Jobs as a repair technician vacancies as a repair technician in Moscow. Vacancy for a radio technician from a direct employer in Moscow, job advertisements for a radio technician in Moscow, vacancies recruitment agencies in Moscow, looking for a job as a radio operator through recruitment agencies and from direct employers, vacancies as a radio technician with and without work experience. Advertising site for part-time work and work Avito Moscow job vacancy REA adjuster from direct employers.
Work in Moscow as a radio technician
Website work Avito Moscow work latest vacancies repair technician. On our website you can find a highly paid job as a radio technician. Look for a job as a radio technician in Moscow, view vacancies on our job site - a job aggregator in Moscow.
Avito vacancies Moscow
Work as a radio technician on the website in Moscow, vacancies as a radio technician from direct employers in Moscow. Jobs in Moscow without work experience and highly paid ones with work experience. Jobs as a radio operator for women.
Quality radio-electronic equipment characterized by compliance of its parameters with standards or technical specifications. For the normal functioning of electronic equipment, it is necessary that the parameters of all its devices (parts and assembly units) also comply with the technical specifications and drawings. This can be achieved by adjusting (tuning) each device individually and the electronic equipment as a whole. The workplace of a radio traffic controller is shown in Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1- Workplace of the traffic controller
The task of adjustment work is to use technological operations, without changing the circuit and design of electronic equipment, by compensating for inaccuracy in the manufacture of parts and assembly units. Coordination of their input and output parameters during the adjustment process brings the parameters of radio-electronic equipment to the optimal value that satisfies GOST or technical specifications with the least labor intensity, that is, the least amount of labor and time.
Depending on the stage of the technological process, the configuration of any device can be preliminary or final.
Pre-tuning of a device is an adjustment that is made either for control purposes or to ensure the final adjustment of other elements. For example, in the process of tuning a radio frequency amplifier, the cores of inductors, tuning capacitors, and so on are adjusted. The final adjustment of the device means the final adjustment of the radio-electronic equipment carried out at the manufacturer.
The organization of the technological process of adjusting (tuning) electronic equipment and the requirements for measuring equipment are largely determined by the scale of production.
Organization of adjustment includes: equipping the workplace with the necessary measuring equipment and tools; rules for using equipment and tools; establishment of a certain order inspection, adjustment and testing of electronic equipment devices, as well as fault detection and elimination.
The adjuster's workplace is the part of the production area of the enterprise where adjustment or tuning operations are performed. Grounding bars and alternating voltages of 220 volts to power specialized devices and 36 volts to power the soldering station must be connected to the workplace.
When preparing the workplace and performing adjustment work, the following must be taken into account: necessary measures on occupational safety:
all instrumentation, power supply and other auxiliary equipment are reliably grounded;
external connecting wires and cables must have high-quality insulation;
operation of equipment and measuring instruments must be carried out in accordance with the “Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations”;
when working with electrical and radio equipment must be used protective equipment(dielectric gloves, mats and others).
Tools used
Performance installation work when repairing equipment depends on the quality of the tool and the correctness of its choice. The set of tools for performing repair and adjustment work includes a soldering iron, tweezers, pliers, round nose pliers, wire cutters, screwdrivers, devices for winding and desoldering wires.
For soldering connections when installing electronic equipment, continuous electric soldering irons are used, the heating element of which is a spiral of nichrome wire, enveloping the copper rod of the soldering iron and located inside it. The electric soldering iron must provide intense heat supply to the soldering site.
When electrical installation and soldering of parts, electric soldering irons with a supply voltage of no more than 36 V are used as the main tool. The body of the electric soldering iron and the tip must be grounded.
When installing integrated circuits, soldering irons are used that are designed for a voltage of 12 V from a step-down transformer. Soldering irons powered from 127-220 V mains are not recommended, because... If the insulation between the heating element and the rod breaks down, you can be exposed to life-threatening voltage. The soldering iron should heat up quickly within 1.5 minutes after switching on. The handle should not get hot during operation of the soldering iron. To perform special operations, end soldering irons with shaped rods are used.
The main criteria when choosing an electric soldering iron are:
Maximum operating temperature;
Heat capacity of the tip and its reheating time;
Mass and heat capacity of soldered (connected by soldering) parts.
Operating temperature and heat capacity are closely related to the power and design of the soldering iron.
The maximum operating temperature is selected taking into account the established thermal regime, when the amount of heat released by the heating winding is equal to the amount of heat lost to the environment. The recommended maximum tip temperature should be 50...70 °C above the melting temperature of the solder.
The thermal capacity of a tip is an indicator of the amount of heat stored in it to perform soldering. This amount of heat must be transferred from the tip of the soldering iron to the junction of the parts in a certain time, which usually does not exceed 3...5 s.
Heat capacity depends on geometric dimensions tip, its material and the power of the soldering iron (more often it is either small or too high, which leads to poor soldering).
During operation, the electric soldering iron should be located at the workplace on the right side of the electrician. The conductive cord of an electric soldering iron must be flexible, since the ease of working with an electric soldering iron and the speed of soldering operations depend on its elasticity.
Electric soldering irons are divided into the following groups:
With a heating element in the form of a nichrome spiral (with internal and external heating of the tip);
With a pulse heating element in the form of a nichrome loop, which is also a tip; with electrical contact heating (soldering pliers).
The installation tool kit includes surgical tweezers 130-140 mm long and watch tweezers. The tweezers should spring well. Watch tweezers have well-converging ends and are used when working with wires - wire with a diameter of 0.3 - 0.08 mm. To insert into the mounting tabs, bend and secure the ends of the wires on the parts, and support the wire during soldering, use more durable surgical tweezers with notches on the jaws. It is very convenient when installing parts in hard-to-reach parts of products. During repairs, surgical tweezers are used with a rectangular clamp placed on it, which, when moved to the ends of the jaws, compresses them.
The installation tool kit usually includes a pair of pliers. Some, 150-17 mm long, have a notch on the jaws and are used to pull or straighten thick single-core wires and tighten various fastening brackets. Others - 100-120 mm long - have thinner and narrower jaws without notches 40-50 mm long, so that when bending a bare wire, it does not spoil its surface, and when laying an insulated wire, it does not damage the insulation.
During installation work and repairs, round nose pliers are used. The first ones are 40-50 mm long, with a jaw base of 5 mm. They are convenient for bending wire leads. The second ones are 150 mm long with durable jaws 30 mm long and have a notch on the converging surfaces. The diameter of the jaws of these round nose pliers is 3-3.5 mm at the ends, and 7-8 mm at the base. Round-nose pliers are used when installing electronic equipment with non-insulated wire with a diameter of 1.5-2 mm. They are convenient for making rings at the end of the wire for fastening under a nut.
For installation work, the most convenient are side cutters - side cutters, which can be used to bite off the excess ends of the wires inside the device. The adjusting jaws of such nippers must be sharp and fit tightly. These cutters can cut wires up to 2 mm in diameter.
Wires of larger diameter are cut with end cutters, the cutting jaws of which are located at right angles to the plane of the handles. Side and end cutters are usually chosen to be of the same length - no more than 150 mm.
The screwdriver must exactly match the length and width of the slot on the head of the screw being driven. The installation tool kit should include 4-5 screwdrivers, with blades of different lengths and widths. The length of the screwdriver including the handle is usually 250-270 mm. As the diameter of the screwdriver increases, the diameter should also increase proportionally. When repairing household appliances, electric screwdrivers are often used.
To cut paper or thin fabric, scissors with a length of 150-200 mm are required, cutting edges which should be at least 50-70 mm, sharp enough and fit tightly. These scissors are used to cut varnished fabric, paper for gaskets when winding coils in transformers, and other products.
