Prince Repnin Anikita Ivanovich
Prince Repnin Nikita Ivanovich
08/12/1668 - 07/3/1726
Orthodox. Father is an eminent boyar, head of the Siberian Prikaz, Prince Ivan Borisovich. Married, children: Ivan, Vasily, Yuri and Anna.
Participated in the 1st Azov campaign of 1695 (07/14/1695 - participated as a hunter in the assault on the watchtowers on the banks of the Don River, 3 versts above Azov, blocking the supply of provisions and shells from the mouth of Kaisuga), in the 2nd Azov campaign 1696, in the suppression of the Streltsy revolt of 1698, in the Northern War of 1700-1721. (
Ranks: entered service at the court with a sleeping bag (1684), lieutenant (1685), semi-colonel (1687), field marshal general (Vys. pr. 05/7/1724).
Service: commander of the Preobrazhensky Regiment (), adjutant general of General Golovin, frigate commander (1696), formed 9 soldier regiments in Moscow (1699-1700), head of the 3rd generalship (1700), acting. Governor of Novgorod (1700-1701),
R. delayed his performance, waiting for the arrival of the cavalry, which was supposed to reinforce his corps, which consisted exclusively of infantry. In early May, the adjutant general of King Augustus arrived in Pskov to hurry Repnin with his campaign. He was extremely dissatisfied with both the small number of the auxiliary corps (only 18 tons) and the poor state of the troops’ weapons and equipment. Yielding to his insistence, R., without waiting for the cavalry, set out on May 15, with 18 soldiers and 1 rifle regiment, to Kokenhusen, designated, instead of Dinaburg, as the point of connection with the Saxons. Despite the fact that the allies did not take any measures to cover this movement, and the lack of cavalry deprived R. of the opportunity to conduct reconnaissance - and because of this he was in danger of being taken by surprise by the Swedes, who had been warned about the advance of the Russian detachment, the march-maneuver was completed without difficulty, and the connection at Kokenhusen took place on June 21. 4 regiments, from among those brought by R., were sent to reinforce the Saxons who were building “trenchments” along the river. Dvina, near Riga; the rest, forming a special corps, the command of which was retained by R., were transferred beyond the river. Dvina, about 10 versts from Riga, and formed a reserve of the Saxon army. On July 6, R. set out, following the main forces of the Saxons, to meet the King of Sweden; 9, on the day of the defeat of Field Marshal Steinau by the Swedes, he was in Barkovitsy - 10 miles from the battlefield - and could not take part in the battle. Together with the retreating Saxons, R. turned on July 11 to Bausk, but, warned there by the Swedes, continued the march to Birzhi, from where, due to lack of provisions, he left for Dinaburg. The approach of the Swedes, however, forced the allies to clear this point as well: Steinau went to Poland; R. withdrew his troops, through Druya and Opochka, to Pskov, where on August 15 he united with Sheremetev.
R. spent the entire year of 1702 in Novgorod and Pskov, in the area of which his regiments were stationed. Together with Bruce, he took an active part in preparing the operation for Noteburg and setting up a temporary base for further actions in Ladoga. On September 6, R. set out with 9 regiments of his division near Noteburg, leaving the 10th regiment in Novgorod for guard duty. After the capture of Noteburg on October 11, Repnin's regiments returned to Novgorod. In 1703, R. with the regiments of his generalship took part in the campaign near Shlisselburg, was during the assault on it and the capture of Kanets and, according to the pledge of St. Petersburg, temporarily remained there with part of his division. In the spring of the following year, Repnin's division, reinforced by the Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky and Ingermanland regiments, set out on May 20 up the Neva, by water, "on a deliberate military campaign near Korela." But Peter Apraksin's reports about the appearance of a strong Swedish fleet at the mouth of the Narova and Schlippenbach's march to Narva forced Peter cancel R.'s movement to Kexholm and turn his troops through Yamburg to Narva. R. arrived there on May 26 and on June 8, with several regiments of his infantry, he took part in the case against the detachment of the regiment. Markvort (part of the Narva garrison), which Peter, with a skillful maneuver, lured out of the fortifications and completely defeated. After taking Narva (August 9) by storm, the R. division returned to Pskov. In August, Repnin accompanied Tsar Peter on his trip to Dorpat to inspect the fortifications of the city. Soon after, due to the new treaty with Poland, R. was sent with 12 regiments (6 infantry and 6 drags) to the Lithuanian border - on Druya and Polotsk, for joint actions with Major General Korsak and the Lithuanian hetmans. He was ordered to set up a base in Polotsk, without burdening people, and to release the Exchange cavalry (on the Augustow-Kovno-Riga route, i.e., on the way to connect Karl with Levengaupt).
On September 8, Repnin’s cavalry, under the command of Renn, moved to Birzhi. The infantry set out a few days later in 2 routes: Sharf with 3 regiments directly to Polotsk, R. with 3 others, following Rennes, “in order to control the Birzhinsky garrison with people and grain.” The movement was carried out very slowly, due to the “thinness” of the convoys. On September 29, R. united with the gene. Korsak, who stood with 2 rifle regiments in Polotsk. The order given to Repnin on October 3, 1704 prescribed him extreme caution: not to go too far and not to get involved in a general battle under any circumstances, no matter how much the Polish king insisted on this, but to limit himself to “assisting in private battles,” and even then “without unnecessary hardship"; it was indicated, however, not to miss the opportunity to raid Lithuania and Courland. The order was carried out by Repnin, perhaps even too precisely: all his actions boiled down to sending a search for Rennes to Birzhi and “to Zhmudy” (together with the Lithuanians) and to expelling (in November) a cavalry regiment. Flyuga (1000 horses), who had a successful deal with Sapieha’s cavalry; he himself, from the last days of October, was already in winter quarters, occupying Polotsk with his infantry and Korsak archers, and stationing 5 dragoon regiments in the Breslau and Vilna voivodeships.
Repnin's troops maintained the indicated location until the fall of 1705, until the concentration of the Russian army near Grodno, where R. arrived with a division on October 12. During the stay near Grodno, the main apartment broke up into two irreconcilably hostile parties: 1) Field Marshal Ogilvy and King Augustus II, who were the nominal commanders-in-chief, and 2) Menshikov, who represented the actual power, due to the extraordinary powers that Peter vested in him. R. decisively took the side of the latter. Soon after the king’s departure to Warsaw, where he took with him a significant part of the cavalry that had been near Grodno, and the transfer of command to Ogilvy, Menshikov transferred his powers to R. and went to meet the Tsar, who on January 13 left Moscow for the army. Because of this, R. became the de facto leader of the subsequent actions of the Russian army; by organizing transportation from Brest and Tikotsin, he managed to improve the situation of the “torn, ruined” - as Ogilvy put it - army; Subsequently, steadily following Peter’s instructions, he successfully withdrew the troops from under the attack of Karl, who was stationed 10 versts from Grodno, in Skolubov, and withdrew with them to Kyiv, where the advanced units entered on May 7, 1706.
