Redevelopment of an apartment panel house. Redevelopment in a panel house

We are going to hold major renovation. The apartment is located in panel house on the third floor. We are planning to install an opening between the kitchen and the room, replace radiators and all plumbing along with the water supply. I would also like to get rid of the ventilation duct, which takes up part of the kitchen space. In the future, glazing of the balcony is planned. We are frequent readers of your column, so we are aware that not every design solution may be agreed upon even if permitted by law. Write what restrictions exist for panel houses, and how to improve living conditions in an apartment without breaking the law?
O. Shmakov, Podolsk

BASIC MOMENTS

Panel houses are the least suitable for redevelopment. The condition of load-bearing structures is often far from ideal. Joints load-bearing walls and ceilings may be performed in bad faith. Since the 1980s, cases of using defective panels with weakened load-bearing capacity have become more frequent. Products with cracks, rusty reinforcement, or with too thin a protective layer of concrete were used. The last factor may appear when drilling walls or ceilings. There were cases when the reinforcement protruded beyond the surface of the slab. Steel unprotected by concrete rusts, leading to slow structural failure.

Illegal alterations cause enormous damage to panel buildings.

Many houses are in a semi-unsafe condition precisely because of unauthorized openings, removal of balcony thresholds, gating in the wrong places, etc.

The possibility of carrying out a particular reconstruction event is affected by changes in the BTI plan of apartments located on the floor below or above. For example, an opening can only be located under an opening located above or below, or at a distance of more than 2 meters from it. If the openings are staggered, a torque will arise that can lead to deformation of the ceiling. Equally important are interventions in bearing structures buildings that are not subject to recording on the BTI plan. If a groove is laid at the upper junction of the load-bearing wall and the floor resting on it, reducing the area of ​​support, this will affect whether the neighbor above will be able to lay concrete screed a certain thickness. At the same time, if in upper apartment If a heavy screed is laid, the neighbor below will not be able to make an opening in the wall on which the noticeably heavier ceiling rests.

It should be noted that panel buildings were designed with a short service life in mind, which many of them have long expired. The emphasis was placed not so much on achieving high structural strength, but on saving building materials. It was not planned to do any redevelopment in the apartments.

When deciding on the possibility of reconstruction, the floor on which the apartment is located and the number of floors of the panel building are important.

For example, in multi-storey building series KOPE, the construction of an opening on the 2nd-5th floors is considered impracticable, since the load on the load-bearing walls from upper floors too big. There is a known case where an opening was illegally made in the load-bearing wall of a panel high-rise building on the fifth floor. As a result, to compensate for the load, it was necessary to install metal carcass reinforcement, resting on the foundation of the building and passing through all the floors below.

You should not make an opening at a distance of less than a meter from external wall, since at its junction with the internal load-bearing wall tensile stresses are very strong.

It is better to carry out work on the opening using diamond equipment, since hammer drills create strong vibrations that destroy concrete along the edges of the cut.

Residents of the first floors, when constructing a standard opening no more than a meter wide, will have to install a reinforcing structure protruding from the wall by 30 cm.

Owners of an apartment in a panel building who want to install a hot tub will most likely have to abandon this idea. Such plumbing has high water consumption, and the general house water supply system is unlikely to be able to provide required amount water. In addition, the weight of such equipment may be excessive for the ceiling.

The list of prohibited reconstruction activities, as well as activities that require drawing up a sketch or project, is contained in Moscow Government Decree No. 73 PP. According to this document, in residential buildings standard series The construction of openings in diaphragm walls, columns, as well as in the locations of connections between prefabricated elements (load-bearing walls, floor slabs, beams, columns, etc.) is not allowed. Diaphragm walls were widely used in frame-panel buildings built in the 80s. They are located between the columns and give these elements greater rigidity, fixing them relative to each other.

In panel buildings, it is prohibited to install grooves in horizontal seams and under internal wall panels.

In addition, reconstruction in which:
- the operating conditions of the house and the residence of citizens are deteriorating;
- the strength and stability of the building’s load-bearing structures are compromised or their destruction may occur;
- it is planned to eliminate or reduce the cross-section of channels natural ventilation;
- loads on load-bearing structures increase beyond those allowed by the design.

The above restrictions apply to the vast majority of panel houses, because almost all of them are built according to standard designs.

You can find out where these walls are located in the house by reading its project. It is strictly forbidden to arrange openings closer than 0.5-1 m from outer wall at home, as well as making a new opening next to the existing ones to organize entrances to adjacent rooms. The greater the distance between them, the better, since this allows the load to be evenly distributed.

When remodeling, the area of ​​the premises often changes. There are technical standards regulating their size. Room area in one-room apartment should be at least 14 m2, in apartments with two or more rooms - 16 m2, bedrooms - 10 m2. Minimum kitchen area - 8 m2, kitchen area in the kitchen-dining room - 6 m2.

In one-room apartments of panel houses, it is allowed to design kitchens or kitchen niches with an area of ​​at least 5 square meters. m.

The height from floor to ceiling in living rooms and kitchens must be at least 2.7 m, the height of corridors, halls, hallways, mezzanines (and under them) must be at least 2.1 m.

According to current technical standards, rooms in 2-, 3- and 4-room apartments should be designed as impassable. It is worth noting that some old five-story panel buildings have walk-through rooms.

The ratio of the area of ​​light openings to the floor area of ​​living quarters and kitchens should be no more than 1:5.5 and no less than 1:8; for upper floors with light openings in the plane of inclined enclosing structures - at least 1:10, taking into account the lighting characteristics of windows and shading by opposing buildings.

Daylight not standardized for rooms located under the mezzanine in double-height rooms; laundry rooms, storerooms, dressing rooms, bathrooms, restrooms, combined sanitary units; front and interior corridors and halls; apartment vestibules, floor-by-floor non-apartment corridors, lobbies and halls.

It is not allowed to place a latrine and bathtub (or shower) directly above living rooms and kitchens. Placing a toilet and bath (or shower) on the upper level above the kitchen is allowed in apartments located on two levels.

Air removal should be provided from kitchens, restrooms, bathrooms, if necessary, from other areas of the apartments, and installation of adjustable controls on exhaust ducts and air ducts should be provided. ventilation grilles and valves.

Technical standards allow for the installation of a laundry room, a dressing room, a sauna and other special-purpose premises in apartments of panel houses.

Sanitary standards prohibit unauthorized expansion of the area of ​​non-residential premises at the expense of residential ones.

Law No. 37 “On the procedure for renovating premises in residential buildings in the city of Moscow” provides a list of restrictions on repair and construction work. In the Moscow region there are similar laws, practically no different in content from those given below. The gist of it is this:

The following works are prohibited in residential buildings:
- on Sundays and national holidays holidays;
- starting earlier than 8.00 and ending later than 20.00;
- using equipment and tools that cause exceeding the normative permissible level noise and vibrations;
- without special measures to prevent leaks in adjacent rooms, the formation of cracks and destruction of walls and ceilings;
- with clutter and pollution from construction materials and waste escape routes and other public places;
- using passenger elevators for transportation building materials and waste.

The total duration of work on the reconstruction of premises in residential buildings cannot exceed four months, unless otherwise provided in the permitting documents. If necessary, the issue of extending the work period is decided by the authority that issued the permit.

When starting the reconstruction of premises, apartment owners are obliged to inform the managers of residential buildings and register with them in special journals the start and end dates of work (the latter is determined based on established resolution duration of work).

The start of reconstruction work is recorded by an employee of the management organization in a journal issued by the Housing Inspectorate.