Wires made of electrical copper used when installing equipment must be flexible and allow shaped laying of both single wires and bundles. For greater flexibility, installation wires are made from individual thin wires twisted into a core. The diameter and number of wires are selected depending on the purpose and required cross-section of the wire.
The installation wires are protected from electrical interference by a shielding braid made of thin tinned copper wires. The braid comes in diameters from 2 . The double designation of the braid diameter shows its smallest and largest internal diameters when stretched and compressed.
When removing insulation by electric firing from wire cores that have an external cotton or silk braid, such as BPVL, MGShDO, its ends are coated with AK-20 or BF-4 glue.
3.3 Soldering, solders and fluxes, soldering requirements
Soldering is the technological process of forming a permanent connection. metal parts by diffusion of molten solder. Depending on the temperature in the area of the materials being joined, soldering is divided into low-temperature and high-temperature.
The gap between the parts is set depending on the connection: for low-temperature solders it is 0.05...0.08 mm, for high-temperature solders it is 0.03...0.05 mm.
The reliability of soldered joints depends on the condition of the surfaces being connected and their structures, the soldering temperature and the flux used. When preparing the surfaces of parts to be soldered, dirt, rust, oxide and grease films are removed mechanically or chemically.
The technological process of soldering includes tinning, which precedes soldering and consists of covering the surfaces of the parts to be joined with a thin film of solder. When tinning, the solder fuses with the base metal.
Solders are subject to design and technological requirements.
Structural ones include:
Sufficient mechanical strength at normal, high and low temperatures;
Good electrical and thermal conductivity;
Tightness;
Resistant to corrosion.
Technological ones include:
Fluidity at soldering temperature; good wetting of the base metal;
The melting temperature and crystallization temperature range determined for a given solder.
Solders with a melting point of up to 350 °C are called soft, and solders with a melting point above 350 °C are called hard solders.
As soft solders Various alloys based on lead and tin are used, the content of which determines the properties of solders.
Tin-lead solders such as POS-40, POS-61, POS-90 are alloys of tin and lead (40, 61, 90 -% tin content). The mechanical strength of solders increases with increasing tin content, and deteriorates with increasing or decreasing temperature.
For soldering connections when installing radio equipment, the so-called tubular solder is widely used, which is a hollow tube of small diameter made of a tin-lead alloy and filled with rosin flux.
The main advantages of tubular solders are:
Possibility of applying solder and flux to the soldering area in one go;
Improving soldering quality;
A sharp increase in labor productivity during installation operations, as well as facilitating soldering in hard-to-reach places.
The diameter of the tubular solder is determined by the nature of the connections. The use of smaller diameters in many cases helps to save solder. The dimensions of the outer diameters of tubular solders are: 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5; 3; 4; 5 mm, and the internal ones are correspondingly half as much.
To successfully perform soldering and obtain a high-quality connection, active substances - fluxes - are used. According to their state, fluxes can be hard (pure rosin), soft (various pastes based on rosin) and liquid (compositions of acids or alcohol fluxes based on diluted rosin).
Fluxes must ensure timely and complete dissolution of the base metal oxides, uniform coverage of the metal surface at the soldering site and its protection from oxidation throughout the entire soldering process.
When electrical soldering of REA, FKSp flux (30...40% solution of rosin in ethyl alcohol) is mainly used.
To successfully carry out the soldering process and obtain a connection High Quality fluxes must meet the following requirements:
The melting point of the flux must be lower than the melting point of the solder.
The flux must be liquid and sufficiently mobile at soldering temperature, spread easily and evenly over the base metal, and penetrate well into the gaps; in addition, it should not be too viscous and “leave” from the soldering site.
The flux should contribute to the timely and complete dissolution of the base metal oxides by the time the molten solder is removed.
Flux and its decomposition products during soldering should not emit gases that are asphyxiating, unpleasant or harmful to human health.
The main defects during soldering are:
The presence of cracks in the soldered seam as a result of rapid cooling of parts after soldering or a significant difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion of the solder and metal;
The presence of pores in the seam due to high soldering temperatures or intense evaporation of flux;
Insufficient wetting of the surfaces of parts with solder due to their high contamination. The soldering must be smooth, without a gray or brown coating indicating incorrect temperature conditions, skeletal so that the soldered pin can be seen on the contact track.
When soldering or replacing microcircuits, you must observe General requirements to electrical installation, as well as comply with specific requirements determined by the design and technological features of devices of this class.
Soldering must be done with a low-power soldering iron.
Apply protection against static electricity.
Observe the soldering temperature.
Lead soldering time is no more than 3 seconds.
The duration of simultaneous exposure to all terminals is no more than 2 seconds.
The interval between soldering adjacent pins is at least 10 seconds
The pins are wired in a crosswise manner.
The interval between repeated solderings is at least 5 minutes.
If there is a heat sink, the microcircuit must be fastened with sufficient force and uniform tightening, and the contact surfaces must be lubricated with heat-conducting paste.
Difficulties may arise when dismantling microcircuits due to the large number of pins. In this case, you can use various devices, such as a medical syringe needle, selected in diameter and ground, shielded braid, or a soldering iron attachment for simultaneous heating of all solderings.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY MEASURES
Safety requirements
The basic safety rules for diagnosing and repairing electronic components of household equipment provide for the fulfillment of the following mandatory requirements.
The workplace must be kept in order. It should contain only those devices, tools and accessories that are required to perform this work.
The tool must always be in good condition.
Metal tools (tweezers, wire cutters, pliers) must have insulated handles (for this, rubber tubes can be put on metal handles).
Soldering of radioelements must be done with a working soldering iron, in which the insulation is not broken and there is no contact between the heating element and the metal case or tip.
When soldering, be careful of burns, especially if the parts being soldered have spring properties. Inattention can result in hot solder splashing and getting into your face and eyes.
The soldering process releases tin and lead fumes that are harmful to health. You need to remember this and not lean low over the soldering area, and also try not to inhale the fumes. In the room where soldering is carried out there must be good ventilation. After finishing soldering, be sure to wash your hands with warm water and soap.
When installing live household equipment units, do not touch bare current-carrying elements or wires with your hands. Installation and repairs are carried out only when the equipment is de-energized. Under no circumstances should you touch the housings of switched-on devices with wet or damp hands. It is necessary to monitor the serviceability of fuses in the electrical network and equipment. It is strictly forbidden to use so-called wire bugs instead of fuses.
Upon completion of the installation of household equipment units, it is necessary to disconnect them from the power sources. Particular care is required when working with oxide (electrolytic) capacitors, which can accumulate large electrical charges.
Before starting work, you must: study the installation diagram and identify live elements; put in order workplace; check the serviceability of the protective grounding; turn on the power; If devices and equipment malfunction, immediately turn off the power; acquainted with technological map or a fault finding algorithm.
During work you must: maintain silence; do not leave the workplace unless necessary; do not turn on other devices and equipment unnecessarily; carry out work in accordance with the technological map, circuit diagram and algorithm. It is prohibited to check by touch the presence of voltage and heating of live parts of electrical installations; solder switched on devices; used to connect wires with damaged insulation; leave live devices unattended. After finishing work, turn off the power and tidy up the workplace.
In emergency situations, it is necessary to turn off the electrical installation. If a person comes under the influence of current, it is necessary to turn off the power, release the person under voltage, provide first aid, if necessary, perform artificial respiration and ensure constant observation until a doctor arrives.
Electrical safety requirements
Electrical safety is understood as a system of organizational, as well as technical measures and means that ensure the protection of people from the dangerous effects of electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.
The nature of electric shock and its consequences depend on the voltage, strength and type of current, the path of its passage, the duration of exposure, the individual physiological characteristics of a person and his condition at the time of the injury.