Late 1706 and early 1707 R. carried out administrative work, mainly on uniforms and partly re-equipping the troops entrusted to him. In June, he was sent by Peter to Bykhov, where the “thief” Sinitsky was firmly entrenched, to assume general command over the troops of Bour, who were besieging Bykhov, and Allart’s detachment, which was going to reinforce him. But Bykhov fell before R.'s arrival, and he received, as a result, a new assignment - to Vilna, where he took over the main command over the troops of the right flank of the army. The “consensual news” received from everywhere that the main forces of the Swedes were detained by the Austrians led Peter to the idea of immediately starting the conquest of Livonia. In pursuance of this, R. began to concentrate his troops towards Vilna, where supplies were hastily transported, while simultaneously preparing a position near Minsk, to which Sheremetev was heading with a significant part of the army. The energy with which R. collected provisions and indemnities gave rise to numerous complaints, which prompted the Tsar’s decree on August 19 to “reduce zeal” and treat the population “much kindly” so as not to cause unrest, which became significantly more frequent in Belarus and Lithuania. By mid-August, the true situation became clear in its main outlines: in accordance with it, Peter abandoned the operation proposed, on the basis of previous incorrect reports, to Riga against Levenhaupt and decided to limit himself to active defense of the borders. Since the Swedish offensive was expected no earlier than the spring of 1708, the Russian troops went into winter quarters already at the end of August. R. with his division settled in Vilna, occupying Kovna, Grodna and Merech with advanced units. The Swedes did not bother him, but Lithuania was so turbulent that in November R. was forced, with a 6,000-strong mixed Russian-Lithuanian detachment, to undertake a private search against the Vishnevetsky gangs that were bothering him.
Contrary to expectations, Karl went on the offensive at the end of December 1707. The Swedes' movement was outlined in two columns: towards Grodna and Novogrudok. The Russian army was raised from its quarters: the collection of troops on the left flank was left to Menshikov, the right flank was taken over by the Tsar himself, who arrived in Vilna at the end of January. R. temporarily took over the irregular cavalry; the concentric retreat from the Dvina, covered from the left flank by Menshikov, led to the concentration of the entire army across the river. Ulla. The regiments of Repnin's division, which became part of the field army, gathered in the Chashniki-Kopys-Orsha region by mid-March. Here they stood for almost three months, as the Swedish offensive was suspended. This time was spent on staffing the regiments and training soldiers in accordance with the new “Institution for Combat”; “at a consultation” in Chashniki on May 27, R.’s division was included in the troops assigned to the northern section of the Russian defensive line from Ulla to Lukomli. Between June 8-10, all of Repnin’s regiments, with the exception of one assigned to Golts’ detachment (in Borisov), were already at Lukomli. “Enemy appeals,” however, determined a new decision taken at the council on June 12 to concentrate all troops in the vicinity of Cherei; Accordingly, R. indicated a new location from Beaver to Rozhok. He set out on June 13, but the very next day, unable to navigate the "mampa", he deviated somewhat from the route assigned to him and ended up in Sokolinki, and on the 15th he completely lost his way and, without finding Rozhok, ended up in Slovyany, halfway between Bobr and Tolochin, having lost contact with the main forces (Sheremetev), who were moving in the opposite direction, to the village. Meadows. Fortunately, Menshikov was in Cherei at that time, returning Repnin’s division to the right path.
The news of the Swedes' breakthrough through the Berezina made a completely different impression on Menshikov and Sheremetev, between whom the command of the active army was divided, and - instead of concentration - an eccentric retreat to the Dnieper began. Sheremetev, breaking away from the rest of the army, went to Orsha; Allart led his division there. R., on the orders of Menshikov, moved with reinforced transitions to Mogilev, under the cover of cavalry and mounted infantry (Golts), collected by Menshikov from Belynichi. On June 21, Repnin’s regiments entered Mogilev.
At the meeting held on June 22 in Mogilev general council It was decided to take the “passes” from Staroselye and Golovchin. Repnin's division was the first to go there (24), but due to the difficulty of the route, it was detained by Menshikov in the rear, near Knyazhitsa; Only on the 29th did it move further to join Golts, who, under the threat of a bypass, cleared Belynichi and marched to Gnezdin. By the evening of July 2, in the area of Gnezdin and Golovchin, the following were concentrated: Golts’s cavalry, Golitsyn’s mounted infantry and R.’s regiments; Sheremetev's division was at that time still on the march to Golovchin, Allart and Pflug's brigade were marching to Klimovichi, and a detachment of the regiment was stationed at Akhimkovichi. Kambelya. Thus, the front of the army stretched only 25 versts, and more than 2/3 of all troops were concentrated against Golovchin.
The defense of the Golovchinsky “pass” was entrusted to Golts and R., “attached to Mr. Field Marshal-Lieutenant, so that one could second the other in times of need.” The choice of position for the infantry was made by Repnin unsuccessfully, especially with regard to communication with Golts (through “marast”) and the routes of retreat behind the right flank of the position (to Vasilki, Mogilev), where, among swamps and forests, there was “such a bad place that nothing can't be controlled." Natural disadvantages were further aggravated by the unsuccessful strengthening of the position. Left to his own devices in the absence of knowledgeable engineers, R., when designing the fortifications, settled on the traditional old Russian type of “convoy” of three faces, adjacent to a “strong place.” He began to build one general continuous fortification from a frontal trench, more than a mile long, and 2 flanks extending from it at obtuse angles. The mountainous part of the trenches adjoined a swampy forest; frontal - consisted of a number of outgoing corners connected by straight curtains. The line of fire was 500-700 steps from the river. Babich, that is, there were no advanced buildings further than a rifle shot.
The work began on June 30, but due to a lack of entrenching tools, it was carried out slowly. By July 2, the profile of the shaft was brought to chest height only on the right flank, for 1-2 battalions; in other areas the fortifications were barely outlined and slingshots were temporarily deployed to strengthen them. The engineering preparation of the position only worsened the position of the infantry, chaining it to an unsuccessful trench. On July 2, a military council was held. The Volokh defectors who arrived from the Swedish camp that day convinced the generals that the Swedes’ attack would be directed at the right flank of the Russian position, where, due to this, Golitsyn’s mounted infantry was immediately pulled back. The meeting ended at night, and R., returning to the troops, due to the lateness of the hour, not only did not “give dispositions” (since an attack was not expected the next day), but also did not trust the security, which had already been carried out extremely carelessly. Goltz did the same.
The morning of July 3 found Repnin's infantry deployed in one line - along unfinished trenches. In addition to the regimental guards and sentries, only 3 dragoons and 1 infantry guard were deployed as external security along the entire 4-verst length of the line. There were no roundhouses, no pickets, no withdrawal guards, no patrols deployed that night.
However, the movement of the Swedes towards the crossing, which began at dawn, was noticed in a timely manner, and before the first Swedish shots rang out, the alarm sounded in Repnin’s division. R. with the grenadier regiment rushed to the bridge on the river. Babich managed to occupy it before the enemy approached and move some of the regimental guns to the crossing. At the end of 3 hours an artillery duel ensued, in which the more numerous and heavier artillery of the Swedes prevailed. Under cover of her fire, Swedish infantry attacked the bridge. After a ½-hour stubborn battle, the grenadiers, whose actions were personally led by R., cleared the bridge, breaking part of the decking, and began to retreat, holding back fire from the enemy who had begun building the pontoon bridge.
