What is a definitive pronoun? Answer to asked question you will learn from the materials in this article. In addition, you will be presented with several examples of sentences and proverbs where this part of speech is used.
General information about pronouns
Before we talk about what attributive pronouns exist in the Russian language, we should give a complete definition of this part of speech.
So, a pronoun is an independent part of speech, which is very often used instead of a numeral, noun, or adverb. It should be especially noted that the pronoun can change in number, gender and cases.
What categories of pronouns exist?
Not everyone knows that the attributive pronoun is one of the categories of this part of speech. In general, there are the following:
Let's look at the last categories in more detail and give examples of how they are used in the Russian language.
Demonstrative pronoun
Such pronouns are sometimes called demonstratives. They indicate what kind of object this or that person has in mind, as well as its location relative to himself or the addressee (this, that, such, such, such, so much, such, this, that).
It should also be noted that demonstrative pronouns are able to express and Additional information about the object (for example, its gender, animation, etc.).
In some cases, such a group is not identified separately. This is due to the fact that the corresponding meaning is expressed not in the form of independent words, but with the help of demonstrative particles that are attached to the noun.
Examples of demonstrative pronouns
Some experts also classify words such as “both” and “both” as demonstrative pronouns. However, this is only if they are used in the meaning of “one and the other”, “both”.
Here's an example:
- Both students successfully passed the session. (Both students successfully passed the session.)
- Both boys received good gifts. (Both boys received good gifts.)
Other examples of demonstrative pronouns:
- This man was very rude to me.
- He who does nothing never makes mistakes.
- I am what I am, and I will not become anyone else.
- He is so smart and handsome.
- Take as many nuts as you like.
As for outdated demonstrative pronouns, they are most often used in historical, religious and classical literature:
- I have never seen such an eccentric before.
- What a naughty guy (irony).
- To this day not a word has been heard from him.
- That day when I wanted to leave home.
Definitive pronoun
This category of pronouns indicates any one object among the others. All, himself, every, most, each, every, everyone, other, other, any - all these are attributive pronouns.
Examples: everyone can walk quickly; anyone can run; all dirty etc.
What features do attributive pronouns have?
We talked about what a definitive pronoun is. But what are their detailed instructions? Let's answer this question in more detail.
However, it should be noted that not everything is so simple. After all, attributive pronouns also have their own variations. For example, the word “any” is often used to mean “one to choose from” or “whatever.” “The most” in some cases indicates the main feature of an object or its limit (for example, at the very end of the year). In addition, such a pronoun is sometimes used to form a superlative adjective or to indicate the highest measure of some characteristic (for example, the greatest happiness comes when you don't expect it).
As for the attributive pronouns “other” and “different”, they are usually considered as antonyms for the words “this” and “that”.
Determinative pronouns: inflected by case, gender and number or not?
The morphological features of such pronouns include their ability to change in three forms, namely gender, case and number.
Here are some examples:
- the only thing and oneself - oneself, the whole - everything;
- genus: sam - sama (self), all - all (all), other - other (other);
- cases: other - different (to another), all - to everything (total), other - different (to another), etc.
However, this rule also has its exceptions. For example, something like “everyone” never changes by case. It can only be declined by number and gender.
Members of the sentence
Which part of the sentence are attributive pronouns? In writing or oral speech This part of speech most often acts as agreed upon definitions. For example: “After the years, more and more years come, and every day brings us happiness.” Also, together with nouns, pronouns can be one part of a sentence. For example: “Every hour she called me just like that” and “The boss himself called me and gave me an order.”
If the attributive pronoun turns into a noun pronoun, then it acts as the subject in the sentence. For example: “Everyone left, only I stayed at home.”
It should also be noted that this part of speech often acts as a particle or adverb. For example: “He still agreed to marry her” and “She is all in her worries.”
Where are attributive pronouns most often used?
This part of speech can be used completely different offers. By the way, proverbs with attributive pronouns are quite popular in the Russian language. Let's give a few examples.
