaf; half a bay leaf. |
| There is a problem in distinguishing between complex adjectives and adverb+adjective phrases, for example: much...promising (project) and deadly...dangerous (risk). | In the first case, we have a complex adjective, the first part of which is formed from an adverb and which denotes an integral concept (written together). In the second case - a phrase that did not merge into compound word(written separately). Unfortunately, there is no general spelling rule that works effectively in each specific case to solve this problem. However, it can be noted that adverbs that do not merge with an adjective usually answer the questions how? how? in what degree? More often than others, the following words play this role: Vital. Originally Russian. Exactly the opposite. |
| It is difficult to remember the spelling of complex adjectives that are traditionally written with a hyphen. | Consult reference materials. Remember the spelling of adjectives: World...historical, well-known; folk...democratic, folk...liberation, folk...poetic. |
Also watch the video if something is not clear, you need to repeat the material, or the required rule is not found.
Hyphen in adverbs
Most adverbs in the Russian language are written together. In some cases it remains separate writing, see: Integrated and separate writing of adverbs and adverbial expressions. There is a special group of adverbs that are written with a hyphen.
Knew (speak) English; said (in) a simple way; put it on (topsy-turvy) inside out.
Adverbs are written with a hyphen when following conditions:
| 1) according to - ... him / ... him, | In my opinion; in Russian; like a wolf. But: little by little(no condition); in my opinion(no adverb here). |
| 2) in - ... s / ... them, | Firstly; Thirdly. |
| 3) something - ..., ... - someday; | Somewhere; somehow; ever; somewhere. |
| 4) an adverb consists of two parts that completely or partially repeat each other. | Barely; little by little. |
Knew English - condition 1 applies (in...CI).
He simply said that there are no conditions for writing with a hyphen; it is written together, like most adverbs.
Put it on topsy-turvy - condition 4 applies (the adverb consists of two parts that partially repeat each other).
Integrated and separate writing of adverbs and adverbial expressions
Adverbs were formed in the language later than other independent parts of speech, so they usually come from nouns, adjectives, numerals, and pronouns.
To find out whether an adverb will be written together, it is necessary to determine from which part of speech the given adverb is formed.
Looks (into) the distance; walked (one by one) alone; worried (in) vain; (c) finally exhausted.
| If an adverb is not formed from a noun, then it is written together. | If an adverb is formed from a noun, then it is written together in the following cases: |
| Close(from adjective). In two(from the numeral). From outside(from an adverb). Please note some exceptions: one, two, three; openly, in general; to the world, to retreat. | 1) if the adverb is formed from outdated word: to pieces (no noun " rattles»); too much (no noun) "too much"); after (no noun) "catch up"); 2) if this is an adverb of place and time: 3) if an adverb is formed from a combination of a noun with a preposition and a case question cannot be posed to the former noun: smoke a cigarette (you can’t ask: smoke with what?); saddle-coat (you can’t ask: what’s a cloak?) |
Looks into the distance - adverb of place, written together.
Walked alone - from an obsolete noun loner(in meaning " alone, unaccompanied"), is written together.
Worried in vain - an adverb formed from an adjective empty, written together.
Completely exhausted - this is an adverb because it is not possible to ask a case question (you cannot say: exhausted into what?), written together.
In modern Russian there are many adverbs and adverbial expressions that are written together or separately according to tradition. Their spelling should be memorized.
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Spelling prepositions
Many prepositions in Russian are derivatives. The spelling of some of them should be memorized.
Lemonade (in) place of tea; crawled out (from) under the fence; won, (despite) fatigue.
1. The prepositions because of, from under, on-over, by-for are written with a hyphen.
He looked around the corner.
He took it out from under the pillow.
2. Derivative prepositions, which include a non-derivative preposition and a noun, are usually written in two words:
during, in continuation, in the form of, in connection with, to the extent of, during, for the reason of, for the purposes of, on the part of and so on.
Absent due to illness.