Correctly assessing the danger that threatened his communications with the main forces in the event of a breakthrough by the Swedes, R. reinforced his right flank with the Narva regiment, transferred from the left flank, and advanced the Koporsky and Tobolsk regiments to ensure communications with the northern position, mainly the “rear bridge”. ; the remaining 4 regiments were left behind the “trenchment” to repel the enemy’s frontal attack. As soon as the Swedish offensive became apparent, R. sent to ask for reinforcements to Sheremetev, Golts and the closest private commanders, Genskin and Ifland. During the battle for the bridge on Babich, he repeated this request several times, but help did not come; before her arrival, R. did not dare to support the grenadier with other parts of his division, fearing to get involved in the matter with all his might at the forefront and lose his already unreliable retreat routes. This excessive concern for the rear had the most disastrous consequences. When the grenadiers, who bore the brunt of the battle on their shoulders, finally bent, and the Swedes, having forced the crossing, moved around the flank - “straight to the cutoff” - R. considered further resistance impossible and gave the order to retreat, although the main forces of his division were still were not brought into battle. The calm of spirit that marked his first orders left him completely: without organizing the retreat of the main forces of the division, without even letting the head of the positional artillery know about it, R. galloped to his extreme flank, to the Koporsky regiment, whose position seems to be the most dangerous. He arrived there at a time when the Koporians were preparing to attack the approaching Swedish column. R. canceled the attack; To the ideas of the commander of the Koporsk regiment, Golovin, who insisted on a blow, with which, undoubtedly, the battle could still be restored, R. answered with visible despair: “What should I do, if there is no urine for me, there is no sikurs, they don’t listen to me, and if there is anger God is upon us." By this time, he could barely speak, because he had lost his voice from screaming. He moved the Koporsky, and after him the Tobolsk regiments, following the grenadiers, through the forest - the shortest route to the road to Vasilki; the rest of the troops retreated there, across the “rear bridge,” in disarray, since the routes for individual regiments were not indicated. The division lost tactical order and the units were mixed up. If the Swedes had shown sufficient energy, the complete defeat of Repnin's division would have been inevitable, but the Swedes' offensive was extremely sluggish, and - after a series of incoherent, random skirmishes - R. managed to retreat to Sheremetev without great losses. After the connection, the army continued its retreat along the Shklov road to Gorki.
The loss of the battle was due solely to the above mistakes of R. He, however, is silent about them in the report sent to Peter. Very skillfully composed, this report spoke of “an accidental attack by R.’s flank, the brutal resistance that the Swedes met, large losses of the enemy; the retreat, carried out, according to the report, “in good order,” was justified by the fact that “the cramped space made it difficult to move, and R. considered it unnecessary to fight with his own forces alone, because “there was no importance, why would you hold on to this pass to the extreme” and sacrifice people for this; especially since “during this battle it was observed that the enemy shot with poison and horsehair bullets, contrary to the custom of all Christian peoples, so that the wounds from them would be incurable”; the guns were lost because “having abandoned them in the swamps, they themselves did not want to pick them up.”
But the verbal report from Devier, who was delivering the report, apparently revealed to Peter the true course of the battle. Further information received by the Tsar was such that he considered it necessary to appoint a special Commission to investigate the causes of the Golovchin failure, consisting of 13 members, chaired by Prince Menshikov. The commission found R. guilty of the fact that, “having real news” about the upcoming attack, he did not take security measures and did not give dispositions; in that he did not show sufficient fortitude and prematurely retreated “into a tight, uncomfortable swamp, where he fought a very dishonest battle, and retreated without indicating the exact place,” and finally did not let either the chief of artillery or Golts know about his retreat, who, as a result, , moving to the rescue of the already departed R., got involved in a completely pointless and unnecessary battle. The salvation of R.'s division was attributed by the commission solely to the oversight of the Swedes, who “did not look further for their own benefit.” The sentence was cruel: “for that evil act and notable sin, Mr. General R., according to military articles of many potentates, deserves to be deprived of life. But, from the facts of the case, it appears that he... did not accept the concession out of timidity... then his the sin is not out of anger, but out of ignorance, in this case, in the first place, like a general, he found himself in need, for this reason he is exempt from the death penalty; however, according to the content of the Roman State of law, depicted in the 89th article, let it be He, from his rank and the team, which he managed with such bad behavior, publicly, was fined for him, and dismissed for others.” In addition, it was ordered to recover from Repnin the cost of cannons, slingshots and other items lost at Golovchiv - a total of up to 3,000 rubles.
On August 1, R. submitted an all-submissive petition to Peter. Refuting the accusation with a careless reference to the fact that “we have never had such behavior about the disposition,” pointing to the stubbornness of the battle for the bridge on Babich, to the lack of assistants, Repnin asked for pardon. But the verdict passed by the Commission was confirmed by Peter, and on August 5, at 10 pm, it was announced in final form. R.'s regiments were immediately assigned to other divisions. The severity of the sentence is explained by Peter’s desire to use this example to give a cruel lesson to the still numerous supporters of the old, pre-reform military system, who made it difficult to reorganize the army on a new basis. Tsar Peter Repnina was punished not for tactical mistakes, but for the “irregularity” of the battle, the “old custom”, with its “disorder, barbaric vile scream and Cossack customs”, which really turned out to be on a large scale in the “Golchin’s opportunity”.
Repnin's disgrace did not last long: already in the battle of Lesnaya he was entrusted with the command of a dragoon regiment, and he, “having shown his work courageously, received his old rank.” In October of the same year, he was returned to command of a division, which, however, was not composed of the regiments he commanded under Golovchin. Arriving in December from Smolensk to the army, R.'s division spent the winter in apartments in Bogodukhov and surrounding areas; when going beyond the river Vorskla at the beginning of 1709, it formed the rearguard of the army. At the head of his infantry regiments, R. took part in the Battle of Poltava and on August 7, 1709 he was awarded the “Rider-bow” to St. Apostle Andrew and villages. After Poltava, R.'s division became part of Sheremetev's army, sent by Peter to Riga. Having set out on July 15 (1709) from Little Russia, R. arrived in Disna on September 27, where his regiments were boarded on ships and continued their journey by water to Druya-Dinaburg. Having learned in Druya from the townsfolk that the Swedes were destroying food supplies in Courland and driving cattle to Riga, R., “to comply with the taking of provisions into our army,” he sent Bora, who had arrived at that time to Dinaburg, with 18 dragoon regiments, to Courland, with orders to stand at the Dvina, not reaching 6 miles to Novaya Rizhsky. On October 28, R. approached Riga and, having stationed himself in Jungferhof, Kobor and Kirchholm, immediately began to strengthen these points, for which 6,000 people were sent to help him from the remaining two divisions of Sheremetev’s army.
Actions against Riga, for the opening of which Peter himself arrived on November 9, this year were limited, however, to one bombing. The strength of the Riga garrison, abundantly supplied with artillery and other supplies, and the late season forced the Russians to abandon the accelerated attack and switch to a blockade.
Sheremetev's troops retreated to Courland for winter quarters. A detachment of 6,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry, under the general command of Repnin, was left near Riga - “for the rest of people, and even more so for the winter.”
R. stood near the city all winter, preventing the delivery of supplies and supporting the bombardment. In December, at half the distance between Riga and Dynamunde, he built a trench for shelling the river; two batteries are placed on the shore; The fortifications of Koborshants and the profile of some other fortifications were strengthened. There were no military clashes: the commandant of Riga, Count Stromberg, despite the fact that the garrison was twice as strong as R.'s corps, remained completely passive and did not even make sorties.
On March 11 (1710) Sheremetev returned to Riga. On April 3, as soon as the Dvina opened, the troops were raised from winter quarters and a close blockade of the city was begun. The plague, which soon broke out in the Russian camp, forced action against the fortress to be accelerated, especially since information was received about the movement of the Swedes to the rescue of Riga. After ten days of intensive bombardment, Riga capitulated (July 1), and R. was the first to enter the city, replacing the Swedish guards with his troops.
