Since ancient times, a fairly close connection between man and the plant world has been established. There are some species that people plant themselves, care for the seedlings, and then harvest. But in nature there are species that develop regardless of human activity. Cultivated plants, the names of which will be given below, have a special meaning for people. What are the species included in this category? More about this, as well as about which plants are considered cultivated, later in the article.
general information
Groups of cultivated plants, the list of which will be given below, are grown by humans to obtain feed for farm animals, food products, industrial, medicinal and other raw materials and for other purposes. In accordance with the eighth edition of the International Code of Nomenclature, three categories are recognized today into which the representatives of the flora under consideration are divided. These include, in particular, species, group and grex (for orchids). They are all obtained from wild varieties. In this case, selection, hybridization or genetic engineering methods were used. When searching for wild varieties for breeding cultivated plants and their subsequent use, the doctrine of the centers of origin of agricultural crops was formed. Thus, Vavilov, summarizing the available knowledge, identified 7 main centers. It must be said that groups of cultivated plants, unlike wild varieties, do not have natural distribution zones (areas).
Modification of wild varieties
As a result of selection, wild crops began to produce high yields in a new climate or on new soils - in conditions unusual for them. As a result, some varieties have changed so much that it is now difficult to determine their ancestors. To increase the productivity of agricultural crops, people began to use fertilizers. At the same time, pest control was carried out using insecticides and fungicides.
Cultivated plants. Examples. Classification
There are the following groups of cultivated plants:
Description
Groups of cultivated plants are defined according to various characteristics. Classification according to the economic purpose of a particular variety is quite widely used. Thus, there are groups of medicinal, melliferous, dyeing, spinning, fodder, food, technical and other cultivated plants. A variation of this classification (less convenient and, therefore, rarely used) can be a division in accordance with the substances present in them. In this case, they distinguish, for example, alkaloid-containing, protein-containing, fatty-oil and others. A mixed classification is also often used: along with food, medicinal, and fodder, oilseeds, fibrous, spicy and aromatic groups of cultivated plants are also distinguished. However, the most logical and fully developed system is considered to be classification in accordance with the industry principle.
Division according to branches of agriculture
Experts distinguish groups of cultivated plants according to the type of agricultural activity: fruit growing, vegetable growing and field cultivation. Accordingly, there are fruit, vegetable and field varieties. The latter, in turn, are divided into root crops (radish, carrots, beets), leaf crops (lettuce, spinach, cabbage), fruit crops (cucumber, tomato), stem crops (asparagus, kohlrabi), and bulbous crops (garlic, onion). In many cases, flavoring (spicy-aromatic) cultivated plants (parsley, dill) are considered as a special subgroup. Tubers are varieties with edible tubers. Staple foods include potatoes (in Europe), cassava and yams (in Africa).
Field varieties
This group of plants includes (cereals - rye, wheat, legumes - lentils, soybeans, peas, cereal varieties - millet, buckwheat, root crops (turnips, beets), tubers (potatoes), spinning crops (hemp, flax, cotton), oilseeds (mustard, peanuts, sunflower), (alfalfa, clover). In some cases, melons and melons are also considered field crops. But, as a rule, it is more convenient to consider them as separate crops or as part of vegetable cultural groups. According to experts, It is also advisable to separately identify medicinal varieties (valerian, foxglove and others), essential oils (lavender, coriander), as well as specific species (shag, tobacco).
Fruit varieties
This group includes agricultural crops that produce juicy fruits. They, in turn, are divided into stone fruits (apricot, plum, cherry), pome fruits (quince, pear, currants, strawberries, raspberries, strawberries). In some cases, this group also includes citrus fruits (orange, lemon), nut fruits ( hazelnuts, almonds, walnuts).In fruit and berry crops, a subgroup of subtropical varieties is sometimes distinguished. These include, in particular, medlar, pomegranate, fig. Crops such as rose hips, sea buckthorn and other vitamin-rich ones are considered close to fruit and berry crops.
Cereals
In the entire group of field crops, cereal plants are considered the most important. Among the most popular types, rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn, and millet should be noted. These crops, according to various sources, occupy about three-quarters of all arable land on the planet. Wheat is grown almost everywhere: it is the main bread for a person, which he consumes every day. Part of the harvest is also used to feed livestock. Rice is considered an equally important crop. In Asian countries it is considered a staple food. When automatically collecting and threshing, for example, wheat in a combine, clean grain is obtained. By improving the units, people adapt them for harvesting other crops, for example, soybeans, corn and others.
summary of other presentations“Development of culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory” - Ensuring the safety of cultural heritage sites. State program passport. Organization and holding of cultural events. Art and folk art. Target indicators and indicators of the program. Development of infrastructure for the Culture industry. State program of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Carrying out government functions. List of subroutines. Development of state and municipal programs for the development of culture in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
"Theatres of Krasnoyarsk" - Achinsk Drama Theater named after. M.Yu. Lermontov. Musical comedy theater. Minusinsk Drama Theatre. Theater building named after. A.S. Pushkin. Theater concepts. Test. In 1938 the building was restored. Krasnoyarsk Theater for Young Spectators (TYUZ). Theaters in Krasnoyarsk. Krasnoyarsk Puppet Theater. Drama Theater named after A.S. Pushkin. Opera and Ballet Theatre. Norilsk Polar Drama Theater named after V. Mayakovsky.
