Modern life It is impossible to imagine without electricity; this type of energy is used most fully by humanity. However, not all adults are able to remember from school course physics definition of electric current (this is a directed flow of elementary particles, having a charge), very few people understand what it is.
What is electricity
The presence of electricity as a phenomenon is explained by one of the main properties of physical matter - the ability to have an electric charge. They can be positive and negative, while objects with oppositely polar signs are attracted to each other, and “equivalent” ones, on the contrary, repel. Moving particles are also the source of a magnetic field, which once again proves the connection between electricity and magnetism.
At the atomic level, the existence of electricity can be explained as follows. The molecules that make up all bodies contain atoms made up of nuclei and electrons circulating around them. These electrons can, under certain conditions, break away from the “mother” nuclei and move to other orbits. As a result, some atoms become “understaffed” with electrons, and some have an excess of them.
Since the nature of electrons is such that they flow to where there is a shortage of them, the constant movement of electrons from one substance to another constitutes electric current (from the word “to flow”). It is known that electricity flows from the minus pole to the plus pole. Therefore, a substance with a lack of electrons is considered to be positively charged, and with an excess - negatively, and it is called “ions”. If we're talking about about contacts electrical wires, then the positively charged one is called “zero”, and the negatively charged one is called “phase”.
In different substances, the distance between atoms is different. If they are very small, the electron shells literally touch each other, so electrons easily and quickly move from one nucleus to another and back, thereby creating the movement of an electric current. Substances such as metals are called conductors.
In other substances, interatomic distances are relatively large, so they are dielectrics, i.e. do not conduct electricity. First of all, it's rubber.
Additional Information. When the nuclei of a substance emit electrons and move, energy is generated that heats the conductor. This property of electricity is called “power” and is measured in watts. This energy can also be converted into light or another form.
For the continuous flow of electricity through the network, the potentials at the end points of the conductors (from power lines to house wiring) must be different.
History of the discovery of electricity
What electricity is, where it comes from, and its other characteristics are fundamentally studied by the science of thermodynamics with related sciences: quantum thermodynamics and electronics.
To say that any scientist invented electric current would be wrong, because since ancient times many researchers and scientists have been studying it. The term “electricity” itself was introduced into use by the Greek mathematician Thales; this word means “amber”, since it was in experiments with an amber stick and wool that Thales was able to generate static electricity and describe this phenomenon.
The Roman Pliny also studied the electrical properties of resin, and Aristotle studied electric eels.
At a later time, the first person to thoroughly study the properties of electric current was V. Gilbert, a doctor. Queen of England. The German burgomaster from Magdeburg O.f. Gericke is considered the creator of the first light bulb made from a grated sulfur ball. A the great Newton deduced proof of the existence of static electricity.
At the very beginning of the 18th century, the English physicist S. Gray divided substances into conductors and non-conductors, and the Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a Leyden jar capable of accumulating an electric charge, i.e. it was the first capacitor. The American scientist and politician B. Franklin was the first to develop the theory of electricity in scientific terms.
The entire 18th century was rich in discoveries in the field of electricity: the electrical nature of lightning was established, an artificial magnetic field was constructed, the existence of two types of charges (“plus” and “minus”) and, as a consequence, two poles was revealed (US naturalist R. Simmer) , Coulomb discovered the law of interaction between point electric charges.
In the next century, batteries were invented (by the Italian scientist Volta), an arc lamp (by the Englishman Davey), and also a prototype of the first dynamo. 1820 is considered the year of the birth of electrodynamic science, the Frenchman Ampere did this, for which his name was assigned to the unit for indicating the strength of electric current, and the Scotsman Maxwell deduced the light theory of electromagnetism. Russian Lodygin invented an incandescent lamp with a coal core - the progenitor of modern light bulbs. A little over a hundred years ago, the neon lamp was invented (by the French scientist Georges Claude).
To this day, research and discoveries in the field of electricity continue, for example, the theory of quantum electrodynamics and the interaction of weak electric waves. Among all the scientists involved in the study of electricity, Nikola Tesla holds a special place - many of his inventions and theories about how electricity works are still not fully appreciated.