Upon the departure of Sheremetev, who was appointed to Poland by decree on July 23, the chief command in Riga passed to R. and an inventory of weapons, the fight against the epidemic that was still raging in the troops) - R., as Governor-General, was also in charge of the civil administration of Livonia until October 17, when this part, by decree of Peter, was transferred to the Privy Councilor Baron Levenvold.
On February 2, 1711, R.'s division set out from Riga on the Prut campaign. He himself left on February 6 and, having caught up with the regiments on the march, led them to Minsk, where he stood until March 8. Continuing further, through Polonnoye, R. in Soroki joined the main forces and made the further campaign in the rearguard. As a result, he did not have to take part in hostilities. On July 23, his troops crossed the Prut back and through Selishche - Shugol on August 13 arrived in Mezhibuzhye, from where they were sent to Ostrog to rest. In September, R. was entrusted with accepting recruits in Smolensk; On the 12th of the same month, by decree, he set out with troops to Kyiv, where he arrived, through Polonnoye, on September 27th.
In January 1712, R. with 14 regiments, the best in the Russian army after the guard, was sent to Pomerania. After a short rest in the Smolensk province, R. arrived in Minsk in March and, having allocated 2 regiments to Riga, continued the march to Gusen, and from there, in January 1713, he marched to Friedrichstadt and occupied it on January 30 after a hot battle. Subsequently, R. took part in actions against the city of Tonang and the siege of Stettin, where on August 19 he repelled a strong attack aimed at his redoubts, and on September 2, during the assault on the Stern-trench, he made a successful false alarm for his part. After the capture of Stettin, he returned to winter quarters in the Smolensk province, leaving a detachment of 6,000 in Pomerania under the command of General Yakovlev. He did not take an active part in the campaign of 1714, since his division, which moved to the outskirts of Riga in June, formed the strategic reserve of the army.
R.'s further participation in the Great Northern War seems little noticeable. After spending the winter of 1715 in St. Petersburg, where he went to the wedding of the prince-papa (Zotov), R. was again sent to Pomerania in July, with 30 battalions and 3 dragoon regiments. Following through Grodno and Tarun, R. arrived in Gdansk, from where in February 1716 he went to Mecklenburg “to feed himself.” On March 18, he was ordered to strengthen the allied forces blockading Wismar. But Wismar capitulated before R.'s approach, and although, according to the capitulation, the garrison was supposed to consist of troops from all the allied powers, the Russians were not allowed into the city. Not wanting to bring the matter “to reconciliation,” R. with all his troops retreated to the Principality of Strelitz. In the same year, he took part in equipping the ships in Rostock and on October 17, he personally led the transport of infantry and cavalry to Warnemünd, sailing on the ship "Diana" granted to him by Peter. In December, R. was again sent to Rostock to transfer the transport ships there to the general. Buturlin. R. spent 1717 in Poland, occupying the voivodeships of Chelmin, Plock, Mazovia and Lublin with his troops. In 1718, due to Gdansk’s failure to fulfill its obligations to arm ships and pay subsidies, R. was sent there with the corps to demand “satisfaction.” The whole of 1718 and part of 1719 was spent on fulfilling this order and collecting indemnities, which gave good results: already on January 19, 1719, R. sent 140,000 efimks to St. Petersburg. In March, R.'s troops set out on a return campaign - to Riga, where R. was supposed to replace Prince P. A. Golitsyn, who was transferred to Kyiv, as governor-general.
R. managed to successfully cope with the difficult task of governing a recently conquered country, a task all the more difficult because the numerous privileges of the townspeople and nobility made them completely “inaccessible to the governorate and the Goff-Gericht.” Thanks to the “truthful support of pleasure” that he placed as the basis of his administration, R. established the kindest relations between the troops and the residents and managed to smooth out the tensions that existed before him. Having assessed his activities, Peter gradually expanded the powers of the Livonia Governor-General. By decree of February 24, 1720, all matters “that pertain to the protection of the city of Riga, that is, in the construction and repair of the fortification, in the maintenance of the garrison, artillery, armory yards, ammunition and stores, servants and fortification, and also city infantry." Somewhat later, control over city revenues and expenses and supervision over the election of elected officials was transferred to him. R. put a lot of work into the development of Riga trade, the surest path to which he saw in equipping a large merchant fleet. For this purpose, he founded a shipyard in Riga and worked hard to connect Peipus with the Aa River.
On January 20, 1724, R. was appointed president of the Military College, in place of Menshikov, who was removed from business by Peter. Arriving in St. Petersburg in February, R. took a close part in the struggle of the court parties, which became especially aggravated at this time due to the sharp deterioration in the health of the Tsar, which put the question of succession to the throne on the line. Together with Golitsyn, Dolgoruky and one of the Apraksins, R. stood for declaring the Grand Duke heir, with the appointment of the Tsarina as ruler, subject to the involvement of the Senate in immediate participation in governing the country during the regency; Menshikov, Tolstoy and Admiral Apraksin insisted on the proclamation of Catherine. Having fewer supporters at the Court than the Golitsyn party, Menshikov was strong with the support of the guard, “whose decision served as law.” Realizing the inequality of the struggle under these conditions and to a certain extent, considering it beneficial for himself to weaken the strong influence at the Golitsyn Court, R., after heated debates, after the death of Peter, at a decisive moment he went over to the side of Menshikov. His example captivated others, and Catherine’s proclamation as Empress took place without complications. The significance of R.'s act was appreciated by the Empress, and he was showered with awards: on March 10, he was awarded a gold medal worth 50 red rubles; On May 7, the day of coronation, he was promoted to field marshal general, retaining the post of president of the Military College and Livonia governor general; On May 21 he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. But R.’s rise was not part of the calculations of Menshikov, who, upon Catherine’s accession to the throne, received a decisive vote at the Court; On March 18, 1725, he managed to obtain a decree from the Empress R. - to temporarily surrender the post of President of the Military College to Menshikov and go to Riga to inspect stores, artillery and ammunition, replenish supplies and build a new trench on the banks of the Dvina. R. never returned from this business trip. The disease from which he had been suffering for 3 years worsened, and on June 3, 1726, Repnin passed away. He was buried in Riga, in the Alekseevskaya Church.
Portraits:
1.
Prince Repnin Nikita Ivanovich
Sources:
Bantysh-Kamensky. Biographies of Russian generalissimos, St. Petersburg. 1840
Ustryalov. History of the reign of Peter the Great
Ustryalov Boyar Shein's Campaign to Azov, ed. Ruban in 1773
Journal or daily notes of Peter the Great, parts I-II. St. Petersburg 1770
Golikov. Acts of Peter the Great.
Bychkov A. Letters and papers of Peter the Great. Volume I-III
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Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin(1668 - July 3 (July 14) 1726, Riga) - Russian military leader and statesman, Field Marshal General (1724), participant in the Northern War.
The first Governor-General of the Riga Governorate (from 1719 until his death), the second (after A.D. Menshikov) President of the Military Collegium (1724-26).
early years
Born into the family of a boyar, Novgorod and Tambov governor, head of the Siberian order, Ivan Borisovich Repnin (d. 1697) and his wife Evdokia Nikiforovna Pleshcheeva (d. 1695). At the age of 16, he began his court service as a sleeper and entered the close circle of those close to the young Tsar Peter Alekseevich. In 1685, during the establishment of the amusing company, he was awarded its lieutenant. During the rebellion of 1689, he was one of the first to arrive at the Trinity Monastery to protect Tsar Peter from Sophia’s supporters.
