Hot rolling. Search results for \"hot rolling\". Fundamentals of the theory of rolling and drawing pipes. allowance

Union of Soviets

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Republics

B 21 N 1/Ob with the addition of application 11вЂ”

State Committee

USSR for Inventions and Discoveries (23) Priority

L.N.D.Daily, V.L.Snitsarenko and I.S.Shchenev (71) Applicant (54) DEVICE FOR HOT ROLLING OUT OF RINGS

The invention relates to the field of metal forming and can be used for hot rolling of rings used, for example, in tractor construction, agricultural engineering, automotive industry and in the production of bearing rings, ring gears, bandages, various shells, etc.

A device for hot 10 rolling of rings is known, containing a drive installed in a frame, drive and non-drive spindles with a rolling tool and a support roller assembly (1 1. 15

In the specified device, in order to ensure a gap-free fit of the cylindrical surfaces of the tool and its precise fixation in the axial direction, the non-drive roll is fastened to the frame elements by means of a splined nut with collet blades placed in its grooves.

However, in the specified device 25, the driven outer roll (tool) together with the spindle is made entirely of expensive heat-resistant tool steel, which increases the cost of the device 30 and the manufactured product. A tool made as a composite (banded) does not justify itself during hot rolling, since it does not ensure constant tension of the band, clearance and stability of the rolling process and the quality of the rings and requires additional technological allowance for subsequent machining.

The purpose of the invention is to improve the accuracy of the rings by compensating for the thermal expansion of the tool and ensuring the stability of the rolling process.

The goal is achieved by the fact that the device for hot rolling of rings is equipped with a compensating device made in the form of an axially movable conical split sleeve and a membrane installed between the spindle and the tool, and a membrane preliminarily elastically pressed in the direction of the base of the spindle cone.

Fig. 1 schematically shows the device, general form; in fig. 2 rolling tool with compensating device; in fig. 3 - support roller assembly.

The device for hot rolling of rings consists of a frame 1, on which a drive spindle 2 with a rolling tool 3, fixedly mounted relative to the frame, and a non-drive spindle are mounted

4 with a rolling tool 5, moved relative to the frame by a hydraulic cylinder 6 during the rolling out of a ring forging 7. The ring forging is held by a support roller assembly consisting of rollers 8 and 9, kinematically interconnected by a lever circuit 10, controlled by a hydraulic cylinder 11, fixedly mounted on bed. In the cavity of the hydraulic cylinder there is a piston 12 connected to 15 by an upper rod 13 and a lower rod

The rotation of the drive spindle with the rolling tool is carried out through a drive mechanism 15. Yes. The device is equipped with a compensating device made in the form of a conical split sleeve 16, the cone angle of which more than the amount friction angles along its internal surfaces

17 and the outer surfaces 18, installed between the tool and the spindle, and the membrane 19, elastically pressed in the direction of the base 20 of the spindle cone with a force less than the force of its ejection when the rolling tool 30 cools.

The device works as follows.

Ring stamped forgings of smaller diameter and simple shape 35 in a heated state are installed between drive 2 and non-drive

4 spindles with rolling tools 3 and 5, and rolling is carried out. In the process of rolling out the forging, increasing in diameter, the supporting rollers I are pressed, pressed by a hydraulic cylinder, which ensure the centering of the workpiece and at the same time reduce the vibration of the forging. During the rolling process, preheated forgings 7 45 gradually heat up the rolling tool, as a result of which a gap is formed between the drive spindle and the tool, however, the compensating device constantly monitors the absence of a gap between the working tool and the spindle, and when it appears, a split sleeve 16 installed between the rolling tool tool 3 and drive spindle 2, moves under the action of the membrane

19, elastically pressed in the direction of the base 20, selecting a gap between the spindle and the working rolling tool. The taper angle of the split sleeve 16 is selected such that it slightly exceeds the self-braking angle and makes it possible to smoothly compensate for the formation of thermal radial gaps, and when the tool cools down, return to its original state, while maintaining a constant tension between the rolling tool

3 and the drive spindle 2 under the action of an elastically pressed membrane 19 with a force less than the force of pushing out the conical split sleeve 16 when the rolling tool cools, since the cone angle of the sleeve is greater than the sum of the friction angles along its internal and external surfaces.

The proposed device makes it possible to increase the stability of the rolling process and the accuracy of the rings, reduce the technological allowance for subsequent machining, the cost of the working tool and the requirements for the accuracy of its manufacture, as well as reduce equipment downtime. formula of invention: a device for hot rolling of rings, containing a drive installed in a frame, drive and non-drive spindles with a rolling tool and a support roller assembly, characterized in that, in order to increase the accuracy of the rings by compensating for thermal expansion tool and ensuring the stability of the rolling process, it is equipped with a compensating device made in the form of an axially movable conical split bushing and a membrane installed between the spindle and the tool, and a membrane preliminarily elastically pressed in the direction of the base of the spindle cone.

UDC 621.73

FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR CALCULATING THE AMOUNT OF ACCUMULATED STRAIN DURING HOT ROLLING OF RINGS

1 Samara State Aerospace University 2 JSC "Samara Metallurgical Plant"

Received by the editor 02/13/2009

A finite element model has been developed for calculating the degree of accumulated deformation at various stages of deformation of a ring workpiece. A comparison of modeling results and experimental dependencies confirms the adequacy of the model.

Key words: rolling of rings, macrostructure, recrystallization, accumulated deformation, finite element method, model, stiffness matrix, equal-strength inserts.

In the practice of gas turbine engine production, ring parts with multifunctional purpose. These parts are subject to high requirements in terms of structure and level. mechanical properties. The main method for producing ring parts is hot rolling (Fig. 1). A feature of this process is the presence of multiple acts of local deformation of the workpiece while it is in the rolls and the accompanying multiple partial recrystallization in interdeformation pauses, making it difficult to calculate the total (accumulated) deformation during the process.

This leads to the fact that along the cross-section of the workpiece, various degrees of deformation, including critical degrees of deformation, can simultaneously be present. In turn, critical degrees of deformation contribute to the formation of large grains during final recrystallization annealing. At the same time, in places where the deformation has exceeded critical values, a fine-grained structure will form. Thus, heterogeneity of deformation leads to heterogeneity of grain, i.e. structural heterogeneity over the cross-section of parts and a decrease in the level of mechanical properties. To avoid this, it is necessary to know at each stage the amount of accumulated deformation received by the metal both at each local stage of deformation and for the entire rolling period as a whole. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to construct a mathematical model that allows one to determine the stress de-

Grechnikov Fedor Vasilievich, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vice-Rector for educational work. Email: [email protected]. Aryshensky Evgeniy Vladimirovich, graduate student. Email: [email protected].

Beglov Erkin Dzhavdatovich, candidate of technical sciences, leading engineer. Email: [email protected].

formed state and the magnitude of the degree of accumulated deformation.

When developing the finite element model, it was taken into account that, due to symmetry, the structure and properties of the rolled ring are identical for all sections along the circumference. Taking this circumstance into account, the model was built not for the entire ring, but for a segment equal to 6 lengths of the deformation zone. The segment is divided into triangular finite elements, as shown in Fig. 2.

The angle p, which determines the position of the element in the solution area, is found using the following formula.

