Modern stadiums place high demands on systems fire protection. This is due to the specifics of the object: big amount spectators, the need to ensure the evacuation of several thousand people at the same time, the presence of underground parking, a large number office premises, server rooms, electrical switchboards, etc.
The fire protection system under consideration consists of the following elements:
1. System fire alarm based on the Integral IP MX station produced Schrack Seconet AG, Austria.
2. Type 4 warning and evacuation control system, including music and speech sounding of premises based on the Praesideo digital system manufactured by Bosch, Germany.
3. Gas fire extinguishing system based on MPA-NVC1230 modules produced by Pozhtekhnika Group of Companies, Russia, with a safe gas composition FK-5-1-12.
4. Automatic system water fire extinguishing and internal fire water supply.
The fire alarm system is designed for round-the-clock monitoring of the situation in premises to prevent fire, early detection of fire and smoke in protected premises, transmission of fire notification to the premises with round-the-clock presence of on-duty personnel, control of fire extinguishing, warning and other engineering systems.
The system includes “Integral IP MX” stations, multi-sensor smoke detectors with a thermal channel MTD 533X, manual fire call points MCP 535X, monitoring and control modules BX-OI3, BX-IM4, BX-REL4.
The highest system reliability is ensured by the following characteristics:
■ full hot backup of all station components (two controllers on each board, dual system bus, two watchdog circuits);
■ switching to the backup side is carried out automatically, without operator intervention;
■ station reboot is not required - the system is always in working order;
The site offers the portal to those who were unable to take advantage of this opportunity in the magazine, based on the same technical specifications.
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Improving the requirements of modern regulatory framework puts before design organizations challenges to apply new technical means And original solutions. Standard ones that have been developed over the years design solutions, despite their popularity, no longer meet the high requirements of supervisory authorities. Design practice poses new problems that need to be solved urgently, including taking into account price-quality indicators. The Gefest group of companies has developed a block-modular fire control device PPU "Gefest". This is a flexible system that allows you to solve problems by selecting the necessary functional devices. There is successful experience in using elements of the block-modular PPU "Hephaestus" even as part of systems built on the basis of industrial controllers that have the appropriate certificates.
The influence of non-stationary heat transfer process on the efficiency of fire extinguishing of subclass A1 with a powder fire extinguishing module / Technological testing of robotic complexes ELROB-2018 / Unmanned aircrafts in the service of firefighters / Justification of the need to develop requirements for the interface of the data bank of the fund of algorithms and programs in the field of support fire safety
WEB interface in access control systems today: the vision of the editor of an industry portal / On special conditions. Review complex logic access to access control systems / Risk-based approach to creating a fire protection system at an electrical power facility / Selection of fire detectors for warehouses
For 2019, it is planned to develop a new national standard “Fire Alarm Systems. Design, installation, maintenance and repairs. Performance test methods." The article discusses issues related to maintenance and repair. It is important that due to incomplete or incorrect wording service organizations would not end up being extreme and would not be forced to eliminate the shortcomings they made at the design stage. It is imperative to test all systems as a whole at sites during scheduled maintenance to check their functioning according to the algorithms specified by the project.
Fire alarm is a whole complex technical devices different types, created for signal processing and timely notification of the occurrence of a fire in the form specified by the scheme, usually this is the provision of information in a specialized form and/or in sending a signal to turn on automatic fire extinguishing installations and other technical circuits and devices.
The main meaning and purpose of placing this kind of complex lies in the implementation of a set of measures designed to save human lives and preserve property. Timely detection of a fire allows you to timely identify, respond and localize the source of fire, thus saving many human lives and minimizing damage.
Areas of use
Fire alarm systems are installed to detect a fire early and signal that action must be taken. necessary measures, which include:
- Conclusion of people;
- Calling the rescue service and fire trucks;
- Performing actions to remove smoke;
- Starting the cooling circuit;
- Fire extinguishing operation;
- Regulation of work fire dampers in the ventilation system;
- Locking doors;
- Disabling the operation of other systems, etc.
The development and location of such complexes in non-residential and administrative buildings is regulated at the legislative level.
But installation in cases not described in the law is left to the choice of the owner of the premises or the entire building.
Operating principle of sensors
Detector – specialized technical device, which is necessary to detect and prevent fires. Detectors are often called sensors, but a sensor is only one element of the device.
Based on the principle of the digital signal produced by the detector, they can be divided into:
- Active. Such devices send a signal to the protected area and react in case of changes;
- Passive. Such devices detect changes in the environment accompanied by flames.
Such devices are used to detect fires in structures and buildings of various types, the flames of which are accompanied by the release of caustic and dangerous smoke.