With the rank of semi-colonel of the Preobrazhensky regiment, he participated in the Kozhukhov maneuvers (1694), and in 1695 he received baptism of fire near Azov, while in main apartment as adjutant general to General A. M. Golovin. He made the second Azov campaign in 1696 in the detachment of Admiral General F. Lefort as captain of a naval company.
In 1698, he was named major general and contributed to the rapid pacification of the Streltsy revolt in Moscow, managing to occupy the Resurrection Monastery in a timely manner.
At the head of the "division"
In 1699, Repnin was instructed to form 10 soldier regiments in Kazan; recruitment in the lower cities was carried out by Repnin personally. Formation was completed in next year, and 8 newly recruited regiments made up the “third generalship” of the active army under the command of Repnin (in addition, after the death of General P. Gordon, the Butyrsky regiment was subordinate to him).
Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Pyotr Alekseevich... granted his closest steward, the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Prince Nikita Ivanovich Repnin, for his many services and zeal, and instructed him to be a general and in charge of the elected regiment of General Pyotr Ivanovich Gordon.P. O. Bobrovsky. History of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment. Volume 1. - St. Petersburg. 1900.
In October 1700, Repnin set out with his “division” near Narva, but, having learned on the march near the lake. Samro about the defeat of the Russians, turned back and hastily retreated to the river. Luga, where he took over the retreating remnants of the army and, together with them, returned to Novgorod, where, by order of Peter, he began to put the disorganized Russian regiments in order. He remained in Novgorod throughout the winter of 1700/01, and for some time he served as governor in place of the captured Major General I. Yu. Trubetskoy.
In 1701, at the head of a 20,000-strong corps, he was sent to Livonia to assist the Saxon field marshal Steinau, did not help the allies in any way in the unfortunate battle on the Dvina on July 8/19, 1701, after which he returned to Russia in mid-August. Steinau left the following review of the Russian corps:
| Russian troops arrived here, numbering about 20,000. People are generally good, no more than 50 people will have to be rejected; They have good Mastricht and Lüttich guns, and some regiments have swords instead of bayonets. They are doing so well that there is not a single complaint against them, they work diligently and quickly, unquestioningly carry out all orders. It is especially commendable that with the whole army there is not a single woman and not a single dog; In the military council, the Moscow general complained strongly and asked that the wives of the Saxon musketeers be prohibited from going to the Russian camp in the morning and evening and selling vodka, because through this his people become accustomed to drunkenness and all sorts of rowdy behavior. General Repnin is a man of about forty; he doesn’t know much about war, but he loves to learn and is very respectful: the colonels are all Germans, old, incapable people, and the rest of the officers are inexperienced... |
Subsequently, A.I. Repnin participated in the Russian conquest of Ingria and the Baltic states, and was the second commanding general during the capture of Noteburg (1702), Nyenskans (1703), Narva (1704) and Mitava (1705). In January 1706, together with Field Marshal-Lieutenant G.B. Ogilvy, he was blocked by the Swedish king Charles XII in Grodno, but managed to break out and join the main forces, making the transition from Grodno through Brest and Volyn to Kyiv.
North War ,
Prut campaign
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Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin ( (1668 ) - July 3 (July 14), Riga) - Russian military leader and statesman, Field Marshal General (1724), participant in the Northern War.
early years
Born into the family of a boyar, Novgorod and Tambov governor, head of the Siberian order, Ivan Borisovich Repnin (d. 1697) and his wife Evdokia Nikiforovna Pleshcheeva (d. 1695). At the age of 16, he began his court service as a sleeper and entered the close circle of those close to the young Tsar Peter Alekseevich. In 1685, during the establishment of the amusing company, he was awarded its lieutenant. During the rebellion of 1689, he was one of the first to arrive at the Trinity Monastery to protect Tsar Peter from supporters of Sophia.
At the head of the "division"
The Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich... granted his neighbor, the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Prince Nikita Ivanovich Repnin, for his many services and zeal, indicated that he should be a general and in charge of the elected regiment of General Peter Ivanovich Gordon.
P. O. Bobrovsky. History of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment. Volume 1. - St. Petersburg. 1900.
In October 1700, Repnin set out with his “division” near Narva, but, having learned on the march near the lake. Samro about the defeat of the Russians, turned back and hastily retreated to the river. Luga, where he took over the retreating remnants of the army and, together with them, returned to Novgorod, where - by order of Peter - he began to put the disorganized Russian regiments in order. He remained in Novgorod throughout the winter of 1700/01, and for some time he served as governor instead of Major General I. Yu. Trubetskoy, who was captured.
| Russian troops arrived here, numbering about 20,000. People are generally good, no more than 50 people will have to be rejected; They have good Mastricht and Lüttich guns, and some regiments have swords instead of bayonets. They are doing so well that there is not a single complaint against them, they work diligently and quickly, unquestioningly carry out all orders. It is especially commendable that with the whole army there is not a single woman and not a single dog; In the military council, the Moscow general complained strongly and asked that the wives of the Saxon musketeers be prohibited from going to the Russian camp in the morning and evening and selling vodka, because through this his people become accustomed to drunkenness and all sorts of rowdy behavior. General Repnin is a man of about forty; he doesn’t know much about war, but he loves to learn and is very respectful: the colonels are all Germans, old, incapable people, and the rest of the officers are inexperienced... |
Subsequently, A.I. Repnin participated in the Russian conquest of Ingria and the Baltic states, and was the second commanding general during the capture of Noteburg (1702), Nyenskans (1703), Narva (1704) and Mitava (1705). In January 1706, together with Field Marshal-Lieutenant G.B. Ogilvy, he was blocked by the Swedish king Charles XII in Grodno, but managed to break out and join the main forces, making the transition from Grodno through Brest and Volyn to Kyiv.
In January 1707, he submitted a report to Peter I, in one of the points he asked the tsar to give the infantry regiments names by city (instead of the custom of bearing the names of their colonels, who changed frequently), as had already been done in the dragoon regiments. Only in March 1708 was this proposal accepted by Peter.
In the fall of 1709, he led his regiments to the Baltic States, where during the siege of Riga he was again the second commander, after B.P. Sheremetev, often replacing him. When Riga was captured in 1710, he was the first to enter the city, replacing the Swedish guards with his troops, and was appointed governor of Riga. Until October 17, he was also in charge of the civil administration of Livonia. In 1711, during the Prut campaign, he commanded the vanguard.
In 1712–13, he again served as the second, after A.D. Menshikov, chief of troops in Pomerania, participated in the capture of Toningen and Stettin (1713), and received the Order of the Elephant from the Danish king. In 1715 he defended the coast of Courland from the Swedes. From 1719 he was governor-general of the Riga province, and from 1724 he combined this service with the duties of president of the Military Collegium.
Governance of Livonia
Prince Repnin managed to smooth out the tensions that existed before him and successfully cope with the difficult task of governing a recently conquered country, a task all the more difficult since the numerous privileges of the townspeople and nobility made them completely “ inaccessible to the government and Gough-Gericht».
Having assessed the activities of Anikita Repnin, Peter the Great gradually expanded the powers of the Governor-General. By decree of February 24, 1720, all affairs were transferred to Repnin’s jurisdiction, “ who belong to the security of the city of Riga" Somewhat later, he was given control of city revenues and expenditures and oversight of the election of elected officials. Repnin put a lot of work into developing Riga trade, the surest path to which he saw in equipping a large merchant fleet. For this purpose, he founded a shipyard in Riga and worked hard to connect Peipus with a canal to the Aa River.