12 1 ■ Kg

(2YAN + 2YAV), (1)

where YAN, YAB are the outer and inner radii of the ring;

K is the average radius of the ring in 1 revolution.

b is the length of the arc of contact with any of the rolls. To determine it, the formula is used

b 1(2) AN, (2)

Rice. 1. Scheme of the process of hot rolling of rings: 1 - blank, 2 - internal non-drive roll (mandrel), 3 - external drive roll, 4, 5 - guide rollers, 6 - limit switch (diameter control)

where R2 are the radii of the drive and non-drive rolls

A b - absolute compression We first divide the solution area into quadrangular sectors, each of which corresponds to two adjacent triangular elements. There are N rows of sectors in the radial direction and M in the tangential direction. There are 2 ■ N ■ M triangular elements and (M + 1) ■ (N + 1) nodes. The numbering of nodes is shown in Fig. 2. We denote the coordinates of the 1st node along axes 1 and 2 as xc, X"2

World Cup)] NMMM)| ;<3>

1 EVn.+Dn-Dn then!± ^toD

During the calculation process, the coordinates of nodes at any point in the calculation area will change by

relocation of nodes ip, 2. To find ip, 2 we will use the energy method. Consider a separate triangular element 1 with nodes 1, 2, 3 in Fig. 3.

Let us assume that the element is initially not stressed, the nodal forces are equal to 0. Then the forces A, Y, /3 are applied to the corresponding nodes of the element. New config

tion of nodes will have a displacement d11, d12, d, d22, d^, d32. The superscript refers to the element, we will omit it in the future. The first lower index refers to the node, and the second to the coordinate. Potential energy I of the new configuration in relation to the initial one, it is the difference between the energy of the stressed state accumulated in the element u and the work done by the forces /2,/3 on the displacement vector e, .

I=u-Zh=2 |(p + st22£22+^^ Uj-A 1j11 -

Fig 3. Setting boundary conditions in the problem of segment deformation

where е12.....- movements at the nodes of the element

in directions 1,2 respectively;

/p...... /32 - forces under the influence of which

the nodes shift in the direction of 1,2, respectively;

е11 е22 are normal, and е12 are tangential components of the deformation tensor;

y11y22 - normal, y12 - tangential components of the stress tensor.

Integration is carried out over volume ^ (in the considered case of plane deformation - by area element dF). For the convenience of further solution, we present equation (5) in matrix form.

I = - |a -e-eG-e 2

Г = 2\еТШЧеГ - =

Values of the vector components е = |е„ ■■■ е32|| must be such that the potential energy I has a minimum value:

■- = 0 ; Н1...3, . (7)

After differentiation, in vector form we get:

I -ING)-ё = f. (8)

To understand the notation, ||in||, and ||and|| Let's look again separate element, presented in Fig. 3.

If it is triangular, as in our case, and the stresses in it change linearly, then it is recommended to relate the displacement values of the element nodes and its deformation with the following formula.

X22 X-32 X11 X31 X32 X12 X21 X11

21 Hz 12 22

In matrix form, we write expression (9) as follows:

e = \\B\\ - e. (9 a)

As can be seen from (9) ||in|| expresses changes in the coordinates of the nodes of a triangular element while maintaining its area and connects the movement in its nodes with the accumulated deformation.

In turn ||and|| expresses the relationship between the strain tensor and the stress tensor. Its values are different for the elastic and plastic states. Conclusion ||AND|| for both conditions

can be found in . Its values are given here, and only for the plane strain and the energy approach. Elastic deformation:

1 + V 1- - 2v 1 - 2v

Plastic condition:

)- ее = |И| - ee, (12)

for the elastic part of the deformation, for the plastic part of the deformation.

a11 a11 a11 0 22 ^ a11 012

a22 a11" 0 22 0 22 0 22 a12

a12 a11 a12 0 22 a12 012

where shear modulus O =

8 - characteristic parameter of the elastic-plastic state

This parameter allows us to take into account the dependence of stress on deformation and other process parameters, which are expressed through a relationship of the form

0 = 0(e, e, T, a in c), (17)

where e is the accumulated strain under uniaxial compression (tension);

e - deformation rate; T - temperature;

aoa a, b, c - empirically determined relationships. Dedicated to the search for such relationships

but a lot of research. We used the results for alloys used in rolling gas turbine engine rings.

Let's return to formula (8), which, as is now clear, expresses the relationship between the force in the element, on the one hand, and stress, deformation and displacement, on the other. Having excluded displacements from formula (8), we denote its left side as follows.

Ш = М-|И-B-dF- (18)

Sh is the stiffness matrix. It takes into account all the deformation parameters given above. If this matrix is given for one triangular element, it is called local. The global matrix will be the right-hand side matrix of the system (M++1) of equations, formed as the algebraic sum of the local matrices of each element.

It should be noted that we already know the voltage

For a non-driven roll, in the first half of the gripping arc the forces are directed against the direction of metal movement, in the second - in the direction of movement (Fig. 3, b). For each node in contact with the roll, the direction of the forces is known. P - normal pressure, t = juP - friction force, j - friction coefficient.

Let's consider equation (19), which in expanded form for node 9 will be written as follows (Fig. 3, b).

k17.17 d91 + k17.18 d92 + k17.19 d101 + k17.20 d102 +

K17.21 d111 + k17.22 d112 = f91 =

JP cos (p3 - P sin (p3, (20)

k18.17 d91 + k18.18 d92 + k18.19 d101 + k18.20 d102 +

K18,21 d111 + k18,22d112 = f92 =

P sin (p3 + /uP cos (p3. (21)

When solving equations (20) using the Gaussian method, we take into account the condition of non-penetration of the workpiece material into the non-driven roll:

d91 ■ sin (р3 = d92 ■ cos^3. (22)

This condition will allow us to exclude d92 from the system of equations (19). We carry out this transformation for all equations containing nodes lying on the surface of the non-driven roll.

The rotation speed of the drive roll is known, but the mutual displacement of the metal and roll surfaces is unknown. Let's apply the following technique.

Let's introduce a fictitious layer of elements. Let's show it using the example of an element with nodes 7, 6 (Figure 3a). These units move as if rigidly connected to the roll. The nodes of the metal contact layer 5 (Fig. 3 a) move along the surface of the roll. The element stiffness matrix K is modified using the friction index m. The elements of the stiffness matrix are multiplied by m/m - c. At

m tending to 0, the element becomes more rigid, simulating low friction. When m ^ 1, the “sticking” of the material to the rolls is simulated. The elements do not model the lubricant layer, but they model the action of the lubricant. Each element of the fictitious layer is created at the time of construction of the corresponding real element. The real and fictitious element matrices can be compared and jointly solved in equation (8). The movements of the fictitious units are known, i.e. they move as if rigidly connected to the roll.

Equations (19) for node 5 (Fig. 3 a) will have the following form.

k9 3d 23 + k 9.4d 22 + k9.7 d41 + k9.8 d42 + k9.9 d51 + + k 9.10 d52 + k 9.15 d 81 + k9.16 d82 + k 9.13 d71 + + k 9.14d 72 + k 9.11 d61 + k 9.12 d62 = f51 , (23)

k10.3 d 21 + k10.4d 22 + k10.7 d41 + k10.8 d42 + k10.9 d51 + + k10.10 d 52 + k10.15 d 81 + k10.16 d 82 + k10.13 d71 + + k10,14d72 + k10,11 d61 + k10,12d62 = f52 . (24)

Since the force in node 5 is normal to the surface of the roll, we have:

f2Cos^2 = fs1sin (P2, (25)

Condition of non-penetration of the roll surface ds1 cos^2 = ds2 sin (p2, (26)

When compiling the global stiffness matrix, transforming equations (23, 24) taking into account (25,

Rice. 4. Layout of equal-strength inserts in the deformation zone during rolling. H0 is the thickness of the workpiece before it enters the rolls; y, x - values of insertion coordinates;

a0, b0 and ax, bx

initial and final dimensions of the inserts, respectively

52, db1, you can also use

26), excluding /51, /5, is called when solving system (19) by the Gaussian elimination method. During the solution, the values of accumulated deformation, stresses and displacements are found, i.e. the stress-strain state in the deformation zone.