“Lakes of the Krasnoyarsk Territory” - Water salinity. Aquatic habitat. Classification of lakes. Get to know the concept. Plants of lakes. Regional natural monuments. Lake. Lake Tagarskoe. Hydrosphere. Lakes of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Fauna of lakes. Distribution of lakes throughout the region. Studying the concept of "lake".
“Birds of the Krasnoyarsk Territory” - Black Vulture. Common Buzzard. Osprey. Demoiselle crane. Steppe kestrel. Bearded man. Greater Spotted Eagle. Nuthatch. Great-tailed owl. Siberian taiga gooseberry. Grouse Blue nightingale. Peregrine falcon. Grouse. The nightingale is a whistler. Gray owl. White-tailed eagle. Diversity of birds in the Krasnoyarsk region. Tundra partridge. Common eagle owl. Capercaillie. Warbler Warbler. Black stork. Khrustan.
“Environmental problems of the Krasnoyarsk Territory” - Growth of world population between 1750 and 2000. Excessive government spending. Carbon dioxide. World population growth. Population growth rate. Decline in biodiversity. Climate of the planet. Increased consumption of natural resources. Global scale of manifestation. Lack of water resources. Pollution of the world's oceans. The main causes of desertification. CFC emissions.
“Animals of Taimyr” - Polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps). Internal structure of mammals. Lemming (Myopus schisticolor Lill). general characteristics of the class Mammals. The polar bear is a typical inhabitant of the ice fields of the polar basin. Arctic foxes exhibit cannibalism. Reindeer are perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic. The muskox feeds on moss, lichen, and forbs. Each large herd of deer is followed by a kind of “retinue”.
Every day several species of animals and plants disappear around the world. Unfortunately, not everything is going well for us either. Over 3,000 species of higher vascular plants grow in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, as well as a variety of bryophytes, lichens and fungi.
Due to intensive economic development, many species of wild plants and mushrooms have practically disappeared.
The new edition of the list of rare, endangered, wild plants and fungi includes 498 species, including: 299 species of flowering plants, 2 species of gymnosperms, 24 ferns, 5 clubmosses, 33 mosses, 18 liverworts, 53 lichens and 64 species of mushrooms .
The increase in the number of objects in need of protection is directly related to the inclusion in 2007 of the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets and Evenki municipal districts into the united Krasnoyarsk Territory.
For ease of use, those listed in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and those listed in the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are presented.
The species of plants and animals listed simultaneously in the Krasnoyarsk Territory have already been described in the main sections of the site, therefore it was advisable not to duplicate them in this section; in the lists they are presented in the form of active links.
For those who care, for those who love their Earth, honor their ancestors and think about the future generation!
But I hope it will be useful for readers...
The next family is cereals. Cereals have been a staple human food since ancient times. Among the representatives of this family it is difficult to find a plant that is attractive to the eye. But, what is much more important, man has domesticated some species. Thanks to this, we have bread, flour, cereals and other food products.
On the fields
Cultivated cereals are, first of all, familiar to everyone wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet And corn. The first three are usually confused with each other. Without going into details, you can quickly distinguish them by their ears. The ear of rye is thinner and longer than that of wheat, and its hairs - the awn - are also thinner and shorter. Barley has the shortest ear, but the longest awn. Oats differ from previous cereals in that the inflorescence is a panicle. Millet grain is the smallest among cereal grains, but the hardest. Corn is an amazing cereal, characterized by its large size (some varieties can reach more than 5 m!) and the absence of a typical ear. All these crops can be found not far outside the city in agricultural fields and on private farms.
In the forest
In the forest, on the same Udachny, you can often find drooping pearl barley And spreading pine forest. At the edge - Poa angustifolia, no brainer team, timothy grass. And the malicious weed of our gardens creeping wheatgrass found almost everywhere. Wheatgrass is extremely prolific (one plant can produce up to 10,000 seeds), and its rhizomes are extremely tenacious. If you cut them into pieces where there is at least one living bud, they instantly take root and give rise to new plants. For this, farmers even nicknamed it “the fire of the fields,” since the fight against wheatgrass is very problematic. But my favorite cereal is feather grass. As soon as the wind blows, its thickets are like a rippling sea, and if you touch it, you have a gentle living creature at your fingertips!
