In studying punctuation analysis, it is important to highlight the basic principles:
- search for grammatical basis;
- search for participial or adverbial phrases;
- search for introductory structures.
We suggest you familiarize yourself with the main steps in the algorithm for punctuation parsing a sentence:
- First of all, you need to pay attention to the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. By whether there is a period, a question mark or an ellipsis at the end of a sentence, the reader determines the emotional coloring of the statement. It is necessary that the student can explain in detail and clearly why this particular punctuation mark was chosen.
- The next step is to determine the construction of the sentence. The number of punctuation marks depends on whether the sentence in front of us is simple or complex. In order for students to easily distinguish a simple sentence from a complex one, they must be able to independently determine not only the grammatical basis of the sentence, but also the type of subordinate clause.
- Next, you should analyze the functions of each punctuation mark; We remind you that they can be dividing and highlighting.
Students should understand the difference in the use of separators and emphases.
TO highlighting signs should include dashes, colons, commas, quotation marks and parentheses. With their help, isolations, definitions and generalizations, etc. are highlighted.
TO separators include comma, semicolon, dash, colon. Signs are intended to separate homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, etc.
- Immediately before punctuation analysis, teachers recommend analyzing the sentence by composition with the obligatory highlighting of the grammatical basis, homogeneous parts of the sentence, definitions and circumstances.
- A graphical diagram of a sentence, compiled on the basis of analysis of the sentence by composition, will significantly simplify punctuation analysis.
- The final point is punctuation analysis.
Examples
We propose to consolidate the information received in practice. Students need to have an accurate understanding of what the teacher is asking of them, so it is important to provide them with a sample review.
Example 1
[Halfway into the doorway open window the trapezoid was pushed in sunlight], 1 (the upper corner of which touched the edge of the mirror cabinet).(D. Rubina)
- Grammar basics: trapezoid pushed in, angle touched.
- The main clause and subordinate clause are separated by a comma.
[The boys looked at each other and, 1 |without taking their eyes off me|, 2 began to slowly and carefully back away]. (K. Paustovsky)
- Grammar basis: the boys looked at each other and began to back away.
- There is a period at the end of the sentence because the sentence is declarative and represents a complete statement.
- The participial phrase is highlighted in the sentence with two commas.
|Straining and turning purple|, 1 (the sun plopped down behind the village cemetery), 2 (and after me the blue twilight swirled across the brushwood). (M. Sholokhov)
- Grammar basics: the sun flopped down, twilight swirled.
- There is a period at the end of the sentence because the sentence is declarative and represents a complete statement.
- There are two punctuation marks in the sentence. In the first case, a comma separates two homogeneous gerunds, and in the second case, a comma separates parts of a complex sentence.
It is worth summing up. If a student is able to remember this simple algorithm, then he will master the punctuation parsing of a sentence to perfection.
Modern schoolchildren, according to educational program, study several types of analysis: phonetic, lexical, morphological, morphemic, syntactic and punctuation analysis of sentences. Each of them has its own distinctive features and difficult to understand moments.
Definition
Many students and their parents wonder what punctuation analysis of a sentence means. It is designed to find and clarify punctuation marks in a sentence. The ability to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence can improve general level student literacy. Analysis of simple (PP) and complex (SP) sentences has its own distinctive features.
Parsing a simple sentence
- Read the text provided for analysis.
- Assign a number to all punctuation marks present in the text.
- Indicate the punctogram that completes the sentence and explain the reason for its placement.
- Identify and explain all the signs found in the sentence.
It is according to this plan that punctuation analysis of the sentence is carried out. A sample parsing is presented below.
Analysis examples
Let’s take the punctuation analysis of a sentence as an example:
1. I can trust this secret to a person who knows how to keep his mouth shut.
2.Haven't you seen people running down the street holding flags, posters, Balloons?
Step one. The sentence is interrogative in terms of the purpose of the statement and intonation. That's why it ends with a question mark.
Step two. By assigning a number to punctuation marks, we determine their number in a sentence:
Haven't you seen people running down the street (1), holding flags (2), posters (3), balloons (4)?
Step three. The sentence has one grammatical basis you did not see.
Comma number one highlights the participial phrase. Commas numbered two and three separate homogeneous members of the sentence flags, posters, balloons, expressed by additions.
Analysis of a complex sentence
Punctuation analysis of a sentence of this kind is somewhat more complicated.