At the same time, the completion date of the work, the procedure and conditions for the removal of construction waste are established. An employee of the management organization is obliged to establish the procedure for access to disconnecting engineering devices, familiarize the residents of neighboring apartments with the planned activities and, taking into account their wishes, draw up reports of the technical condition of these premises of any form.

Reconstruction work is carried out by contract. You can implement the agreed project yourself. According to the appendix to Resolution No. 73 PP, contracts must provide for the obligations of the contractor of repair and construction work to comply with the requirements of this resolution. The contractor is required to present his license, contract and logbook to the Housing Inspectorate for inspection. Based on the results of the inspection, the inspection establishes:
- list of mandatory control measures;
- composition and sequence of acceptance of work, structures and engineering equipment;
- list of technical documentation according to which control should be carried out;
- a list of as-built documentation to be presented upon acceptance of the completed reconstruction and (or) redevelopment of residential and non-residential premises in residential buildings.

The contractor of repair and construction work is obliged to record their progress in the journal.

Estimated cost of dismantling work

Name	Unit change	Price of work
Dismantling a plaster sanitary cabin	PC.	5 460
Dismantling a slate sanitary cabin	PC.	4 550
Dismantling of lightweight concrete partitions	sq. m	910
Dismantling brick partitions (1/2 brick)	sq. m	680
Dismantling partitions (plasterboard, wood, etc.)	sq. m	270
Dismantling window and door blocks	PC.	450
Dismantling metal doors	PC.	2 600
Dismantling window sills	p.m.	48
Dismantling ebb tides	p.m.	32
Dismantling plastic slopes	p.m.	25
Dismantling built-in wardrobes and mezzanines	PC.	390
Removing the cabinet in the bathroom	PC.	420
Dismantling suspended ceilings from plasterboard (GK, GVL)	sq. m	168
Dismantling of Armstrong-type suspended ceilings	sq. m	136
Dismantling of suspended slatted ceilings	sq. m	136
Dismantling ceilings from lining	sq. m	110
Removal of ceilings from plastic panels	sq. m	106
Dismantling suspended ceilings	sq. m	94
Wash water-based coating	sq. m	60
Removal ceiling wallpaper	sq. m	82
Removal ceiling tiles	sq. m	45
Removal oil paint from the ceiling	sq. m	92
Removal acrylic paint from the ceiling	sq. m	70
Removal lime plaster and putties from the ceiling (layer up to 1 cm)	sq. m	90
Jointing concrete joints between tiles (seams)	p.m.	65
Repairing ceiling cracks	p.m.	80
Removing old wallpaper from walls and slopes	sq. m	60
Removal self-adhesive film from walls, slopes	sq. m	65
Removal ceramic tiles from walls, slopes	sq. m	126
Removing granite stone from walls	sq. m	154
Removing acrylic paint from walls and slopes	sq. m	46
Removing plaster from walls and slopes (layer up to 1 cm)	sq. m	80

Changes in the established deadlines for the reconstruction and (or) redevelopment of residential and non-residential premises in residential buildings are carried out by the Housing Inspectorate upon a written request from the applicant, previously agreed upon with the manager residential building. ABOUT the decision taken the applicant is notified within 15 days from the date of receipt of the application.

The completion of the reconstruction and (or) redevelopment of the residential premises is confirmed by an act of the acceptance committee.

During the acceptance of the completed apartment renovation, the work performer presents the as-built technical documentation to the acceptance committee in accordance with current legislation.

I would like to remind you that the owner of an apartment with illegal redevelopment is responsible to the state and is obliged to bring it to its previous condition. Based on a court decision, residential premises may be preserved in a rebuilt and (or) redesigned state, if this does not violate the rights and legitimate interests of citizens or does not create a threat to their life or health. If the apartment is not restored to its previous condition within the specified period, the court may decide to sell it with public auction with the payment to the owner of the proceeds from the sale minus the costs of executing the court decision, with the imposition on the new owner of such residential premises of the obligation to bring it to its previous condition. In relation to the tenant under a social tenancy agreement, a decision may be made to terminate this agreement with the imposition of the obligation to bring the residential premises to their previous condition.

HOW TO IMPROVE HEAT, SOUND AND WATERPROOFING

As already mentioned, the walls of panel houses are no different good quality. In terms of their heat and sound insulation qualities, they are not inferior only to some monoliths built with serious violations of technical standards. Panel houses began to be built in the late 50s of the last century, while regulations on noise protection appeared only in 1977, and dealt mainly with noise produced by engineering communications buildings - ventilation shafts, water supply and heating system. SNiP, which sets standards for sound insulation of walls and ceilings, was issued in 2004, when panel construction practically ceased.

Sound and thermal insulation materials have a certain thickness and take up additional space in already cramped apartments, so there were always trespassers among the residents who removed the concrete layer and removed the insulation. Such “operations” not only resulted in neighbors hearing every step of the owners of illegally converted housing. When interfering with the design of the slab, it load bearing capacity weakened significantly, and cracks appeared during the work. Even a good screed couldn’t save the situation.

Panel buildings have a number of design features, which became the reason for the surprisingly good sound permeability of load-bearing walls.

The channel through which sound penetrates can be through hole under a socket in the wall or a hole in the ceiling for a heating pipe.

One of the most important parameters is the waterproofing of floors, especially in the bathroom. In panel houses, its absence often caused flooding of neighbors. Waterproofing and thermal insulation also require covering of apartments located above an unheated basement. Moisture rising upward can cause a deterioration in the microclimate of the room.

From this it is clear that panel walls, as a rule, require serious repairs, without which comfortable living will be impossible. Many materials are used as heat and sound insulation. Examples include products made from mineral wool or polystyrene foam. Thermal, sound and waterproofing may require different measures. Let's start with soundproofing.

Noise can be airborne, impact or structural. The first one spreads through the air, the shock is perceived structural elements and is transmitted indoors, structural occurs when the building’s communications vibrate.

Airborne noise is a consequence of the penetration of sound waves through panels and voids in or between them. The hole for the socket can be filled with foam rubber or mineral wool. Do not compact the insulator

Before you begin, you need to decide which walls in your apartment are load-bearing and which are not. The thing is that the main load-bearing elements in panel houses are walls. Moreover, the walls are not only external, but also internal, which greatly limits the imagination in developing a new layout. In other houses (brick, monolithic) there is no such difficult problem with redevelopment, since the load-bearing elements are columns, facade walls, crossbars, and inside there is either a free layout or non-load-bearing partitions. But in Moscow and the Moscow region, most houses are serial panel houses.

As a rule, the standard redevelopment of an apartment in a panel house consists of: combining a bath with a toilet and extending into the corridor. In this case, an opening is sawed in the load-bearing wall from the room to the kitchen. When choosing such a redevelopment for yourself, you need to pay attention to kitchen stove. If the stove is gas, then you must install a door in this opening; if not, then you can leave the opening empty, which will visually unite the kitchen and the room.

About redevelopment of an apartment in a panel house

Of course, it is best not to touch the supporting structures in your apartment at all. This is a less expensive event, but just as exciting. Of course, there is room for imagination to run wild if you do, for example, redevelopment three-room apartment panel house . They often arrange a dressing room in a room, combine a common room with a corridor, arrange an additional bathroom in the area of ​​the hall, corridor, storage room, etc. Often they move the kitchen into the living room and make one common kitchen-dining room. Of course, in that case kitchen appliances need to be positioned so that the neighbors do not have a living room underneath them.