Natural electricity
For a long time it was believed that electricity “by itself” does not exist in nature. This misconception was dispelled by B. Franklin, who proved the electrical nature of lightning. It was they, according to one version of scientists, that contributed to the synthesis of the first amino acids on Earth.
Electricity is also generated inside living organisms, which generates nerve impulses that provide motor, respiratory and other vital functions.
Interesting. Many scientists consider the human body to be an autonomous electrical system that is endowed with self-regulatory functions.
Representatives of the animal world also have their own electricity. For example, some breeds of fish (eels, lampreys, stingrays, anglerfish and others) use it for protection, hunting, obtaining food and orientation in underwater space. A special organ in the body of these fish generates electricity and stores it, like in a capacitor, its frequency is hundreds of hertz, and its voltage is 4-5 volts.
Getting and using electricity
Electricity is the basis these days comfortable life, therefore humanity needs its constant production. For these purposes, various types of power plants are being built (hydroelectric power plants, thermal, nuclear, wind, tidal and solar), capable of generating megawatts of electricity with the help of generators. This process is based on the conversion of mechanical (energy of falling water at hydroelectric power plants), thermal (combustion of carbon fuel - hard and brown coal, peat at thermal power plants) or interatomic energy (atomic decay of radioactive uranium and plutonium at nuclear power plants) into electrical energy.
A lot of scientific research is dedicated to the electrical forces of the Earth, all of which seek to harness atmospheric electricity for the benefit of humanity - generating electricity.
Scientists have proposed many interesting current generator devices that make it possible to produce electricity from a magnet. They use the ability of permanent magnets to make useful work in the form of torque. It arises as a result of repulsion between similarly charged magnetic fields on the stator and rotor devices.
Electricity is more popular than all other energy sources because it has many advantages:
- easy movement to the consumer;
- quick conversion to thermal or mechanical view energy;
- new areas of its application are possible (electric vehicles);
- discovery of new properties (superconductivity).
Electricity is the movement of differently charged ions inside a conductor. This is a great gift from nature, which people have known since ancient times, and this process is not yet completed, although humanity has already learned to obtain it in huge volumes. Electricity plays a huge role in development modern society. We can say that without it, the lives of most of our contemporaries will simply stop, because it’s not for nothing that when the electricity goes out, people say that they “turned off the lights.”
Video
Electrical engineering is like foreign language. Some have already mastered it perfectly for a long time, others are just beginning to get acquainted with it, and for others it is still an unattainable, but alluring goal. Why do many people want to explore this mysterious world of electricity? People have been familiar with it for only about 250 years, but today it is difficult to imagine life without electricity. To get acquainted with this world, and exist theoretical basis electrical engineering (TOE) for dummies.
First acquaintance with electricity
At the end of the 18th century, the French scientist Charles Coulomb began to actively study the electrical and magnetic phenomena of substances. It was he who discovered the law electric charge, which was named after him, is a pendant.
Today it is known that any substance consists of atoms and electrons rotating around them in an orbital. However, in some substances, electrons are held very tightly by atoms, while in others this bond is weak, which allows electrons to freely break away from some atoms and attach to others.
To understand what this is, you can imagine Big city with a huge number of cars that move without any rules. These machines move chaotically and cannot do useful work. Fortunately, the electrons do not break apart, but bounce off each other like balls. To benefit from these little workers , three conditions must be met:
- Atoms of a substance must freely give up their electrons.
- A force must be applied to this substance, which will force the electrons to move in one direction.
- The circuit along which charged particles move must be closed.
It is the observance of these three conditions that underlies electrical engineering for beginners.
All elements are made up of atoms. Atoms can be compared to solar system, only each system has its own number of orbits, and each orbit can contain several planets (electrons). The further the orbit is from the nucleus, the less attraction the electrons in this orbit experience.
Attraction does not depend on the mass of the nucleus, but from different polarities of the nucleus and electrons. If the nucleus has a charge of +10 units, the electrons must also have a total of 10 units, but of a negative charge. If an electron flies away from the outer orbit, then the total energy of the electrons will already be -9 units. A simple example for addition +10 + (-9) = +1. It turns out that the atom has a positive charge.
It also happens the other way around: the nucleus has a strong attraction and captures a “foreign” electron. Then an “extra”, 11th electron appears in its outer orbit. Same example +10 + (-11) = -1. In this case, the atom will be negatively charged.