Fight for the throne
In St. Petersburg, Repnin was drawn into the struggle of the court parties, which became especially aggravated due to the deterioration of the tsar’s health and the uncertainty of the issue of succession to the throne. After the death of Peter I on January 28, 1725, Repnin, like other representatives of the noble boyars, spoke out in favor of the accession of Peter II, but then supported Menshikov’s opinion on the transfer of the crown to Catherine I. On the occasion of her accession, he was showered with favors and awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.
Menshikov, who feared Repnin’s excessive rise, took away the leadership of the Military Collegium from him and ensured his return to Riga to inspect stores, artillery and ammunition, replenish supplies and build a new trench on the banks of the Dvina. Repnin never returned from this business trip, because he died that same year. He was buried in the Alekseevskaya Church.
Family
Anikita (Nikita) Repnin was married twice:
- princess wife Praskovya Mikhailovna Lykova(d. 1685), daughter of the boyar Prince M.I. Lykov (1640-1701), the last of this kind.
- Anna Anikitichna, married 1st marriage to Prince B.F. Khovansky, 2nd marriage to Prince F.P. Khovansky.
- Ivan Anikitich (1685-1726), colonel of the Yaroslavl infantry regiment; he has a son Peter
- princess wife Praskovya Dmitrievna Golitsyna(167. -1708), daughter of the nearby steward of Prince D. A. Golitsyn and A. I. Pozharskaya.
- Vasily Nikitich (about 1696-1748), general-in-chief, general-feldtzeichmeister; his son Nikolai, Field Marshal, the last of the Repnins in his direct line.
- Ivan Nikitich (1696-1737), colonel.
- Yuri Nikitich (1701-1744), lieutenant general.
- Sergey Nikitich
In 1717, Prince Repnin asked Tsar Peter for permission, as an exception, to return his sons from Germany, where they had been sent to study military affairs, but instead became entangled in debt.
A.I. Repnin also had illegitimate children, who at birth bore the surname Anikitin, and from 1732 received the right to be called Repninsky:
- Andrey Nikitich (d. 1739)
- Nikolai Anikitich, was an aide-de-camp under Prince Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
- Ekaterina Nikitichna (d. 1739)
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Notes
Sources
- Maslovsky S. D. Repnin, Anikita Ivanovich // Russian Biographical Dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. -M., 1896-1918.
- Bantysh-Kamensky, D. N. 5th General Field Marshal Prince Nikita Ivanovich Repnin // . - M.: Culture, 1991. - 620 p. - ISBN 5-7158-0002-1.
Literature
- Rudakov V. E. ,. Repnins // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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An excerpt characterizing Repnin, Anikita Ivanovich
The North fell silent, and I thought the story was over. In his sad gray eyes There was such a deep, naked melancholy splashing around that I finally understood how difficult it must have been to live, refusing help to loved ones, bright and beautiful people, seeing them off as they went to certain death, and knowing how easy it was to save them by just extending hand... And how wrong, in my opinion, was their unwritten “truth” about not interfering in Earthly affairs until (finally, someday!..) the “right” time comes... which could never happen and not come...“Man is still a weak-willed creature, Isidora...” Sever suddenly spoke quietly again. “Unfortunately, there is more self-interest and envy in him than he can handle.” People do not yet want to follow the Pure and Light - this hurts their “pride” and makes them very angry, since they are too different from the person “usual” to them. And the Thinking Dark Ones, knowing full well and using this, always easily directed people to first overthrow and destroy the “new” Gods, quenching the “thirst” for the collapse of the beautiful and light. And then, having been sufficiently disgraced, they returned the same new “gods” to the crowd, like the Great Martyrs, destroyed “by mistake”... Christ, even crucified, remained too distant for people... And too pure... Therefore, after death people stained him with such cruelty, without pity or embarrassment, making him like themselves. Thus, out of the ardent Warrior, only the cowardly God remained in people’s memory, calling to substitute left cheek, if they hit you on the right.... And from it great love- all that remains is a pathetic laughingstock, pelted with stones... a wonderful pure girl who has turned into a “forgiven” by Christ, a “fallen” woman who has risen from the mud... People are still stupid and evil Isidora... Don’t give yourself up for them! After all, even after crucifying Christ, all these years they cannot calm down, destroying His Name. Don’t give yourself up for them Isidora!
– But do you think ALL people are stupid and evil?.. There are a lot of wonderful people on Earth, North! And not all of them need a “defeated” God, believe me! Look at me - can't you see? I would need the living Christ, just like his wondrous Love - Magdalene...
North smiled.
- Because you are From-and-to-ra... You pray to other gods. And they hardly need to pray! They are always with you and they cannot leave you. Your gods are Good and Love, Light and Knowledge, and Pure primordial Power. These are the Gods of Wisdom, and this is what we “pray” to. People don't recognize them yet. For now, they need something else... People need someone to whom they can complain when they feel bad; who can they blame when bad luck; who can they ask for when they want something; who can forgive them when they “sin”... This is what man needs for now... And a lot of time will pass until man will need a God who would do everything for him, and even more so - I would forgive everything... It’s too convenient to be able to refuse, Isidora... A person is not yet ready to do anything on his own.
“Show it to me, Sever...” I asked in a whisper. - Show me what he was like.
The air around me shook soft waves, sparkling and thickening, as if a mysterious invisible door was opening. And then I saw them!.. In a spacious stone cave, two wonderful blond children were happily talking about something, sitting by a small natural stone fountain. The world around them seemed happy and sunny, absorbing the quiet joy flowing from their wonderful souls... The boy was proud, tall and very slender for his thirteen years. A huge raged inside him inner strength, but at the same time, it was soft and very pleasant. He looked at the world cheerfully and... very wisely, as if he was at least a hundred years old inside. At times his radiant blue eyes flashed, piercing with steel gray, but then they sparkled with joy again, admiring their charming, laughing interlocutor... And the girl really was unusually pretty. She resembled a pure angel who had just descended from heaven. Pressed to her chest, she held an old, thick book. And apparently she was never going to let her go. Wavy, very long golden hair was tied with a blue silk ribbon, which successfully set off the color of her laughing, sky-blue eyes. Little dimples on her pink cheeks made her sweet and cheerful, like a clear May morning... The children were dressed in long, snow-white, identical clothes, belted with gold belts and looked like a wonderful couple, emerging from a beautiful old painting... They fit together wonderfully each other, complementing with something and connecting what was missing for everyone, creating one whole that was impossible to break... These were Jesus and Magdalene, the future Savior of Humanity and his only and great future Love.
– But they are completely different! – I exclaimed, sincerely surprised. – Not at all the way they are portrayed! Aren't they Jews?!
“But they never were,” Sever shrugged. – These are the people who needed power, very “smartly” decided to become “children of the murdered God”, thereby making the most dangerous people on Earth “CHOSEN”. Jesus was the son of the White Magus and our disciple, the Sorceress Mary. They gave birth to him to bring his amazing Soul to Earth.
I stared at Sever in shock...
– What about the Jew Mary and Joseph?! What about the same Nazareth?..
– The Jewish Mary, Isidore, and Joseph were never near Jesus. There was a Witch Mary who, right before his birth, went here to Meteora so that he would be born here, among the Magi and Witches. But she was late... Jesus was born a week earlier, AT DAWN, in a small house on the river bank. And his birth was accompanied by the Bright Morning Star. Our Magi hurried to him to see him and protect him. And his Teacher and Father came to worship the wonderful soul of his newborn son. The Magi called him to Earth to stop the “plague”, which, like a spider, had been weaving its black webs here for a long time. And it was the Magi who sent Christ to the Jews. But Jesus himself was never a Jew. The Magi hoped that he would have enough strength to stop the “black” Evil that was already spreading across the Earth. But Jesus lost, underestimating the “great weaknesses” of man... The earth was not ready for His coming, just as it is not ready for the coming of the LEADERS, Isidore. And we are not ready to help her. When will he come right time– we will open the Doors. And perhaps Light will triumph on Earth. But this won’t happen for a very long time... Forgive me.