Remodeling a kitchen in a panel house In general, the thing is quite complicated, if it does not concern the simple rearrangement of appliances and furniture. If you want expand the kitchen, then you are faced with the fact that on one side you have a load-bearing wall bordering the room, and on the other there are even greater difficulties. Next to the kitchen, as a rule, in panel houses there are bathrooms, which expanding the kitchen is strictly prohibited(exception: apartments on top floors). Also between the kitchen and the bathroom there is, as a rule, ventilation duct. And I really want, and many do, to cut off this box or at least reduce it. It is strictly forbidden to do this, as it worsens the living conditions of not only yours, but also your neighbors in the riser.

Redevelopment of a bathroom and toilet in a panel house

If we talk about other types of redevelopment without affecting load-bearing walls, then you can pay attention to remodeling a bathroom in a panel house. Redevelopment can occur within the existing bathroom, and by expanding it into the corridor, combining it with a toilet, etc. It is important to consider here that plumbing fixtures should not be installed too far from sewer risers ( sink, bathtub, toilet). Requirements must be met building codes along the slope of the pipes for drainage into the sewer. And to do this, sometimes you have to raise the floors (arrange a podium), which can increase the load on the floor.

The same applies to consolidation and redevelopment of a bathroom in a panel house. Consolidation involves dismantling the partition (or part thereof) between the toilet and the bathroom. Accordingly, during dismantling, the waterproofing of the floor of these premises is compromised. A device waterproofing in bathrooms is one of the most important measures during redevelopment. It is not for nothing that the act of hidden waterproofing work is one of mandatory documents, which are required by the Moscow Housing Inspectorate for approval of redevelopment. This certificate can only be given to you by the design organization. Therefore, when carrying out redevelopment work bathroom, be sure to order the designer’s supervision of the design organization, or at least photograph all the work on laying waterproofing step by step.

Photos of redevelopments in panel houses

Here are some photos of redevelopments in panel houses. On various interior design websites you can also see photos of redevelopments in panel houses. Looking at them is a very exciting experience. But here you need to be careful. Sometimes people don’t think at all about the safety of their own home, preferring beauty and functionality. Therefore part interesting ideas can be taken into account when developing a new layout, but they must be subjected to careful analysis.

Very often central channels television shows various alterations in apartments and, as a rule, in panel houses. After all, most of us really live in standard panel houses. And how you want your apartment to be special, so that the layout satisfies all your wishes and is convenient for you and your family. That's what people are up to redevelopment in a panel house, even sometimes unaware of the consequences.

During redevelopment, the law allows the home owner to carry out work in which:

• transferred or expanded due to non-residential premises(storage room, corridor);
• become larger with mandatory waterproofing of the floor;
• the configurations of partitions separating rooms and premises have been changed;
• the window sill block is dismantled, and a window is installed between the loggias;
• the load-bearing wall will be equipped with a new doorway;
• the floor design is modified;
• plumbing fixtures change their location;
• a kitchen with an electric stove is combined with other rooms when the partition is dismantled;
• heating systems are transferred to other walls;
• instead of gas stoves, electric stoves are installed;
• neighboring rooms on the staircase are combined, after which a 2, 3 or 4-room apartment is obtained;
• A balcony is being installed in the apartment on the first floor.

It is very difficult to simultaneously consider all redevelopment options that require approval. After all, there are a huge number of them. Therefore, in each specific case, it is necessary to contact the housing inspectorate to find out the possibility of making such changes.

It is worth remembering that during redevelopment you cannot:

• worsen the conditions of other citizens who live in this premises or are neighbors of the owner (relocation, covering of risers, preventing access to them);
• violate the load-bearing structures of the building (dismantle load-bearing walls, make openings in them without permission);
• cut into public communications and disconnect them;
• dismantle or change ventilation ducts available in the house;
• increase the load on the floors by pouring screed or changing material;
• transfer the heating system to the balcony or loggia;
• create warm floors that are heated by the general heating system;
• violate the integrity of the columns;
• install grooves in load-bearing walls;
• create new loggias on any of the 9 floors, except the first;
• redesign the technical floor, attic;
• combine a gasified kitchen and room;
• create openings in the walls between the kitchen and the room without a door;
• damage walls without the appropriate permission.

Sample application for redevelopment of residential premises:

Important aspects

When carrying out redevelopment, during which a two-room or four-room property is changed, it is necessary to prepare the appropriate ones. One of the important stages is the development of a project, as well as a technical report.

Required papers

In order to coordinate the redevelopment, a certain package of documents will be required.

Among the required papers are:

• title documents for the apartment and an extract from the house register;
• permission issued by each owner of the residential premises to carry out redevelopment;
• technical passport, floor plan and explication issued by the Bureau of Technical Inventory;
• a project or drawing that reflects upcoming changes;
• agreement for the provision of services to the organization that issued the project;
• decision and conclusion issued by authorized bodies;
• technical documentation that confirms the safety and admissibility of redevelopment.

These documents are mandatory. If any paper from the list is missing, the authority conducting the approval may require it individually. After accepting the documents, the citizen receives a receipt confirming receipt of each of them.

If the legalization of redevelopment is carried out in court, the list of documents may change.

In this case, you will need to provide:

• statement of claim;
• receipt of payment of state duty;
• title papers;
• technical passport, explication and floor plan in the house where the one-room, two-room or three-room apartment is located, issued by the BTI;
• drawing or project with modifications;
• conclusion of the regulatory authority;
• designer's agreement to carry out work;
• other papers.

After submitting the documents, the applicant must wait for a hearing date to be set.

Development of a technical report

A technical report is a document that notes the condition of the redevelopment object and the entire building for construction and technical safety.

It is important to check not only the apartment itself, but also the rooms located nearby, above and below it. This stage is especially important if a building from the last century is being assessed, for example or.

When defects are identified, a special one is created. It reflects the points that need to be addressed.

The technical report must contain information about the condition of the building and its structures, as well as an assessment of the possibility or impossibility of redevelopment of the apartment located in it.

In addition to the property itself, it is necessary to study all the documents that were previously issued in relation to this property.

The technical specifications reflect:

• home series;
• year of construction;
• nuances associated with operation;
• the floor where the redevelopment object is located;
• the quality of load-bearing structures in the premises closest to the apartment.

A technical report can be issued in two cases. In the first, it is necessary to assess the possibilities of reconstruction and redevelopment in the future. The second option involves issuing a document as confirmation of the safety of work already carried out when legitimizing the repair.

Based on the technical conclusion, a redevelopment act is drawn up. The BTI also issues a new passport with all legal changes.

Project based on technical specifications

The project must be formalized when carrying out some work.

These include:

• changes to load-bearing structures;
• innovations introduced into unloading partitions;
• transfer or change of utilities;
• changes layer-by-layer design floor.

The project has several main parts:

• content describing the installation data about the object;
• act-obligation of both parties;
• signature and assessment of the manager who is responsible for the project regarding its compliance with legal requirements and standards;
• general information (regulatory and legal acts);
• architectural and construction decisions (proposed changes in the design of residential premises);
• fire-fighting measures (organizational issues and responsible persons);
• site plan before work (in accordance with the technical passport and photo of the building);
• redevelopment plan (red marks on the plan indicating dismantling, and green marks in places of new structures);
• floor plans and their explication;
• layout of the premises after the work;
• location of the bathroom;
• water supply and sewerage system;
• strengthening of structures where the opening has been increased;
• the organization has access to the SRO;
• contract for designer's supervision;
• scheme for changing plasterboard floors;
• some repair instructions.

It is also possible to draw up a standard redevelopment in accordance with the available documentation.