Legumes
The third largest family of plant species found in our country is the legumes. It belongs to... clover. We have white (or creeping), red (or meadow) and creeping clover. This is a very valuable forage plant. But, as dad told me, if you let a cow eat clover in the morning and then drink water, it begins to ferment in her stomach and she becomes bloated with gases, which can lead to sad consequences - as they say, a little of each is good. Clover also has hemostatic, expectorant, astringent, diuretic and antiseptic effects, and is even prescribed for cancer.
- one of the most valuable, useful and widespread agricultural crops in the world. One biologist even called her “the great healer.” It is an excellent feed for livestock and “green manure” that helps improve soil fertility, and its flowers are excellent honey plants.
No less remarkable in its properties and sweet clover(medicinal or yellow and white). Its flowers rarely attract our attention, but, meanwhile, sweet clover has many advantages. Dried plants are aromatic, have a salty-bitter, slightly pungent taste. Sweet clover is widely used as the main component of green cheese. The plant is also added to alcoholic drinks. The spice gives a good smell and taste to the fish. Sweet clover is used to flavor snuff, soap, and in France as a dye. The plant is also used in cooking; sweet clover also protects things from moths; in addition, the plant is an excellent honey plant.
Many, of course, are more familiar peas or mouse vetch(as well as fence, sowing, forest, etc.), growing along fences, along forest edges. The mouse pea is clearly visible when it wraps its sensitive tendrils, which end its feathery leaves, around tall meadow plants. This happens because, touching neighboring plants, they begin to bend.
Species of the genus are very numerous and frequently occurring. astragalus(Alpine, South Siberian, Danish, etc.). But these plants are less known. Meanwhile, this is the largest genus of the family. In general, this name comes from the Greek “astragalos” - a dice made from lamb ankles, which is reminiscent of the shape of the seeds of this plant.
Latin genus name rank comes from two Greek words la- “very” and thuros- "attractive". Of course, there are plants that are much superior to the rank (Frolova, Gmelina, meadow, etc.) in beauty, but it has a number of other remarkable qualities. For example, in terms of vitamin C content, Gmelina is equal to rose hips, and in terms of carotene and vitamin P content, it is 4 times higher than carrots. It is considered a relic of the Ice Age.
And, of course, this family itself belongs to beans. This is one of the ancient cultures. Of practical importance are vegetable horse ( Faba bona) and soybeans (soy). Many delicious dishes are prepared from beans, and often in products today, instead of natural meat, you can find soy - a substitute for animal protein, one of the oldest cultivated plants known in Asia. True, we don’t grow it here.
Well, now the readers of the site, and myself, are familiar with the three most common herbaceous families - Asteraceae, grasses and legumes. Nastya promises that the educational program will continue.
1The article provides an outline of the vegetation of Krasnoyarsk, the nature of which is determined by the location of the study area near the border of the forest-steppe and taiga natural zones and anthropogenic impact. The main types of vegetation, classes of formations, groups of formations, formations and associations are identified and discussed. The author shows that the main types of natural vegetation in the city are: forests, steppes, meadows, shrub and aquatic vegetation, and swamps. In addition, synanthropic vegetation is widespread. For each type of vegetation and main formations, the background species that dominate in a particular phytocenosis, as well as co-dominants of the vegetation cover, are given. It is noted that the synanthropic flora of the city, which is a complex semi-natural system that changes qualitatively and quantitatively, ensures the maintenance of species richness and diversity of plant communities.
: Krasnoyarsk
vegetation
shrubby vegetation
aquatic vegetation
synanthropic vegetation
formation
association.
1. Antipova E. M. Classification of vegetation of northern forest-steppes of Central Siberia // Botan. research in Siberia. – Krasnoyarsk, 2004. – Issue. 12. – pp. 8–13.
2. Geobotanical zoning of the USSR. T. 2. – M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1947. – Issue. 2. – 150 s.
3. Dulepova B.I. Aquatic vegetation // Vegetation of Siberia (Pre-Baikal and Transbaikalia). – Novosibirsk: Science, 1985. – P. 95–102.
4. Kuminova A.V. Vegetation cover of Khakassia. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1976. – 422 p.
5. Peshkova G. A. Vegetation of Siberia (Pre-Baikalia and Transbaikalia). – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985. – 144 p.
6. Takhtadzhyan A. L. Floristic regions of the Earth. – L.: Nauka, 1978. – 248 p.
7. Teryokhina T. A. Anthropogenic phytosystems. – Barnaul: ASU Publishing House, 2000. – 250 p.
8. Cherepanov S.K. Vascular plants of Russia and neighboring states (within the former USSR). – St. Petersburg: Peace and Family, 1995. – 992 p.
9. Cherepnin L. M. Vegetation cover of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the tasks of its study // Scientific notes of the Krasnoyarsk Pedagogical Institute. – 1956. – T. 5. – P. 3–43.