The pronouns “any”, “every” and “most”, indicating one object from the others:
- The worst poverty is considered to be lack of intelligence. The most bad morning- Monday morning. The most best friends- parents.
- Any work is good. Everyone chews, but not everyone lives. For a bad ship, any wind is in its stern.
- Everyone gets what is destined for them. Every cricket knows its nest. Everyone is sighted, but not every doctor.
The pronoun “every”, indicating any object from others:
- Every sandpiper only praises its own swamp.
- Not everyone will understand you like I do.
- Everyone seeks the truth, but not everyone can create it.
- Everyone goes crazy in their own way.
- Every spruce makes noise in its own forest.
The pronoun “whole” (“everything”, “everything”), defining an object as something inseparable:
- Everything is one: both pulp and bread.
- Everything has its time.
- We all walk under God.
The lesson discusses attributive pronouns, their meaning, functions in speech, and features of use.
1. Pronouns included in the category
The attributive pronouns include all, everyone, himself, most, different, other, any, each, all And All.
2. Examples of using attributive pronouns
The barefoot man bowed, looked gloomily at everyone and walked out(A.I. Herzen).
Determinative pronoun in a sentence everyone. Initial form - All.
I would look from heaven to earth and rejoice at everything(A.N. Ostrovsky).
Everything All.
I'll tell you the whole truth(A.S. Griboyedov). All- attributive pronoun. Initial form - all(m.r., units, i.p.).
Anyone can see this if they go to this garden.(M.A. Bulgakov).
In this sentence the attributive pronoun is any.
Yes, I thought so myself at first(A.I. Kuprin). Definitive pronoun herself. Initial form - myself.
The boy remembered that in his pocket were the very matches that his father gave him when he left for the city.(E.L. Schwartz). Definitive pronoun the most, A initial form - most.
I was quenched differently,/I knew other thirsts,/But such a radiant dream/I dream only once(K.D. Balmont). In these sentences we are interested in the words others, others. These are attributive pronouns.
You can’t reason with them through other means: Their natures are rude(N.A. Nekrasov). IN in this case look at the word others- attributive pronoun ( another).
3. The meaning of attributive pronouns
The function of attributive pronouns is to identify an object or objects among other objects.
4. Pronouns all, All And All
Pronoun all varies by gender, number and case and has the same forms as the adjective ( all, all, all, all, all, all etc.). This pronoun, like an adjective, agrees in gender, number and case with the noun on which it depends.
Pronouns All And All look like pronoun forms all, but differ from it in that in a sentence they are not a definition, but a subject or an object, that is, they replace nouns, not adjectives. Although their forms completely coincide with some forms of the pronoun all, they are separate words; V grammar dictionary in the Russian language we will find all three words: all, All And All.
Let's analyze the examples. Everyone arrived on time. What is the pronoun in this sentence: All? Or pronoun form all? Pronoun in a sentence All is the subject, repeats the characteristics of a noun, which means we have the pronoun ALL.
I'm glad to see everyone. Glad to see who? Everyone. We ask a noun question, which means we have a pronoun before us again All.
All things were in their places. Here's the word All depends on the word things, defines it. Things(which?) All, this is a definition, which means we have a form of a pronoun all.
I did everything right. Did(What?) All. This is an addition. So, before us is the pronoun All.
He drank all the milk. Pronoun here All depends on the word milk. What kind of milk? All. This means that this definition behaves like an adjective - a pronoun all.
It must be remembered that the pronoun all gender and number are inconsistent features; this pronoun changes according to gender, number and cases. And for pronouns All And All gender and number are constant signs ( All - plural, A All- always units, cf. R.). They change only by case.
5. Pronouns myself And most
Let's consider the other two cognate pronouns: myself And most. Both of these pronouns change according to gender and number: most, most, most, most; himself, herself, herself, themselves. In addition, these pronouns are inflected. Moreover, the forms of indirect cases (all except the nominative) of pronouns myself And most very similar. They look the same, but differ in emphasis.
The same will happen with the feminine gender.