3.The following prepositions are written together:
in view of (in the meaning of “for a reason”), like (in the meaning of “like”), instead of, as a result of, like, about (in the meaning of “about”), despite (in spite of)
Absent due to illness;
something like an arch;
felt boots instead of boots;
made a mistake due to inattention;
something like a winter coat;
talk about work;
Made it on time, despite the traffic jams.
4. For the prepositions during, in continuation, in contrast, as a result, E is written at the end. Combinations with the first two prepositions always have the meaning of time and answer the question how long?
I waited for (continued) a week.
The combination with the preposition due has a causal meaning.
Due to insufficient funding, the facility was closed.
Lemonade instead of tea.
Climbed out from under the fence.
I won, despite being tired.
Spelling conjunctions
Many conjunctions in the Russian language are derivatives, i.e. they came from other parts of speech, including combinations:
pronoun + particle (that + would = to), preposition + pronoun (from + what = why).
In this case, conjunctions are usually written together, and pronouns with particles and prepositions are written separately. The problem of choosing a spelling arises.
The same word, but it would be wrong to say it. I don't know what he could do for her. And you also go into the house. In order to fall asleep, he took sleeping pills.
It is necessary to find out what part of speech they are what (would) in the analyzed sentence. The following table will help you do this.
| If you have a union in front of you, it can be replaced by another conjunction of similar meaning. | If you have a pronoun + particle in front of you, then the particle can be moved to another place or not used. |
| ALSO can be replaced by ALSO, AND. He ALSO went there. (We can replace: he also went there; and he went there.) | The SAME can be replaced with THAT; THE SAME; THE SAME AS I. He did the SAME thing as me. (Can be replaced: he did what I did.) THE SAME proof was used in another work. (Can be replaced: this proof was used in another work.) |
| ALSO can be replaced by ALSO, AND. I was surprised, so was he. (You can replace: I was surprised, so was he; I was surprised, and he was surprised.) | ALSO can be replaced with SO; SIMILAR; AS WELL AS. I was JUST as surprised as you. (You can replace: I was surprised just like you; I was surprised just like you.) |
| SO that can be replaced with IN ORDER THAT. FOR something to work out, you need to try.(You can replace: In order for something to work out, you need to try.) | WHAT can be replaced with WHAT. What else could you do today?(You can replace: what else to do today?) |
| If the pronoun in front of you is an adverb, then it can be replaced with adverbs of similar meaning. | If you have a preposition + pronoun in front of you, then the corresponding adjectives and nouns can be used instead of the pronoun. |
| WHY can be replaced with WHY. WHY are you sad? (Can be replaced: why are you sad?) | WHAT does the decision depend on? (Can be replaced: on what circumstances does the decision depend?) |
| WHY can be replaced by WHY. WHY is it so hot? (Can be replaced: why is it so hot?) | WHY did they go down to the sea? (Can be replaced: they went down the stairs to the sea.) |
| BECAUSE can be replaced by THEREFORE. I was late BECAUSE I was busy (Can be replaced: I was late because I was busy.) BECAUSE can be replaced with BECAUSE. He came back BECAUSE he forgot the key. (Can be replaced: he returned because he forgot the key.) | BECAUSE. People were running along THAT bank. (Can be replaced: people were running along the far bank.) FROM THAT. A man walked away from THAT tree. (Can be replaced: from tall tree the man walked away.) |
| THEREFORE can be replaced by BECAUSE. I forgot the key SO I couldn't open the lock. (You can replace it: I forgot the key, so I couldn’t open the lock.) | THAT'S WHY. A trolleybus will pass over THIS bridge. (Can be replaced: a trolleybus will travel across the new bridge.) |
| WHY can be replaced with WHY. WHY did you stay? (Can be replaced: why did you stay?) | FOR WHAT. WHAT was he hiding in the forest? (Can be replaced: he was hiding behind a tree in the forest.) |
| THEN can be replaced with THEN. I left, THEN came back. (Can be replaced: I left, then returned.) | THEN. BEHIND THAT bend the forest began. (Can be replaced: around the next turn the forest began). |
| If you have a union in front of you, then it can be replaced by conjunctions that are similar in meaning. | If you have a preposition + pronoun in front of you, then instead of the pronoun, corresponding adjectives can be used with the preposition. |
| THEN can be replaced with BUT. The story is short, BUT interesting. (Can be replaced: the story is short but interesting.) | FOR THAT. He hid BEHIND THAT tree. (Can be replaced: he hid behind a large tree.) |
| Moreover, AND can be replaced with AT THIS. He is a musician, AND talented at that. y. (You can replace it: he is a musician, and a talented one at that.) They persuaded me, AND very diligently. (You can replace: they persuaded me, and very diligently.) | There is a swimming pool at that house.(Can be replaced: when dear home there is a swimming pool.) |
It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of the introductory word So and its homonymous form.