If two materials with opposite charges are placed in an electrolyte and connected to them through a conductor, for example, a light bulb, then current will flow in a closed circuit and the light bulb will light up. If the circuit is broken, for example through a switch, the light bulb will go out.
Electricity it turns out as follows. When one of the materials (electrode) is exposed to an electrolyte, an excess of electrons appears in it, and it becomes negatively charged. The second electrode, on the contrary, gives up electrons when exposed to the electrolyte and becomes positively charged. Each electrode is respectively designated “+” (excess electrons) and “-” (lack of electrons).
Although electrons have a negative charge, the electrode is marked “+”. This confusion occurred at the dawn of electrical engineering. At that time, it was believed that charge transfer occurs by positive particles. Since then, many circuits have been drawn up, and in order not to redo them, they left everything as is .
In galvanic cells, electric current is generated as a result chemical reaction. The combination of several elements is called a battery; such a rule can be found in electrical engineering for dummies. If possible reverse process When chemical energy is accumulated in an element under the influence of electric current, such an element is called a battery.
The galvanic cell was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800. He used copper and zinc plates dipped in a salt solution. This became the prototype of modern batteries and batteries.
Types and characteristics of current
After receiving the first electricity, the idea arose to transmit this energy over a certain distance, and here difficulties arose. It turns out that electrons passing through a conductor lose part of their energy, and the longer the conductor, the greater these losses. In 1826, Georg Ohm established a law that traces the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It reads as follows: U=RI. In words, it turns out: voltage is equal to the current multiplied by the resistance of the conductor.
From the equation it can be seen that the longer the conductor, which increases the resistance, the less current and voltage will be, therefore, the power will decrease. It is impossible to eliminate resistance; to do this, you need to lower the temperature of the conductor to absolute zero, which is only possible in laboratory conditions. Current is necessary for power, so you can’t touch it either, all that remains is to increase the voltage.
For the end of the 19th century, this was an insurmountable problem. After all, at that time there were no power plants generating alternating current, no transformers. Therefore, engineers and scientists turned their attention to radio, although it was very different from modern wireless. Government different countries did not see the benefits of these developments and did not sponsor such projects.
To be able to transform the voltage, increase or decrease it, alternating current is required. You can see how this works in the following example. If the wire is rolled into a coil and a magnet is quickly moved inside it, an alternating current will arise in the coil. This can be verified by connecting a voltmeter with a zero mark in the middle to the ends of the coil. The arrow of the device will deviate to the left and to the right, this will indicate that the electrons are moving in one direction, then in the other.
This method of generating electricity is called magnetic induction. It is used, for example, in generators and transformers, receiving and changing current. According to its form alternating current can be:
- sinusoidal;
- impulsive;
- straightened.
Types of conductors
The first thing that affects electric current is the conductivity of the material. This conductivity different materials different. Conventionally, all substances can be divided into three types:
- conductor;
- semiconductor;
- dielectric.
A conductor can be any substance that freely passes electric current through itself. These include hard materials such as metal or semi-metal (graphite). Liquid - mercury, molten metals, electrolytes. This also includes ionized gases.
Based on this, conductors are divided into two types of conductivity:
- electronic;
- ionic.
Electronic conductivity includes all materials and substances that use electrons to create an electric current. These elements include metals and semimetals. Carbon also conducts current well.
In ionic conduction, this role is played by a particle that has a positive or negative charge. An ion is a particle with a missing or extra electron. Some ions are not averse to capturing an “extra” electron, while others do not value electrons and therefore freely give them away.
Accordingly, such particles can be negatively charged or positively charged. An example is salty water. The main substance is distilled water, which is an insulator and does not conduct current. When salt is added, it becomes an electrolyte, that is, a conductor.
Semiconductors in their normal state do not conduct current, but when external influence(temperature, pressure, light and the like) they begin to pass current, although not as well as conductors.
All other materials not included in the first two types are classified as dielectrics or insulators. They're in normal conditions practically do not conduct electric current. This is explained by the fact that in the outer orbit the electrons are held very firmly in their places, and there is no room for other electrons.