Sample technical passport of an apartment:

The process of legitimizing redevelopment in a panel house

If redevelopment in a panel house has already been carried out, then it can be done in two ways. In the first case, the issue is resolved in. Many citizens choose this method. The second option is to contact local authorities to carry out the approval procedure.

At the first stage, it is necessary to visit the controlling organizations located at the location of the property. Among them are the Housing Inspectorate and the capital construction department under the city or district administration. They provide a technical passport of the premises and a floor plan with an attached explanation. If the documents still have old sample, then it is important to add new information to them.

If there are no papers, an invitation from a BTI specialist will be required. He will inspect and evaluate the premises and issue an appropriate conclusion.

After preparation, the project is agreed upon by:

• Rospotrebnadzor;
• Directorate of Architecture and Planning;

When designing it yourself, it is important to use a floor plan with markings in red. Next, the documents necessary for legalization are prepared. After submitting them, the citizen is given a refusal or approval is confirmed.

Approval procedure

There are several main stages that are necessary to coordinate the redevelopment of a panel house if the load-bearing structures are affected during the repair:

1. Ordered first engineering survey at the developers of the project at home.
2. Next, standard redevelopment options are determined, which allows you not to apply for individual project, saving time and money.
3. If the second option is chosen, then the project is developed by a specialized organization with access to an SRO.
4. Documents are submitted to the Housing Inspectorate along with the project.
5. If a positive decision is made, the citizen receives permission to carry out repairs.
6. Next, you need to hire builders who have access to SRO.
7. After the finished object is handed over, a certificate of completed redevelopment is signed.
8. At the BTI, the citizen must issue a new technical passport, reflecting all the changes that have occurred in the apartment.

Penalties for unauthorized changes

All changes that were made to the structure of the building during the redevelopment must be reflected in the technical passport. This will be possible if the repairs were carried out legally and received the appropriate permit.

If unauthorized redevelopment was carried out, the citizen will be held administratively liable in the form of a fine. Its size varies from two to two and a half thousand rubles.

Additionally, the owner is responsible for carrying out repairs aimed at restoring the original condition of the residential premises. He will have to do this at his own expense.

If the owner disobeys, the property may be put up for auction. Then the apartment will be sold.

In addition, the citizen will not be able to fully manage the property in the future. After all, transactions are impossible with illegally converted objects.

Do not forget about emergency situations that may be the result of incorrect alterations. Therefore, it is important to coordinate the redevelopment in a timely manner to avoid unpleasant moments.