In case of electric shock, the following violations occur:
Heating the skin, tissue or blood vessels (thermal action);
Tissue rupture (mechanical action);
Decomposition of blood, changing it chemical composition, electrolysis (chemical action);
Involuntary muscle contraction, respiratory or cardiac paralysis (biological effect).
Electrical burns occur due to the thermal action of electric current; the most dangerous of them are burns resulting from exposure to an electric arc, since its temperature can exceed 3000˚C.
During electrometallization of the skin, tiny metal particles penetrate the skin under the influence of an electric current, as a result of which the skin becomes electrically conductive and its resistance drops sharply.
Electrical signs are patches of gray or pale yellow color, arising from close contact with a live part through which electric current flows in operating condition.
Electric shocks are a general lesion of the human body, characterized by convulsive muscle contractions, disruption of the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
Mechanical damage, tissue ruptures and fractures occur during convulsive muscle contractions, as well as as a result of falls when exposed to electric current.
With electroophthalmia, damage to the outer membranes of the eyes occurs due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation from an electric arc.
To prevent electric shock, the following safety precautions must be strictly followed.
Electric wires, supplying power to the workplace must be reliably insulated and protected from mechanical damage.
It is necessary to regularly monitor the serviceability of electrical cords of devices and power outlets. When performing work, it is necessary to use special electrical tools with insulated handles. During operation, a power tool must quickly turn on and off from the electrical network, but not spontaneously, be safe to operate and not have live parts accessible to accidental touch.
The voltage of the power tool should not exceed 220V in rooms without increased danger and 42V in rooms with increased danger.
The voltage of lamps for local lighting should be 36V, and in particularly hazardous areas - no more than 12V.
When installing blocks of household equipment, it is prohibited to: check by touch the presence of voltage and heating of the current-carrying parts of the circuit; used to connect wires with damaged insulation; solder and install parts in live equipment.
During the adjustment process, it is allowed to connect the measuring device to the test points without removing the voltage, for which a wire with a plug tip is touched to the test point, while the other wire from the device must first be connected to the metal grounded case of the equipment being adjusted.
Fire safety requirements
Requirements for fire and explosion safety are regulated by state standards, building codes and inter-industry fire regulations. Basic measures to prevent fires and explosions include:
Limiting the amount of flammable substances;
Maximum possible application non-flammable substances;
Elimination of possible ignition sources (electrical sparks and excessive heating of equipment);
Limiting the spread of fire using construction and planning means (installation of fire barriers);
Organization of fire protection, use of fire extinguishing means and fire alarm devices.
When performing repairs on household electronic equipment, it is necessary to constantly monitor the serviceability of electrical equipment. Electrical installations and control and measuring equipment must have fuses and circuit breakers. After finishing work, all electrical equipment must be de-energized. According to fire safety conditions, the insulation resistance of electrical circuits should be carefully monitored. Electrical wiring and general ventilation in rooms for work with flammable substances and adhesives must be carried out taking into account explosion safety.
There should be no debris or flammable materials in the area where the wires pass. At the end of the work, the plugs of the devices plugged into the sockets must be removed and the switches turned off.
The maximum permissible amount of solvents used for washing and degreasing equipment parts and containing flammable substances for storage at the workplace is indicated in the instructions approved by the enterprise. This amount is limited by the daily requirement determined technology department and agreed with fire authorities.
Flammable liquids must be stored in containers made of non-sparking material with sealed lids to prevent tip-over. The container must be clearly labeled with the name of the liquid and also marked “Flammable”. Due to the fact that flammable liquids (ethyl alcohol, turpentine) are used during electrical installation work (soldering and tinning with hot solder, burning the ends of electrical wires), electrical installation areas are a fire hazard. To prevent fire, stands for electric soldering irons must be made of non-flammable material.
In case of fire, workshops must be provided with extinguishing means (fire extinguishers, fire tools, equipment) and fire alarms. The worker must know the locations of fire extinguishers and other fire fighting equipment and also be able to use them.
If wires catch fire, you must first de-energize them and then extinguish them. Non-standard fuses should never be used.
It is prohibited to hang clothes and other objects on switches, knife switches, or wrap electric lamps in paper or other flammable materials.
In the event of a fire, the worker who notices the fire must take measures to extinguish it, while simultaneously calling the fire department. When it is not possible to extinguish the fire on their own, workers must leave the premises through entrances and exits, including emergency ones. Each employee must know the procedure for calling the local and city fire brigade.
Environmental protection requirements
The legal basis for environmental protection in the country is the RSFSR Law “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population,” adopted in 1999. In accordance with this law, sanitary legislation was introduced, including this law and regulations, establishing safety criteria for humans, environmental factors and requirements for ensuring favorable conditions his life activity.
The most important legislative act aimed at ensuring environmental safety is the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, adopted in 2002.
Regulatory legal acts on environmental protection include sanitary standards and rules of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, ensuring the necessary quality of natural resources (air, water, soil) and establish the procedure for taking into account environmental requirements in the design, repair and operation of electronic equipment.
To protect against ionizing radiation (radiation), the following methods and means are used:
Increasing distance from the radiation source;
Shielding radiation using screens and biological shields;
Use of personal protective equipment.
The power supply of the digital voltmeter is not a source of environmental pollution and does not contain toxic or radioactive substances, therefore it is absolutely safe from an environmental point of view.
ECONOMIC PART
SCIENCE AND MILITARY SECURITY No. 3/2006, pp. 42-47
Lieutenant colonel Y.I.SEMAK,
Senior Researcher
Research Institute
Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus
The article is devoted to the problem of ensuring the reliability of radio-electronic equipment (REA) of products (samples, complexes, systems) of medium-range anti-aircraft missile weapons (MDM) during their modernization and major renovation in modern conditions.
One of the priorities for ensuring the national security of Belarus is the improvement of weapons and military equipment. First of all, this concerns the weapons system of the Air Force and Air Defense Forces. This system includes ZRO SD. A significant portion of the SD ZRO fleet requires modernization and major repairs. Giving the components of these types of weapons new properties and improving existing ones is due to modern operational-tactical and technical requirements for this species weapons. The objective conditions in this case are resource limitations, design and technological capabilities of the defense sector of the state economy, specific requirements for the technical indicators of components for cross-industry military applications and their support. In such a situation, it is necessary to ensure the required performance indicators of the air defense products in service with the least material costs. Modern realities make it necessary to evaluate the rationality of solving such problems based on criteria of technical and economic efficiency.
At the stage of overhaul of a standard model of air defense equipment, part of its equipment is modernized (replaced with a new one), and the rest is subjected to overhaul. This raises the issue of ensuring the reliability of such equipment. This problem was revealed during the modernization and overhaul of the 9K37 (Buk) product. The ultimate goal of measures (work) to ensure the reliability of electronic equipment is to fulfill the reliability requirements specified in the tactical and technical specifications for the product, during the established average resource (average service life), taking into account the life cycle of the 9K37 product. Due to the similarity of the electronic electronic components of other SD products, the approaches to ensuring its reliability are similar.
The special equipment of ZRO products is divided into mechanical and hardware parts. The specific properties of this type of weapon are inherently determined by functions that are physically implemented, first of all, by the hardware. In addition, in the system of combat readiness of air defense products, the technical condition of electronic equipment is the leading component.
In accordance with the specifics of the technical work performed on mechanical and hardware parts, their modernization and overhaul are carried out at different enterprises. In this regard, this article discusses the problem of ensuring the reliability of only the hardware part (REA) of the SD control device.
Scientifically grounded measures to ensure the reliability of the electronic equipment of the SD ZRO fleet are based on an assessment of its effectiveness. If we consider a REA as one of the subsystems within a product (in the general case of all products) of an electronic control device, then efficiency is understood as the degree of its adaptability to performing certain functions in specific conditions. To assess the effectiveness of REA (E(t)) taking into account the main factors, use the criteria of its technical (ET(t)) and economic (EE(t)) efficiency E(t)=ET(t)EE (t).