When studying electrics for dummies, you need to remember that all the previously listed types of materials are used. Conductors are primarily used to connect circuit elements (including in microcircuits). They can connect a power source to a load (for example, a cord from a refrigerator, electrical wiring, etc.). They are used in the manufacture of coils, which, in turn, can be used unchanged, for example, on printed circuit boards or in transformers, generators, electric motors, etc.
The conductors are the most numerous and diverse. Almost all radio components are made from them. To obtain a varistor, for example, a single semiconductor (silicon carbide or zinc oxide) can be used. There are parts that contain conductors different types conductivity, for example, diodes, zener diodes, transistors.
Bimetals occupy a special niche. It is a combination of two or more metals, which have different degrees of expansion. When such a part heats up, it deforms due to different percentage expansion. Typically used in current protection, for example, to protect an electric motor from overheating or to turn off the device when it reaches a set temperature, as in an iron.
Dielectrics mainly serve a protective function (for example, insulating handles on power tools). They also allow you to isolate elements electrical diagram. Printed circuit board, on which the radio components are mounted, is made of dielectric. The coil wires are coated with insulating varnish to prevent short circuits between turns.
However, a dielectric, when a conductor is added, becomes a semiconductor and can conduct current. The same air becomes a conductor during a thunderstorm. Dry wood is a poor conductor, but if it gets wet, it will no longer be safe.
Electric current plays a huge role in life modern man, but, on the other hand, can pose a mortal danger. It is very difficult to detect it, for example, in a wire lying on the ground; for this you need special devices and knowledge. Therefore, extreme caution must be exercised when using electrical appliances.
The human body is composed primarily of water, but it is not distilled water, which is a dielectric. Therefore, the body becomes almost a conductor for electricity. After receiving an electric shock, the muscles contract, which can lead to cardiac and respiratory arrest. With further action of the current, the blood begins to boil, then the body dries out and, finally, the tissues become charred. The first thing to do is to stop the current, if necessary, provide first aid and call doctors.
Static voltage occurs in nature, but most often it does not pose a danger to humans, with the exception of lightning. But it can be dangerous for electronic circuits or details. Therefore, when working with microcircuits and field effect transistors use grounded bracelets.
Content:
There are many concepts that cannot be seen with your own eyes or touched with your hands. Most a shining example electrical engineering consists of complex circuits and obscure terminology. Therefore, many people simply retreat before the difficulties of the upcoming study of this scientific and technical discipline.
The basics of electrical engineering for beginners, outlined in accessible language. Backed up historical facts And clear examples, they become fascinating and understandable even for those who are encountering unfamiliar concepts for the first time. Gradually moving from simple to complex, it is quite possible to study the presented materials and use them in practical activities.
Concepts and properties of electric current
Electrical laws and formulas are required not only for carrying out any calculations. They are also needed by those who practically perform operations related to electricity. Knowing the basics of electrical engineering, you can logically determine the cause of the malfunction and eliminate it very quickly.
The essence of electric current is the movement of charged particles that transfer electric charge from one point to another. However, with disorderly thermal movement charged particles, following the example of free electrons in metals, charge transfer does not occur. Movement of electric charge through cross section the conductor occurs only if ions or electrons participate in ordered movement.
Electric current always flows in a certain direction. Its presence is indicated by specific signs:
- Heating a conductor through which current flows.
- Change chemical composition conductor under the influence of current.
- Exerting force on neighboring currents, magnetized bodies and neighboring currents.
Electric current can be direct or alternating. In the first case, all its parameters remain unchanged, and in the second, the polarity periodically changes from positive to negative. In each half-cycle, the direction of the electron flow changes. The rate of such periodic changes is frequency, measured in hertz
Basic current quantities
When an electric current occurs in a circuit, a constant charge transfer occurs through the cross section of the conductor. The amount of charge transferred over a certain unit of time is called, measured in amperes.
In order to create and maintain the movement of charged particles, it is necessary to have a force applied to them in a certain direction. If this action stops, the flow of electric current also stops. This force is called the electric field, also known as. It is this that causes the potential difference or voltage at the ends of the conductor and gives impetus to the movement of charged particles. To measure this value, a special unit is used - volt. There is a certain relationship between the basic quantities, reflected in Ohm's law, which will be discussed in detail.