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• : Information about the owner or tenant of the premises Information is included on the basis of which the calculation procedure is carried out - the area of ​​the apartment and the number of permanent residents. The current details of the payer and service provider are also specified. Such information is required to complete the transaction. Detailed calculation of payments for specific services All utility services are combined into two blocks - for the maintenance of common property (for example, if a new building and a specific residential premises are serviced. Information on recalculations made This section indicates the determining grounds for recalculation made for specific services, as well as the amounts , which should be reduced. Calculation of contributions for major repairs is carried out on the basis of the current rate in a particular locality. Benefits and any government subsidies to which residents are entitled are taken into account. The receipt also includes the information necessary for transferring payments to the personal account regional operator. Sample birth certificate The principle of forming the amount for services All public utilities without exception can be conditionally divided into two groups. It is for them that the final amount of payments is formed. Services, the calculation of which is carried out by the owners of real estate objects or tenants based on actual volumes of consumption include: Gasification Suppliers must provide a 24-hour supply of domestic gas for cooking and heating the premises. Electricity Required condition supply of the energy in question is compliance with network voltage and safety. Supply of cold and hot water Without exception, all service providers must necessarily guarantee the safety and environmental friendliness of the supplied resource. As for services related to maintaining the general functional condition of the building, the payment includes amounts for the following categories: costs of maintaining lifting equipment - elevator; cleaning the surrounding area; removal of household waste; lighting stairwells and sites; carrying out routine and major repairs; maintenance of common property. All of the above services are always included in the monthly payment document - receipt. Salary certificate How calculations occur It is worth noting that the number and composition of payments for employers under social agreements and owners are different. The last category of persons is subject to the maximum amount of payments. They must: transfer funds for maintenance of the apartment building; pay utilities; make regular contributions to the capital repair fund. The amount of payments is used to finance management operations, maintenance and repairs. General payments also include fees for resource provision. Calculation of utility payments is carried out based on the total number square meters in a residential area. It is important to remember that tenants of property are exempt from payments for major repairs. However, the categories of persons in question are subject to the obligation to pay for hire. The corresponding payment is calculated taking into account information about the total footage of the premises. Other fees are determined and paid based on the performance of special reading devices. Sample pension certificate Payment options In 2017, there are a large number of ways to make payments for consumption utilities. Any interested citizen can make a payment using any of convenient ways, for example, via the Internet, payment terminal, ATM or through a cash register: Payment by bank card City utility bills can be paid by debit or credit card via the Internet or any landline payment system. To do this, you need to have a certain amount of funds in your personal account, and also know all the details of the direct service provider. Through Personal Area To carry out this operation, you need to contact the home maintenance company with a corresponding application. After establishing the identity of the payer and filling out all the regulated documentation, the applicant will be given payment account details. After switching to the system, you can make utility payments with great ease. Payment by personal account Each provider of certain services assigns citizens individual numbers, which, in turn, are linked to the personal account bank account. Payment for residential premises can be made either with the help of a cash desk operator at a bank branch or Russian Post, or in other ways, taking into account connection to numerous online services that accept such payments. In each specific case, it is necessary to indicate or report a ten-digit code. This is necessary so that authorized representatives of the service provider can determine where the funds came from. Debts and recalculation Sometimes the amount of debt obligations for utility payments can become quite large. This may lead to the imposition of penalties and interest, which in no way can have a favorable effect on repayment. There can be many reasons for debt. For example, if no one is registered in the premises, but the supplier does not have up-to-date information about this. It is worth noting that from July 1, 2017, utility tariffs were increased. This may also affect the amount of debt obligations. In case of temporary absence of residents in the premises, service organizations continue to charge for utility services. That is why all owners are recommended to recalculate. Only those categories of citizens who were absent from the premises for a certain period of time have the right to carry out the corresponding operation. Consequently, such persons could not use the following services: hot water and gas supply; drainage through sewerage; supply of electricity. Recalculation is made only when a citizen does not live in his place for more than 5 days. To carry out the operation in question, you should follow the following algorithm of actions: collect a set of documents confirming the fact that the person is not present; contact the housing company with a statement in the established form, which will fully outline the reason for the absence; submit a request for a recalculation operation; attach accompanying documentation to the application in the form of certificates that will serve as evidence - all together this must be presented to an authorized employee of the organization. "> Communal payments88
• . In addition, redevelopment includes any displacement of walls and partitions, as well as displacement of engineering equipment (relocation of a bathroom, gas stove, other communications. Since redevelopment involves a major intervention with a change in the area of ​​​​the rooms, the process requires the drawing up of a new plan, mandatory coordination with utility services and BTI. To carry out actions you need project documentation, on the basis of which the repair will take place. The reconstruction differs precisely in that it does not involve the demolition of walls, the consolidation of premises and the transfer of communications. That is why this type of repair does not require approval and can be carried out by the owner independently. A striking example of the difference between redevelopment and reconstruction can be the introduction of changes to the bathroom and bathroom. For example, the installation of additional plumbing, which requires an individual connection to the plumbing equipment (an additional sink or toilet requires design documentation and approval. This also applies to the demolition of the partition between the bathroom and the toilet. In the event that the toilet is intended to be moved to another location, but at the same time it does not leave the premises, the process can be carried out without approval. A prerequisite will be the absence of interference in the general house sewer system. The same rule applies to the kitchen. By law, it is allowed to move a gas stove no further than 1 meter from designated place(characterized by the length of soft connections for gas supply. This will be considered a conversion and no permitting documents are required. If the owner plans to increase the kitchen area by moving the gas stove and sink to the utility room or an adjacent non-residential premises at a distance of more than 1 meter, then this is already considered a redevelopment and requires design documentation with approval. Sample application for redevelopment of a residential premises: Central questions Despite the fact that the owner of the apartment is the full owner of the living space, not all actions can be carried out when redeveloping the apartment. The most common prohibitions include the following: Dismantling the load-bearing walls. Complete combination of non-residential premises with residential premises (there are some nuances that depend on the type of room and the desired type of redevelopment. In particular, it is forbidden to combine the kitchen space with the living room due to the load-bearing structure between them. Even if the wall is not load-bearing and can be demolished , then the law provides mandatory presence partitions between two rooms and zoning of rooms in the form of separate flooring. The location of the toilet, bathroom or kitchen above the living space of the neighbors below (an exception is the moment if the lower floor has a similar redevelopment. Increasing the area of ​​the toilet at the expense of the living space. Before starting repairs, you need to take care of the availability of design documentation. The best option would be to contact specialized companies , where you can order redevelopment as per individual drawings, and by standard solutions for typical high-rise buildings. What is allowed When redeveloping an apartment, the following changes are allowed: transfer of plumbing equipment while maintaining the central sewer system; relocation of a bathroom, kitchen and bathroom, if the future location does not contradict the law; relocation of plumbing and kitchen equipment within the available area; transfer of heating equipment without intervention central system(it is prohibited to place heating radiators on a loggia or balcony; glazing balcony space; mortgage doorways if there is a similar one in another place that does not contradict the redevelopment rules; partial and complete demolition of partitions, including some supporting structures, provided there are no prerequisites for the collapse of the building; installation of additional partitions, if they do not place excessive load on load-bearing floors; extension of door and window openings; arrangement of ventilation systems and other structures on the facade of the building, if they do not violate the safety of the building (antennas, air conditioners. Each redevelopment is an individual event, depending on the actions being carried out and the characteristics of the residential building. That is why a project is required that would comply with all safety standards for the owner’s residence and neighbors. Sample of filling out the consent of all family members for redevelopment How to legitimize The process of legitimizing redevelopment refers to one of the most important moments all repairs. There are several methods of legitimation: The simplest and legal way– initially draw up a project, coordinate it and obtain permission to carry out repair actions. After the process is completed, the commission will accept the redevelopment based on the design data and the activities carried out. If all actions comply with the standards, then the owner can only obtain the necessary papers for the apartment (technical passport and new plan apartments. Unauthorized redevelopment - often apartment owners change the sequence of actions, namely, first they make repairs, and then try to legalize it. The process is somewhat more complicated and time-consuming, but still possible. In this case, it is necessary to comply with all the same legal norms. When accepting work, the commission must make sure there are no violations, but the fine for unauthorized redevelopment the owner will have to pay. It often happens that the owner is not responsible for illegal redevelopment. This is possible when receiving living space as an inheritance or as a formalization of a gift agreement. The process of legitimation involves a trial, during which the fact of the new owner’s involvement in unregistered repairs and the legality of the measures taken will be clarified. If the requirements of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation have not been violated, then the new owner will receive the appropriate documents for the apartment with the existing redevelopment based on a court decision. The best option is to gradually follow legislative measures, since the commission may not accept unauthorized redevelopment. This threatens the need to return the original appearance and the corresponding expenses for new repairs. Necessary papers To carry out redevelopment, a certain package of documents is required: passport of all owners of the living space; application for redevelopment; conclusion on possible holding repair actions; design documentation; project agreement; registration certificate for the apartment; consent of neighbors if common house needs are affected. In each individual case, the package of documents may be modified, so you need to ask BTI employees about this. Where and in what order to apply First of all, you need to contact the BTI and inquire about possible redevelopment. If necessary, a special commission will be created that will issue an opinion on what can and cannot be demolished, which structures are load-bearing, etc. After this, you need to draw up a project. The documentation is prepared by specialists from the relevant company. It should be remembered that a company providing services for the production of projects must have SRO approval. The finished project is again submitted to the BTI, where it must be approved, after which the owner receives permission to carry out repair work. The final point is to notify BTI employees and create a special commission that will check the compliance of the activities carried out with the project documentation. If there are no violations, the owner of the living space receives new documents for the apartment with the changes made. Is it possible to independently? Independent redevelopment is punishable by law in the form of a fine and possible