The adequacy of the model is verified on the basis of experimental studies of ring rolling given in the work. In this work, we investigated the deformation zone of a ring made of aluminum alloy AMg6, in which

Holes were drilled in layers and filled with inserts made of the same metal (Fig. 4). Rolling of rings with an outer diameter of 400 mm, an inner diameter of 340 mm and a thickness of 30 mm was carried out on a ring rolling mill model PM1200 with the diameters of the work rolls: upper drive - 550 mm and lower non-drive - 200 mm; the maximum feed speed of the pressure device was 16 mm/sec.; the rolling speed provided for by the mill design was 1.5 m/sec. Based on the results of measuring the inserts, the values were found

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V №|en.nch I data

5vep;rsks t;

anspsro-."and that

SgU 1, and inm b?

S:ch:"ini 2 ^ I member MZDSL.-fEBaMN!

■I l -I l i i e. 2 t.i 11 i. 7VDSH1 V ■DIM [-1

Rice. Fig. 5. Distribution of the intensity of deformation along the height of the deformation zone during rolling of a ring sample from the AMg6 alloy: e1 is the degree of accumulated deformation, y is the coordinates of the point along the y axis (with Ho /2 corresponding to ordinate 1)

deformations and stresses, which are presented in Fig. 5. The presented experimental data on rolling out a ring made of AMg6 alloy were introduced into the developed finite element model. In Fig. Figure 5 compares the simulation results and experimental data.

As can be seen from the graph, the results of the experiment and simulation are almost identical (convergence is about 15%).

1. To form a homogeneous macrostructure and the required level of mechanical properties in the annular parts of a gas turbine engine, it is necessary to control the magnitude of the accumulated degree of deformation at each stage of hot rolling of the workpiece.

2. A finite element design model has been developed.

the degree of accumulated deformation at various stages of deformation of ring blanks.

3. A comparison of modeling results and experimental dependencies confirms the adequacy of the model.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Lakhtin Yu.M., Leontyeva V.P. Metallurgy. M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1980. 493 p.

3. Tselikov A.I. Theory of force calculation in rolling mills. - M.: Metallugrgizdat, 1962.

2. Finite-element plasticity and metalforming analysis / G.W. Rove., C.E.N. Sturgess, P. Hartly., Cambridge University Press, 2005. 296 p.

4 P.I. Polukhin, G.Ya Gun, A.M. Galkin Resistance to plastic deformation of metals and alloys. , M. Metallurgy, 1983, p. 353

5 Kostyshev V.A., Shitarev I.L. Rolling out rings. -Samara: SSAU, 2000. P. 206.

THE FINAL-ELEMENT MODEL CALCULATION SIZE SAVED DEFORMATION IN THE PROCESS OF HOT ROLLING RINGS

© 2009 F.V. Grechnikov1, E.V. Aryshensky1, E.D. Beglov2

It is developed, is final-element model of calculation degree the saved up deformation at various stages of deformation of ring preparation. Comparison of results of modeling and experimental dependences confirms adequacy of model.

Key words: rolling rings, macrostructure, recrystallization, the saved up deformation, method of final elements, model, a rigidity matrix, full-strength inserts.

Fedor Grechnikov, Doctor of Technics, Professor, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vice Rector for Academic Affairs. Email: [email protected]. Evgenie Aryshensky, Graduate Student. Email: [email protected].

Erkin Beglov, Candidate of Technics, Leading Engineer. Email: [email protected]

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M.: ITK "Dashkov and K"

The book presents a wide range of flour culinary and confectionery products. Recipes for flour culinary and confectionery products are given, as well as a detailed description of the technological process of their preparation. This book is part of the “Culinary Library” series, which includes the following publications: “Cold and hot appetizers”; "Soups"; "Fish dishes"; "Meat dishes"; “Poultry, game and rabbit dishes”; “Vegetable and mushroom dishes”; “Flour, curd and egg dishes”; “Dishes from cereals, legumes and pasta”; "Sweet dishes"; "Beverages"; "Sauces"; "Flour culinary and confectionery products."

Before rolling out the dough, the butter is softened, but its temperature before rolling and the temperature of the dough are<...>The rolling time should not exceed 20 °C.<...>The last rolling is carried out to a thickness of 5 mm.<...>Before each rolling, the dough is cooled in the refrigerator for 20–30 minutes so that during the rolling process<...>When rolling, use special rolling pins that have devices for adjusting the thickness of the rolling sheet.
Preview: Flour culinary and confectionery products production and practical edition.pdf (0.1 Mb)
18

Introduction to metallurgy. Part 2. Metal forming [Electronic resource] [textbook. allowance]

Publishing house SSAU

The history and state of metal forming processes: forging, drawing, rolling, pressing, stamping are examined in a popular form. The role of an engineer in modern production is described.

The role of rolling is performed by the upper striker (Fig. 7).<...>How is rolling done on a mandrel? 9. Purpose of the cutting operation. 10.<...>Stamping can be hot and cold, volumetric and sheet.<...>List the parts produced by hot die forging and cold sheet metal stamping. 2.<...>Give a diagram of hot die forging. 3.
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19

Methods of deformation-heat treatment are considered that make it possible to form an ultrafine-grained structure of the “microduplex” type in heat-resistant nickel alloys, optimal for superplastic deformation. It has been demonstrated that superplastic rolling is a highly efficient method for manufacturing gas turbine engine disks from heat-resistant nickel alloys.

Utyashev USING THE EFFECT OF SUPERPLASTICITY FOR ROLLING OUT GAS TURBINE DISCS FROM HEAT-RESISTANT NICKEL<...>Superplastic rolling has been demonstrated to be a highly efficient method for producing discs<...>ROLLING OUT OF GTE DISCS FROM HEAT-RESISTANT NICKEL ALLOYS Technological aspects of rolling out gas turbine engine discs.<...>Schematic mechanical diagram of rolling out discs using rollers inclined to the rolling plane<...>Solve this problem through differential heat treatment of disks, as well as the hot method

20

Production of blanks. Pipes. Book 4. Production, processing, cutting and joining of pipes, textbook. allowance

The tutorial shows the basics of pipe production, materials for their manufacture, methods of their processing. Intended for students studying in specialty 270109 “Heat and Gas Supply and Ventilation” and within the discipline “Technology of Structural Materials”.

This mill performs continuous periodic (pilgrim) rolling of a hot sleeve into a pipe on a cylindrical<...>Hot pipe bending.<...>When hot bending with filler, the pipe is annealed, marking it with a plastic plug.<...>The rolling diagram is shown in Figure 77, and the parts obtained by rolling are shown in Figure 78.<...>Figure 80 – Types of flange connections End rolling.
Preview: Production of blanks. Pipes.pdf (0.2 Mb)
21

The article discusses the technology of trenchless repair of pipelines, which is a pressing topic given the deterioration of these life support systems nationwide.