When smoke appears in the area controlled by the device, it generates a corresponding electronic pulse and transmits it to the heart of the complex to the control panel. Devices of this type do not reflect such changes in any way. external environment, How:
- Temperature increase;
- Light changes;
- Changes in humidity levels.
The principle of implementation of the functioning of the device is the analysis of an electrical impulse proportional to the density indicators of the environment accountable to the device. The sensor circuit is equipped with a threshold value, in accordance with which a pulse is sent from the device.
LED included in sensor device, delivers minimal pulses to the receiver. If there is no smoke in the environment, the volume of light returned to the receiver is much lower than the specified level, which maintains entry key in a closed position.
If smoke is present in the environment, then a flow enriched with smoke particles is sent to the receiver, and the value exceeds the threshold of the device. If the device threshold is exceeded more than 5 times, the key opens and the signal sent from the sensor indicates a fire. The sensor can be returned to normal operation only by sending a “Reset” signal from the remote control.
Due to the fact that smoke can be different and can be characterized by different parameters, there are several types of devices that determine smoke levels:
- Ionization;
- Optical;
- Linear;
- Combined.
Although combined types devices today are not the most common, due to their complex design and high prices, but they are recognized as the most reliable and versatile.
No one is able to predict what the cause of the fire will be or what the nature of the smoke will be, so combined devices capable of giving a signal about the occurrence of fire in time.
This type of device is intended for signaling to the remote control by closing the wires if the temperature environment reached the threshold level.
The device measures air temperature by sending short measuring pulses every few seconds. Each measuring pulse is accompanied by a flash of the LED. When the threshold value is reached, the system key is moved to the closed position, which causes the LED to light continuously and the “Fire” signal to be sent to the remote control.
There are two types of such devices:
- IR (infrared);
- UV (ultraviolet).
Flame sensors
A device that allows you to detect a fire that is accompanied by an open flame. This device contains a built-in high-sensitivity element with a window located in the upper part of the device body.
The device is triggered when an infrared signal, converted by a flame, enters the sensitive window and hits the photodetector. The sensor is returned to normal operation by disconnecting it from the power supply for at least 2 seconds.
A device designed to manually switch such an alarm to an alarm state. Such a sensor is a small device, the use of which signals a fire, that is, when a button is pressed. Alarm in in this case can be produced in three main ways:
- Increasing the resistance value in the system loop;
- Reducing the parameters of the internal resistance of the sensor;
- Triggering of the device's optical indicator.
System action in case of fire
After one of the sensors or several at once detects a fire, the fire alarm must implement an action algorithm that allows saving people and localizing the fire. If the circuit diagram of the device is assembled and drawn up correctly, then it should work as follows.
Alert
In order for everyone in the room to know that a fire has started, the warning system must be turned on. This type of alarm can be light, voice or light-sound. The type of warning system is determined at the stage of developing a fire alarm project. Moreover, such a choice directly depends on the area of the building, the height of its ceilings, etc.
The fire warning system must certainly include “Exit” signs, which will allow people to find a way out even if the room is heavily smoky.
Disabling the access control system for smooth evacuation
In order to release all the bullets for the smooth evacuation of people, such an alarm system must be equipped with an access control and management system. In the event of a fire, the alarm panel sends a signal to this system to open all turnstiles and other restrictive means located in the building.
Fire extinguishing activation
In this area of fire alarm coverage, three types of fire extinguishing systems can be used:
- Watery;
- Powder;
- Gas.
The type of this system is determined by fire safety standards for buildings and structures, as well as by the property located at the protected site.
Activation of smoke exhaust
The operation of the smoke removal system is very important to ensure that during a fire people are not poisoned by harmful substances that may be a combustion product and contained in the smoke.
During a fire, air circulation from outside must be stopped in the ventilation system., because this will contribute to the fanning and spread of fire. Valve shutter command ventilation system The fire alarm control system also supplies.
The smoke removal system must implement the following:
- Preventing the spread of smoke from the source of fire;
- Preventing the spread of smoke along escape routes in order to ensure acceptable conditions;
- Provisions against fire normal conditions for the work of firefighters;
- Protection of human life;
- Preserving property from damage.
Turning off energy consuming devices
If the building in which the fire occurred has elevators, then when the fire starts they should drop to the lower level and the cabin doors should open and not close again.
The remaining life-support systems are transferred to emergency operation mode, and the fire circuit itself is switched to power from the batteries included in its composition.
What should be the device connection diagram?
So that the algorithm works fire system was worked out correctly and without errors, it is necessary to correctly draw up and implement the schematic diagram of such a signaling system. It is the circuit diagram that guarantees the efficiency and safety of the system.