As a criterion for technical efficiency, the comparison results are used in the form of the ratio of the required and actual efficiency of the electronic equipment of a product (fleet of products)
Where W(t)- the real value of the technical efficiency indicator of the electronic equipment of a product (product fleet);
Wmp(t)- the required value of the technical efficiency indicator of the electronic equipment of a product (fleet of products);
t
The criterion for economic efficiency is the results of a comparison of the actual efficiency of a standard-type REA (fleet of products) of a ZRO (new or promising prototype) and the cost of its (their) operation, modernization, repair (purchase cost for a newly acquired prototype (fleet of prototypes))
Where W(t)- the real value of the technical efficiency indicator of the electronic equipment of a product (product fleet);
C(t)- the cost of operation, modernization and repair (purchase cost for a newly acquired) electronic equipment product (fleet of products);
t- point in time (average point in time) relative to the commissioning of a product (fleet of products).
Then expressions for quantitative assessments of the effectiveness of the electronic equipment of a product (fleet of products) of the electronic control device in the case of each of the four possible options solutions to the reliability problem will have the form shown in the table, where option A
- REA, which, as part of the standard ZRO SD product, has undergone major repairs and partial modernization, satisfying the conditions 
option B
- REA, which has undergone modernization as part of the standard ZRO SD product with a complete replacement of the element base with a new one that meets the conditions 
during the specified service life; option B
- REA of the new (modern) purchased prototype of the standard ZRO SD model; option
G- REA of a promising purchased prototype of a standard ZRO SD model.
If we express through indicators of the overall effectiveness of REA for four options and assume that during the established service life of the product (fleet of products) ZRO SD, we obtain useful equations for decision-making
When the condition is met, it follows that The efficiency of the REA, which, as part of the standard model (product fleet) of the ZRO SD, underwent major repairs and partial modernization, which ensured its real value of the technical efficiency indicator at the level of the modern (prospective) prototype, is higher than in the case of other options. The real value of the technical efficiency indicator of an anti-aircraft protection product depends on its operational-strategic and technical characteristics. The main operational-strategic characteristic of an air defense product is an indicator of the degree of its fitness to perform its function (to solve the required combat missions). The probability of hitting a specific target is taken as such an indicator.
under given environmental conditions .
In general there will be vector quantity. Taking into account the reliability of the electronic equipment of the ZRO product, the expression for the technical efficiency indicator has an analytical form
Where - operational readiness ratio;
Condition of the situation;
t- time to complete a combat mission.
Operational readiness ratio there is a probability of an event consisting in the fact that the electronic equipment of the ZRO product will be in working condition at any point in time, except for the planned periods during which the use of the object for its intended purpose is not envisaged, and from that moment on it will work without failure for a given time interval. It should be noted that a correct definition requires an indication of the fact that the probability of failure-free operation of electronic equipment should not depend on the history, i.e. from events that took place before its inclusion. This is possible with a relatively large (P>0.95) value of the probability of the operational condition of the electronic equipment at the time of its activation. The operational readiness coefficient of a REA is the probability of the “intersection of two events” - the REA will be in working condition at an arbitrary point in time (event A), except for planned periods during which its intended use is not envisaged, and from that moment on it will operate without failure during a given time interval Δt(event B). Probability of event B over time Δt does not depend on the background. The probabilities of events A and B are respectively - readiness coefficient and the probability of failure-free operation P(t) REA.
Availability factor (KGi) The REA of the i-th product characterizes its reliability and restoration properties and can be calculated using the formula
Where - calendar duration of operation of REA i th products (h);
Number of REA failures 1st products in time tki and the average time of its recovery (h);
Number of readiness checks per time tki and duration of readiness control (h);
Number of hidden failures and period between scheduled readiness checks (h).
The values are calculated based on the initial data given in the product forms and equipment fault books.
Probability of failure-free operation of the electronic equipment of the i-th electronic protection device over a time period Δt calculated by the formula
Where - failure flow parameter of the j-th circuit position. Relies
- operational failure rate of the element located at the j-th circuit position, taking into account its characteristics, operating mode and operating conditions;
N- number of circuit positions of REA.
As a result of transforming expression (1), in relation to the problem of ensuring reliability, we obtain a formula for the quantitative criterion of the technical efficiency of the electronic equipment of the electronic protection device
Where - the real value of the operational readiness coefficient of the electronic equipment of the anti-aircraft protection product at a point in time t. Calculated by multiplying the values calculated using formulas (3) and (4);
- the required value of the operational readiness coefficient of the electronic equipment of the anti-aircraft protection product at a point in time t. Indicated in the operational documentation [ 13].
The electronic equipment used in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus for ADZ products is classified as a complex and expensive object. The SD missile defense fleet of the Air Force and Air Defense Forces consists of anti-aircraft missile systems and systems 9K37.75R6 (S-300P) and 9K81 (S-300V). The radio-electronic equipment included in these types of weapons is made on the element base of the 3rd and partly 2nd generation according to the functional-node design principle. Its characteristic features are:
Elements (radio components, electrical products, electronic equipment and quantum electronics, etc.)
REA objects that are not independently used are not restored or disassembled. Sets of radio components (elements) that are used in electronic equipment are usually called the element base and classified by generation;
Modules, micromodules and integrated circuits are the simplest complete structures that perform a specific function as part of electronic equipment. Structures consist of radio components (elements) and are called functional units;
Units (cassettes) are complete structures consisting of functional units and elements (radio components), a circuit board and electrical installation. Such designs are called standard replacement elements (TEE). Their repair in military conditions is not provided for in the operational documentation. Typical replacement elements are combined into subpanels, and the latter into panels;
Racks, control panels, etc. - finished structures consisting of panels, subpanels and cassettes;
Blocks are complete structures consisting of units, functional units, and installation elements mounted on a common chassis, frame, or board.
The racks, blocks, units (cassettes) and functional units used in REA air defense systems 9K37.75R6 and 9K81 are not unified among themselves. Analysis of the elemental base of this electronic equipment showed that the nomenclature of most groups of electrical and radio products (ERI) is of the same type. This provision makes it possible to evaluate the reliability properties of all radio-electronic equipment of the SD radio electronic equipment fleet based on the state of the element base, taking into account its architectural features.
Due to failure and due to aging.
The main criterion when deciding on the need for a major overhaul of radio-electronic equipment is the level of failure rate of its radio elements, and when deciding on the need to modernize SD missile defense products, the required level of efficiency in performing combat missions under given conditions and resource limitations. The resource limitations are the maximum permissible volume of all types of expenses for maintaining the combat readiness of the product at the operational stage.
The aging of radioelements necessitates the transfer of radio electronic equipment to a new (advanced) element base or the extension of the assigned resource (service life and shelf life) for those components, which have the necessary and sufficient residual resource for extension. The solution to such a problem becomes a dead end if a critical number of groups of specific types of radioelements have exhausted their service life and are discontinued, and their relatively small batches are not in demand in market conditions due to low production profitability. A way out of this situation may be to replace the element base with a new (promising) one and, as a consequence of this, a new design of blocks, subblocks, modules, cells and functional units while maintaining the general architecture of the electronic equipment of the product. With such a replacement, it is possible to design microelectronic equipment based on 4th or 5th generation elements. A promising option is the implementation of the components of REA on the element base of the 5th generation, through the use of technology of “convolution” of a large number of nodes on integrated circuits of low and medium degree of integration into blocks on ultra-large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI) and systems on a chip (SoC( System-on-Chip)). This approach makes it possible to restore the performance and service life of the microelectronic part of the electronic equipment and significantly improve its performance indicators, including reliability indicators.