The most important characteristic of a conductor directly related to electric current is resistance, measured in Omaha. This value is a kind of resistance of the conductor to the flow of electric current in it. As a result of the influence of resistance, the conductor heats up. As the length of the conductor increases and its cross-section decreases, the resistance value increases. A value of 1 ohm occurs when the potential difference in the conductor is 1 V and the current is 1 A.
Ohm's law
This law relates to the basic provisions and concepts of electrical engineering. It most accurately reflects the relationship between quantities such as current, voltage, resistance, etc. The definitions of these quantities have already been considered; now it is necessary to establish the degree of their interaction and influence on each other.
In order to calculate this or that value, you must use the following formulas:
- Current strength: I = U/R (amps).
- Voltage: U = I x R (volts).
- Resistance: R = U/I (ohm).
The dependence of these quantities, for a better understanding of the essence of the processes, is often compared with hydraulic characteristics. For example, at the bottom of a tank filled with water, a valve with a pipe adjacent to it is installed. When the valve opens, water begins to flow because there is a difference between high pressure at the beginning of the pipe and low at its end. Exactly the same situation arises at the ends of the conductor in the form of a potential difference - voltage, under the influence of which electrons move along the conductor. Thus, by analogy, voltage is a kind of electrical pressure.
The current strength can be compared with the water flow, that is, the amount of water flowing through the cross-section of the pipe over a set period of time. As the pipe diameter decreases, the water flow will also decrease due to increased resistance. This limited flow can be compared to the electrical resistance of a conductor, which keeps the flow of electrons within certain limits. The interaction of current, voltage and resistance is similar hydraulic characteristics: with a change in one parameter, all the others change.
Energy and power in electrical engineering
In electrical engineering there are also such concepts as energy And power related to Ohm's law. Energy itself exists in mechanical, thermal, nuclear and electrical forms. According to the law of conservation of energy, it cannot be destroyed or created. It can only be transformed from one form to another. For example, audio systems convert electrical energy into sound and heat.
Any electrical devices consume a certain amount of energy over a set period of time. This value is individual for each device and represents power, that is, the amount of energy that a particular device can consume. This parameter is calculated by the formula P = I x U, the unit of measurement is . It means moving one volt through a resistance of one ohm.
Thus, the basics of electrical engineering for beginners will help you understand the basic concepts and terms at first. After this, it will be much easier to use the acquired knowledge in practice.
Electrics for dummies: electronics basics
If any electrical unit fails the right decision will call a specialist who will quickly fix the problem.
If this is not possible, lessons for electricians will help you fix this or that breakdown yourself.
At the same time, it is worth remembering safety precautions in order to avoid serious injuries.
Safety precautions
Safety rules must be learned by heart - this will save your health and life when troubleshooting electrical problems. Here are the most important electrical basics for beginners:
For execution installation work you need to purchase a sensor (phase indicator), similar to a screwdriver or an awl. This device allows you to find a live wire - when it is detected, an indicator lights up on the sensor. The devices operate in different ways, for example, when the corresponding contact is pressed with a finger.
Before starting work, you must use an indicator to make sure that all wires are not de-energized.
The fact is that sometimes the wiring is laid incorrectly - the machine at the input disconnects only one wire, without de-energizing the entire network. Such an error can lead to dire consequences, because a person hopes for a complete shutdown of the system, while some area may still be active.
Types of circuits, voltage and current
Electrical circuits can be connected in parallel or in series. In the first case, the electric current is distributed over all circuits that are connected in parallel. It turns out that the total unit will be equal to the sum of the current in any of the circuits.
Parallel connections have the same voltage. In a series combination, current flows from one system to another. As a result, the same current flows in each line.
It makes no sense to dwell on the technical definitions of voltage and current (A). The explanation will be much clearer with examples. So, the first parameter affects how well different areas need to be isolated. The larger it is, the higher the likelihood that a breakdown will occur in some place. It follows that high voltage requires high-quality insulation. Exposed connections must be kept away from each other, from other materials and from the ground.
Electrical voltage (U) is usually measured in Volts.