The SAME word, but it would be wrong to say it, can be replaced with the SAME word. This is a pronoun with a particle, it is written separately.
I don’t know WHAT he could do for her - it can be replaced with WHAT. This is a pronoun with a particle, it is written separately.
And you ALSO go into the house - you can replace it with ALSO. This is a union, it is written together.
TO fall asleep, he took sleeping pills - can be replaced with IN ORDER. This is a union, it is written together.
Spelling compound nouns
Compound nouns are those nouns that include several stems: airplane, freeze frame, sofa bed, airport terminal, etc.
To formulate complex words, hyphens and continuous spellings are used.
The choice of spelling for words, the first part of which is a stem borrowed from another language
(Vice) Speaker; (rock)poetry; (flight) engineer.
You should remember the spelling of the highlighted borrowed part.
| HYPHENED | |
| vice (deputy prime minister) life doctor chief (chief quartermaster) press (press conference) rock (rock music) non-commissioned officer (non-commissioned officer) headquarters (headquarters) staff (staff captain) ex (ex-president) | air (airmail) auto (motorway) aero (air terminal) agro (agricultural technology) bio (biomass) board (flight mechanic) hydro (hydraulic station) geo (geopathogenic) zoo (zoo) cinema (filming) counter* (counterstrike) moto (motocross) photo (photo artist) * except the word rear admiral , which is written with a hyphen. |
Deputy Speaker; rock poetry; flight engineer
Choice of spelling in other cases
(Freeze; (round) gate; (technical) inspection; (State) Duma.
| Typical cases FULL spelling compound nouns | Typical cases of HYPHEN spelling of compound nouns |
| A noun is written together if it is formed using connecting vowels (-O- / -E-): pedometer; chimney; rockfall. Note! The names of the cardinal directions are written with a hyphen, despite the connecting vowels: northwest; southeast; southwest. | A noun is written with a hyphen if it is formed without the help of connecting vowels: sofa bed; raincoat; social democracy; emergency brake. Note! The names of cities are written together, despite the absence of connecting vowels: Belgorod; Leningrad. The following words are also written together without connecting vowels: time calculation; pastime; madness. Words with the second part of the meter are written together: ammeter; voltmeter. |
| A noun is written together if it is a compound contraction: those help; state Committee; children nursery | A noun is written with a hyphen if it denotes a unit of measurement: kilowatt-hour; volt-amp; ton-kilometer. |
| A noun is written together if it has a verb stem ending in I: tear it off head; burn color; hold muzzle. Exception: tumbleweed | A noun is written with a hyphen if it refers to a plant: Ivan-da-Marya; coltsfoot. |
| Nouns with an evaluative meaning are written with a hyphen: jingoistic patriots; good boy. |
In many cases, spellings of complex nouns need to be memorized.
Freeze frame - a noun is formed without the help of a connecting vowel. It is written with a hyphen.
Circulation is a noun formed with the connecting vowel -O-. It is written smoothly.
Technical inspection is a complex abbreviated word. It is written smoothly.
State Duma is a complex abbreviated word. It is written smoothly.
Spelling of nouns with abbreviated stem POL-
Half...apple; floor...road; half...Moscow; half...forest.
Find out what letter the noun that comes after the stem POL- begins with.
Spelling compound adjectives
Spelling adjectives formed from compound nouns
(Southeastern; (Vice) Prime Minister.