reconstruction of the premises to its original state. There are often cases when ready renovation work are legitimized through the judicial authorities, but only in compliance with current legislation. The owner of the living space has the right to independently make changes to the apartment if they do not require any permits and do not entail changes in the configuration of the living space. Redevelopment according to the sketch is also possible, which does not require approval or any other actions. The sketch is prepared by the designers, and all actions do not pose any threat to the safety of the buildings and are mostly cosmetic repairs. Responsibility for redevelopment All responsibility for redevelopment in the apartment lies with its owner. In case of illegal actions, the owner of the property is obliged to return the property to its original form at his own expense, as well as pay a fine. In addition, if the redevelopment carried out harms neighbors or causes any damage due to improper transfer of communications, then the owner of the apartment again bears responsibility for the actions taken. He is obliged to eliminate the dangerous reconstruction, as well as compensate for the damage caused to neighbors. If the redevelopment is not only illegal, but also poses a danger in the form of destruction of the house, then the owner will be evicted from the apartment. The measures are provided for in Art. 7.21 Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Terms and prices The cost of remodeling an apartment depends on several points, which together make up the total price: Obtaining a technical passport from the BTI 1500-2000 rubles. Technical documentation on the condition of an apartment building About 7,000 rubles. Project documentation The price depends on the complexity of the work, the area of ​​the premises and the tariffs of specific organizations, which on average is 30,000-50,000 rubles. If the owner turns to the company for a full range of services, which includes legal support of the process without the participation of the owner, then the prices will be higher: Approval of the BTI project 30,000-50,000 rubles. Receiving a certificate of completed actions 15,000-20,000 rubles. Obtaining a new technical passport 8000-10000 rubles. The timing of development and receipt of documentation is given in the table: Required documentation Receipt time Technical documentation on the condition of an apartment building 2-3 months Project development 1 week Project approval 30-45 days Acceptance of work by the commission Within a month Receipt of an act from the BTI 14 days Receipt of a new certificate for the apartment with amendments 14 days It should be remembered that the redevelopment permit is issued for a period of 1 year, but it can be renewed every month. ">Redevelopment 171
• , was subsequently replaced by the concept of registration at the place of stay or residence. Registration involves assigning citizens to a specific living space in which they live, which was issued with the permission of government bodies. IN new law Some changes have been made regarding registration. Now, citizens who do not receive registration within the established time frame are subject to a fine. In addition, for registration carried out using forged documents, residents of our country and foreign countries may be subject to criminal liability. Sample certificate of registration at the place of residence Instructions and options Registration in an apartment follows one scheme. To the passport office at the new place of residence (if you are registering permanently or staying (temporarily) or to the MFC, submit the documents required to obtain registration. In this capacity are papers confirming the status of the owner of the apartment, or the consent of the owner of the living space. Next, an application and a passport are drawn up. In the prescribed manner date the identity card is collected with a registration stamp. Citizens of the Russian Federation can obtain registration in several options: B new apartment, received under the contract. First, you need to check out of your previous apartment. An application for registration is then submitted to the passport office in the new location. Parents fill out and sign an application for children under 14 years of age. Children who have reached this age do it on their own. It indicates the document according to which registration in the new building is issued. In the same application, you can fill out the bottom column about deregistration at your previous place of residence. Attached to it: Passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation. Birth certificate for children under 14 years of age. A paper confirming the fact of being discharged from the previous place of registration. A document according to which the apartment is the property of a citizen. This is an extract from the unified state real estate register. The agreement under which the right of ownership was obtained (donation, purchase and sale, etc.. The passport, documents and application will be checked, and the identity card will be taken away, setting a date for its issue with a stamp. In someone else's privatized and municipal living space In the first case, again it is necessary to remove the registration in the previous apartment. Next, the new cohabitant, together with all the owners of the living space, writes statements: the person registering - about temporary or permanent registration, and the owners - about consent to registration. Both parties submit documents: the owner attaches a passport and an extract from the Unified State Register of Real Estate; an agreement, according to the apartment was registered as property; the registering party submits a certificate of departure, passport or birth certificate (for children under 14 years of age. All documents will be returned to persons, but the passport of the person registering will be temporarily taken away, announcing the date of receipt. If it was previously issued, then it can be registered within a day. When the previous registration remains valid, new registration will take up to two weeks. To register in a non-privatized apartment, you will need permission from the Property Management Department and a statement of intent to register an outsider. The desire will be approved if for each registered person an area equal to the registration norm of the territorial entity is allocated. Attached to the application: confirmation of the extract from the previous living space; rental agreement; passports and birth certificates for minor children; permission from the municipality (in the case where a person is registered who is not a relative of any of the residents. If it was decided to privatize the provided apartment, then each citizen registered in it becomes a partial owner. Registration without the owner present. There are two ways to register in the absence of the owner, but with his consent: Having received from him a power of attorney in favor of a person, certified by a notary. Such a person, on behalf of the owner, will prepare a statement confirming the consent of the principal to the registration of another person in the apartment. Based on a notarized statement. If the owner for some reason cannot sign the paper yourself, then the notary on the spot fills out an application for registration of the new cohabitant. A handicapper may be appointed who will personally sign the document on behalf of the owner. Through the State Services portal on the network Registration through State Services is carried out after you register on the portal and open a personal account. In it you will fill out the required fields, indicating your data in them. Having ordered registration, you stand in line until you receive a notification (up to 3 working days, after which you will need to visit the MFC (3 days are also allotted, filling out an application there and attaching Required documents. The advantage is that for citizens of the Russian Federation, registration through State Services is free. Sample certificate of registration Sample page with registration in a passport Registration procedure, deadlines and price To register, you will need: Prepare a mandatory package of documents with copies. It includes an application, passport, confirmation of an extract from the previous place of residence, the main contract and the consent of the owner. Submit an application for registration. Send all this to the MFC, passport office or FMS. Upon completion of registration, pick up your passport, which contains a note indicating that the person is actually registered in the apartment. After leaving your previous apartment, you must register: within 7 days when registering for permanent registration; Temporary registration can be obtained within 90 days. If a person submits an application to the FMS on his own, then he is registered free of charge. You can also register on the Internet on the unified portal of government services. Registration through State Services also requires the preparation of documents and their submission electronically. But still, you will then have to visit the local office to get a stamp in your passport. When registering a newborn child, you will need to prepare a birth certificate for the child. It is issued at the local registry office. Next, he is taken to the passport office, where he fills out an application for registration of the newborn. Attached to it is a marriage certificate, parents’ passports, an extract from the house register or the house register itself (depending on whether the child is registered in the apartment or a private house. They also submit a certificate about the status of the account of the housing in which the child is registered. Copies are prepared for some documents. The child is registered at the place of residence of the mother or father. If they are without the right to living space, then registering the child in an apartment will not be possible. Parents are assigned a day on which to pick up documents proving their identity and the birth of the child. Sample of filling out an application for registration at the place of residence Sample of an application for temporary registration Foreigner and citizen of the Russian Federation What is the difference between the registration of foreign citizens and residents of our country? The legislation of our country allows the following types of registration. Foreigners can register only temporarily: For 90 days or for the period of validity of the visa with the possibility of extension. Issued at the Migration Registration Service. Registration at the place of residence for the duration of the temporary residence permit (3 years without the possibility of extension or a residence permit (5 years with the possibility of extension. For citizens of the Russian Federation: Temporary registration at the place of residence (5 years with the possibility of extension. Permanent registration at the place of residence. It usually means the concept of registration. Features for Muscovites You can obtain a Moscow registration in different ways - both paid and free. This is influenced by factors such as: place of residence and type of living space; registration deadlines; absence of other violations and fines. Constant price for obtaining registration is not established. Registration of all documents will cost 50,000 rubles, in the Moscow region - 30,000 rubles. The registration procedure is similar to the general algorithm operating throughout the country: First you need to check out of your previous apartment. Then submit an application for registration to the FMS with all necessary papers. At the end, pick up a stamped passport. To register in an apartment belonging to relatives, you will need their statements of consent to receive registration. You can move into municipal housing only with the permission of the city administration. Having received a Moscow registration, you provide yourself with several advantages: benefits, payments and allowances (for example, towards a pension; increased scholarship for students; low-income people receive free travel on municipal transport. Consequences for the owner In the case when the owner of a living space gives permission for indefinite registration to other persons, he receives a situation in which: It is possible to deprive a citizen of our country of registration with his permission or in accordance with a court decision. The registered person can live in this living space. At a minimum, he retains his registration. Temporary registration for our citizens and foreign citizens at their place of residence is regulated in the rental agreement or free use of living space. The agreement allows you to consolidate the relationship between the participants and reduce risks to a minimum. You can specify the validity period of registration and residence, distribute the responsibilities of repairing the apartment between the parties, paying for utilities, there is also the possibility of early termination, etc. But it would be a mistake to believe that a temporarily registered cohabitant will be able to appropriate the property for himself. He receives only the right to use (he can live in the apartment and use housing and communal services. The owner remains the owner of the premises. Possible risks First of all, now a citizen can be held administratively liable for living without registration (according to the Code of Administrative Offenses. First, it is worth considering the apartment in which a person intends to move in. It must be located at the specified address, in normal condition (and not suitable for emergency housing. It is better to inquire about what opinion has developed about the owners of the property. It is necessary to obtain the consent of the owner to register in his apartment. Having carried out such actions, you minimize the risks that: the house is located within the specified boundaries and has the specified characteristics; money for registration will not be spent in vain; the apartment may soon be sold by forcibly deregistering all residents through the courts; you will register in the house, which they plan to destroy. ">Registration 216