1. Read the sentence.
2. Assign a serial number to all punctuation marks in the sentence.
3. Indicate the paragraph ending the sentence and explain its placement.
4. Indicate punctuation marks at the SP level and explain the reason for their placement.
5. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in parts of the joint venture.
Analysis examples
As an example, we suggest conducting a punctuation analysis of the sentence:
1.We will probably not see Sergei again, since the insult inflicted on him is unlikely to be easily forgotten.
Step one. There is a period at the end of the sentence, because the purpose of the statement is narrative, and the intonation is non-exclamatory.
Step two. The numbering showed the presence of five punctuation marks in the sentence:
Probably (1), we will not see Sergei again (2), since the insult (3) inflicted on him (4) is unlikely to be easily forgotten (5).
Step three. This proposal is complex. Parts complex sentence connected subordinating conjunction because the. A comma stands at the border between the main and subordinate clauses.
Step four. In the main sentence, a comma is used to highlight the introductory word. probably. In the subordinate clause, commas separate the participial phrase inflicted on him.
2. I am sure that you will carry out this assignment because you value my location and want to advance in your career.
Step one. The sentence ends with a period because it is declarative, non-exclamatory.
Step two. There are four punctuation marks in the sentence:
I am sure (1) that you will carry out this assignment (2), because you value my location (3), you want to advance in your career (4).
Step three. This sentence consists of one main clause and two subordinate clauses, which are separated from each other by commas numbered one and two.
Step four. In the main part and first subordinate clause There are no punctuation marks. In the second subordinate clause, a comma at number three separates homogeneous predicates you appreciate And you want to advance.
If the student knows what punctuation analysis of a sentence means, he will not make gross mistakes in the placement of punctuation marks. By doing so, he will significantly improve his performance and increase his chances of getting a decent grade in his final exams. This is important, because how well a student passes them determines his future admission to a university. And even such a small thing as the wrong punctuation mark can deprive him of much-needed points.
When a sentence is written on the board and all spellings in words are explained, the student usually begins to perform oral punctuation analysis.
How to do it correctly? In what order should we name the conditions for placing punctuation marks? These and many other questions are relevant for middle and high schools.
Punctuation analysis differs significantly from syntactic analysis, which is familiar to schoolchildren symbol under the number 4. It is unacceptable to confuse them! The purpose of syntactic analysis is to characterize the sentence, its structure and meaning.
Why is punctuation analysis needed? It helps to apply punctograms, find the boundaries of semantic segments, and follow the rules of punctuation. Sentences that are already punctuated are suitable for analysis. To complicate the analysis, the teacher offers texts with missing punctuation marks.
When performing punctuation analysis, they pay attention to the structure of the sentence. What matters is not only the presence of major and minor members, but also the number grammar basics and parts of the sentence, it is also important to determine the ways of expressing the minor members of the sentence and their order, to find out the intonation features of the sentence.
Here are two proposals, let's analyze them.
1) Seryozha and Petya met one day in the yard, shoveled snow on a bench and sat down. 2) What can be done?
In the first declarative sentence, only two characters are used: a comma, separating homogeneous predicates, and a period. The second has only one question mark because there is a question word at the beginning of the sentence.
When there are no punctuation marks inside a sentence, do you need to pay attention to it? Yes, it is necessary to clarify the conditions for the absence of signs. Let's look at an example.
Aunt Tanya treated the skates as a family heirloom.
In this sentence, except for the period, there is no sign inside. But it was possible to mistakenly place a comma before the conjunction HOW. Why wasn't the sign put up? Because there is a condition that prohibits a comma: the semantic segment AS TO A FAMILY HEIRLIC has the meaning “as a quality.”
The punctuation analysis plan involves only a few points. This analysis is usually performed orally, therefore, for the convenience of a written description, we number all punctuation marks and explain their placement. We took all sentences for examples from the works of Lyudmila Ulitskaya.
SAMPLE PUNCTUATION PROCEDURE
I. Place of punctuation (end of sentence, simple sentence, complex sentence): punctuation marks are numbered.
II. Conditions of punctuation norms (rules for placing/not placing punctuation marks).
III. Punctuation function.
AN EXAMPLE OF PUNCTUATION EXAMPLE
Example 1.
The birch and aspen trees set on fire in the fall brought bright colors into the eyes.1
1 is a completion sign in a simple declarative sentence.
Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous subjects connected by a single conjunction AND, there is no comma after the participial phrase BURNED IN AUTUMN, standing before the attributive word BIRCH AND ASPEN.
Example 2.
Skating was,1 of course,2 the number one event during those holidays.3
1 and 2 - commas highlight the introductory word with the meaning of confidence,
Example 3.
On the ninth of January,1 at the end of the holidays,2 we celebrated Sanya’s birthday.3
1 and 2 - commas highlight a clarifying member of the sentence, expressed by a circumstance of time,
3 is a sign of completion in a simple declarative sentence.
Example 4.
Anna Alexandrovna called girls 1 “young ladies” 2,3 boys 4 “young people” 5...6
1, 2 and 4, 5 - the character’s statements are highlighted in quotation marks (a way of formatting someone else’s speech),
3 - a comma separates homogeneous complements,
6 - a sign of completion in a simple narrative sentence (the ellipsis indicates the incompleteness of the statement).
Example 5.
Everything around seemed unusually clear and unprecedentedly beautiful: 1 and white birch trunks, 2 and bright leaves, 3 and pale blue, 4 like a faded sky.5
1 - we place a colon in front of a series of homogeneous members, since there is a generalizing word ALL,
2, 3 - commas separate homogeneous subjects connected by repeating conjunctions.
4 - a comma highlights a comparative phrase with the conjunction AS FELL,
5 is a sign of completion in a simple narrative sentence.
Example 6.
One morning, 1 going out into the yard, 2 Sergei saw the roof of the barn, white with frost, 3 graying earth, 4 caught by frost, 5 hardened grass, 6 covered with rare snow, 7 like salt.8
1, 2 - commas highlight a separate circumstance expressed in action participial phrase GOING OUTSIDE THE YARD,
3, 5 - commas separate homogeneous complements,
4, 5 - a comma identifies a separate definition, expressed by the participial phrase PICKED UP BY FROST, after the word being defined, EARTH,
6, 7 - a comma identifies a separate definition, expressed by the participial phrase COVERED WITH RARE SNOW, after the word being defined GRASS,
7 - a comma highlights a comparative phrase with the conjunction LIKE,
8 is a sign of completion in a simple narrative sentence.
Example 7.
Poetry -1 is the heart of literature,2 the highest concentration of all the best3 that exists in the world and in man.4
1 - a dash separates the subject and predicate, expressed by a noun in the Nominal case,
2 - a comma separates homogeneous predicates,
3 - comma separates subordinate clause complex sentence from the main one,
4 is a sign of completion in a simple declarative sentence.
Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous members, connected by a single conjunction I.
Example 8.
The beauty of the land disturbed Sergei’s heart,1 reminded him of past days,2 so vividly imprinted in his memory.3
1 - a comma in the middle of a simple sentence separates homogeneous predicates,
2 - a comma highlights a separate definition, expressed by the participial phrase SO BRIGHTLY IMPRINTED IN THE MEMORY, after the defined word DAYS,
3 - a period completes a declarative sentence.
Example 9.
The trees ended at the level of the fifth floor,1 from the balcony only the finely curly tops of two ash trees were visible,2 and the ground beneath them was barely visible.3
1 - a comma in the middle separates parts of a complex sentence (non-conjunction connection),
2 - a comma separates parts of a complex sentence (coordinating connection),
3 - a period completes a declarative complex sentence.
Example 10.
There was such silence in the forest1 that the chirping of tits2 jumping on the branches3 seemed unusually loud.4
1 - a comma in the middle separates parts of a complex sentence (subordinate connection),
2 and 3 - paired commas highlight a separate definition in the subordinate part of a complex sentence, expressed by the participial phrase JUMPING ON THE BRANCHES, after the word being defined, TITS,
4 - a period completes a declarative complex sentence.
Some sentences may contain several punctuation marks, and in this case you need to decide in what sequence to do the punctuation analysis. It is logical to go from the end to those punctuation marks that are inside the sentence. But a sequential approach is also possible - according to the order of the signs.
Literature
1. Bednarskaya L.D. Classification of spelling and punctuation errors made by students in written works / Russian language at school. - 2008. - No. 8.
2. Blinov G.I. Punctuation analysis / Russian at school. - 1985. - No. 3.
3. Nikerov A.I. About complete punctuation analysis in Russian language lessons / Russian language at school. - 1989. - No. 6.