More powerful voltage poses a great threat to life. But you shouldn’t assume that low is absolutely safe. The danger to humans also depends on the strength of the current that passes through the body. And this parameter is directly dependent on resistance and voltage. In this case, the body’s resistance is associated with skin resistance, which can vary depending on the moral and physical condition humans, humidity and many other factors. There have been cases when a person died from an electric shock of only 12 volts.
In addition, depending on the current strength, different wires are selected. The higher the A, the thicker the wire needed.
Variable and constant quantities
When electricity was just in its infancy, consumers were supplied D.C.. However, it turned out that the standard value of 220 volts is almost impossible to transmit over a long distance.
On the other hand, you cannot supply thousands of volts - firstly, it is dangerous, and secondly, it is difficult and expensive to manufacture devices operating on such high voltage. As a result, it was decided to convert the voltage - 10 volts reaches the city, and 220 volts already reaches the houses. The conversion takes place using transformer.
As for the voltage frequency, it is 50 Hertz. This means that the voltage changes its state 50 times per minute. It starts from zero and rises to 310 volts, then drops to zero, then to -310 volts and rises to zero again. All work proceeds in a cyclical manner. In such cases, the voltage in the network is 220 volts - why not 310 will be discussed later. Abroad there are different parameters - 220, 127 and 110 volts, and the frequency can be 60 hertz.
Power and other parameters
Electrical current is needed to do some work, such as turning a motor or heating batteries. You can calculate how much work it will do by multiplying the current by the voltage. For example, an electric heater with 220 volts and a power of 2.2 kW will consume a current of 10 A.
The standard measurement of power is in watts (W). An electric current of 1 ampere with a voltage of 1 volt can produce 1 watt of power.
The above formula is used for both types of current. However, calculating the first one has some complexity - it is necessary to multiply the current strength by U in each unit of time. And if you consider that alternating current Since voltage and force indicators change all the time, you will have to take the integral. Therefore, the concept was applied effective value.
Roughly speaking, the current parameter is the average value of current and voltage, selected in a special way.
Alternating and direct current has an amplitude and effective state. The amplitude parameter is the maximum unit to which the voltage can rise. For variable type the amplitude number is equal to the effective number multiplied by √ 2. This explains the voltage indicators of 310 and 220 V.
Ohm's law
The next concept in electrical basics for beginners is Ohm's law. He states that current is equal to voltage divided by resistance. This law applies to both alternating current and direct current.
Resistance is measured in ohms. So, through a conductor with a resistance of 1 ohm at a voltage of 1 volt, a current of 1 ampere passes. Ohm's law gives rise to two interesting consequences:
- If A flowing through the system and the resistance of the circuit are known, then the power can be calculated.
- Power can also be calculated by knowing the effective resistance and U.
In this case, to determine the power, it is not the network voltage that is taken, but U applied to the conductor. It turns out that if any device is connected to the system through an extension cord, then the action will be applied to both the device and the wires of the extension device. As a result, the wires will heat up.
Of course, it is undesirable for the connections to heat up, since this is what leads to various malfunctions of the electrical wiring.
However, the main problems are not with the wire itself, but with the various connection points. At these points the resistance is tens of times higher than along the perimeter of the wire. Over time, as a result of oxidation, the resistance can only increase.
Connections are especially dangerous. various metals. In them, oxidation processes occur much faster. Most common connection areas:
- Places where wires are twisted.
- Terminals of switches, sockets.
- Screw contacts.
- Contacts in distribution boards.
- Plugs and sockets.
Therefore, when repairing, the first thing you should pay attention to is these areas. They must be accessible for installation and control.
By following the rules described above, you can independently solve some household issues related to electrical issues in the house. The main thing is to remember safety precautions.
At present, it has already developed quite steadily services market, including in the region household electricians.
Highly professional electricians, with undisguised enthusiasm, try with all their might to help the rest of our population, while receiving great satisfaction from quality work and modest remuneration. In turn, our population also receives great pleasure from a high-quality, quick and completely inexpensive solution to their problems.
On the other hand, there has always been a fairly wide category of citizens who fundamentally consider it an honor - with his own hand solve absolutely any everyday issues that arise in your own place of residence. Such a position certainly deserves approval and understanding.
Moreover, all these Replacements, transfers, installations- switches, sockets, machines, meters, lamps, connection of kitchen stoves etc. - all these types of services most in demand by the population, from the point of view of a professional electrician, at all are not difficult work.