• . At the same time, a citizen or legal entity can purchase a plot within the boundaries of a populated area or beyond it. The concept of a site is closer to human activity. If land as a whole is a natural resource, then a plot is only some part of it, representing real estate with which various legal actions can be performed. Plots can be indivisible, which cannot be divided so that they do not lose their properties, and divisible. Within a populated area, for example, one plot can be transferred to one developer, and another – to another. But in general, the land will belong to the municipality; in a separate case, a private person may obtain permission to purchase it from the state; another option is to rent. Overview of concepts and types The land cannot be considered ownerless if it does not have a specific owner, then that owner is the state. In fact, it is municipal property. Until 1993, land surveying was not carried out in Russia, but with the release of the Land Code this became possible, and therefore individual plots now have owners. A plot is defined by its length and width and has an area. It also has other characteristics - location, soil, presence of a reservoir, the presence of any objects nearby, etc. The site must have a purpose or type of use that will be legally permitted. Lands are classified into categories based on their properties. But on the same land one can distinguish different areas where a person will carry out different activities. For example, land has the definition rural areas, you can practice on it: agriculture; raising livestock; scientific and research work; hunting and fishing; personal subsidiary plot, which means erecting residential buildings (private houses and non-residential outbuildings; other types of activities. When land is intended for development, this means that it can be built in various places (on the plots you can: residential buildings; industrial buildings and workshops; commercial buildings, offices, shopping centers; engineering structures; communication networks; other. It goes without saying that where there is a site with engineering structures that provide, for example, power supply to the city, residential buildings cannot be built. Depending on the use of the site, a certain type is assigned to it, which most often extends to nearby areas. For example, one can distinguish the following main types of plots where one can: engage in agriculture; carry out personal construction (individual housing construction; conduct subsidiary farming for non-commercial purposes (LPH; erect personal residential buildings (ID); growing fruits and vegetables is carried out, i.e., conduct dacha farming without capital construction. Most often, such plots are private property. If the owner will use the land for other purposes, he cannot avoid penalties from regulatory authorities. But it is allowed to change the type of use of the site, for this it is necessary to submit an application and other documents, the decision is made by the municipality. Central conditions To use the land plot, a person must familiarize himself with the provisions of the law, understand the category of land to which it belongs, how it can be considered as a piece of real estate. Provisions by law In Russia, jurisprudence in relation to land and land plots regulated by: Land Code; various Federal laws; Civil Code; Town Planning Code. Thus, in Federal Law No. 136 (10.25.01, Article 11, various concepts are given that help to understand how to check a land plot, and what should be understood by this definition: what it is; how it is formed; what characteristics should describe the object; on on what basis should it be considered real estate; how to transfer land from one category to another; what is municipal and private property in relation to land; why register a plot of land and what is a cadastre; how to separate, allocate and distribute plots; how property rights are registered per plot; other aspects. Division into categories The category of land is determined by their intended purpose. In fact, the category should be understood short description properties of specific lands. The legislator formulated these concepts in the Land Code. Chapters 14-18 say in what order and according to what specific features land should be disposed of when used for: agricultural land; placement of settlements; industrial facilities; national defense and security; telecommunications, radio broadcasting, communications; transport; energy; for other purposes. The issue of water resources and forest areas is considered separately. Full list categories of land are specified in Order No. 540 (01.09.14, issued by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Based on the category of land and the type of land plot, specific activities may be permitted or prohibited on it. If, for example, a plot of land is a protected area, then hunting cannot be done there. Agricultural land must be characterized fertile soil and located outside or adjacent to a populated area. This area can only be used for agricultural production. A plot of land as an object of real estate The Constitution of the Russian Federation, Chapter 11 states that all land in the country belongs to the people. At the same time, it can be the property of: the state; municipality; legal entity; citizen. A plot can be classified as real estate only from the moment it passes state registration and is assigned a unique number. From the moment of registration, when ownership rights are assigned to a person, the plot can be put into circulation. Then a sale, property division, donation, alienation, and other legal actions with real estate are possible. When, according to the Constitution, some property is public, this means that certain restrictions are imposed on the rights of the owner, i.e., he cannot dispose of it only at his own discretion. The law requires its use only for its intended purpose. In such cases, for example, land owned by the municipality, located within the city, cannot be given or sold to any person for the purpose of establishing a subsidiary or farm on it. When a site is intended for the construction of a residential area in the city, it cannot be used for laying a highway, etc. To determine real estate, the site must be characterized by various parameters and costs. The identifying characteristics of a plot as real estate include: cadastral number; numbers of its individual parts, if it is large; location address; the area of ​​the entire site and its individual parts; details of the owner or co-owners; characteristics of the structures or other objects located on it, the area of ​​each individually; boundaries of the entire site and its individual parts; purpose of land; status. In the Civil Code, Art. 130 definition is given land plot, as a thing to which property and other rights can arise, transactions can be made and various actions not of a legal nature. Ownership rights to a plot, like real estate, can be established on free of charge or paid. If a citizen already owns a plot of land, that is, he received it from the state for temporary or indefinite use, then he will no longer be able to refuse it, and he needs, for example, to undergo privatization in 2017. As a result of the privatization of state property, property rights are assigned to the citizen. Based on agreements of various types, property rights will be transferred from the owner to another person when: the purchase or sale of land occurs; exchange; rent; donation; inheritance; another transaction for the alienation of property. In some cases, real estate (a plot can be purchased from the state at the cadastral value if the municipality gives such permission. What actions are allowed The use of land for personal farming is defined in Federal Law No. 112, Article 4. How it can be used will depend on the location of the land. If personal plot, which the owner uses for private plots is located within the city, then in fact it becomes similar to land intended for individual residential construction (individual housing construction. Such a plot can be successfully used by a large family not only for farming, but also for building a house. For families when there are many relatives live together, this is the most convenient option. You can register in such a residential building (get registered, and additionally build utility structures and a garage on the land. Of course, sanitary, fire, urban planning and other standards must be taken into account during construction, then the house will be put into operation without any problems. The land itself can be used for growing fruits and vegetables, i.e., in fact, she will partially feed big family. If the site is located outside the city, then it is possible to organize farming also with permanent residence in a permanent residential building. In another case, the plot can be used as a summer cottage, where not only recreation in summer time, but also gardening. But not in all cases the type of land allows the construction of permanent residential buildings on it, where the necessary communications will be connected. If it is impossible to live in a house year-round, then it will be impossible to register in it. If the site is located far from a populated area and belongs to steppe or field areas, then it can be used for grazing livestock or growing crops, but it is impossible to build a residential building there. Capital construction is prohibited on field sites. Buildings can be of an economic or temporary nature. For example, in field conditions You can build a bathhouse, but without a foundation, which means you won’t need a special building permit. Other clarifications Plots that are allocated by the state or municipality for the targeted needs of citizens may have a minimum or maximum area, they may have rectangular shape or square, triangular. It all depends on how the survey was done. In each region, local authorities determine acceptable standards lands that they can allocate from the land fund, for example, for the placement of a garage cooperative, household plot gardening partnership, for individual construction. Basically, the norms depend on the volume of land that is listed by the municipality as unused, that is, not used beneficially. In Federal Law No. 112, p. 4, paragraph 5 states that the maximum area, for example, for private household plots cannot exceed 0.5 hectares. In the future, the owner can increase this size, but not more than 5 times. Minimum size cannot be less than 2.5 hectares. Temporary status Data about each plot is contained in the state cadastre until ownership rights are registered for it, i.e. they are only temporary. Such a plot can be purchased from the state or municipality, received free of charge, or rented. From the moment ownership rights are registered in the cadastre, the information will change to permanent. Temporary status simply means that no one has rights to the site - neither private property nor lease. According to the law, if within 2 years no one claims rights to land that has temporary status, it must be removed from the cadastral register, but in reality the time frame is much longer. Cadastral information According to information stored in the Cadastral Chamber, a plot may be listed as: temporary; previously taken into account; taken into account; archival; canceled. A plot becomes registered from the moment someone receives ownership rights to it. There are several situations when cancellation of information about a plot occurs: If a citizen planned to buy the land from the state or undergo privatization, formalize a lease, but did not do this within 2 years. This applies to plots that were registered after 2008. For example, a family received benefits for 3 children and, additionally, using maternity capital, decided to buy the land and start construction, submitted documents, but did not complete the procedure. After 2 years, other citizens will be able to buy the plot. The land survey was refused for various reasons. Many citizens are not even in a hurry to do this, because the procedure is paid, and the owner, for example, plans to sell the land. A plot may have the status of previously registered if ownership rights to it arose before March 2008. The cadastre may contain various information; if the plot has not been surveyed, then it may not have boundaries. In relation to such plots, there are often cases when there are title documents for them, but there is no information in the cadastre. The owner can submit an application requesting the entry of data. In fact, all plots whose surveying was completed before 2000 or before the law on the land cadastre received previously registered status received previously registered status. Possible restrictions and encumbrances Restrictions may be imposed on the negotiability of the site, i.e., the extent to which it can be transferred to another owner or owner. For example, we can take the reorganization of a legal entity. But sometimes a plot may be excluded from circulation altogether and cannot be obtained into private ownership. These lands include: nature reserves; state-protected park areas; military or radioactive waste disposal sites; territories where military bases and troops are located; areas located near borders. Restrictions on circulation are imposed on lands that are valuable to the state or those where strategically important objects are located, areas that have a cultural heritage for the country. If a plot falls under such categories, alienation transactions cannot be made with it. The site may have encumbrances. It can also be imposed by local authorities, but most often a temporary ban on carrying out any operations with land is imposed due to: leasing it on a paid or free basis; transfer of land as collateral when applying for a mortgage or other loan; that it is necessary to satisfy the needs of the state or a private person, the encumbrance is imposed by an easement, for example, a highway or power line must pass through a personal plot; judicial trial when there are several claimants for the land; seizure due to debts of the owner; occurrence of other situations. Emerging nuances For citizens the best option for the property is a plot that has the status of private plots, which cannot be used for commercial purposes. He can purchase it or rent it from local authorities or a private person. But the farmer needs to know where to go when there is a surplus of produce that needs to be sold. A special certificate is issued by the local administration; with it in hand, the owner can sell vegetables and fruits from his garden if they meet sanitary standards. In this case, the proceeds will not be subject to any taxes.">Plot 461