The fire system diagram should contain two main points:
- Demonstrate how to implement the drawn up scheme;
- Giving full information about what the presented circuit consists of, about the principles of its operation, which can be a good basis for modifying or repairing equipment.
Often, a connection diagram is included with a set of devices to create it. In work it is necessary Special attention pay attention to compliance with every aspect described in it.
A well-designed diagram and its precise execution make it possible to create a system that can instantly respond to a fire and take all necessary actions aimed at saving human lives.
Overview of fire system types
According to the principle of operation implemented in fire alarms, they can be divided into the following types:
- Threshold type alarm. Point detectors of this type in the signaling circuit are non-addressable and are endowed with a sensitivity level. Each element of the system is included in a common alarm line, in which, if a danger occurs, a common alarm signal is sent from just one device. Moreover, the system remote control does not register the address of the sensor, which could indicate the specific room and location of the triggered device. The remote control displays only the number of the line in which the alarm detector is connected. The use of systems of this type is advisable in small buildings.
- Address type system. Alarms of this kind also contain sensors that are triggered in the presence of appropriate factors, sending a signal to the loop and implementing the appropriate data exchange protocol. Thanks to this protocol, the remote control not only implements the algorithm for subsequent actions, but can also accurately indicate the location and name of the sensor that sent the signal.
- Addressable analog signaling. The most efficient system, which has the advantages of both types of signaling circuits. The decision about the danger of the territory of the facility and the need to implement a fire protocol is made by the control device or a remote control that receives information about the status of each device.
The algorithm for the functioning of such systems is quite simple and understandable. It is important that each principle and algorithm contained in it be executed in due time, because this leads not only to extinguishing the fire, but also to saving people. This also becomes the main reason that it is necessary to correctly and timely install a fire alarm, which is designed to serve for the benefit.
Fire protection system is a set of organizational measures and technical means aimed at preventing people from being exposed to dangerous fire factors and limiting material damage from it. According to GOST 12.1.004-91, fire protection is achieved by the following requirements:
- the use of fire extinguishing agents and appropriate types of fire equipment. These include: primary fire extinguishing agents (chemical foam, air foam, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers; carbon dioxide-bromoethyl, powder fire extinguishers and fire water supply, see Fig. 1) and mobile vehicles (fire trucks, car pumps, motor pumps, fire trains, ships, tanks, airplanes, etc., see Fig. 2). Chemical and air-foam fire extinguishers cannot be used to extinguish live electrical installations, as well as alkali metals and their carbides, since the foam contains water. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers cannot be used to extinguish hydrophilic flammable liquids (alcohol, acetone, etc., in which CO2 is highly soluble, smoldering substances, as well as substances that can burn without air access (celluloid, magnesium, etc.). For all of the listed means and types technology, standard (calculated) reserves must be determined.
- use of automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing systems. Automatic installations are activated by sensors (detectors, see Fig. 3), which, depending on the current fire factors, are divided into: thermal, smoke and light. Fire communication and alarm systems are carried out using a special telephone or general purpose, radio communications, electric fire alarms (EFS) and sirens;
- the use of building materials with standardized indicators fire danger ;
- using impregnation of object structures with fire retardants and applying them to the surface of fire retardant paints. For example, liquid glass.;
devices that limit the spread of fire.
These include: fire barriers in buildings and individual devices; emergency shutdown devices for installations and communications; means that prevent (limit) spills and spreading of liquids during a fire, etc. ;
- use of technical means of warning and evacuation of people. The evacuation of people must be completed before the maximum permissible values of fire hazards occur, and if evacuation is inappropriate, the protection of people in the facility must be ensured. To do this, the required number, size and design of evacuation routes and exits must be established. If necessary, light signs, sound and voice warning devices ;
- the use of means of collective (protective structures and other fire-safe zones) and individual protection of people from dangerous fire factors;
- use of smoke protection equipment . They must ensure smoke-free conditions, temperature reduction and removal of combustion products and thermal decomposition along people’s evacuation routes. These include powerful ventilation units, air ducts, refrigeration machines, air conditioners and other devices. Typically, these devices have a dual purpose: under normal conditions they ensure the normal course of the technological process, and in the event of a fire they are switched to supply clean and cooled supply air to escape routes.