<...>Until now, the issue of laying pipelines using the method of rolling out wells has been dealt with<...> <...> <...>

22

Equipment for public catering establishments, textbook. allowance

<...>The machines are connected to cold and hot water supply systems.<...>The machines roll out the dough evenly using cylindrical rollers (rollers).<...>Installed in the hot or confectionery shop of the enterprise.<...>Distribution of hot water from the water heater is carried out locally, without connecting to the hot water supply system
Preview: Equipment for public catering establishments.pdf (0.9 Mb)
23

No. 2 [Metal processing (technology, equipment, tools), 2010]

The quarterly scientific, technical and industrial magazine “Metal Processing (Technology, Equipment, Tools)” publishes: materials on advanced equipment and tools for metal and woodworking, plumbing, construction and painting work, achievements in the field of their development and avant-garde production technologies, as well as about the problems of economics and organization of production, training of specialists and advanced training; results of scientific research of doctors and candidates of science, graduate students, masters of engineering and technology in the following scientific areas: 02/05/07 – Technology and equipment for mechanical and physical-technical processing, 02/05/08 – Mechanical engineering technology, 05/16/01 – Metal science and heat treatment of metals and alloys, 05.16.09 – Materials science (mechanical engineering). The scientific, technical and industrial journal “Metal Processing (Technology, Equipment, Tools)” was included in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) of the Web of Science database.

VT10 titanium pipes were used for rolling.<...>The pipes were rolled out in a cold state.<...>Rolling of the blanks was carried out in one pass.<...>Forecasting the reliability of technological systems for hot stamping processes // KShP.OMD. –<...>Dies for hot deformation of metals: textbook. manual for universities / M.A. Tylkin, D.I.
Preview: Metal processing technology, equipment, tools No. 2 2010.pdf (0.2 Mb)
24

No. 6 [Problems of mechanical engineering and machine reliability, 2017]

roller under hot deformation conditions.<...>machine PNC 600 under hot deformation conditions (temperature 800–900 °C, workpiece rotation speed 15<...>Therefore, for rolling it is necessary to use a workpiece in the form of a “cup”, and the rolling process must be<...>Rolling out a model shaft from Wood's alloy on a lathe: a – the beginning of the process of rolling out the workpiece in<...>Modeling of structure formation in the process of hot deformation of gas turbine engine parts blanks made of heat-resistant material
Preview: Problems of mechanical engineering and machine reliability No. 6 2017.pdf (0.1 Mb)
25

No. 6 [Energy security in documents and facts, 2006]

The peculiarity of the publication is that it is informative, scientifically sound, and innovative. Only reliable materials that have scientific and practical value are published. The pages of the magazine cover issues of safety and efficiency of energy in all industries, energy saving, labor protection, personnel training, the latest developments of leading industrial and scientific organizations, trends in the development of alternative energy, regulations and documents.

Moscow with warmth and hot water. The efficiency of such boilers reaches 88-92%.<...>ROLLING OUT SAKXA IN ANCHOR SPAN (see Fig. 2) 2.1.<...>three electric linemen attaches a mechanism for rolling out the KVS to the support and rolls out the leader cable<...>Installation of the SAKXA rolling mechanism on anchor-type supports.<...>The SAKXA rolling speed should not exceed 5 km/h. 2.5.8.
Preview: Energy security in documents and facts No. 6 2006.pdf (1.3 Mb)
26

Library life of Kuzbass: collection. Vol. 2 (36)

In issue 2 collections "Library Life of Kuzbass" for 2002 discuss the formation of an individual's information culture, provide methodological developments for school lessons on the basics of information culture, scenarios for university "informin" and library lessons.

Let us also take such expressions, for example: “a man with a head”, “puzzle”, “hot head”, “break<...>“A man with a head” means smart, reasonable; “puzzle” to solve a difficult problem; "hot head man<...>Ardently striving to enrich the literary language with a living folk word, he opposed many foreign-language
Preview: Library life of Kuzbass collection. Vol. 2 (36).pdf (0.3 Mb)
27

Fundamentals of the theory of rolling and drawing pipes. allowance

M.: FLINTA

The theoretical foundations of the technological processes of rolling and drawing pipes are presented. The basics of the theory of metal forming are briefly outlined. Considerable attention is paid to methods for calculating tool calibrations, energy-power parameters, and technological limitations of the processes of rolling and drawing pipes. The techniques are illustrated with numerous examples.

Hot deformation is carried out at a metal temperature equal to its recrystallization temperature, or<...>For example, the deformation of lead at room temperature (293 oK) is hot, because<...>The following mills for hot longitudinal rolling of pipes are known.<...>According to the temperature of the metal during rolling: hot, cold. 6.<...>Hot rolling and pressing of pipes / F. A. Danilov, A. Z. Gleiberg, V. G. Balakin.
Preview: Fundamentals of the theory of rolling and drawing pipes.pdf (0.2 Mb)
28

Flour, curd and egg dishes

M.: ITK "Dashkov and K"

The book presents a wide range of flour, curd and egg dishes. Recipes for dishes are provided, as well as a detailed description of the technological process of their preparation. This book is part of the “Culinary Library” series, which includes the following publications: “Cold and hot appetizers”; "Soups"; "Fish dishes"; "Meat dishes"; “Poultry, game and rabbit dishes”; “Vegetable and mushroom dishes”; “Flour, curd and egg dishes”; “Dishes from cereals, legumes and pasta”; "Sweet dishes"; "Beverages"; "Sauces"; "Flour culinary and confectionery products."

Then the dough is mixed again. 1–1.5% of the flour specified in the recipe is left for rolling out the dough<...>This usually happens when using flour with weak gluten, when rolling out the dough unevenly,<...>In this regard, thinner dough rolling is used, i.e. 1.5 mm.<...>The finished khinkali are removed from the water with a slotted spoon and served hot. Matsoni is served separately.<...>Recipe (g): premium wheat flour 2265, flour for dusting when rolling out dough 90, table margarine
Preview: Flour, curd and egg dishes.pdf (0.1 Mb)
29

Equipment for the baking and pasta industry catalog

M.: FGBNU "Rosinformagrotech"

Information is provided on equipment for transportation, storage and preparation of raw materials for kneading, fermentation, dividing and forming dough, baking bread and bakery products and their packaging, for storage and expeditions, on laboratory equipment and automation equipment, as well as equipment for the production of pasta, their packaging and packing.

Equipped with a jacket in which hot water circulates.<...>DESKTOP DOUGH ROLLING MACHINE MRT-1 “EUREKA” Designed to mechanize the process of rolling out puff pastry<...> <...>Additional devices - hot print printer, photocell.<...>, mm 380x120 Length of hot cutter, mm 450 Maximum temperature, 0C: hot element heating 170
Preview: Equipment for the baking and pasta industry. Catalog. 2008.pdf (0.6 Mb)
30

No. 2 [Problems of mechanical engineering and automation, 2019]

Engineering and Automation Problems, No. 2 - 2019132 INTRODUCTION Domestic technologies for manufacturing gas turbine engine parts (hot<...>Rolling mode control system (SCR) To ensure stability of the rolling process, a system has been developed<...>The spindle assembly (Fig. 22, c) is divided into cold (at the location of the gearbox) and hot zones (at<...>The hot zone of the spindle assembly is cooled by compressed air.<...>During the rolling process, the designs of the rolling heads are subject to elastic deformations in cold and hot conditions.
Preview: Problems of mechanical engineering and automation No. 2 2019.pdf (0.8 Mb)
31

Atlas of defects in welded joints and base metal [Electronic resource] textbook. allowance

TPU Publishing House

The atlas of defects in welded joints and base metal includes options for graphical representation of defects in welded joints, photographs and microstructure of defects in the base metal. Information is provided on the causes of defects, ways to prevent them and methods of elimination. This work develops the section “Defects in the surface of the base metal” RD 03-606-03.