Compound adjectives formed from compound nouns retain either hyphen spellings which these nouns had, see: Spelling of compound nouns.
If adjectives are formed from hyphenated nouns, they are also written with a hyphen:
northeastern(derived from northeast);
non-commissioned officer (derived from non-commissioned officer).
If adjectives are formed from nouns with a continuous spelling, they are also written together:
oil field (derived from oil field);
Belgorod (derived from Belgorod).
Southeast - derived from the word southeast, written with a hyphen.
Deputy Prime Minister - derived from the word Deputy Prime Minister, written with a hyphen.
Spelling of adjectives whose first part ends in O (E)
(Giddy) dizzy; (socio)political.
| Hyphenated | It is written smoothly |
| An adjective is written with a hyphen if it denotes a shade of color or taste: Navy blue; red-brown; bitter-salty. | An adjective is written together if it is formed from subordinating phrase(with main and dependent word): dark-browed (dark eyebrows); iron foundry (cast iron); house-building (to build houses). Exceptions: Geographical names are written with a hyphen, even if they are formed from a subordinating phrase. the East European Plain(but Eastern European peoples); South China Sea (but southern Chinese customs). |
| An adjective is written with a hyphen if it is formed from a coordinating combination (with the conjunctions “and”, “not only .., but also”): Russian-German (Russian and German); convex-concave (convex and concave); |
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| An adjective is written with a hyphen if its first stem ends in -iko: historical and archival; chemical-technological. | An adjective can be written together if its first part is formed from an adverb, and the complex word has come to mean a single, integral concept (for example, it has become a term or a stable expression in book language): instant coffee; highly educated person. |
| Note! There is a problem of distinguishing between cases of the type: promising (project) and deadly (risk). In the first case, we have a complex adjective, the first part of which is formed from an adverb and which denotes an integral concept (written together). In the second case, a phrase that has not merged into a complex word (written separately). Unfortunately, there is no general spelling rule that works effectively in each specific case to solve this problem. However, it can be noted that adverbs that do not merge with an adjective usually answer the questions how? how? in what degree? More often than others, the following words play this role: absolutely, vitally, truly, originally, especially, authentically, directly, sharply, mortally, strictly. Vital. Originally Russian. Exactly the opposite. If you are in doubt about the spelling, please contact spelling dictionary. You should remember the spelling of the following words and phrases: world-historical, world famous; people's democratic, people's liberation, people's poetic. |
Dizzy - formed from the subordinating phrase dizzy, written together.
Socio-political - derived from the coordinating combination social and political, written with a hyphen.
A preposition is an auxiliary, that is, an auxiliary part of speech, which is intended to link nouns (less often numerals and pronouns) with other words in a text structure. Prepositions have the following properties:
- They help create phrases and meaningfully related structures in sentences;
- A preposition does not apply to parts of a sentence;
- This part of speech is not subject to any changes;
- Prepositions are not used with verbs;
- Between a given part of speech and the word it connects, you can always insert an additional construction;
- After using a preposition, you can pose a question to a noun, pronoun or numeral.
Since prepositions are a separate part of speech, they are written separately with words. Problems arise when differentiating this part of speech with prefixes in a word. The latter is the part of the word that is written before the root and changes its meaning.
When writing prepositions there are some things to keep in mind distinctive features official part of speech:
- Two simple prepositions can form one complex design, which will be formatted with a hyphen;
- A preposition can be formed from another part of speech, that is, become its derivative (thanks to, according to);
- A preposition can be formed from a combination of two parts of speech.
Spelling prepositions is difficult due to the fact that people often confuse it with other parts of speech. In the process of writing a text, you should always remember the distinctive features of a preposition and the basic rules for writing it.
Some people have a hard time remembering the many rules of the Russian language, so they should improve this skill first. BrainApps, thanks to professionally designed games and individual training, will allow you to short time achieve visible results in improving memory and other brain functions.
Rules for writing prepositions
The use of prepositions in sentences does not present any special problems. There are few rules for writing them, but errors in this part of speech remain one of the most common. It is difficult for people to distinguish this auxiliary part of speech from gerunds and adverbs, which are pronounced identically but written differently.