I was blown away.
– So what – you will just calmly watch how the best are destroyed?!.. But this is also your world, North! How can you just leave him to die? The easiest thing is to pick up and leave. Or just WAIT. But won't such betrayal haunt you for the rest of your life? long life?.. Can you live somewhere peacefully without thinking about all the dead?!.. I don’t believe in a beautiful future built on the deaths of others, North! This is scary. The world will never be the same if we don't help it now! Please, help me North...
I was ready to fall to my knees if it could help in any way. But, I saw that nothing would change from this... These people lived in their Truth, very isolated and alien. I couldn’t understand how they weren’t ashamed to stand aside when the best and most talented children on earth were burning in the thousands, cursing their gift and dying in terrible pain.... My hands gave up - I couldn’t fight alone. He was right - I didn't have enough strength.
– How can you accept this, North!.. How can we allow the “black” to take over our beautiful Earth?.. Don’t your Great Teachers see what is happening? How can you believe in something bright after everything, North?!..
– The earth will suffer for a very long time and terribly, Isidora... Until it comes to the very edge of destruction. And only the best will always die for it. And then the time for choice will come... And only the people themselves will be able to decide whether they have enough strength to survive. We will just show the way.
– Are you sure that there will be someone to tell, Sever? Perhaps those who remain will no longer care...
- Oh, no, Isidora! Man is unusually strong in his survival. You can't even imagine how strong he is! AND real man never gives up... Even if he is left alone. It has always been this way. And it will always be like this. The power of Love and the power of Struggle are very strong on Earth, even if people do not understand this yet. And here there will always be someone who will lead the rest. The only main thing is that this Leader does not turn out to be “black”... From his very birth, a person is looking for a goal. And it depends only on him whether he will find it himself or will be the one to whom this goal will be given. People must learn to think, Isidora. In the meantime, unfortunately, many are satisfied with what others think for them. And while this continues, the Earth will still lose its best sons and daughters, who will pay for the ignorance of all the “led”. That's why I won't help you, Isidora. And none of us will. The time has not yet come for everything to be at stake. If we die now, fighting for a handful of Enlightened Ones, even if the time has already come for them to KNOW, then after that there will be no one else to “know”... I see, I didn’t convince you,” a slight smile touched Sever’s lips. - Yes, you wouldn’t be yourself if you convinced... But I ask you only one thing - leave, Isidora! This is not your time, and this is not your world!
I felt incredibly sad... I realized that I had lost here too. Now everything depended only on my conscience - whether I would agree to leave, or whether I would fight, knowing that there was no hope of victory...
– Well, North, I’ll stay... I may not be as wise as you and your Great ancestors... but I think if they really were so “Great”, you would help us, and they would forgive you. Well, if not, then perhaps they are not so “great”!..
Bitterness spoke through my lips, not allowing me to think soberly... I couldn’t admit the thought that there was no one to expect help from... Well, right here there were people who were able to help, just by extending their hand. But they didn't want to. They “defended” themselves with lofty goals, refusing to interfere... They were WISE... Well, I just listened to my heart. I wanted to save my loved ones, I wanted to help others not to lose the people dear to them. I wanted to destroy Evil... Perhaps, in the “wise” understanding, I was just a “child”. Perhaps she’s not mature enough. But even if I lived a thousand years, I would never be able to watch calmly as an innocent, beautiful person dies at the hands of someone’s brutal hands!..
– Do you want to see the real Meteora, Isidora? Most likely, you will never have such an opportunity again,” Sever said sadly.
– May I ask what the word meteora means?
- Oh, it was a long time ago when they named him... Now it doesn’t matter anymore. But once upon a time it sounded a little different. This meant - WE-TE-U-RA, which meant - close to light and knowledge, storing them and living by them. But then too many “ignorant people” began to look for us. And the name changed. Many did not hear its sound, and many did not care at all. They did not understand that even by setting foot here, they were already in contact with FAITH. That she met them already at the very threshold, starting with their name and understanding it... I know, this is not your speech, and it’s probably difficult for you to understand it, Isidora. Although your name is also one of those... It is significant.
– You forgot that language is not important to me, Sever. “I feel and see him,” I smiled.
- Forgive me, I know... I forgot who you are. Do you want to see what is given only to those who know, Isidora? You won't have another opportunity, you won't come back here again.
I just nodded, trying to hold back the angry, bitter tears that were ready to pour down my cheeks. The hope of being with them, of receiving their strong, friendly support was dying before I even had time to properly wake up. I was left alone. Without learning something very important to me... And almost defenseless, against a strong and terrible man, with a formidable name - Caraffa...
But the decision was made, and I was not going to back down. Otherwise, what was our Life worth if we had to live betraying ourselves? Suddenly, I completely calmed down - everything finally fell into place, there was nothing more to hope for. I could only rely on myself. And this is exactly what we should have started from. And what the end will be - I forced myself not to think about it anymore.
Anikita Repnin. Engraving early XIX century
Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin(1668 (1668) - July 3 (July 14) 1726, Riga) - Russian field marshal general during the Great Northern War, was responsible for the capture of Riga in 1710 and was the governor of the Livonia province from 1719 until his death.
Biography
Anikita came from a noble family statesman era of Alexei Mikhailovich Ivan Borisovich Repnin, was an ally of Peter the Great, with whom he grew up. During the overthrow of Princess Sophia Alekseevna, Repnin protected Peter in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, and after that he participated in the Azov campaigns, during which he was raised to the rank of general.
Participated in all the main battles of the Great Northern War. Defeated by Charles XII at Golovchin, he was demoted to the ranks of soldiers, but during the Battle of Lesnaya he was forgiven and returned to the favor of Peter I and the rank of general. At Poltava he commanded the center of the army and was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
From Ukraine Repnin was transferred to the Baltic states. When Riga was captured in 1710, he was the first to enter the city and was appointed governor-general of Riga.
In 1711, during the Prut campaign, he commanded the vanguard.
Participated in the siege of Stettin and the capture of Friedrichstadt fortifications. In 1715 he defended the coast of Courland. From 1719 he was governor-general of Livonia, and from 1724 he combined this service with the duties of president of the Military Collegium. On May 7, 1724, he was promoted to field marshal general on the occasion of the coronation of Catherine I. After the death of Peter I, he was a supporter of the accession of Peter II and was removed by A.D. Menshikov to Riga. In 1724, he temporarily replaced A.D. Menshikov, who had fallen into disgrace, as Minister of War. Awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky on May 21, 1725, the day of its establishment.