In metal, the defect is either ruptures or partial delamination formed as a result of rolling<...> <...>tongue-shaped metal delaminations connected to the base metal and formed as a result of rolling<...>Delaminations are formed due to rolling during deformation of shrinkage cavities, looseness, gas bubbles<...>condition, as well as when cutting hot metal.
Preview: Atlas of defects in welded joints and base metal [Electronic resource].pdf (0.1 Mb)
32

Specialized presses for processing materials by pressure and their technological application in innovative projects [textbook. allowance]

Publishing house SSAU

Specialized presses for processing materials by pressure and their technological application in innovative projects. Programs used: Adobe Acrobat. Works of SSAU employees (electronic version)

Stamping with rolling …………………………………………………………………… 114 4.6.<...>hot die forging).<...>Stamping with rolling With the help of rolling, the diameter of the ring workpiece increases while simultaneously<...>Rolling out rings when the rollers act on the ends of the workpiece. Rolling produces forgings of rings with transverse<...>Rolling out rings can also be carried out according to the scheme shown in Fig. 102.
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33

INFLUENCE OF VISCOUS DISSIPATION AND THERMAL RADIATION ON MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER NEAR A STRETCHING THIN CYLINDER [Electronic resource] / Caltech, Ghorbani, Khademinejad // Applied mechanics and technical physics. - 2016. - No. 3 .- pp. 85-96 .- Access mode : https://site/efd/384949

Taking into account viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, and transverse curvature, an axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic flow in a boundary layer near a thin cylinder in the presence of heat exchange is numerically studied. To do this, using the similarity transformation, partial differential equations are transformed to ordinary ones, which with the corresponding boundary conditions are solved by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The influence of various parameters on speed, temperature, local surface friction coefficient and Nusselt number was studied.

near the stretching cylinder due to their use in technological processes such as hot<...>rolling, polymer extrusion, wire coating, food production, etc.

34

No. 1 [Problems of mechanical engineering and automation, 2015]

The journal publishes current materials (reviews, articles, reports) on the results of scientific research and practical developments in Russia and abroad in the field of mechanical engineering and mechanical engineering, as well as on best practices, new materials and progressive technologies, including problems of economics, management and automation, innovation and investment in mechanical engineering. Included in the List of Higher Attestation Commissions.

– from rolled products, obtained either by hot-rolled or cold-rolled methods, the bottoms are made by hot<...>Having passed through the fuel elements and becoming 80 degrees hotter, it enters the upper part of the assembly, and from there into<...>hot water collector.<...>From this collector, hot water flows through a pipeline into the heat exchanger and steam generator, after which, after passing<...>Construction of a geometric model of the rolling process The geometric model of the rolling process represents
Preview: Problems of mechanical engineering and automation No. 1 2015.pdf (0.3 Mb)
35

Atlas of photographs of defects in hazardous production facilities. allowance

TPU Publishing House

The manual includes options for graphical representation and photographs of defects in welded joints, microstructure of defects in the base metal of equipment at hazardous production facilities. Information is provided on the causes of defects, ways to prevent them and methods of elimination. This work develops the sections “Defects in welded joints”, “Defects in the surface of the base metal” of the Instructions for visual and measuring control RD 03-606-03.

<...>In metal, the defect is either ruptures or partial delamination resulting from rolling<...>film formed from surface defects of ingots, in contrast to rolling films formed during rolling<...>– tongue-shaped metal delaminations connected to the base metal and formed as a result of rolling<...>Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 58 Delaminations are formed due to rolling
Preview: Atlas of photographs of defects in hazardous production facilities.pdf (0.3 Mb)
36

Development of new technological processes for roller stamping of thin-walled products and methods for their design: dis. ... Dr. Tech. Sciences: 03/05/05: protected 02/26/04

The dissertation is devoted to new technological processes for roller stamping of thin-walled products (continuous-sequential upsetting with rolling)

Hot die forging: Handbook / Ed. E. I. Semenova.<...>Modern methods of hot stamping. M.: Proftekhizdat, 1963. 125 p. 20. Popov O.V.<...>Hot stamping technology M.: Mashinostroenie, 1971.-415 p., ill. 29.<...>Development and research of a rational method for hot heading of pipe ends // Metallurgical and Mining<...>Cold rolling of end parts. L.: LDNTP, 1972. 36 p. 119.
Preview: Development of new technological processes for roller stamping of thin-walled products and methods for their design thesis. ... Dr. Tech. Sciences 03/05/05 protected 02/26/04 .pdf (0.0 Mb)
37

No. 2 [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Metallurgy", 2016]

Articles are published reflecting the problems of the development of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The physical and chemical processes of metallurgy and the practice of their implementation are considered.

Calculation of the deformed state of copper strip during hot section rolling / A.Yu.<...>Metallurgy. 2016, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 74–80 76 The radius of the roll in the rolling cone is equal to   0 2sin cosb<...>18 degrees; the angle of the roll in the rolling cone is 12°.<...>Hot rolling and pressing of pipes / F.A. Danilov, A.Z. Gleyberg, V.G.<...>Research of the thermal state of working rolls of a hot rolling mill / A.A. Astakhov, A.A.
Preview: Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Metallurgy Series No. 2 2016.pdf (0.4 Mb)
38

Technological processes of metal forming with local loading of the workpiece

The book outlines the basics of modeling, calculation and design of technological processes for metal forming with local loading of the workpiece. A description of the "Stamp" application software package, developed on the basis of the finite element method, is provided. The results of calculations of some technological processes are described, data on the development of new technologies for producing axisymmetric parts and the results of their practical testing are provided.

The widespread use of hot stamping is due to its advantages over forging, and<...>Hot die forging: Handbook / Ed. E. I. Semenova.<...>Stamp for hot stamping / S. A. Dovnar, A. M. Grigoriev, I. P.<...>FORM-2D system and modeling of hot stamping technology / G. Ya. Gun, N. V. Biba, A.<...>Solution of practical problems of hot die forging using the FORM-2D system / N.V.
Preview: Technological processes of metal forming with local loading of the workpiece.pdf (0.0 Mb)
39

Fish dishes

M.: ITK "Dashkov and K"

The book presents a wide range of fish dishes. Recipes for fish dishes are given, as well as a detailed description of the technological process of their preparation. This book is part of the “Culinary Library” series, which includes the following publications: “Cold and hot appetizers”; "Soups"; "Fish dishes"; "Meat dishes"; “Poultry, game and rabbit dishes”; “Vegetable and mushroom dishes”; “Flour, curd and egg dishes”; “Dishes from cereals, legumes and pasta”; "Sweet dishes"; "Beverages"; "Sauces"; "Flour culinary and confectionery products."