Writing this part of speech with a hyphen
In order to correctly write a preposition using a hyphen, it is enough to remember specific words, most of which are outdated versions and are not used in modern speech. The main prepositions to remember are: because of, from under. All others are considered colloquial.
If you have doubts when writing a word that is a preposition, but is not included in this list, you definitely do not need to use a hyphen. However, we should think again about whether this design pretext
Separate writing of prepositions
Some prepositions, despite the fact that they are derived from nouns, are written separately. These include constructions with particles “po”, “for” and “in”. In addition, you should remember the spelling of the prepositions “during” and “in continuation”, which only have the letter “e” at the end. However, if the word form is a mixture of a preposition and a noun in the prepositional case, then the ending changes to “and”. An additional verification criterion in the latter version can be the possibility of inserting another word inside the construction.
The combination “in conclusion” is not a preposition and the way it is written depends entirely on the sentence. If the word form represents a circumstance, that is, it has a dependent construction, then the letter “and” is written. In other situations, the noun is placed in accusative and, accordingly, the letter “e” is used.
Spelling prepositions together
When writing prepositions together, you need to be able to clearly identify the part of speech, since combinations of words that are identical in sound are written completely differently. Common controversial designs:
- “In spite of” and “in spite of.” The first option is used in cases where it is impossible to remove “not”, the construction cannot be replaced with a verb, and the meaning of the word form is “despite the fact that”.
- “In view of” and “in mind.” The first part of speech is used together in situations where there is a cause-and-effect relationship. Separate writing of a word form is required if there is a spatial relationship.
- “Following” and “following.” The preposition is written together if it can be supplemented with the phrase “for the beast.”
- “As a consequence” and “as a consequence.” The preposition is written only with the letter “e” and expresses a consistent transition from cause to effect. When combining a noun with a preposition, the endings may change.
- “Towards” and “to meet”. The first option indicates the direction, and the second implies a specific goal (to meet a friend).
- “About” and “on account.” The preposition is used in the sense of “about something” and is written together. The second option is used in cases where another word can be inserted between words.
- "In the middle" and "in the middle". In the first case, a spatial relationship is implied, in the second, there is a specific object and it is possible to separate words by another.
- “Like” and “like.” The first option is written together, as it implies the synonym “something like.” In the second case, you can insert a third between the words.
- “Like” and “kinda.” The first option is used in cases where the construction can be replaced with a synonym.
In order to never make mistakes when writing prepositions, you should be well aware of the spelling of all other parts of speech and their distinctive properties. Making decisions quickly, without remembering the rules, becomes possible only with sufficient experience.
Where does Kolobok sit? On a stump. Preposition ON.
Rice. 6. Kolobok on a stump ()
Who is the dog's friend? With cat. Preposition S.
Rice. 7. Dog with cat ()
What is the ship sailing on? By sea. Preposition software.
Rice. 8. The ship is sailing on the sea ()
Where does the student sit? At the desk. Preposition FOR.
Rice. 9. Student at his desk ()
Let's remember the prepositions : in, without before, from, to, on, by, about, from, before, at, through, for, with, at, for, over, about, under, about.
Unlike nouns, adjectives and verbs, prepositions do not answer questions. However, the connection of words in a sentence without prepositions is impossible.
Let's remember:
Prepositions with words are written separately.
We already know that the Russian language has similar prefixes. But consoles - this is part of the word, so they are written together with the words. A prepositions - this is a part of speech, so they are written with words separately.
Let's find out how to distinguish a prefix from a preposition.
Let's determine where the prefix is and where the preposition is.
(On) wrote (on) the envelope.
The first method: you can discard or change the prefix, but the preposition cannot. Let's try:
Wrote (on) an envelope. The words are related in meaning. This means that the first ON is a prefix.
I wrote it in an envelope. The connection has been broken. This means the second ON is a preposition.
Posted by- ON the prefix - we write together. On the envelope- FOR a preposition - we write separately.
Remember: prepositions with verbs are not used!