10. Cherepnin L. M. Flora of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. T. 1. – Krasnoyarsk: KSPI, 1957.
Introduction
In the system of floristic zoning, the city of Krasnoyarsk belongs to the Central Siberian province of the Circumboreal region of the Holarctic floristic kingdom; according to the “Geobotanical zoning of the USSR”, the territory belongs to the Eurasian coniferous region, the European-Siberian subregion, the Central Siberian country, and the Ural-Altai province. In accordance with the geobotanical zoning of the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the left bank territory of the city borders on the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe region, and the right bank borders on the spurs of the Eastern Sayan.
The nature of the vegetation cover of Krasnoyarsk is determined by the location of its territory near the border of the forest-steppe and taiga natural zones and anthropogenic impact. Also, the main factor determining the development of various types of vegetation is climate, especially the quantitative indicators of heat and moisture. Relief is a powerful transformer of all climatic factors; it determines the distribution of plant communities. The chemical composition of soil-forming rocks leaves a significant imprint on the patterns of vegetation distribution.
Due to the expansion of secondary vegetation, synanthropization and degradation of vegetation in urban conditions, urban vegetation is usually divided into cultivated (garden and park complexes, lawns) and spontaneous, which is represented by fragments of natural vegetation and synanthropic communities of ruderal plants.
The main types of natural vegetation of the city, in accordance with the classification adopted for the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khakassia, Transbaikalia, and the northern forest-steppes of Central Siberia, are forests, steppes, meadows, shrub and aquatic vegetation, and swamps.
The purpose of this article is to make a brief outline of the vegetation of Krasnoyarsk based on regional geobotanical classification systems and our own geobotanical descriptions.
Research methods and materials
To compile an essay on the vegetation of the city of Krasnoyarsk, regional geobotanical classification systems were used, carried out for the territory of the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and work on the vegetation cover of Khakassia and nearby territories of the Angara region was taken into account. The generalization of aquatic vegetation was facilitated by the work of B.I. Dulepova, based on the differences in life forms of higher aquatic plants. Syntaxa were identified as a result of processing our own geobotanical descriptions (174) and determining our own herbarium (more than 7000 sheets) during periods of field work in the city. The nomenclature of species is given according to S.K. Cherepanov and the latest monographic treatments.
Research results and discussion
Forests. Natural forest vegetation corresponds to zonal conditions and has been preserved on the outskirts of the city, inside some urban microdistricts, blocks and courtyards. The composition of forest-forming species is small. The forests are formed by two species of birch (Betula pendula, B. pubescens), aspen (Populus tremula), larch (Larix sibirica), pine (Pinus sylvestris), and fir (Abiessibirica). Light coniferous and small-leaved forests are characterized by the greatest distribution.
Formations of light coniferous forests are formed by Pinussylvestris. Few pine forests forming pure, single-species tree stands have been preserved. The main tracts of such forests are concentrated in Vetluzhanka, village. Udachny and Akademgorodok. The vegetation cover of these communities is represented by the following species: Swidaalba, Padusavium, Rubusidaeus, Glechomahederacea, Anemonesylvestris, Atragenesibirica, Violauniflora, Carexmacroura, Trifoliumpratense, Monesesuniflora, Neottianthecucullata, Tephroserisintegrifolia, etc. The ground cover is dominated by mosses Abietinellaabientine, Plagiom nium cuspidatum.
Sometimes Betulapendula takes a significant part in the composition of pine forests, less often Abiessibirica. Associations of birch-pine forests are found in the area of the state university (SFU), BSMP. The tree layer is dominated by Pinussylvestris with the participation of Betulapendula. Common in the undergrowth: Lonicera tatarica, Padus avium, Ribes atropurpureum, Spiraea chamaedryfolia. The herbage is represented by Alchemilla pachyphylla, Brunnera sibirica, Carex lanceolata, Equisetum pratense, Pimpinella saxifraga, Polygonatumodoratum, Pulmonaria mollis, Pyrola rotundifolia, Stellaria bungeana, etc.
Abiessibirica is very rarely found in pine forests in the city, forming associations of fir-pine forest with forb-grass-fern cover. Such communities are found in small areas in the area of Udachny.
The tree stand is dominated by Pinussylvestris with an admixture of Abiessibirica. The undergrowth consists of Salixdasyclados, Sorbussibirica. Ferns (Pteridium pinetorum, Athyriumfilix-femina), grasses (Milliumeffusum, Calamagrostisobtusata), and forbs (Angelicasylvestris, Carexmacroura, Equisetumarvense, Lathyrusgmelinii, Veratrumnigrum, etc.) participate in the composition of the grass cover. The ecological conditions here are favorable for the development of Rhytidiadelphustriquetrus cover.