Broths formed when cooking fish are also used for hot dishes and snacks.<...>Lemon juice can be replaced with citric acid by first dissolving it in hot water.<...>About 15% of the flour is left for processing the butter and dusting for rolling out the dough.<...>To obtain good dough products, roll out the dough four times, folding it each time<...>After each rolling and folding, cool the dough in the refrigerator for 30 minutes.
Preview: Fish dishes.pdf (0.1 Mb)
40

No. 11 [Legality, 2015]

As you know, over the past decade and a half in Russia, legislation has been actively updated, on some issues - radically, many legal institutions are undergoing significant changes, and new ones are being introduced. During this time, the magazine’s pages published many discussion articles about the place and role of the prosecutor’s office in our society and state, dedicated to judicial reform, the new Criminal Procedure Code, jury trials, investigation reform in the prosecutor’s office, etc. But this was never to the detriment of materials about the exchange experience and comments on legislation, complex issues of law enforcement practice. Essays on highly acclaimed prosecutors are also regularly published. The magazine has an established team of authors, which includes well-known scientists and passionate law enforcement officers from almost all regions of Russia.

Another form of feedback from the population can be the establishment of “hot lines” on current and<...>As a result of the work of the "hotline" on facts of illegal organization and conduct of gambling, from which<...>It should be noted that the number of calls about illegal gambling taking into account the functioning of the hotline<...>water (thermal energy), production, transmission and distribution of electrical energy, steam and hot<...>Key words: prosecutor; appeal; "feedback" from the population; "helpline"; "hotline
Publishing house SSAU

The textbook is intended for students of the faculty of "Aircraft Engines", studying in the specialty 080502 "Economics and management in enterprises (mechanical engineering) for the implementation of course and diploma projects and the master's program "Energy, ecology and propulsion systems of rocket and space systems" in the direction 160700.68 " Aircraft engines".

Small steel parts such as levers, hydraulic fittings made of non-ferrous alloys and steel Hot<...> <...>; centrifugal casting with subsequent rolling Disks of TNA turbines; made with blades made of heat-resistant<...>Large ring-shaped steel parts Green casting, centrifugal casting Centrifugal casting with subsequent

Large disks made of heat-resistant steels (turbine disks) Free forging, hot stamping Hot pressing<...>; centrifugal casting with subsequent rolling out TNA turbine disks made with heat-resistant blades<...>forming blades Impellers made of light alloys Hot pressing or casting (without blades) Hot<...>Large ring-shaped steel parts Earth casting, centrifugal casting Centrifugal casting followed by rolling<...>stamping Precise hot stamping (same with embossing), hot pressing with stamping, calibration
Preview: Innovative production technologies in engine building [Electronic resource].pdf (0.4 Mb)
44

What is the main thing in a person? That's right, the main thing is that the suit fits. And the way this very suit fits largely depends on such a wonderful device as an iron. Today we will talk about the iron as a secret tool for creating a person’s image.

used irons, which were small metal stoves or braziers filled inside with hot<...>It looked almost the same as a regular frying pan: hot dishes were placed inside a cast-iron frying pan with a handle.<...>regions of Rus', this ironing tool was called “rubel”, “pralinik”, “pranik”, “granchak”, “rebrak”, “rolling”<...>also with “barks” - glass balls, cut off bottoms of bottles, iron mugs filled with hot

45

Rubel, pralnik, pranik, granchak, rib, rolling. And also roller, rocker, rolling pin, bark. As soon as they didn’t call it in Rus'! For the ancient Turks, everything was simpler: “put fire” - UtYuk.

www.youtube.com/user/21mmvideo078 number mechanism UTi YUK Rubel, pralnik, pranik, granchak, rib, rolling<...>knows, but back in the 4th century BC. e. the ancient Greeks came up with a way to pleat their chitons using hot<...>You take metal mugs - woofs, fill them with hot water, place them on dry laundry, and wait.

46

No. 2 [Automatic welding, 2015]

The monthly magazine “Automatic Welding” (in Russian) is published by the Institute of Electric Welding named after. E.O. Paton since 1948 The magazine's topics cover welding, thermal cutting, surfacing, soldering, protective coatings and other related processes. Information is published about the most famous manufacturers of goods and services in the field of welding in the CIS and abroad. The journal is included in the list of Higher Attestation Commissions of Russia and Ukraine.

As a result of rolling, the geometric shape of the seam changes and it becomes wider (Fig. 2, b).<...>and without rolling out the internal flash (i.e. with and without deformation of the seam), heat treatment in<...>The production of layered composite materials is carried out by hot and cold plastic deformation<...>filler wires of the Al–Mg system with scandium help reduce the tendency of alloys to form hot<...>in the fusion zone during welding, which in turn leads to increased resistance to the formation of hot
Preview: Automatic welding No. 2 2015.pdf (0.2 Mb)
47

No. 10 [Building materials, equipment, technologies of the XXI century, 2010]

The magazine was published in 1998, quickly gaining popularity among readers. Today it is distributed throughout Russia and the CIS countries. The magazine "Building materials, equipment, technologies of the XXI century" is a monthly scientific and information publication dedicated to promising developments in the field of design, production and application of modern building materials, products and equipment, resource-saving technologies. Close attention is paid to domestic and foreign scientific developments in the field of creating innovative technologies and products that meet modern market requirements, trends and ideas in the field of ecology, safety, efficiency, and a comfortable living environment. Accordingly, the target group of readers is design institutes and bureaus, architectural studios, top managers of construction and installation companies, developers, small and medium-sized businesses in the construction industry. The structure of the target group includes professional communities of the construction industry, research and higher educational institutions of construction and architecture, as well as specialized committees of the State Duma, local legislative bodies, structures of all levels of executive power. The magazine also acts as an information partner of many domestic and foreign construction exhibitions. The mission of the magazine is information support for the development of modern domestic production of building materials and the construction industry.

highly efficient, autonomous, energy-saving, environmentally friendly heating systems, heat supply and hot water<...>externally impregnated with resins) by introducing them into the pipeline followed by steam or hot vulcanization<...>Among the designs of working bodies and devices for rolling out wells known to us, there are no such ones that would<...>satisfied the requirements to the necessary extent and could be used for drilling wells by rolling<...>Compared to other methods, well rolling has a number of advantages: 1.
Preview: Construction materials, equipment, technologies of the XXI century No. 10 2010.pdf (0.3 Mb)
48

The operation of a new device for rolling out the internal flash of electric-welded pipes made of corrosion-resistant steels has been studied. The optimal values of the device operating parameters have been determined. The implementation of the research results made it possible to improve the quality of pipes

Rolling is carried out in the mill line by a burr rolling device installed after the support welding<...>The pressure of the upper and lower rolls (item 2, figure 1) guarantees the rolling out of the outer burr and rolling One of the most promising methods for manufacturing axisymmetric parts such as a disk or a hollow shaft of gas turbine engines is isothermal rolling in a state of superplasticity on specialized rolling mills. To design this class of equipment, it is necessary to determine the energy-power parameters that this equipment must provide. To determine the necessary energy and power parameters of a technological process, mathematical modeling is an effective way. This article presents a methodology for constructing a finite element model of the isothermal rolling process in a state of superplasticity, as well as the results of this modeling using the example of manufacturing a disk from a heat-resistant titanium alloy VT9. The proposed methodology was used in the development of technology and design of equipment for rolling axisymmetric parts (disks, hollow shafts) from heat-resistant alloys based on titanium and nickel.

A schematic diagram of the disc rolling process is shown in Fig. 1.<...>Key words: isothermal stamping, rolling, finite element analysis. Rice. 1.<...>Construction of a geometric model of the rolling process The geometric model of the rolling process represents<...>Dimensions of the initial workpiece for isothermal rolling from VT9 alloy Fig. 4.<...>Graph of changes in the moment of deformation on the quill during the rolling process Fig. 7.