I.p. the very top, the sister herself
R. p. of the very top, the very sister
D. p. to the very top, to the very sister
V. p. the very top, the very, very sister
etc. the very top, the very sister
P. p. about the very top, about the very sister
Bibliography
- Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
- Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- About defining pronouns ().
- About the categories of pronouns ().
- Determinative pronouns. Presentation ().
Homework
Task No. 1
Decline pronouns himself, the most in the neuter gender.
Task No. 2
Fill in the blanks with pronouns myself, most in the right place grammatical form. Indicate sentences in which the pronoun most serves to form the superlative degree of an adjective.
Working in the dacha was my grandmother's favorite thing. He received a gift from... the director. I... will dig up the beds. They had been friends since... childhood. There was a birch tree growing near the fence. Sasha can do it..., without outside help. The underwater world is perhaps... mysterious.
Task No. 3
Find the attributive pronoun in the text. Justify your choice by answering these questions. What attribute does the pronoun indicate and what question does it answer? How does it change? What word is it associated with?
All the attractiveness of the earth lies in the animals and flora. Both worlds have been studied by us almost perfectly, but contact with them always leaves a feeling of mystery. The dark thickets of forests and the depths of the seas are mysterious and therefore beautiful. The cry of a bird is mysterious, the crack of a tree bud bursting from the warmth. The mystery solved does not kill the excitement caused by the spectacle of the earth. The more we know, the stronger desire know(K. Paustovsky).
Determinative pronouns can be considered very interesting. In their form they are similar to adjectives, sometimes they are called that way - adjective pronouns. But the essence of these words still places them in the group of pronouns. Let's figure out which words are included in the category, what feature unites them, and what rules they follow.
What do attributive pronouns say?
Sometimes we need to single out from many similar objects or concepts one thing that does not have any special characteristics. In this case, it is customary to use demonstrative pronouns, and in particular, “this”. But sometimes we are faced with the opposite situation - we need to generalize certain objects or select one from them, in which the qualities of the entire group are most clearly expressed. This is where attributive pronouns come to the rescue.
They answer the questions “which”, “which”, “which” and “which” and are represented by the following words - “any” and “every”, “any” and “all”, “most”, as well as “other” and "other". The number of attributive pronouns includes the word “himself.”
How to decline attributive pronouns?
The declension rules for pronouns of this category are simple. Almost all of them change according to basic characteristics - numbers, genders, cases. For example, “all” in the singular and “all” in the plural, “all” in the masculine and “all” in the feminine, “all” in nominative case and “all” in the genitive, “everything” in the dative, and so on.
The only exception is the word “everyone”. It cannot be declined by cases - it is transformed only by gender and number.
Groups by value
Determinative pronouns can be divided by meaning. Namely:
- Words indicating a collection of objects or the complete coverage of a certain set - “all”, “all”, “all”.
- Words that speak about any randomly taken object from a set of the same type are “every” and “every”.
- Words that highlight an object or objects that differ in their characteristics from other mentioned objects - “other” and “different”.
- Words that speak about one specific object from a set - “each”, “any”, “most”.
- And finally, the word “self” - it means a certain person or object that independently produces an action.
Let's give a few examples.
- All the trees were covered with green foliage.
- Everyone in this room knew what was going on.
- I like the other jacket.
- New Year's decorations appeared on every street.
- He did this work himself.
Pronoun is an independent non-nominal part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.
The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun is a substitute for in the text.
Places of pronouns by meaning
There are 9 categories of pronouns according to their meaning:
1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in the dialogue ( me, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).
2. Returnable : myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject with the person or thing named by the word itself ( He won't hurt himself. Hopes were not justified).
3. Possessives : . Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).
4. Index fingers : this, that, such, such, so much, this(obsolete), this one(obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.
5. Definitive : himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone(obsolete), all kinds(obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative : who, what, which, which, whose, how many. Interrogative pronouns serve as special question words and indicate persons, objects, characteristics and quantity.