A - fire-fighting b - fire extinguisher V - fire extinguisher
shields with inventory
G - box d - firefighter e - fire protection
with sand faucet cover (feather)
Figure 1 - Primary fire extinguishing means
A - fire engine b - fire tank V - mobile
motor pump
G - fire train d - firefighting aircraft e - fire engine
Figure 2 - Mobile fire extinguishing equipment
A - thermal DTL b - smoke IP 212-189 V - light IP-329-SI-1
Figure 3 - Detectors
4.9 Organizational and technical measures:
According to current legislation, responsibility for maintaining an industrial enterprise in proper fire safety condition rests directly with the manager (owner). Owners of enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as tenants, are required to carry out organizational and technical measures. The main activities include:
- certification of substances, materials, products, technological processes, buildings and structures of objects in terms of ensuring fire safety. Certification includes information about their quantitative composition, terms and place of storage (location);
- organizing training for workers in fire safety rules;
- promotion of fire safety measures, including the production and use of visual propaganda;
- development and implementation of fire safety standards and regulations, instructions on the procedure for handling fire hazardous substances and materials, on compliance with the fire safety regime in the actions of people in the event of a fire;
- development of measures for the actions of the administration, workers and employees in the event of a fire and organization of evacuation of people;
- conducting official investigations of fire cases;
- ensuring the availability and operability of the necessary fire equipment. The fire fighting equipment used must ensure effective fire extinguishing (firefighting) and be safe for nature and people.
Evacuation of people from buildings and structures
To protect people from the damaging factors of fire, it is necessary to evacuate them as soon as possible.
Evacuation of people in case of fire – it's forced organized
the process of movement of people from an area where there is a possibility of influence on them fire hazards , outside or to another safe area.
Evacuation is also considered the non-independent movement of people belonging to low-mobility groups, carried out with the help of service personnel, fire department personnel, etc.
Evacuation is carried out along evacuation routes to emergency exits, see Fig. 4. An important indicator of its effectiveness, according to GOST 12.1.004-91 “Fire Safety”, is evacuation time, during which people can leave the room or the building as a whole before the critical phase of the fire occurs (the appearance of critical temperatures, oxygen concentrations, combustion products, etc.). Evacuation time is calculated as the sum of time intervals when moving along individual sections of the route and is assessed taking into account:
Volume of the room.
So, for example, for explosion and fire hazardous premises (categories A and B) with a volume of up to 15,000 m 
located in buildingsI,
II,
IIIdegrees of fire resistance, the permissible evacuation time is 0.5 minutes, and for fire hazardous premises (category B) - 1.25 minutes.
To ensure safe evacuation, a number of requirements are imposed on industrial buildings and premises, in accordance with DBN V.1.1.7-2002 “Fire safety of public buildings”. An important standardized indicator is the maximum permissible distance from the most distant working area to the nearest exit from the premises. This distance is determined depending on:
Degree of fire resistance of the building;
Floors of the building.
So, for example, for fire hazardous premises (category B) in buildingsIAndIIdegree of fire resistance, having at least three floors, the maximum permissible distance is 75 m.
The number of emergency exits must be at least two. They should be located dispersedly. Minimum distance 
between the most remote emergency exits from the premises is determined by the formula
,
(1)
Where P– perimeter of the room, m.
In some cases, it is permissible to provide one emergency exit from a room, for example, when no more than 50 people are staying in it at the same time, if the distance from the most distant point of the floor to the specified exit does not exceed 25 m. The height and width of evacuation routes are calculated according to regulatory documentation in accordance with with the purpose of the building. But at the same time, the height must be at least 2 m, and the width must be at least 0.8 m. There should be no thresholds higher than 0.05 m along the evacuation route. Stairs must be equipped with railings. Doors must open outwards. Emergency exits and escape routes must be marked using fire safety signs in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76 “SSBT. Signal colors and safety signs”, see fig. 5.
Exits are considered evacuation if they lead from the premises:
Ground floor to the outside directly or through the corridor, staircase, lobby;
Any floor except the first, leading to the staircase. Wherein staircases must have access to the outside directly or through the vestibule;
To an adjacent room on the same floor, provided with the above exits.
Each production facility must have an evacuation plan with a detailed indication of the route, fire safety signs and persons responsible for fire safety, see Fig. 6. The plan is necessary for preliminary thorough study by all employees of the production unit, which, if necessary, will allow evacuation to be carried out in an organized and efficient manner.
Figure 4 - Examples of fire evacuation
a B C D E
a - fire extinguisher; b - fire notification point; in - ocontrols smoke and heat removal systems; g - mWhere to open the structure; d - exit here.
Figure 5 – Fire safety signs used during evacuation
Figure 6 – Evacuation plan from the administrative building of the enterprise
Lightning protection
Lightning protection is a set of measures and means aimed at protecting objects from lightning.
Statistics show that on average globe About 44,000 thunderstorms occur per day. Losses from fires and explosions caused by this phenomenon alone are colossal. The costs of implementing mass lightning protection measures over the past 5 years are approximately 1.5 times less than the cost of burned buildings and structures.