Let's consider the second method:
(About) read (about) animals.
The second way: you can insert another word between the preposition and the word. Let's try:
I read - What did you do? - this is a verb, PRO is a prefix, you cannot insert another word.
I read about pets. ABOUT is an excuse, we’ll write it separately.
I read about animals.
Word pretext translated from Greek means “ before the word" In terms of frequency of use, prepositions occupy fourth place after nouns, verbs and adjectives.
Let's consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice.
Let's play with prepositions.
Name of which coniferous tree consists of four prepositions?
Pine - S, O, S, NA.
What pet's name consists of two prepositions?
Cat - K, OT.
What pet's name consists of three prepositions?
Goat - K, O, FOR.
What are four prepositions you can't inflate a tire without?
Pump - ON, S, O, S.
Let's compose and write down phrases with the prepositions B, NA.
Candy, vase;
Books, shelf;
Painting, wall;
Tablecloth, table;
Pencil, pencil case;
Cubes, box.
Let's check:
Candies in a vase;
Books on the shelf;
Picture on the wall;
Tablecloth on the table;
Pencil in a pencil case;
Cubes in a box.
Let's insert suitable prepositions:
Birds...cage.
Leaves... branch.
Cat... table.
Kindergarten... corner.
Let's check:
Birds in a cage.
Leaves on a branch.
Cat at the table.
The garden is around the corner.
Prepositions with words are written separately.
Let's write it down, opening the parentheses:
Misha (to) ran (to) class.
Vova (to) went (to) school (by) tram.
Nina (along) walked (along) the path (to) the garden.
The path (from) the mountain.
Flowers (under) the window (under) cut (under) the root.
Let's check:
Misha ran into the classroom. Misha What did you do? ran in. Running in is a verb, which means B is a prefix, we write together. He ran into a large classroom. You can insert a word, which means B is a preposition, we write separately.
Vova went to school by tram. Vova What did you do? arrived. Arrived is a verb, which means DO is a prefix, we write together. I arrived at my school. You can insert a word, which means DO is a preposition, we write separately. I arrived on the red tram. You can insert a word, which means DO is a preposition, we write separately.
Nina walked along the path to the garden. Nina what did you do? went. Went is a verb, which means PO is a prefix, we write together. Along a small path. You can insert a word, which means PO is a preposition, we write separately. To the city garden. You can insert a word, which means B is a preposition, we write separately.
The path went down the mountain. Path what did you do? came down. Descended is a verb, which means C is a prefix, we write together. Descended from high mountain. You can insert a word, which means C is a preposition, we write it separately.
The flowers under the window were cut at the root. Flowers under my window. You can insert a word, which means UNDER is a preposition, we write separately. what did you do? Trimmed is a verb, which means UNDER is a prefix, we write together. They cut it right to the root. You can insert a word, which means UNDER is a preposition, we write separately.
In this lesson we learned that a preposition is a part of speech that serves to connect words. It must be remembered that prepositions and words are written separately.
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
- Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.
- Festival pedagogical ideas "Public lesson" ().
- Social network education workers Nsportal.ru ().
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do the exercise. 158, p. 113; ex. 161, p. 115.
- Make 4 tests with three answer options on the topic of the lesson.
- * Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, make up several riddles following the example from the section This is interesting.
Studying the Russian language, we make many new discoveries for ourselves about its magnificence, beauty, and virtuosity. How multifaceted, flexible and eloquent he is. Today, let’s discover together another puzzle from that wonderful picture called “Russian Grammar.”
Let us consider in our material the combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions. Using examples, we will clearly learn how they differ from other parts of speech.
What is a preposition
A preposition is a functional part of speech. This element is necessary to show how words in sentences depend on each other, connecting them together.
Example: “An interesting incident happened in our biology class today.” In this sentence, “in” and “on” are prepositions, of which there are a large number in the Russian language. Some are varied, some are simple and clear to use and write, while others are more complex, especially with regard to spelling.
We move from simple to more complex. So, combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions. The lesson in 7th grade on this topic is not easy, but very interesting.