And to tell the truth, an ordinary citizen, without electrical engineering education, but having enough detailed instructions, he can quite cope with its implementation himself, with his own hands.
Of course, when performing such work for the first time, a novice electrician can spend much more time than an experienced professional. But it is not at all a fact that this will make it performed less efficiently, with attention to detail and no haste.
Initially, this site was conceived as a collection of similar instructions regarding the most frequently encountered problems in this area.
But later, for people who had absolutely never encountered solving such issues, a “young electrician” course consisting of 6 practical lessons was added. Installation features electrical outlets hidden and open wiring . Electrical sockets kitchen stove
. Connecting an electric stove with your own hands.
Switches.
Replacement and installation of electrical switches, hidden and exposed wiring.
Automatic machines and RCDs. Operating principle of Residual Current Devices and circuit breakers
. Classification of circuit breakers.
Electric meters. Instructions for self-installation
and connecting a single-phase meter.
Replacing wiring. Indoor electrical installation. Installation features, in
depending on the material of the walls and the type of finishing. Electrical wiring in a wooden house.
Lamps. Installation wall lamps
. Chandeliers. Installation of spotlights.
Contacts and connections.
Some types of conductor connections, most often found in “home” electrics.
Electrical engineering - basic theory. Concept electrical resistance
. Ohm's law. Kirchhoff's laws. Parallel and serial connection.
Description of the most common wires and cables.
Illustrated instructions for working with a digital universal electrical measuring instrument.
About lamps - incandescent, fluorescent, LED.
The profession of an electrician was definitely not considered prestigious until recently. But could it be called low-paid?
Below you can see the price list of the most common services from three years ago.
Electrical installation - prices.
Electric meter pcs. - 650p.
Single-pole circuit breakers pcs. - 200p.
Three-pole automatic machines pcs. - 350p.
Difavtomat pcs. - 300p.
Single-phase RCD pcs. - 300p.
Single-key switch pcs. - 150p.
Two-key switch pcs. - 200p.
Three-key switch pcs. - 250p.
Open wiring panel up to 10 groups pcs. - 3400p. Shield hidden wiring
up to 10 groups pcs. - 5400p.
Laying open wiring P.m - 40p.
Corrugated wiring P.m - 150p.
Grooving in the wall (concrete) P.m - 300p.
(brick) P.m - 200p.
Installation of sub-socket and junction box in concrete pcs. - 300p.
brick pcs. - 200p.
plasterboard pcs. - 100p.
Sconce pcs. - 400p.
Spotlight pcs. - 250p.
Chandelier on hook pcs. - 550p.
Ceiling chandelier (without assembly) pcs. - 650p.
Installation of bell and bell button pcs. - 500p.
Installation of socket, open wiring switch pcs. - 300p.
Installation of a socket, hidden wiring switch (without installing a socket box) pcs. - 150p.
When I was an electrician "by advertisement", I was not able to install more than 6-7 points (sockets, switches) of hidden wiring on concrete - in an evening. Plus 4-5 meters of grooves (on concrete). We carry out simple arithmetic calculations: (300+150)*6=2700p. - these are for sockets with switches.
300*4=1200 rub. - this is for the grooves.
2700+1200=3900 rub. - this is the total amount.
Not bad for 5-6 hours of work, isn’t it? Prices, of course, are Moscow prices; in Russia they will be less, but not more than twice.
Taken as a whole, the monthly salary of an electrician-installer currently rarely exceeds 60,000 rubles (not in Moscow)
Of course, there are also particularly gifted people in this field (as a rule, with excellent health) and practical acumen. Under certain conditions, they manage to raise their earnings to 100,000 rubles and above. As a rule, they have a license to carry out electrical installation work and work directly with the customer, taking on “serious” contracts without the participation of various intermediaries. earnings, for example - installation of new equipment carried out during non-working hours.
Highly paid but physically difficult and sometimes very dusty, the work of an electrician-installer is undoubtedly worthy of all respect.
By doing electrical installation, a novice specialist can master basic skills and abilities and gain initial experience.
Regardless of how he builds his career in the future, you can be sure - practical knowledge, obtained in this way will definitely come in handy.
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