Small-leaved forests are represented by formations of birch forests (from Betulapendula and B. pubescens). The forests that Betulapendula forms are located on flat areas and slopes. Associations are very typical: birch forest with forb-grass-sedge cover (Verkhnyaya Bazaikha, Akademgorodok, Studgorodok, State University area), birch forest with forb-drupe cover (Solnechny microdistrict, BSMP), birch forest with forb-fern cover ( Vetluzhanka, Nikolaevskaya Sopka). The forest stand is dominated by Betulapendula. Common shrubs include: Crataegussanguinea, Malusbaccata, Ribesnigrum, Rosaacicularis, Sambucussibirica, etc. The grass cover includes forbs: Rubussaxatilis, Primulacortusoides, Plantagomedia, Lathyrushumilis, Pulsatillapatens, Trolliusasiaticus, Ranunculuspropinquus, Carumcarvi, etc.; cereals: Stipapennata, Poapalustris, Milliumeffusum, Dactylisglomerata, Calamagrostisepigeios, etc.; sedges: Carex macroura; ferns: Pteridium pinetorum, Matteucciastruthiopteris.
Birch forests contain Populustremula and Larixsibirica. The following associations are formed. Aspen-birch forest with mixed grass cover. This association occurs in small areas in the area of the state university. Betulapendula takes a significant part in the composition of the tree stand, along with Populustremula. Very characteristic shrubs are Caraganaarborescens, Rosaacicularis, and Spiraeamedia. The canopy of young trees of these species is pronounced. Forbs are represented by: Viola uniflora, Geum aleppicum, Plantago major, Asparagus officinalis, Primula macrocalyx, etc.
A small area in the city is occupied by associations of larch-pine-birch forest with mixed grass cover, noted in Vetluzhanka. The tree layer is formed by Betulapendula, Pinussylvestris with an admixture of Larixsibirica. The undergrowth is formed by: Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Crataegus sanguinea, Hippophae rhamnoides, Spiraea media. The herbage is represented by: Lathyrus humilis, Lupinaster pentaphyllus, Rubus saxatilis, Vicia unijuga, Thalictrum simplex, Bupleurum multinerve, Anthemis subtinctoria, Lilium martagon, Helictotrichon pubescens, Carex macroura, etc.
Associations of aspen-pine-birch forest with forb-bracken cover in small areas were noted in the area of the Fruit and Berry Station. Forest-forming species are: Betulapendula, Pinussylvestris, and to a lesser extent - Populustremula. Abundant in the undergrowth: Padus avium, Ribes nigrum, Sorbus sibirica, Swida alba. Common in the grass cover are: Maianthemum bifolium, Aquilegia sibirica, Moneses uniflora, Primula macrocalyx, etc. The background is represented by Pteridium pinetorum.
There are also swampy birch forests, occupying a small area and confined to damp, moist habitats in the Vetluzhanki region.
The main forest-forming species is Betulapubescens. Typical associations are a swampy birch forest with a bone-grass cover. The undergrowth is expressed and represented by: Ribeshispidulum, Salixtaraikensis, S. viminalis. The herbaceous layer is dominated by: Rubussaxatilis, Phragmitesaustralis, Calamagrostislangsdorffii. Common herbs include: Equisetum palustre, Carexcespitosa, Impatiens noli-tangere, Ligularia sibirica, Saussurea parviflora, etc.
Steppes. Steppe vegetation within the city has been preserved mainly along fairly steep southern and southeastern gravelly slopes and is represented by meadow and true steppes. The most developed are meadow steppes, which are zonal in the forest-steppe regions of the region. Among them, formations of forb-grass, forb, cotoneaster-meadowsweet shrub and cotoneaster-acacia shrub meadow steppes are common.
The cereal basis of the grass stand of communities of forb-grass meadow steppes consists of: Stipapennata, Achnatherum sibiricum, Poatransbaicalica, Helictotrichondesertorum. Forbs are represented by the following species: Stellariacherleriae, Erucastrumarmoracioides, Galiumverum, Veronicaincana, Asteralpinus, Potentillabifurca, Goniolimonspeciosum, etc.
Communities of forb meadow steppes are confined to the upper parts of the southern slopes or to small depressions among the true steppe. Edifiers are representatives of forbs: Pulsatilla patens, P.turczaninovii, Veronica incana, Gypsophila patrinii, Artemisia commutata, Galatellaangustissima, Seselilibanotis, Delphinium grandiflorum, Hemerocallisminor, etc.
There are also bushy steppes. Among the shrubs the following are common: Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Spiraeamedia, Caraganaarborescens and very rarely - Berberisvulgaris. Common species in the grass stand include Liliumpumilum, Panzerinalanata, Astragalus versicolor, Leontopodium conglobatum, Youngia tenuifolia, Thalictrumacutilobum, Polygala sibirica, Thesiumrefractum, Schizonepetamultifida, etc.
True steppes play a minor role in the composition of the vegetation cover. Among them, large-turf and small-turf steppes are the most common; communities of rocky and desert steppes are rare.
Formations of large-turf true steppes are characterized by a species composition with a significant participation of steppe grasses and forbs: Helictotrichonaltaicum, H. desertorum, Stipabaicalensis, Artemisia glauca, A.gmelinii, Gentianadecumbens, Allium ramosum, Oxytropis campanulata, etc.