Classification, definition, origin
Derivatives are isolated and non-derivative prepositions. In turn, derivatives - from independent parts to auxiliary parts of speech - pass in the process of formation, as a result of which morphological features are lost and, moreover, their lexical meaning is canceled.
By origin, they are divided, firstly, into adverbials, which are formed from adverbs. Such prepositions express relations of a spatial and temporal nature. Let's give examples: near the house, near the river, around the world, in front of the locomotive.
Secondly, derivatives can be denominal if they are formed from a noun. They express an objective and thorough character. Examples of this type of derivatives: about, during, in view of.
And finally, thirdly, derived prepositions that are formed from verbs are called verbal. They express adverbial meanings. Let's give their examples: after, thanks, despite.
Video on the topic
How to write derivative prepositions
In this section we will consider the combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions. The “golden” rule for the combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions is as follows: in order to understand the text in the writing of the elements we are studying, we must correctly determine the part of speech and be able to distinguish them from adverbs and nouns. Step by step, let's look at examples of combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions.
“I wanted to look around.” In this sentence, “around” is an adverb.
“I had to go around the houses because the thick thickets of grass prevented me from approaching the doors.” In this case, the element we are studying is “circle”.
The difference is that in the first case you can put a question to the adverb, but in the second case this cannot be done.
“Due to an emergency situation, I need to deposit a certain amount of money into my bank account.” In this sentence, “on account” is written separately, since these two words can be defined as a preposition and a noun.
“I would like to ask you about a job at a bank for my younger sister, who graduated from university this year.” In this case, “about” is written together, since we have a derivative denominative preposition.
“Not looking around, I ran across the road.” Before us is a gerund (verbal form). If you can substitute the word “with your eyes” for the expression “despite”, then it should be written separately.
“I was able to go to work despite my illness.” In this case, we have a preposition that is written together. It can be replaced by the expression “in spite of everything.”
It should also be said that the combined and separate writing of prepositions depends on the cases.
Features
In order to correctly write a preposition, you must be able to distinguish it from the nouns, adverbs, and gerunds from which it was formed. Let's look at examples of combined and separate writing.
Before we start studying distinctive features of this element, let us pay attention to the fact that the element we are studying cannot be a member of the sentence.
Example: “I needed to check with Nikolai Vladimirovich about an urgent order.” Need clarification (about what?) about the order. Also, we should not forget that the preposition is part of the question that needs to be asked.
So, what is the difference between the element being studied and the noun? Let's look at the spelling of the preposition "during" and the noun with the preposition "during".
“Mila worked hard on the book throughout the winter.” Worked (for how long?) during the winter. Used in the meaning of time.
“Many underwater eddies were discovered throughout the river.” You can insert an adjective between the preposition and the noun: “in the strong current of the river.”
“The guys went on a picnic, despite the bad weather.” “Despite” acts as a pretext, answers the question: despite what? You can also replace “in spite of something.”
And at the end of the section I would like to note what differences there are between the element we are studying and the adverb.
"Be in front of the column." In this sentence, the word "in front" is a preposition because it refers to the noun "column" and forms the genitive case with it.
"Be ahead of everyone." And in this sentence the word “ahead” is already an adverb and answers the question “where?”, and is also an independent member of the sentence.
Reinforcement of material: exercise
To consolidate the topic “Combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions”, it is necessary to complete the exercise that is presented below. In the numbered sentences, determine where the element we are studying is (let’s denote the answer “a”), and where the other one is independent part speech (answer - “b”).
1. “It turned out that it was difficult to stand near the entrance to the cave and peer into the impenetrable darkness.” ("b")
2. “I had to act according to the instructions of my boss.” ("A")
3. “We had to drive for about an hour along the gently sloping coast.” ("A")
4. “Locate yourself as close to the shore as possible: that was my task.” ("A")
5. ““Move forward!” - he tirelessly repeats.” ("b")
Conclusion: summary
Examples and rules for combined and separate writing of derivative prepositions were given in comparative order. Be literate, attentive, love studying, get pleasure and inspiration from this process.