However, with all positive aspects such a “repetition” is high in cost and ultimately lacks the main thing - the effect of a qualitative increase in the combat effectiveness of the sample. The need for VLSI design and (SoC) design documentation for RE objects at the system level ( circuit diagrams), which is the property of its developer, the legal “casuistry” of the intellectual property of developers of IP blocks (Intellectual property - IP), which can be interpreted as the problem of transforming the intellectual property of the developer of REA 2nd and 3rd generations into the private property of developers of equipment based on IP platforms, as well as the considerable cost of designing and developing microelectronic products using the “convolution” technology, complicate the practical solution to the problem of transferring the components of REA ZRO SD to the element base of the 5th generation. It should also be taken into account that microelectronic equipment of the 4th and higher generations is built according to the main-modular design principle, the ideology and content of which differ significantly from the functional-node one. The backbone-modular structure is the structure of a microprocessor system in which various devices (modules) are connected to the same buses (Fig. 1). In this design, all devices (modules) included in the system exchange information via a common backbone (common bus). The main line (bus) consists of conductor lines through which processed data and results, addresses of selectable memory cells of storage or external devices, commands, special signals controls that set operating modes various devices and ensuring the necessary and timely exchange of information between them. At any given time, only one device can “capture” the highway to receive and output information. In addition to all this, it will be necessary to introduce completely new control (diagnostic) means into the protection systems, and the practical impossibility of implementing the principle of equal strength of electronic components will still not allow completely abandoning the system Maintenance and repair of such REA facilities.
It is obvious that that part of the radio-electronic equipment of the ZRO type that is being modernized can be promisingly manufactured on the 5th generation element base according to the backbone-modular design principle with an open architecture and unified information exchange protocols, including for control (diagnostic) equipment. The remaining part of the radio-electronic equipment can undergo major repairs or be transferred to the 5th generation element base. We will call this method of using active funds strategy for modernization. The modernization strategy is appropriate when carrying out a deep modernization of the product (more than 70-^85% of the component parts of the sample are modernized) and obtaining the required output effect, qualitatively characterized by the “significant” level. We will consider modernization strategy ZRO SD products as the first way ensuring the effectiveness of REA. To do this, the ZRO product must have sufficient modernization potential, and the cost of the work must be lower than the purchase price of its new (promising) prototype. With this approach, the entire REA is divided into two groups. The first group includes functional devices(systems) that are being modernized, as well as functional devices (systems) that are not being modernized, but have exhausted their service life, and secondly, which are undergoing a major overhaul, devices (systems) that have the necessary resource reserve.
Second way ensuring the effectiveness of REA is to implement strategies for major renovations. In this case, all equipment of the ZRO product is divided into two groups of objects - blocks, functional units (subblocks, modules and cells) and other recoverable components. The first group consists of blocks, assemblies and other components of radio-electronic equipment that have the necessary reserve of residual life, and the second group does not have such a reserve. Each of these groups is divided into subgroups: modernized and non-modernized objects. Electronic equipment objects of the non-modernizable subgroup, belonging to the first group, are subject to major repairs in the form of restoring serviceability and carrying out defect detection of electronic equipment components, and the rest are subject to modernization. REA objects of the second group are replaced with new ones. If, in the subgroup of non-modernized objects, any electronic equipment objects require no more than 15-35% replacement of electronic components, then such objects can be repaired in the form of replacements of faulty components (elements components) that have exhausted their residual service life. Components (components of electronic components) are understood as products that are not used independently and cannot be restored after failure.
Since the REA air defense missile defense SD facilities, which are in service with the Air Force and Air Defense Forces, have a functional-unit layout principle, individual units from the blocks can be modernized or overhauled, depending on which section of the circuit is being modernized or undergoing overhaul.
The prerequisites for implementing the strategy for the overhaul of electronic equipment are: a small operating time of the electronic equipment under current; high reliability of the 3rd generation element base (for military-grade integrated circuits, the failure rate is no more than 107 h-1); availability of experimental data on its operation in real conditions; capabilities of the domestic radio-electronic industry for its production and modernization.
When deciding on the advisability of carrying out work according to a modernization strategy or a major overhaul strategy, the determining criterion is the “output effect” of the REA of samples (sample) of ZRO. The “output effect” refers to the useful result of using a product for a certain period. The “output effect” of the REA of the ZRO sample for the situation under consideration is understood to mean the period of time Yours, during which its ability to perform its functions remains (to ensure the defeat of a target with a probability Rtr in conditions ) at installed system its operation (R). The cost of an operating system for electronic equipment of the ZRO sample is the total cost of labor, material and financial resources to create a system for its operation and ensure functioning at all stages of operation. An operation system is understood as a set of interconnected products, means of their operation, performers and documentation, the interaction of which occurs in accordance with the tasks of each stage of operation.
Decision-making on the choice of the first or second way to ensure the effectiveness of electronic equipment of air defense products is carried out according to the criterion “output effect (efficiency) - cost”, taking into account the requirements for unification, standardization and maximum use of the modernization potential of the sample. At the same time, it is necessary to strive to maintain the homogeneity of the electronic equipment element base of the entire fleet of SD products and gradually transfer it to a modern element base domestic production.
Length of time period Yours depends on the amount of material costs C for the remaining life cycle and the moment the sample reaches its limiting state in the sense of its removal from service. The limiting state of a sample in the sense of its removal from service is established by the presence of an “outdated appearance” sign, characterized by a vector of operational-strategic indicators and a vector of technical solutions . Then the conceptual model of the output effect of electronic equipment of the i-th fleet of samples (products) of electronic equipment for calculating the quantitative value has the form
Restriction system:
where i=l, 2, 3;
- the minimum acceptable value of the probability of hitting a target under conditions for the sample of the i-th ZRO fleet;
- acceptable value of material costs for the remaining life cycle for the i-th ZRO fleet;
- vector of limit values of operational-strategic indicators for the sample of the i-th air defense fleet;
Vector of acceptable values of indicators of technical solutions for the sample of the i-th fleet of air defense equipment;
- vector of minimum acceptable values of indicators of the maintenance and repair system for the i-th fleet of air defense equipment.
Each of these vectors is a finite multidimensional vector that characterizes the corresponding parameters of the state of the electronic equipment of the i-th park of samples of air defense products and the requirements for it. Considering the REA of the air defense system as a system object, it can be approximated by the “system with a monotonic structure” model. Then the probability of a workable and functionally in demand state of the REA, taking into account the above restrictions, is defined as the mathematical expectation of the structure functions for each vector (factor).
When ensuring the reliability of REA ZRO SD, a special place should be given to monitoring its quality in any modernization and overhaul strategies. And although with the development of comprehensive microminiaturization of REA, many experts perceived it as a panacea in solving problems of reliability and quality, in reality this has not yet happened. So, according to the Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Professor V.K. Fedorov, this situation is considered a delusion. Doubt is expressed about solving the problem of interconnections, which account for up to 80% of defects in radio electronics (RES), by transferring circuit electronics to on-wafer integration methods or creating “supercrystals”, since “... the problems of control and testing move in the technological process to even more difficult-to-control “zone.” “The quality problem is not only not being simplified, it is even more aggravated, complicated, and moved into the most complex technological processes for producing such products, in which it is necessary to control precision modes, materials, etc.” .
There is also an opposite opinion.
In the situation of such an ambiguous view of the problem of ensuring the reliability of electronic equipment, it is advisable to consider the related problem of failures of electronic equipment components. The problem of failures is indicative in the sense that radio-electronic equipment, as the Buk development work has shown, is characterized by a number of properties, manifested in the fact that the reliability indicators of electronic equipment as a whole monotonically deteriorate (do not improve) with the deterioration of the reliability characteristics of its ERI components.