President of the Military Collegium: A. D. Menshikov | A. I. Repnin | M. M. Golitsyn | V. V. Dolgorukov | B. H. Minich | N. Yu. Trubetskoy | Z. G. Chernyshev | G. A. Potemkin | N. I. Saltykov |
Minister of War: S. K. Vyazmitinov | A. A. Arakcheev | M. B. Barclay de Tolly | A. I. Gorchakov | P. P. Konovnitsyn | P. I. Meller-Zakomelsky | A. I. Tatishchev | A. I. Chernyshev | V. A. Dolgorukov | N. O. Sukhozanet | D. A. Milyutin | P. S. Vannovsky | A. N. Kuropatkin | V.V. Sakharov | A. F. Roediger | V. A. Sukhomlinov | A. A. Polivanov | D. S. Shuvaev | M. A. Belyaev |
Minister of War and Navy (Provisional Government): A. I. Guchkov | A. F. Kerensky | A. I. Verkhovsky |
Minister of War and Navy (Provisional All-Russian Government): A. V. Kolchak
Committee of People's Commissars for Military and Naval Affairs of the RSFSR: P. E. Dybenko | V. A. Antonov | N.V. Krylenko | People's Commissar of Military Marines of the RSFSR: N. I. Podvoisky |
People's Commissar of Military Affairs/People's Commissar of Defense/Minister of Defense of the USSR: L. D. Trotsky | M. V. Frunze | K. E. Voroshilov | S.K. Timoshenko | J.V. Stalin | N. A. Bulganin | A. M. Vasilevsky | G. K. Zhukov | R. Ya. Malinovsky | A. A. Grechko | D. F. Ustinov | S. L. Sokolov | D. T. Yazov | M. A. Moiseev | E. I. Shaposhnikov |
Russian Defense Minister: K. I. Kobets | B. N. Yeltsin | P. S. Grachev | I. N. Rodionov | I. D. Sergeev | S. B. Ivanov | A. E. Serdyukov |
Biography
The eldest of the grandchildren of Field Marshal Prince Anikita Ivanovich: the son of Colonel Ivan Nikitich and Marfa Ivanovna, the daughter of Prince Ya. I. Lobanov from his marriage to the daughter of Princess E. P. Urusova.
This woman, so well-behaved and who loved her husband so much, was inflamed with passion for Prince Peter Repnin and received a very noticeable disgust for her husband. She thought that she could not be happy without a confidante, and I seemed to her the most reliable person; she showed me all the letters she received from her lover; I kept her secret very faithfully, with minute precision and caution. She saw the prince in a very big secret.
Appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain on July 4, 1760. Lieutenant General from August 17, 1760. On January 23, 1763 he was recalled from Spain. From January 1, 1765 - Chief of the Horse. He retired with the rank of general-in-chief on April 21, 1773. Member of the Masonic Lodge.
His house on the corner of Mokhovaya and Nikitskaya streets was purchased for Moscow University. During 1755-1769 was the owner of the Lipsky state iron factories, as well as the Borinsky and Kozminsky factories, which after five years of his management were declared unprofitable, and in 1769 were taken back to the treasury. Repnin was paid compensation of 100 thousand rubles for them. In 1776 he was the owner of a paper mill.
According to the spiritual will, found in the papers of State Councilor Verderevsky in 1780, P. I. Repnin left Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky in favor of his cousin own house and up to one and a half thousand peasants. Catherine II, recognizing the will as a fake, transferred the case to the College of Justice, which resolved the dispute in favor of another cousin, Prince N.V. Repnin. The latter refused the inheritance, leaving behind only the family estate.
Pyotr Ivanovich Repnin was married to Countess Marfa Ivanovna Golovkina (1707-79), daughter of Count Ivan Gavrilovich. There were no children in the marriage. The illegitimate son of Prince Repnin is the poet Ivan Pnin. It has been suggested that another illegitimate son was the artist Fyodor Rokotov.
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Excerpt characterizing Repnin, Pyotr Ivanovich
I informed him about this. Please instruct Leppich to pay careful attention to the place where he descends for the first time, so as not to make a mistake and not fall into the hands of the enemy. It is necessary that he coordinate his movements with the movements of the commander-in-chief.]Returning home from Vorontsov and driving along Bolotnaya Square, Pierre saw a crowd at Lobnoye Mesto, stopped and got off the droshky. It was the execution of a French chef accused of espionage. The execution had just ended, and the executioner was untying a pitifully moaning fat man with red sideburns, blue stockings and a green camisole from the mare. Another criminal, thin and pale, stood right there. Both, judging by their faces, were French. With a frightened, painful look, similar to that of the thin Frenchman, Pierre pushed through the crowd.
- What is this? Who? For what? - he asked. But the attention of the crowd - officials, townspeople, merchants, men, women in cloaks and fur coats - was so greedily focused on what was happening at Lobnoye Mesto that no one answered him. The fat man stood up, frowning, shrugged his shoulders and, obviously wanting to express firmness, began to put on his doublet without looking around him; but suddenly his lips trembled, and he began to cry, angry with himself, as adult sanguine people cry. The crowd spoke loudly, as it seemed to Pierre, in order to drown out the feeling of pity within itself.
- Someone’s princely cook...
“Well, monsieur, it’s clear that Russian jelly sauce has set the Frenchman on edge... it’s set his teeth on edge,” said the wizened clerk standing next to Pierre, while the Frenchman began to cry. The clerk looked around him, apparently expecting an assessment of his joke. Some laughed, some continued to look in fear at the executioner, who was undressing another.
Pierre sniffed, wrinkled his nose, and quickly turned around and walked back to the droshky, never ceasing to mutter something to himself as he walked and sat down. As he continued on the road, he shuddered several times and screamed so loudly that the coachman asked him:
- What do you order?
-Where are you going? - Pierre shouted at the coachman who was leaving for Lubyanka.
“They ordered me to the commander-in-chief,” answered the coachman.
- Fool! beast! - Pierre shouted, which rarely happened to him, cursing his coachman. - I ordered home; and hurry up, you idiot. “We still have to leave today,” Pierre said to himself.
Pierre, seeing the punished Frenchman and the crowd surrounding the Execution Ground, so finally decided that he could not stay any longer in Moscow and was going to the army that day, that it seemed to him that he either told the coachman about this, or that the coachman himself should have known it .
Arriving home, Pierre gave an order to his coachman Evstafievich, who knew everything, could do everything, and was known throughout Moscow, that he was going to Mozhaisk that night to the army and that his riding horses should be sent there. All this could not be done on the same day, and therefore, according to Evstafievich, Pierre had to postpone his departure until another day in order to give time for the bases to get on the road.
On the 24th it cleared up after the bad weather, and that afternoon Pierre left Moscow. At night, after changing horses in Perkhushkovo, Pierre learned that there had been a big battle that evening. They said that here, in Perkhushkovo, the ground shook from the shots. No one could answer Pierre's questions about who won. (This was the battle of Shevardin on the 24th.) At dawn, Pierre approached Mozhaisk.
All the houses of Mozhaisk were occupied by troops, and at the inn, where Pierre was met by his master and coachman, there was no room in the upper rooms: everything was full of officers.
In Mozhaisk and beyond Mozhaisk, troops stood and marched everywhere. Cossacks, foot and horse soldiers, wagons, boxes, guns were visible from all sides. Pierre was in a hurry to move forward as quickly as possible, and the further he drove away from Moscow and the deeper he plunged into this sea of troops, the more he was overcome by anxiety and a new joyful feeling that he had not yet experienced. It was a feeling similar to the one he experienced in the Slobodsky Palace during the Tsar’s arrival - a feeling of the need to do something and sacrifice something. He now experienced a pleasant feeling of awareness that everything that constitutes people’s happiness, the comforts of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense, which is pleasant to discard in comparison with something... With what, Pierre could not give himself an account, and indeed she tried to understand for himself, for whom and for what he finds it especially charming to sacrifice everything. He was not interested in what he wanted to sacrifice for, but the sacrifice itself constituted a new joyful feeling for him.