Panel construction is quite economical, so it is not surprising that most apartment buildings, built after the sixties of the last century, refers to panel ones. Because these houses are different big amount load-bearing structures, remodeling an apartment in a panel house is quite a difficult task.

What redevelopment is needed?

There are many varieties of panel houses - from the notorious “Khrushchev” five-story buildings to modern apartment buildings with an improved layout. Many people happily live in such apartments, arranging the space to their liking, but often there is a need to remodel the housing. Some people want to make their apartment more spacious, others need extra room, many people want to combine a room or kitchen with a loggia, thus increasing usable area premises. Often there is a need to enlarge one room at the expense of another or to combine a bathroom.

Some layout changes are quite simple, they can be easily obtained permission from the relevant authorities, and then carried out independently. As for serious redevelopments, for which it is necessary to make additional doorways in load-bearing walls, such work can only be performed by professionals. In any case, each redevelopment requires an individual approach and depends both on the wishes of the apartment owners and on technical capabilities.

Difficulties arising during redevelopment

As you know, the easiest way is to obtain permission from the relevant authorities to redevelop an apartment if the renovation does not affect the load-bearing walls. The easiest way to determine whether a particular wall is load-bearing is to measure it. As a rule, panel walls more than twelve centimeters thick are load-bearing. More reliable way to find out which walls in the apartment are load-bearing - seek advice from the organization where the house project was developed. In order to find out exactly whether it is possible to affect the load-bearing structure during redevelopment, it is advisable to order an opinion on the technical condition of the load-bearing structures of the house and the possibility of their reconstruction. Based on such a technical conclusion, design documentation will be developed, in accordance with which the redevelopment of the apartment is carried out.

If the redevelopment of the apartment does not involve changes to the supporting structures, the task of obtaining permission is greatly simplified. At the same time, this redevelopment option gives less freedom of creativity, and requires special ingenuity from the apartment designer.

Options for redevelopment of apartments in panel houses

Even if you don’t touch the load-bearing structures of the house, there is plenty of room for imagination, especially when we're talking about about redevelopment large apartment. At the same time, if almost all the walls in a one-room apartment are load-bearing, then redevelopment of the room is very difficult. In this case, you will have to do without demolition existing walls, but you can build new partitions from lightweight material, for example, such as drywall.

With the help of lightweight partitions you can make from one large room two small ones, which will be of particular interest to families with growing children. Such redevelopment allows parents and children to retire to their own rooms without disturbing anyone. You can also divide the room into two zones, one of which will be used as a living room and the other as a bedroom. In such a situation, there is not even a need for a full wall from floor to ceiling; you can limit yourself to just a partition that will visually separate the two rooms, hiding the bedroom from prying eyes. Also, partitions of different heights can be used, for example, in the kitchen to separate dining area from the worker.

When redeveloping a space without affecting load-bearing walls important Has a bathroom remodel. As a rule, bathrooms in panel houses are no different large sizes Therefore, there is often a temptation to combine a bathroom with a toilet: this makes the room more spacious and gives more possibilities for the design of the room. In the case of such redevelopment, you must remember that you cannot install plumbing fixtures too far from sewer pipes. In addition, there are certain building standards for the slope of pipes for drains into sewers. Often, when combining a bathroom with a toilet, supervision of a design organization is required. All these nuances must be taken into account when remodeling.

You are not satisfied with the layout of your apartment and you really want to change everything, arrange the house to your liking? This is not so easy to do. And the first thing that can prevent grandiose changes is the location of load-bearing walls. Therefore, to develop a design project, you need to take into account the fact that demolishing and making wide openings in such walls is strictly prohibited.

If you have figured out the load-bearing walls, then you can begin the repairs. The most common type of apartment redevelopment is combining a bathroom with a toilet. Sometimes an extension is carried out into the corridor area. If the corridor completely goes under the combined bathroom, then a small passage is often cut into the wall from the room to the kitchen, which visually increases the space. It is clear that the redevelopment of an apartment in a panel house can affect both all rooms and imply changes only in a separate part of the living space. Let's look at the options that can be used if you want to update your apartment.

What can you do with the bathroom?

Remodeling a bathroom in a panel house is easier than in other rooms of the apartment. Moreover, repairs can be made both inside the bathroom and with its expansion into the corridor and connection. Moreover, load-bearing walls will not have to be affected. The only thing you need to remember is that all plumbing elements: toilet, bathtub, sink - should not be located far from the sewerage system and risers.

Remodeling a bathroom in a panel house requires careful measurement of the location and slope, as well as correct installation water and sewer pipes. Sometimes you have to raise the floors to do this, which will increase the load on the main floor.

When dismantling the partition between the bathroom and the toilet, you need to think about the waterproofing, because it is damaged due to the demolition.

Kitchen update

If you want to move the wall between the kitchen and living room, break it down completely, or make a doorway, find out if it is load-bearing. If yes, then it cannot be demolished, but when constructing the opening it will need to be significantly strengthened.

Remodeling a kitchen in a panel house, however, can be done not only by demolishing or making some changes to the wall, but also by using the right arrangement of furniture. For example, there is no need to install huge cabinets and replace the table with. By the way, cabinets can generally be replaced with light hanging shelves.

But even if you were allowed to make a doorway between the kitchen and the living room, if you have a gas stove, you will still have to install a door between the two rooms. In the case of an electric one, you don’t have to do this.

What to do with the corridor?

Redevelopment of a corridor in a panel house is not so much a transformation of the corridor itself, but rather an increase or change in its functions. Most often, the corridor is simply disposed of in favor of a bathroom or living room. A little less often it is expanded due to adjacent rooms. This is done if the entrance area is too small. And this option allows you to place a small dressing room in the hallway.