Small-turf grass steppes are characterized by the dominance of grasses in the herbage: Festuca ovina, Koeleria cristata, Poa botryoides, sedge: Carexduriuscula, C. pediformis, wormwood: Artemisia frigida, A. glauca, A. sericea. Among the herbs in the phytocenoses of small-grass steppes, the following are noted: Astragalusmiklaschewskii, Orobanchecoerulescens, Lychnissibirica, Steveniaincarnata, Potentilla bifurca, Galium verum, Veronica incana, Iris humilis, Scorzoneraaustriaca, Allium vodopjanovae, etc.
Under conditions of the most pronounced moisture deficit, small communities of desertified steppes occur, developing on rocky-gravelly dry slopes. The edifiers of such communities are: Agropyroncristatum, Festucavalesiaca, Krascheninnikoviaceratoides, Thymusmongolicus, Artemisia frigida. Forbs are represented by: Veronicapinnata, Silenejenisseensis, Eritrichiumjenisseense, etc.
Rocky steppes are not widespread within the city and are usually confined to rocky slopes of southern exposure with outcrops of bedrock. Their characteristic feature is the sparseness of the grass stand and the absence of tiers. Steppe petrophytic groups with Ephedramonosperma, E.pseudodistachya, Agropyroncristatum, Festucavalesiaca, Goniolimonspeciosum, Androsace incana, Alyssumobovatum, Erysimumaltaicum, Orostachysspinosa, Sedum aizoon, Potentillaacaulis, P. sericea, Hedysarumturczaninov are common here ii, Onosmagmelinii, Eritrichium pectinatum, Veronica pinnata, Thymusmongolicus, Artemisia gmelinii and etc.
Meadows. Meadow communities in the city are an integral part of the landscape. Currently, the area occupied by them is small. Meadows have been preserved on the outskirts of the city, along river valleys and islands of the river. Yenisei. The diversity of such communities is determined by the heterogeneous environmental conditions in which they form and exist.
Meadow vegetation is represented by subtypes of floodplain and valley and upland meadows, differing in the height and density of the grass stand, in the composition of which cereals, sedges and forbs take a significant part. At the same time, various formations are formed: timothy (Phleum pratense) floodplain meadow, forb (Prunella vulgaris, Potentillaanserina, Rumexthyrsiflorus, Plantago major, Filipendula ulmaria, Aconogononalpinum, Rhinanthusvernalis, Lathyruspratensis, Ranunculuspropinquus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Sanguisorba officinalis and etc.) floodplain meadow, sedge -grass polydominant (Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Alopecuruspratensis, Phalaroides arundinacea, Poa palustris, Carex cespitosa, C. curaica, C. songorica, etc.) marshy meadow, pike (Deschampsiacespitosa) marshy meadow, bentgrass (Agrostis gigantea) salt marsh meadow, barley (H ordeumbrevisubulatum ) salt marsh meadow, forb (Melilotus dentatus, Plantago media, Anagallidium dichotomum, Taraxacum officinale, Carum carvi, Gentianamacrophylla, Gentianopsisbarbata, Cirsiumesculentum, etc.) salt marsh meadow, beckmannia (Beckmannia syzigachne) salt marsh meadow, wheatgrass (Elytrigiarepens) dry meadow, mixed grass (Sanguisorba officinalis , Anemonesylvestris, Equisetumarvense, Veronica longifolia, Phlomoides tuberosa, Geranium pratense, Polygonum aviculare, Hieracium umbellatum, Centaureascabiosa, etc.) upland meadow, steppe forb (Viciaamoena, Saussureacontroversa, Hemerocallis minor, Primula macrocalyx, Anemonastrum crini tum, Fragariaviridis, Lotusucrainicus, Polygonum rurivagum , Dracocephalum ruyschiana, Alliumsenescens, Aconitumbarbatum, etc.) upland meadow, reed grass (Calamagrostisepigeios), steppe upland meadow, forb-grass (Helictotrichonpubescens, Poaangustifolia, Delphinium grandiflorum, Linumperenne, Pastinacasylvestris, Scabiosaochroleuca , Medicagofalcata, Campanula glomerata, Artemisia scoparia, Galiumverum and etc.) steppe upland meadow, grass-forb (Potentillafragarioides, Lathyruspisiformis, Equisetumpratense, Trollius asiaticus, Vicia cracca, V. unijuga, Dactylisglomerata, Festucapratensis, etc.) forest meadow, tall grass (Delphinium elatum, Anthriscussylvestris, Tephroseris integri folia, etc.) forest meadow.
The meadow areas that remain inside some urban neighborhoods are mostly anthropogenic and, therefore, degraded. Such meadow communities are characterized by: Erigeron politus, Urtica cannabina, Amoriahybrida, Androsace septentrionalis, Berteroa incana, Brassica campestris, Camelina sativa, etc.