The main regulatory document defining the necessary measures and means for objects with a height of up to 150 m is RD 34.21.122-87 “Instructions for the installation of lightning protection of buildings and structures.” According to this document, the effects of lightning on objects are usually divided into two main groups: primary and secondary.
Primary impacts caused by a direct lightning strike are divided into:
- electric ( electric shock to people and animals) ;
- thermal. A sudden release of heat in the area of current flow can lead to ignition;
- mechanical, which are caused by a shock wave capable of deforming and destroying technological equipment and supporting structures.
Secondary impacts appear as:
- intense electromagnetic field (EMF) caused by moving charges and time-varying current. This leads to the appearance of high electrical potentials on metal structures, which can also affect people and animals;
- drift into a high voltage facility through wires and communications if they are in the current flow zone.
These impacts should be taken into account on a case-by-case basis when developing protective measures.
The severity of the consequences of a lightning strike largely depends on the explosion or fire hazard of the building (structure, premises), as well as on other associated impacts. Therefore, RD 34.21.122-87 applies a differentiated approach to the implementation of lightning protection, according to which objects are divided into three categories.
Go to categoryI include objects in which, under normal technological conditions, explosive concentrations of gases, vapors, dusts, and fibers can be located and formed. Any lightning strike creates an increased danger not only for the objects themselves, but also for others nearby.
Go to categoryII These include objects in which the occurrence of explosive concentrations is possible in the event of an accident. The probability of a combination of lightning and an accident at a facility is quite low.
Go to categoryIII objects are included, the consequences of which are characterized by less material damage than in an explosive environment. These are high residential and public buildings, chimneys, towers and derricks, small buildings made of relatively cheap building materials.
Lightning rods are divided into free-standing and installed at the facility itself.
For category objectsI, characterized by a high risk of injury to people when struck by lightning and significant material losses , it is necessary to use separate lightning rods. They are performed using vertical rods (see Fig. 7 a) or using a horizontal cable (see Fig. 7 b), and ensure the spread of lightning current, bypassing the object. With a single rod lightning rod, the protection zone has the shape of a cone.
When using a metal roof, the lightning rod is the roof itself (see Fig. 7 c). Down conductors connected to it must be located at least 25 m apart. Steel structures of the building (columns, trusses, fire escapes, etc.) connected to the ground electrode should be used as down conductors.
On buildings and structures with a non-metallic roof, a lightning protection mesh can be used, made by welding from steel wire with a diameter of at least 6 mm with a cell size of no more than 6 m and laid on the roof from above or below under waterproofing (see Fig. 7 d).
Figure 7 - Lightning protection devices for buildings
If lightning protection is carried out by directly installing rod or cable lightning rods at the facility, then there must be at least two down conductors from each rod or cable post.
As a grounding conductor, standard (standardized) structures of reinforced concrete foundations should be used, in accordance with RD 34.21.122-87. If the existing foundation of the building does not meet these requirements, an artificial grounding system is performed.
The structural and geometric dimensions of various lightning protection devices and their protective zones are calculated according to the methodology given in RD 34.21.122-87, taking into account the average annual duration of thunderstorms for a given area.
The captain, his mates and engineers are required to know the entire structural fire protection system of the ship. In the areas where the cabins are located, the following are posted in prominent places:
plans (diagrams) of the vessel, which show the boundaries of the compartments fenced off with fire-resistant and fire-retarding structures, the location of the openings in them, the means and control posts for closing these openings are indicated during the evacuation of people;
diagrams (or a combined diagram) of fire extinguishing systems indicating the starting devices and the location of the protected premises;
diagrams (or combined diagram) of ventilation, including the installation location of central or local fan control panels, along with the location of dampers and the numbering of fans serving each group of rooms on the ship.
All changes made on the ship during its operation and repairs must be included in the specified plans and diagrams.
Must be on board and constantly adjusted project documentation, reflecting: the location of fire bulkheads dividing the ship into clear fire zones, and other fire-resistant and fire-retarding bulkheads, indicating doors, closures, passages, channels, etc. in these bulkheads; general form vessel indicating evacuation routes and emergency exits; circuit diagrams fire protection systems; location on the ship of fire extinguishing stations, fire stations and fire protection control posts of the ship; fire alarm circuits; calculations of fire protection systems (pumps, fire extinguishing installations, etc.); detailed description fire protection of the ship, indicating the thermal insulation finishing used on the ship structural materials, the places where they are installed, and the degree of their combustibility; comprehensive data on the degree of flammability and fire hazard of the materials used; fire safety supply list.