The problem of the need for radio-electronic components for the defense sector of the industry of the Republic of Belarus can be described by the diagram shown in Fig. 2. As can be seen from the diagram, the required service life for REA is at least 25 years. In reality, REA functions and remains operational even longer. This situation is observed not only in the armed forces of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. In the US Air Force, the electronic equipment of the F-15 and B-1 aircraft consists of obsolete electronic equipment, which is no longer used in new equipment. The new B-2 bomber will contain obsolete radio components until it is removed from service. The US Air Force's ground-based high-frequency communications system has many old, obsolete constituent elements.
The obsolescence of REA will continue and accelerate with the development of technology, but the military budget does not allow for the rapid replacement of aging weapons systems with new ones.
According to American military experts, modernization of electronic equipment in the form of transferring it to a new element base increases reliability and durability, but changing the design requires new tests, qualification of equipment, changes in regulatory documentation, and this is associated with additional costs.
Therefore, making a decision on replacements should be preceded by a stage of careful study of their feasibility, at which it is necessary to establish the period of obsolescence of the electronic equipment of air defense products, its components and electronic components, as well as the associated costs. The costs of replacing outdated electronic equipment and the costs of its operation must be compared with the costs of purchasing a new electronic equipment and its operation, since they can be so high that it is more profitable to purchase new equipment (electronic electronic equipment). The initial data for solving the problem of the feasibility of replacements are the obsolescence periods of both the radio electronic equipment itself and the air defense product, the number of radio components in it, and the costs of its modernization. The results of solving this problem determine the requirements for the system of maintenance and repair of electronic equipment of the electronic protection device.
Thus, the problem of ensuring the reliability of electronic equipment at the present stage comes down to the choice of a way to increase the efficiency of the fleet of electronic electronic equipment and the corresponding strategy for modernization or overhaul. Then planning is carried out and scientific, methodological, organizational and technical measures are carried out to implement measures in the equipment that ensure that the value of the operational readiness coefficient is maintained at a level not lower than that specified in the tactical and technical specifications. A set of means for preventing the causes of failures and eliminating their sources must guarantee that the value of the operational readiness coefficient is maintained within the established limits during the time the output effect is maintained Yours.
The most effective way to increase the efficiency of REA is determined by the criterion “efficiency - cost”. When ensuring the required operational-tactical and technical indicators of the efficiency of the stock of air defense products during the established service life (ensuring the output effect from the operation of electronic equipment of the air defense plant), it is advisable to apply a strategy for major repairs, and in the case of deep modernization and the presence of the necessary reserve of modernization potential - a strategy for major repairs .
Ensuring the reliability of the electronic equipment of medium-range anti-aircraft missile weapons during their modernization and overhaul is an important area in ensuring the combat readiness of the anti-aircraft missile forces of the Air Force and the air defense troops of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus. Solving this problem at the present stage requires a systematic approach and scientific justification for the modernization and overhaul of electronic equipment of the entire fleet of air defense equipment. Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the unification of the element base, structural components of the electronic equipment and its architecture, and the implementation of the requirements of the system of military standards. A gradual transition to new types of air defense equipment is possible with rational and full use of the modernization potential of existing products in combination with inexpensive but effective major and medium repairs. The implementation of this provision is possible on the basis of a scientific approach to the assessment of the operational-tactical and technical indicators of SD missile defense products, the modernization potential of products, the capabilities of the design and technological base of the domestic industry, as well as the assessment of the work and activities performed according to the “efficiency - cost” criterion. This is possible when implementing a strategy for modernization or overhaul of standard ZRO SD products.
LITERATURE
1. Official. Safety is the most important task // Journal. Army.- 2004. - No. 4. - P. 2.
2. Rogozhevsky P.I. Technical support of the Armed Forces: formation, ways of improvement at the final stage // Journal. Army. - 2003. Special issue. - P. 30.
3. Simonenko S, Zakharov A. Military-technical policy and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus // Journal. Army. -2003.-No.5. -WITH. 28-33.
4. Reliability and efficiency in technology: Directory. In 10 volumes - M.: Mashinostroenie, 1990.
5. Reliability of technical systems: Directory / Yu.K. Belyaev, V.A. Bogatyrev, V.V. Bolotin and others; Ed. I.A. Ushakova. - M.: Radio and communication, 1985. - 608 p.
6. Zimin G.V. and others. Handbook of an air defense officer / Ed. Zimina G.V. and Burmistrova S.K. - M.: Voenizdat, 1987. - P. 200.
7. Reliability in technology. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions. TOST27.002-89. Enter. 07/01/90. - M.: Standards Publishing House, 1990. - 35 p.
8. Popova A.A. Instruments and devices of radio-electronic equipment. Review - M.: VNIIPI, 1987.- 93 p.
9. Day V. Impact of electronics obsolescence on the life cycle costs of military systems //Air Force J. Logistics. - 1993, summer. -P. 29-33.
10. Kolganov S.K., Lazarevich E.G., Tereshko S.M. Problematic issues of creation and development of radio-electronic systems for military purposes based on system-on-chip technology // Journal. Science and military security. - 2006. -№1.
11. Nemudroye V., Martin T. Systems-on-a-chip. Design and development. - M.: Tekhnosphere, 2004.- 216 p.
12. Gloomy E.P. Digital circuitry: Textbook for universities. - 2nd edition, revised. and additional - St. Petersburg: BHV-Petersburg, 2004. - 800 p.
13. A comprehensive system of general technical requirements for military equipment. Reliability requirements. General provisions. GOST B 20.39.103-77. Enter. 01/01/79. - M.: Standards Publishing House, 1977. - 35 p.
14. Operation and repair of military equipment. Terms and Definitions. GOST B 25883-83. Enter. 07/01/84. -M.: Standards Publishing House, 1983. - 19 p.
15. Borisov Yu.I. Quality assurance - strategy for the development of the domestic radio-electronic complex // Journal. Military parade. - 2004. - No. 6. - P. 48 - 50.
16. Rakhmanov A., Maryutin V. The role of the Ministry of Defense in the development of promising RES // Military parade. - 2004. - No. 5. -S. 68 - 69.
17. Fedorov V.K., Sergeev N.P., Kondrashin A.A. Control and testing in the design and production of radio-electronic equipment. - M.: Tekhnosphere, 2005. - 504 p.
18. Sinyavsky V.K. Methodological approaches to formalizing the tasks of unifying elements of the military-technical system // Journal. Computer science. - 2005. - No. 3. - P. 33 - 42.
Tags
From the author: I never imagined that the desire to write articles would manifest itself at this age... At the time of writing this article, I am 45 years old, I have been working with electronics since I was 15 years old. Higher specialized education: engineer-designer-technologist of radio-electronic equipment (REA). I managed to work in the design department at a pilot plant that produced electronics for the defense industry (even before perestroika), in the automated control systems of large chemical enterprises in our city. During perestroika and general collapse, he worked as a technical specialist in private business. I even managed to work at State Statistics Service, although not for long. At the moment I have my own service center and am engaged in system support of computer equipment for small businesses and some budgetary enterprises our city. During my working career, I managed to get acquainted with many enterprises of our city, the principles of organization and management of technical services, and, most importantly, people. The examples discussed in this article are taken mainly from our own experience and have real-life origins. The purpose of this work: to orient the beginner’s life path young man(girl) and protect her from “typical mistakes” if she chooses this type of occupation.