Swamps. Swamp vegetation has a limited distribution and is confined to the banks of rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. Also, wetlands are found on the islands of the river. Yenisei, where there is constant excess moisture. All swamp areas are of eutrophic (lowland) type.
The most common are grass swamps with a well-developed herbage, the edificators of which are sedges (Carex acuta, C. curaica, C. dichroa, C. dioica, C. rhynchophysa, C. songorica, C. vesicaria), cotton grass (Eriophorum angustifolium) and some cereals (Calamagrostislangsdorffii, Agrostis clavata, A. gigantea, Beckmannia syzigachne, Deschampsiacespitosa). The grass stand also includes species of forbs - Caltha palustris, Ranunculusceleratus, Filipendula ulmaria, Juncus gerardii, Myosotiscespitosa, Triglochin palustre, Siumlatifolium, Parnassiapalustris, Menthaarvensis, Bidens tripartita, Ligulariasibirica, etc.
Plant associations of swamps can be characterized by the predominance of any one plant species. In this case, monodominant communities are formed. On the territory of the city there are reed (Scirpus sylvaticus) and cattail (Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia) swamps as examples of monodominant communities.
Shrub vegetation. Thickets of bushes, although very common, occupy insignificant areas. On the one hand, they are confined to negative elements of the relief (hygromesophilic shrub communities) and are found along the banks of rivers, channels, and on the islands of the river. Yenisei, and on the other - to forest edges, roadsides (mesophilic shrub communities) and steppe slopes (xeromesophilic shrub communities).
Xeromesophilic shrub communities are mostly characteristic of steep rocky steppe slopes located in the areas of KRAMZ, Udachny, Akademgorodok, and Bazaikhi. The main edificators of such communities are: Cotoneastermelanocarpus, Caraganaarborescens, Spiraeamedia, Berberisvulgaris is very rare. The grass stand is formed from species common to rocky and desert steppes: Festucavalesiaca, Krascheninnikoviaceratoides, Potentillaacaulis, Artemisia frigida, and more mesophilic species: Achnatherum sibiricum, Dianthus versicolor, Liliumpumilum, Astragalus versicolor, Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, etc.
Mesophilic shrub communities form formations found on forest edges, clearings, and also along roadsides. Most of the species that form thickets grow under the forest canopy, but the most favorable conditions for their development are created in well-lit and moderately moist places. Thickets formed by Padusavium, Salixbebbiana, S. caprea, S. dasyclados, Spiraea media, Rosa acicularis, Rubus idaeus, Sorbaria sorbifolia, Sambucussibirica, Swida alba are common. The lower tier in the thickets consists of meadow and forest species.
Hygromesophilic shrub communities are confined to habitats where conditions of sufficient flowing moisture are created: river banks, channels, river islands. Yenisei. The leading role in the formation of such thickets is played by willows, forming mixed willow (Salixalba, S. jenisseensis, S. pentandra, S. taraikensis, S. viminalis, etc.) shrub communities. Extensive thickets are formed by bird cherry (Padus avium), along with willows (Salix viminalis, S. bebbiana, S. taraikensis) and poplars (Populusnigra, P. deltoides, P. laurifolia), forming willow-cherry and poplar-willow-cherry shrubs thickets. Also common are thickets of currants from Ribes nigrum and Ribes hispidulum, sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides), and apple trees (Malusbaccata).
The grass cover under the canopy of shrubs develops unevenly. Under the sparse canopy the grass stand is tall and dense. There are: Glechomahederacea, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus monophyllus, Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Naumburgia thyrsiflora, Caltha palustris, Hylotelephium triphyllum, Lamium album, Poapalustris, etc. With strong shading, the grass cover develops poorly, the grass stand is very sparse. In such conditions grow: Stellariabungeana, Adoxa moschatellina, etc. In drier places grow: Urtica dioica, Impatiens noli-tangere, Chelidoniummajus, Arctiumtomentosum, etc.
Aquatic vegetation. The massive development of higher aquatic vegetation is typical for the Yenisei, Kacha, Bazaikha rivers, channels, small lakes, ponds and oxbow lakes with a muddy bottom, located in various parts of the city (Tatyshev Island, Pashenny Island, Fruit and Berry Station, Vetluzhanka, Peschanka, Meat Processing Plant, p. . Taimyr).
Among the real aquatic vegetation, four groups of formations have been identified.
Elodeid (submerged, rooting) vegetation is dominant in all types of reservoirs. It is represented by widespread communities: uruti (Myriophyllum sibiricum, M. spicatum), pondweed (Potamogeton berchtoldii, P. gramineus, P. lucens, P. perfoliatus, P. pusillus, etc.), and the alien American species Elodeacanadensis. Among other formations of elodeid vegetation, which are not widespread, but are typical for certain environmental conditions, we can note the swamp from Callitrichehermaphroditica and C. palustris, mulberry with Batrachium circinatum, B. eradicatum, B. trichophyllum. Very often, elodeid vegetation forms monodominant thickets, but mixed complex groups are also widespread.