7. Relative : the same as interrogatives, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence ( allied words).
8. Negative : no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one's. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.
9. Undefined : someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the prefix some- or suffixes - this, -either, -something.
Classifications of pronouns according to grammatical features
According to their grammatical characteristics, pronouns correlate with nouns, adjectives and numerals. Pronominal nouns indicate a person or object, pronominal adjectives indicate the attribute of an object, pronominal numerals indicate quantity.
TO pronouns-nouns include: all personal pronouns, reflexive self, interrogative-relative who and what and negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( no one, nothing, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, etc.).
TO pronouns-adjectives include all possessives, all attributives, demonstratives this, that, such, such, this, that, interrogative-relatives which, which, whose and the negative and indefinite derived from them (none, no one, some, some, some, etc.).
TO numeral pronouns pronouns refer to as many as those formed from them ( a few, some and etc.).
Grammatical features of pronouns-nouns
Pronominal nouns include the following pronouns: personal , you, he, she, it, we, you, they, returnable myself, interrogative-relative Who And What and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no one, something, someone, something, anything and etc.).
These pronouns have grammatical features, similar to the grammatical features of nouns, however, they also have certain differences from significant nouns. You can ask them questions: who? or what?, in a sentence these words act primarily as subjects or objects.
Let's consider the morphological features of pronouns-nouns.
Personal pronouns have a morphological feature faces :
1st person: me, we;
2nd person: you you;
3rd person: he, she, it, they.
The morphological feature of the person of pronouns is expressed extra-verbally - by the personal endings of the verb in the present or future tense of the indicative mood and forms of the imperative mood of the verb, i.e. those verbal forms that have the morphological feature of the person:
1st person: I'm going, we're going;
2nd person: you go-eat, go-and-, you go-eat, go-and-those;
3rd person: he, she, it goes, let it go, they go, let it go.
For other pronouns-nouns, as well as for all significant nouns, it is not customary to determine the person.
Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers . There are only one personal pronoun ( me, you, he, she, it) and plural ( we you they) numbers.
Pronouns-nouns have a constant feature sort of . This question, like the question of number, is poorly covered in school textbooks. We will proceed from the following provisions. All personal pronouns have a constant gender marker, which, like significant nouns, is expressed non-verbally.
The pronouns I and you are of the general gender: I, you came - I, you came.
The pronoun he is masculine: he came.
Pronoun she female: she came.
The pronoun is neuter: it came-o.
The plural pronouns we, you, they are not characterized by gender. We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. ( no you - I see you).
All personal pronouns change according to cases , i.e. they are inclined.
IN indirect cases with a preposition n is added to 3rd person pronouns: him, to them, from her. Additions do not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, despite, etc.: thanks to her, according to him.
The reflexive pronoun-noun itself has no gender or number. It is inflected in the same way as the personal pronoun you, with the exception that the pronoun itself does not have the form I. p.
Interrogative relative pronouns who are masculine singular (who came, but not who came or who came), and the pronoun that is neuter singular ( what happened).
Formed from the pronouns who and what are negative and indefinite pronouns have the same characteristics as the pronouns who and what. The peculiarity of the indefinite pronouns someone and something is that someone has the form only I. p., and something- I. p. and V. p. A negative pronouns no one And nothing, on the contrary, do not have the form I. p.
Negative and indefinite pronouns with the prefixes not- and neither-, when used with prepositions, “miss” the preposition inside themselves: not with anyone, with anyone.
Grammatical features of pronouns-adjectives
Adjective pronouns include all possessives ( my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs), all determinatives ( himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, every, every), demonstratives this, that, such, such, this, that, interrogative-relative which, which, whose and negative and indefinite derived from them ( no, no one's, some, some, some and etc.).
Adjective pronouns have grammatical features similar to those of nominative adjectives: they have inconsistent signs of gender, number and case , in which they agree with the noun to which they refer, in a sentence they are a definition or (rarely) a nominal part of the predicate.