50

No. 6(94) [Rhythm of Mechanical Engineering, 2014]

Specialized magazine on equipment, accessories, components, tools. The mission of the publication: to reflect trends in the development of the processing equipment market. The objectives of the publication: to provide the readership with the most complete information in the field of processing equipment. Display trends in the development of the machine tool industry. Cover issues of production, purchase, sale, modernization, repair, and maintenance of equipment.

industrial gas boilers with a capacity from 2.5 to 6.5 MW and household wall-mounted gas boilers for heating and hot water<...>Internal and external rolling technology is used to produce pipes and casings for special purposes<...>and a three-roller stand and a stationary die for internal rolling.<...>The mill can implement both external and internal rolling processes.<...>press K8052 with a force of 16,500 ton-force was manufactured in 2013 by workers of OJSC "Tyazhmekhpres" for hot
Preview: Mechanical Engineering Rhythm No. 6(94) 2014.pdf (0.1 Mb)

GOST 8732-78 applies to solid rolled pipes that do not have a welded joint, produced by hot deformation on pipe rolling mills - hot-deformed seamless steel pipes. They are significantly superior to their welded alternative counterparts in strength and resistance to deformation. This allows them to be widely used in mechanical engineering, chemical and oil industries and other critical areas.

According to state standards, seamless hot-rolled pipe is manufactured in different dimensional options:

unmeasured length (in the range of 4-12.5 m);

measured length in established sizes;

multiple measured length;

length, a multiple of the measured length;

approximate length (within unmeasured).

The assortment according to GOST 8732-78 regulates the outer diameters of hot-deformed rolled pipes and the thickness of its walls. Technical requirements for products are established by GOST 8731-74.

According to the ratio of the size of the outer diameter to the wall thickness (Dн/s), seamless steel pipes manufactured by hot-rolled methods are classified as follows:

especially thin-walled pipes Dн/s > 40 and pipes with a diameter of 20 mm and a wall thickness ≤ 0.5 mm;

thin-walled with Dн/s from 12.5 to 40 and pipes D ≤ 20 mm with a wall of 1.5 mm;

thick-walled with Dн/s from 6 to 12.5;

extra thick-walled with Dн/s< 6;

Based on quality indicators, solid-rolled hot-deformed pipe products are divided into:

five groups:

A – with standardization of mechanical properties of products;

B – with standardization of the chemical composition of the steel used;

B – control of the mechanical properties of the steel used and its chemical composition;

D – with standardization of the chemical composition of the steel used and the mechanical properties of products;

D – without standardization of mechanical properties and chemical composition, but with hydraulic tests.

and six classes:

Standard and gas pipes made from carbonaceous raw materials are used in structures and communications for which there are no special requirements. Class 1 pipes are used in the construction of construction scaffolds, fences, cable supports, and irrigation structures.

Carbon steel pipes for main water, gas, fuel and oil product pipelines of various pressures.

Pipes for systems operating under pressure and at high temperatures in cracking systems, steam boilers and other critical equipment.

Drilling, casing and auxiliary pipes used in geological exploration and operation of oil and gas wells.

Structural pipes for automobile and carriage building, manufacturing of massive steel structures: supports, cranes, masts, drilling rigs.

Pipes used in the mechanical engineering industry for the manufacture of machine parts and mechanisms: cylinders, piston groups, bearing rings, pressure vessels. GOST 8732-78 “Hot-deformed seamless steel pipes” (price is indicated in the catalog ) distinguishes between rolled pipes of small outer diameter (up to 114 mm), medium (114-480 mm) and large (480-2500 mm and more).

Hot-deformed seamless steel pipes GOST 8732-78: description of manufacturing technology

The process of manufacturing pipes using the hot rolling method consists of three technological stages:

Firmware. Manufacturing of a thick-walled sleeve of a solid round steel billet.

Rolling out. Deformation of the sleeve on the mandrel in rolling mills. To reduce wall thickness and diameter.

Hot finishing. To improve the surface quality and obtain more accurate pipe dimensions, the workpiece is subjected to hot finishing, rolling, calibration or reduction.

All technological processes for the production of rolled pipes begin with a blank table. Here, workpieces of the required length are obtained from round solid rods, breaking them on hydraulic presses along pre-made cuts or cutting them on press shears without preheating.

After assembling a package of blanks, they are sent to a loading machine with a double-row loading. Heating temperature – 1150-1270℃, depending on the steel grade. After heating, the workpiece is sent along roller tables and racks to a centering machine, on which a recess is made at the end along its axis. After this, the workpiece is fed into the chute of the piercing mill.

Stitching mills come in disc, barrel and mushroom shapes. For piercing the workpiece, stands with barrel-shaped rolls rotating in one direction are most often used. The roll axes are located in vertical planes parallel to the axis of symmetry of the mill. Moreover, the roller axis makes an angle ß (feed angle) with the piercing axis from 8 to 15 degrees, depending on the size of the sleeve.

The hole in the sleeve is formed by a mandrel, which is fixed on a long fixed rod. Their axes coincide with the axis of the firmware. The heated workpiece moves towards the rolls towards a mandrel installed in the zone of maximum roll diameters - pinch. When it comes into contact with the rolls, the workpiece begins to move in the opposite direction, and due to the feed angle it receives translational motion, which ensures a helical trajectory of each point of the deformed metal. This results in a thick-walled sleeve.

The outer diameter of the sleeve is approximately equal to the diameter of the workpiece, but due to the formation of a hole, its length increases by 2.5-4 times compared to the original length of the workpiece.

The sleeve obtained on a piercing mill is rolled into a pipe of the required diameter and wall thickness in various ways. The method of rolling the sleeve into a pipe characterizes the type of pipe rolling plant. In the conditions of PNTZ, this is rolling on automatic, continuous and three-roll rolling mills.

Methods for hot pipe rolling

Rolling on a machine

Units with automatic mills are most widely used. A wide range of rolled pipes with a diameter from 57 to 426 mm and a wall thickness from 4 to 40 mm, as well as easy adjustment to pipes of other sizes, provide greater maneuverability in operation on such a unit. These advantages are combined with fairly high performance.

Structurally, the automatic mill is a two-roll non-reversible stand, the rolls of which have grooves that form a round pass. Before inserting the liner into the rolls, a stationary short round mandrel on a long rod is installed in the gauge, so that the gap between the mandrel and the gauge determines the diameter of the pipe and the thickness of its wall. The metal is deformed between the rolls and the mandrel. In this case, along with the thinning of the wall, there is a decrease in the outer diameter of the pipe.

Since rolling in one pass does not ensure uniform deformation of the wall along its perimeter, it is necessary to give two, and sometimes three passes, each time with edging, i.e. with the pipe rotated 90 degrees around its axis before placing it into rolls.

After each pass, the rolled sleeve is transferred to the front side of the stand using a pair of friction return rollers mounted on the output side of the mill. They rotate in the direction opposite to the rotation of the rolls. After each rolling, the mandrel is removed manually or using mechanisms and installed again before the next task of the liner.

The sleeve from the piercing mill falls into the chute and is pushed into the rolls by a pusher. After the first pass, the workpiece is returned, turned around its axis by 90 degrees and again fed into the rolls by a pusher. After each pass the mandrel is changed.

Pipe production on a three-roll rolling mill

On three-roll rolling mills it is possible to roll pipes with a diameter of 34 to 200 mm and a wall thickness of 8 to 40 mm. The main advantage of this rolling method is the possibility of obtaining thick-walled pipes with minimal variation in thickness compared to methods of rolling pipes in round gauges.