Planktic-lemnid (submerged, non-rooting) vegetation is limited to three formations: hornwort (Ceratophyllumdemersum, C. oryzetorum), bladderwort (Utriculariavulgaris) and duckweed (Lemnatrisulca). Only communities from Ceratophyllumdemersum are widespread among them. They are found in stagnant and low-flowing waters. Hornwort most often forms monodominant communities with limited participation of other species. Of the bidominant hornwort communities, bladderwort-hornwort and pondweed-hornwort communities with aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica are widespread.
Nymphaeid (rooting with floating leaves) vegetation is limited in its distribution and is represented by only a few formations: capsule (from Nupharpumila), water lily (from Nymphaeatetragona) and pondweed (from Potamogetongramineus). The area occupied by such communities is small.
Neustic-lemnid (free-floating on the surface) vegetation is limited in water bodies by Lemnaminor mats.
Aerial-aquatic vegetation is represented by communities of high-grass helophytes: (Phragmitesaustralis, Scirpushippolyti, S. tabernaemontani, Glyceriatriflora), low-grass helophytes (Scirpus radicans, Equisetumfluviatile, Eleocharis mamillata, Alisma gramineum, Sparganiumemersum, Petasitesradiatus, Butomusumbellatus) and ground helophytes ( Eleocharis acicularis, Limosellaaquatica, Scirpussupinus ).
Synanthropic vegetation. Landscaping and development of urban areas, accompanied by disturbance of the surface layer of soil, littering of the outskirts with construction waste and industrial waste, disturb natural ecotopes and create extremely diverse conditions suitable only for the formation of a synanthropic plant complex, in which synanthropic tree and shrub communities and herbaceous ruderal vegetation play a major role . The synanthropic flora of the city is a complex dynamic semi-natural system that continuously changes qualitatively and quantitatively. Its most important and most stable component is woody and shrubby plants.
Synanthropic tree and shrub communities are formed from spontaneous communities dominated by Acernegundo, artificial forest plantations from: Larix sibirica, Pinus sylvestris, species of the genus Populus, Tiliacordata, T. sibirica, Ulmuspumila, shrub communities with Cerasustomentosa, Ribesaureum, R. diacantha, Rosarugosa, Loniceratatarica. Such communities are included in the system of urban green spaces, which are an important part of the city and are represented by parks, city gardens, squares, boulevards, and forest belts.
Ruderal communities, which due to economic activity are widespread in urban areas, consist mostly of: Taraxacum officinale, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chelidonium majus, Euphorbia virgata, Thlaspi arvense, Vicia sepium, Leptopyrum fumarioides, Hyoscyamus niger, Solanumkitagawae, Plantago urvillei, Bromusarvensis, Melandriumalbum, Amaranthus blitoides, A. retroflexus, Elsholtziaciliata, Carduuscrispus, Elytrigiarepens, Brassicacampestris, Convolvulusarvensis, Sisymbrium loeselii, Velarumofficinale, Erodium cicutarium, Dracocephalum nutans, Scutellaria scordiifolia and others, weed communities from: Chen opodium album, Ch. glaucum, Atriplexsagittata, Cannabis sativa, Artemisia sieversiana, A. vulgaris, monodominant communities of Polygonumaviculare, P. neglectum, cultivated weeds: Panicummilaceum, Fagopyrumtataricum, Anethum graveolens, Hordeumsativum, Triticumaestivum, etc. As a rule, such communities are distributed along railway embankments, roadsides highways, in the territories of railway stations, parks, in large ruderal areas - landfills and wastelands, along river banks, flower beds, lawns, etc.
There is no doubt that the distribution of weed species ensures the maintenance of species richness and diversity of plant communities. However, in some cases, these species are harmful and successfully compete with native species due to better adaptation to changed conditions.
Thus, the nature of natural vegetation within the city is determined by the position between the forest-steppe and mountain-taiga natural zones and anthropogenic impact.
Natural forest vegetation is represented by formations of pine and birch forests. Steppe vegetation is formed by meadow, true steppes and steppe petrophyte groups. Meadow vegetation is represented by formations of floodplain and dry meadows. Shrub and aquatic communities, swamps, as well as synanthropic areas of vegetation significantly complement the phytocenotic diversity of the urban environment. It should be noted that as long as areas of natural vegetation are preserved on the territory of the city, we can talk about the preservation of certain zonal features by the urban flora.
This work was supported by project 2012-1.4-12-000-4002-004.
Reviewers:
Antipova Ekaterina Mikhailovna, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Biology and Ecology of the Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after. V. P. Astafieva, Krasnoyarsk.
Terekhina Tatyana Aleksandrovna, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of Botany, Altai State University, Barnaul.
Bibliographic link
Ryabovol S.V. VEGETATION OF KRASNOYARSK // Modern problems of science and education. – 2013. – No. 1.;URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=7582 (access date: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"