"Master" is a general concept
A little history. If we recall the history of the social structure and development of society, the concept of “master” appeared at the very beginning, when the stratification of society into classes began. The class of craftsmen and artisans has always been distinguished separately from the rest of society. A feature of this class, as school general history stated, was private ownership of the means of production (tools) and objects of production (products). From this it is clear that this is far from a poor stratum of society. During the development of society, this class has undergone serious changes. When building the bourgeois structure of society, the “productionists” clearly expressed themselves, and with the passage of the scientific and technological revolution, they firmly took leading positions along with “politicians” and “managers”. But we must not forget that “production workers,” although they are at the top of the social pyramid, are only part of the “masters” class. Even in our time, organizations (artels) and individual craftsmen continue to exist, which are in demand by society, and no mass production can replace their labor. Repair work in general, and electronics repair in particular, falls into this category.
Now that we have clarified the social status, let’s try to understand the very concept of “master”. This question often haunted writers. Perhaps the most successful attempt to describe the image of the master was made by Mikhail Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. In fact, it is a whole inner world with its own laws and principles of construction and development. I will not retell the novel, I will note only one detail - human society is always very wary of dissidents, often considering them “schizos” and tries to protect itself from this little-studied phenomenon, considering it a mental disorder. From my experience I can say that “master” is a complex concept. It is not described by a specific set of qualities and characteristics. But, despite this, certain traits are still inherent in the master:
First of all, he is a technically competent person. Moreover, not only in the direction in which he specializes, but also in all related areas of scientific and technological development. This is due to a number of factors, the main of which are the vision of the whole problem in a complex and the ability to solve a problem that is beyond the power of an ordinary technical specialist. The ways to achieve it can be very diverse. The most common is specialized education- the fastest way to achieve your goal. I can't give specific recommendations. Here everything is decided individually. Not less important self-education. It is no secret that in the group of masters there are not many people with higher specialized education, however, self-education is much more important for achieving the required level. The knowledge gained “in pain” is more valuable and is retained for a much longer period than “listened to a course of lectures.” experience in the chosen direction. After all, statistics and systematization of accumulated experience provide new knowledge and vision of the task at hand.
Secondly, he is a “fan of his business.” It is diligence, perseverance, determination, and love for one’s work that allows one to achieve certain heights in the chosen direction. But the main thing here is not to go too far. Everything is good in moderation.
Thirdly, talent. Well, this is already from God. If given, then the entire path to achieving success will seem not so difficult and thorny.
Fourthly, he is a creative thinker. Now it's fashionable to say that. Well, in fact, a person who has non-standard flexible thinking. Actually, it is this way of thinking that distinguishes a “master” from an “advanced technician” and makes his work akin to a work of art.
Now let's see what the “omniscient” Wikipedia says about this. The very first definition:
Master- a person who has achieved high art in his field, putting ingenuity and creativity into his work, making unusual and original objects.
And after that there are 22 definitions and interpretations.
And finally, I want to add a few comments of my own. They are not generally recognized and have exclusively the status of “personal observations”. But they will be very useful when choosing this type of activity.
Almost all the masters I have met in my life have one thing in common: this is far from simple people through life. And I put this very mildly. There are plenty of complexes and problems there. There are a number of objective explanations for this, which I will not give, to spare their pride. But, in most cases, employees and management tolerate such people as a necessary evil in exchange for their skills. The leaders of the SC, I hope, will understand me. The second remark smoothly follows from the first - these are often “people with a throat.” I don’t want to cast a shadow on all craftsmen, but drunkenness and various kinds of violations of labor discipline are found much more often in this category of people.
However, there are also positive observations. Despite the above disadvantages, family life As a rule, things work out well for the masters. Even in their youth, they are not deprived of the attention of the opposite sex. And this despite the persistent image of “nerds” and “schizos”. What can we say when a master has achieved a certain perfection and weight in society...
Conversations among masters, contrary to popular belief, are rarely limited to purely technical issues. Despite his boundless dedication to his work and being very busy, as a rule, the master has a hobby, and in general, nothing human is alien to him.
Electronics repairman
Wikipedia has a very specific definition on this topic:
Master- skilled worker (usually in organizations consumer services, for example, telemaster)
It's that simple and without further ado. The imagination immediately draws a picture: a kind of unshaven middle-aged man, looking older than his age, with a soldering iron in his hand and a cigarette in his teeth. And to accompany him is a receptionist - a nimble girl, nicknamed Masha the Asshole, who simply mocks the clients. These associations from the recent communist past are caused by the words “in consumer service organizations,” which in those days were service centers.
In fact, masters are not like that at all!
My first childhood impression was formed by my neighbor on the landing. His name was Uncle Seryozha and he worked as a chief specialist in the chromatograph adjustment department in the only enterprise in the USSR for their production. In the apartment, he had a real workshop equipped in the pantry. There was even an oscilloscope. Naturally, this was not advertised in those years, but it made an indelible impression on my childhood consciousness. Sergei Fedorovich Ermakov was a true specialist in his field and fully suited general description masters made by me above. He is no longer alive, so I won’t list his shortcomings.
At the school where I studied, a radio circle began its work at that time. Yes, not a simple one, but with a real amateur radio station UK3TBT. Its director, Evgeniy Frolovich Kladov, although he sometimes did “left-handed” repairs, his main hobby was designing electronic circuits and design of amateur radio stations. In the laboratory (a separate school room with access to the street was allocated for this) everything was equipped with the latest technology of the time. We had no problems with either materials or radio components. Design abilities could be demonstrated in any area of radio engineering, and even under the supervision of such an experienced mentor. And of course, participation in regional shows young technicians with winning prizes, all-Russian amateur radio competitions... Ultimately, this influenced my life choice. In addition to the manager, there were two more assistants. Both are fairly well-known radio amateurs in the city and country. Because These are things of the past, you can give away some secrets for which you wouldn’t get a pat on the head back then. From the description of the teaching staff, it is not difficult to guess what the management did in the laboratory during off-hours.
At the institute where I studied, one of the major courses on the basics of electronics and circuitry was taught by Anatoly Ivanovich Grechikhin (UA3TZ), Honored Master of Sports, winner of the 1962 European Championship in orienteering (fox hunting). I accidentally found his photo in the Radio Amateur Reader, published in 1966. That's where the memories were when I asked for an autograph in this book. Of course, there was a lot to learn from such a master. I passed all the tests, laboratories, and exams the first time and only with an “A”. Unfortunately, he is also no longer alive.
All the people I listed were and are true Masters of their craft with a capital M. Although, in life there are also the masters I described at the beginning of the subsection. And, unfortunately, more often. But let's look up to the best.
There is an electronics repair specialist Additional requirements, imposed by the specifics of the work. This largely concerns knowledge and skills. From school course– physics, or rather, one of its sections – electrodynamics. All electronics are based on only 3 laws: Ohm’s law for a section of a circuit and two Kirchhoff laws (for some reason, Kirchhoff’s laws are not in the school textbook). And a person claiming to be a master should be ashamed not to know them. And of course, special courses: circuit design, fundamentals of radio engineering, materials of construction and technology of electronic components (fundamentals), fundamentals of metrology. This is me listing the courses of the institute program. The work also requires knowledge of English (technical) and safety regulations. Of the skills, the main thing is the ability to hold a soldering iron in your hands. The rest is determined by the specifics of repairing this or that equipment. If we talk specifically about laptop repair, the soldering irons here are somewhat different than those used by TV technicians. Although, modern technologies for printed wiring of SMD elements and soldering of BGAs from microelectronic devices (mobile phones, PDAs, laptops) are gradually spreading to all other consumer electronics. Now even an ordinary light bulb has been stuffed with electronics. What can we say about more complex household appliances... And appliances have one serious drawback- she breaks down. And now it’s time to talk about the foreman’s workplace and about “consumer service organizations,” which include modern service centers (SCs).