The sleeve is deformed into a pipe using three rollers and a movable long mandrel. The rolls are equidistant from each other and from the rolling axis. The roll axes are not parallel to each other and to the rolling axis. The angle of inclination of the roll axis to the rolling axis in the horizontal plane is called the rolling angle φ, usually equal to 7 degrees. And the angle of inclination of the vertical plane is called the feed angle ß and varies in the range of 4-10 degrees, depending on the size of the rolled pipes. The rolls rotate in one direction and, due to the misalignment of their axes relative to the rolling axes, create conditions for the screw movement of the sleeve together with the mandrel.

Once on the gripping cone of the rolls, the sleeve blank with the mandrel inside is compressed along the diameter and along the wall. Deformation along the wall is carried out mainly by the ridges of the rolls. On the rolling and calibrating cones, the wall thickness is leveled, ovalization is reduced and there is a slight increase in the internal diameter of the pipe blank. This creates a small gap between the walls of the future pipe and the mandrel, which makes it easier to remove the latter from the pipe upon completion of rolling.

As calibration equipment for thick-walled pipes, a three-roll mill is used, similar in design to a rolling mill, but less powerful, since the deformation along the diameter is small and the wall thickness remains unchanged.

For pipes of smaller diameter and with smaller wall thickness, a continuous sizing mill consisting of five stands is used.

The productivity of the unit with a three-roll rolling mill is up to 180 thousand tons of pipes per year. The advantages of these mills include the ability to produce high-precision pipes, quick adjustment from size to size, and good quality of the internal surface of products.

Production of seamless pipes on a continuous mill

The process of rolling out a sleeve in a continuous mill takes place in a number of successively located two-roll stands. Rolling is carried out on a long movable cylindrical mandrel in stands with rolls having round gauges.

Just like on an automatic mill, the cross-section of the pipe is determined by the annular gap between the roll grooves and the mandrel. The difference is that the long mandrel moves along with the rolled pipe.

As it passes through the cages, the number of which can reach nine, the liner is reduced: it decreases in outer diameter and is compressed along the wall. Since deformation in round gauges occurs unevenly, the pipe after the stand has an oval shape, it must be set with the larger axis of the oval along the height of the gauge, i.e. having previously rotated 90 degrees around the axis. To do this, change the direction of deformation of the rolls. To do this, each subsequent cage is rotated relative to the previous one at a right angle, and the cages themselves are located at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizon. This makes it possible to increase the compression in the cages and increase the compression of the pipes.

The continuous mill is designed for a high elongation factor - up to 6, so the pipe length can reach 150 meters. The continuous mill produces pipes with a diameter of 28 to 108 mm, a wall thickness of 3 to 8 mm and a length of more than 30 meters. High rolling speed (up to 5.5 m/sec) ensures high productivity (up to 600 thousand tons of pipes per year).

The final technological operation for all pipe rolling methods is the operation of cooling the products on cooling tables. To eliminate longitudinal curvature, cooled pipes are straightened on straightening mills. Special calibrated mill rolls carry out helical movement of the pipe, thereby eliminating existing axial distortions. Pipe ends are trimmed on lathes. If necessary, chamfers are removed.

Finally, finished products are subject to quality control. After inspection, suitable pipes are packaged using a knitting machine and then sent to the finished product warehouse.

Seamless hot-deformed pipes GOST 8732-78: areas of application

Hot-rolled solid steel pipes are widely used in the construction of pipelines of all diameters; they are used for the production of metal structure parts, machine and mechanism elements, columns, trusses and beams, foundation piles, lighting poles, in housing and communal services and road construction.

The technical characteristics of hot-rolled pipes according to GOST also determine the scope of its application. These are highly critical pipelines that require extreme strength, virtually eliminating the possibility of leaks:

In energy. Seamless steel pipes, hot-deformed in accordance with GOST 8732-78, are used to create systems for circulating the working medium in boilers and for directing superheated steam to turbines.

In the chemical industry. In addition to transporting liquids and gases under high pressure, the use of seamless steel pipes is sometimes determined by the desire to avoid the slightest leaks.

In the aircraft industry. In this industry, the most in demand are thin-walled seamless hot-deformed pipes in accordance with GOST 8732-78 - they combine maximum strength, small wall thickness with low weight.

In hydraulics. Pistons and cylinders must withstand extremely high pressure, which only seamless, hot-formed metal products with large wall thicknesses and extremely high strength can withstand.

In the field of oil and gas refining and transportation. Although most main pipelines use high-quality welded pipes, in areas with high pressures amounting to hundreds of atmospheres, thick-walled seamless pipes produced by hot deformation are indispensable.

In the catalog The ChelPipe warehouse complex offers a wide range of hot-deformed seamless steel pipes in accordance with GOST 8732-78 for the needs of the oil and gas industry, chemical industry, construction, public utilities and agriculture. You can place an order on the website or by phone . Compliance with the requirements of the state standard guarantees high technical and operational characteristics and a long service life of the pipe products sold. All products come with quality certificates.

The end rolling method makes it possible to produce forgings from alloyed and non-alloyed steels weighing from 0.5 to 150 kilograms, with a diameter of up to 1000 mm. The configuration of the blanks is as close as possible to the configuration of the finishing products. Allowances for machining are no more than 5mm. Current modern technology makes it possible to produce forgings that have a variety of configurations and have a structure and properties that ensure their use under the most severe loading conditions; the service characteristics of products in terms of fatigue strength are increased from 1.5 to 6 times. Metal savings are ensured, manufacturing labor intensity is reduced, and quality is improved. and operational reliability of products. Blanks after rolling stamping fully meet the term “precision blank parts”.

Induction heating METHOD OF END ROLLING FORGINGS by the method of end rolling of a “body of rotation”

The product manufacturing process itself undergoes multi-stage research preparation. To assess the quality of the material, preliminary tests are carried out. During the study of the technical specifications, it is taken into account where this product will be used, what technological processing it will undergo. Drawings and design documentation undergo a series of control approvals with the customer and only after that prototypes are manufactured. It is impossible to achieve high quality products in mass production, when the order volume can reach up to 2,000-3,000 forgings, without careful preparation of production and well-developed technology. Our approach to mastering each new product is exclusively professional.

The products of Gefest-Mash LLC are manufactured under controlled conditions established by the Quality Management Certification System, which meets the requirements of GOST ISO 9001-2011 (ISO 9001:2008), registration number ROSS RU. 0001.13IF22.

Currently the following types of forgings have been mastered:

Bushing Piston core Valve plate Trunnion
Pump bushing for China st.70 (IMPORT SUBSTITUTION) Pump bushing 8T650 st.70 (IMPORT SUBSTITUTION) t.70 Gear block st.40X Gear block 2 st.40X Gear block 3 st.40X
Ring Art. 40Х Plate Art. 20ХГНМ Speed gear Art. 40Х Flange made of Art. 12Х18Н10Т Electric generator drive crown hub Railway train Art. 45
Gas pipeline flange (РH16-160) Art. 40X, 09G2S, 20 BRS connection Art. 45 Hollow shaft (Bushing) Railway art. 45 Valve plate Art. 40khn2ma Pump piston core Art. 40X
Axial fan flange Piston core 2 Fan hub st. Washers for gas pipelines st. 40X Fan hub of railway rolling stock locomotive