Possessive pronouns deserve special mention. his, her and theirs. Unlike the words my, yours, ours, yours, the pronouns his, her and theirs are unchangeable (cf.: his house, desk, window; his houses, desks, windows). Immutability is their constant feature.
Adjective pronouns such and such do not change by case and are used only as a predicate.
Grammatical features of numeral pronouns
Numeral pronouns are few in number. These are the words how many, so many and the pronouns formed from them several, how many, how many.
Like significant numerals, these words do not have morphological characteristics of gender and number, change according to cases and are combined with nouns in a special way: they control R. p. plural. the numbers of the noun in I. p. and V. p. and agree with the noun in indirect cases. These words are pronounced the same way:
I.p. how much
R. p. how many
D. p. how many
V.p. how much
etc. how many
P. p. how many.
The word at all is usually classified not as a pronoun, but as an adverb, since it is unchangeable.
Morphological analysis of pronouns
Pronouns are morphologically analyzed according to the following plan: I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (i.p., singular). II. Morphological characteristics: 1. Constant features: a) rank by meaning, b) person (for personal pronouns), c) number (for pronounsme, you, you ) 2. Non-constant features: a) case, b) number (if any), c) gender (if any).III. Syntactic role
SAMPLE PARAGRAPH OF PRONOUNS
In the gallery, some distraught citizen discovered in his pocket a bundle, tied in a banking manner and with the inscription on the cover “One thousand rubles”... A few seconds later, the rain of money, getting thicker, reached the chairs, and the audience began to catch the pieces of paper (M. A. Bulgakov).
I. Some (what?) - pronoun, initial form of some.
inconsistent signs: in husband. kind, units number, I. p.
III. Citizen (what kind?) of some kind (definition).
I. (At) yourself (at whom?) - pronoun, initial form of yourself (R. p.)
II. Constant signs: recurrent;
inconsistent signs: in R. p.
III. I discovered (where?) (circumstance).
I. Several (how many?) - pronoun, initial form several.
II. Permanent signs: indeterminate;
inconsistent signs: in V. p..
III. Reached (when?) in a few seconds (circumstance).
Determinative pronouns
Determinative pronouns
Discharge pronouns(start with all-), indicating the entire set: everything, everything, everywhere, everywhere, always: Everyone feels bad; All will pass. This category includes pronouns indicating any element of the set: everyone, each, any, other, other, as well as the pronoun himself: Everyone should know this.
Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .
See what “qualifying pronouns” are in other dictionaries:
Indicate a generalized attribute of an object. These include the pronouns: himself, most, all, everyone, each, other, any, other, as well as the pronouns all and everyone (obsolete). The pronouns any, everyone, each have the meaning of one of all... ... Wikipedia
See attributive pronouns (pronoun in the article) ...
Determinative pronouns
Determinative pronouns- 1. Despite the significant semantic similarity of the pronouns everyone, each and any (cf.: each of us can do this - ... each of us - ... any of us) they differ from each other in their inherent shades of meaning. Everyone has a pronoun... ... A reference book on spelling and style
Indicate a generalized attribute of an object. All, every, every, any, himself, most, different. The pronoun itself can have the meaning of an intensifying word with a noun or personal pronoun. It was Pugachev (Pushkin) himself. Here he stands with... ... Dictionary linguistic terms
attributive pronouns- 1) himself, herself, all, everything (local noun); 2) most, every, other, all, everything, everything (local adj.); 3) some, each (local number); 4) always, everywhere, sometimes, everywhere (local adv.) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Pronoun independent part speech used instead of a noun, adjective, numeral, adverb or its characteristics and indicating them, their relationship to other objects, phenomena, etc. Contents 1 ... Wikipedia
Pronoun part of speech without its own lexical meaning and used instead of one or another noun or adjective, without naming an object (phenomenon, etc.) or its characteristic, but only pointing to them or their... ... Wikipedia
A pronoun is a part of speech that is devoid of its own lexical meaning and is used instead of one or another noun or adjective, without naming an object (phenomenon, etc.) or its characteristic, but only pointing to them or their... ... Wikipedia