Structure service center
It is clear that any business begins with head. It is not possible for this article to dwell on it in detail. I will only say that the work of the entire SC depends on it.
Accounting. Well, everything is clear here. Not a single enterprise in the world operates without accounting and reporting to higher structures and the tax inspectorate. And who will calculate salaries, pay bills, issue money for reporting and accept the day's revenue? The HR service has historically been part of the accounting department.
The administration has sorted it out. Let's move on to support services.
Depending on the scale and profile of the SC, the composition of services may vary. But in any SC there is supply service(or as it is now fashionable to say – logistics). Its task includes purchasing tools, materials and components, maintaining warehouses and accounting for them. This service employs one or more managers. Also, in any SC there is customer service(or simply – acceptance). I hope there is no need to explain the goals and objectives of this service. I will also not list the cleaners, utilities and other essential services. Let's move on to technical services.
Repair shop and its composition:
- Foreman. Responsible for the work of the area entrusted to him in general and each employee in particular. The person is financially responsible. It is on him that all expensive equipment is listed and he is responsible for the distribution of tools, materials and work. In fact, it is he (or rather his subordinates) who earns money for the entire SC and therefore the well-being of the entire enterprise depends on his professionalism and energy. As a rule, this is the most experienced and knowledgeable employee of the enterprise, and therefore has the final say both at a meeting with the director and in the smoking room among employees.
- Repairmen. Technical specialists (the word “workers” does not dare to call them) who directly carry out repairs of electronic equipment. Their knowledge, experience and God's help contribute to the accomplishment of their work. “Ek that’s enough!” - some will say. But I can say with full responsibility that the work of a repairman is creative work. This also includes intuition - “successfully replacing the lack of information” (M. Zhvanetsky), and shamanic “dancing with a tambourine” (a favorite phrase on forums), and even some extrasensory abilities.
Next come the “narrow specialists”. Their presence and profile directly depends on the volume of work performed by the service center and the organization of work in the repair shop.
- So, infrared (IR) soldering station operator. In many SCs where there is a division of labor, this is a separate position and a specially trained person. His responsibilities include removing/installing the chip, reballing (rolling solder balls) of the chip. The most important thing here is knowledge of BGA soldering materials and technology. And the quality of the repair directly depends on his skill.
- Batteryman. Battery testing and restoration specialist. The most important things here are knowledge of physical chemistry, materials science, and technical documentation from the manufacturer. Equipment for testing and recovery is very specific and costs a lot of money. But the work is just a fairy tale - I put the battery through the run and into the smoking room (just kidding).
- Specialist in data recovery from hard drives/flash drives. The work is quite complex and has a huge range of technical subtleties. This is usually done in specialized service centers.
- System engineer or system software (software) specialist. Its task includes installing, reinstalling, restoring and configuring standard operating systems (OS). Some service centers underestimate the importance of this type of work and leave it either to the client or to the “nimble guys” who do it at the client’s home.
Perhaps there are more exotic specialists in the SC, but I have not met any. But I met a “simplified” organizational structure SC, where some types of work are performed by one person. There are even service centers where ALL work is performed by one person. But this is already aerobatics.
Workplace of a REA repairman
It is no secret that the workplace and the tools used in work characterize any specialist. Just by looking at the workshop, one can say with a fair degree of confidence about a person’s professional suitability, the composition and quality of the work he performs. The technical equipment of a workplace consists of two main components: the scope of work and the capabilities of the SC, the ability of a repairman to organize, assemble and assemble equipment and tools.
The required attributes are:
- Table with work area lighting;
- Measuring instruments including: digital multimeter, oscilloscope;
- Technically complex instrument consisting of: microscope, laboratory power supply, programmer with a set of adapters, thermal air Soldering Station, a set of soldering irons with temperature control and mini-wave nozzles, a sharp tip;
- Equipment for BGA soldering: IR soldering station with bottom heating, IR pyrometer, set of stencils for rolling balls;
- Consumable tools and materials: A set of tweezers, a set of screwdrivers, side cutters, pliers, solder, a braid for removing solder, a set of fluxes for soldering, washing liquids, brushes, rags.
As a rule, the master himself chooses the composition of the tool, its type and materials used in the work based on considerations of ease of use. All of the above should be located and arranged for ease of use. “Creative disorder” is unacceptable in the workplace. This leads to an increase in repair time, damage to expensive tools and, as a result, an increase in the cost of repairs and a decrease in its quality.
Several years ago, one of the most popular Russian forums, NoteBook1 (NB1), held a photo competition for repairmen’s jobs. It’s a pity that the resource administration did not leave this topic pinned. This could serve as both advertising and anti-advertising for the master and the SC.
Master - apprentices
The topic is not unimportant in any business, because it is believed that the path to mastery must necessarily pass through the “blacksmith of personnel.” In some ways this point of view is justified, but in others it is not. Let's try to figure it out.
Starting your own business (and this is precisely the ultimate goal) without having either money or practical knowledge is simply suicide. The easiest way to fill this gap is to become an apprentice to a real master. There are, of course, other ways, such as a “tour through life” (used by wealthy parents), placing them in a “warm place” (knowledge and experience are not very important, everything is decided by the parents’ connections), sending them “to the people” (put them out the door what the mother gave birth in, and then somehow himself). But one way or another, the question of practical training arises before every person. So, having entered the master as a student, the young man (girl) does not yet think much about the practical benefits of this action due to a banal lack of his own life experience, and here the participation of parents in this process is very important. It is on their shoulders that the choice of their child’s life path, the selection of an educational institution and the subsequent employment of the “young specialist” fall. Final stage, most often, is solved through acquaintances and connections. The masters themselves rarely take “from the street” strangers to become an apprentice, because working and learning from a real master - you still have to earn it.
A few words about labor organization. The personnel structure takes on a pyramidal form: headed by a master and at the base one or many apprentices. Now the workshop can fulfill significantly more orders, because... the same room is used, the same tool is used, but the work is performed by a larger number of people. There is also a distribution of responsibilities. Now the master no longer has any need to do all the work himself. Some of the work is simply entrusted to the apprentice. As a rule, this is work that does not require qualifications and is quite difficult or tedious. The composition of assistants may change depending on market conditions, the time of year and the tyranny of the master.
In addition to professional skills, students also adopt traditions that have been established over many years in this field of activity. From time immemorial in Rus', the end of a serious matter was celebrated with festivities, songs, and dances. The artisan people were also famous for this. It’s not for nothing that the saying “drinks like a cobbler” appeared. Modern workshops also have their own traditions, which greatly diversify the joint daily work of people. As an example, I can cite one Palovo Posad SC, which annually travels to Karelia and relaxes in tents in nature. General training camps are also held (NB1 participants gather annually in the village of Gribovka near Odessa), competitions, and seminars. Of course, good traditions find their continuers in former students.
From all of the above, it can be noted that there is not much practical benefit for starting your own business. If you wish, you can achieve everything yourself without outside help and loss of time.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to note that the masters I know have never regretted the choice of their life path, no matter how difficult and thorny it was. Therefore, if you have decided to devote your life to technology and achieve decent results in this, then I hope this article can give you some idea of the current state of affairs in the chosen direction.
Separately, I would like to note the role of communications, the Internet and technical forums in the exchange of information. Literally, 20 years ago it was impossible to even think about such services. There were long queues for every reference book in the library to check it out. It was basically impossible to buy the necessary reference book on radio components (obviously, it was a state secret). Currently there are no problems with this in principle. You can find a datasheet for almost any radio component on the corresponding Internet resource. In most cases, ordering is done in online stores. Communication and receiving qualified assistance occurs without leaving your workplace. Therefore, the creative abilities, knowledge, and skills of a particular person come to the fore. On this rosy note I would like to end my article.
Good luck to you, MASTERS!
