On January 4, Russians 27-year-old Evgeniy Voitsekhovsky and 28-year-old Pavel Stotsko registered their marriage in Copenhagen (Danish legislation allows gay marriages). Returning to Moscow, they submitted registration documents to one of the city MFCs, where they were given the appropriate stamps on the “Marital Status” page.
One of the spouses posted photographs of stamps on Facebook as evidence and separately noted that this is not about registering a same-sex marriage, but about its recognition. The young people brought to the MFC a marriage certificate issued to them in Denmark, on the basis of which the department stamped them. The legislation of the Russian Federation recognizes marriages concluded on the territory of another country if the union does not contradict the laws of that state.
According to Art. 158 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, the following conditions may become obstacles to recognition: if one of the spouses is in another marriage, if the bride and groom are closely related or one is the other’s guardian, as well as in the case of mental incapacity of one of the spouses. Since the marriage of Voitsekhovsky and Stotsko does not contradict the mentioned article, the MFC had no reason to refuse to affix stamps.
This precedent infuriated the famous gay fighter, State Duma deputy Vitaly Milonov. On his Facebook, he posted an angry post in which he called the newly-made spouses “homo-animals” and ordered them to “drive them out of Russia with a one-way ticket, burn their passports and consider them dogs.” He also promised to find and prosecute the officials responsible for this.
Another State Duma deputy, Anatoly Vyborny, promised to eliminate this “loophole in the law” and called the incident “a clear indicator of the complete decline of morality.” We remind you that, according to a recent Levada Center survey, 83% of Russians strongly condemn same-sex relationships. The Internet reacted ambiguously to the news: some agree with Milonov, others congratulate the Russian LGBT community on the precedent. Still others considered the news “fake” and the passport photos fake. One way or another, the names of these young people can be included in the list of gays who changed the world (albeit on the scale of one country). All that remains is to wish happiness to the young people and family well-being.. :3
Opponents of same-sex unions often argue that traditional marriage between a man and a woman has been considered the universal standard throughout human history. Yes, it really has been the most common form of marriage since the birth of agriculture, however, besides it, history knows many other concepts of the institution of marriage.1. Polyandry
Polygyny is polygamy, and polyandry is polyandry.
Polyandry is a rare form of polygamy in which a woman is simultaneously married to several men. In the modern world, polyandry is practiced in some isolated villages located on the Tibetan Plateau. For those cultures, polyandry serves as a way to preserve family property in regions with limited arable land and high birth rates. It is a form of family planning. A group of brothers marries a woman their own age and they all live and work together. Children born in such a marriage call their mother’s eldest husband “father”; the rest of her spouses are his “uncles.”
With the development of culture and education, the practice of polyandry begins to gradually become obsolete. However, recent research suggests that polyandry in the past was not as uncommon a form of marriage as many assumed. It has been practiced in communities from the Arctic to the Amazon. The emergence of polyandrous unions is usually associated with unfavorable environmental conditions and an insufficient number of women of fertile age; they are characteristic of relatively egalitarian societies.
Polyandrous marriages have many advantages. Having several men creates a greater sense of security and safety in the family. Research conducted among the Barii people shows that children who have multiple recognized fathers are more likely to survive than those who have only one father.
Some see polyandry as a solution to the gender gap seen today in India and China, but such a proposal is unlikely to be well received in bureaucratic societies with class systems.
2. Levirate and sororate
In these cases, marriage is considered as a union not of two individuals, but of entire families, which must continue even after the death of one of the spouses. It places particular emphasis on the rights and responsibilities of members of kinship groups. Levirate is when a man marries the widowed wife of his deceased brother. In some cases, children born from such a union are considered to be the sons or daughters of the woman's first (deceased) husband. They remain part of his bloodline group and therefore cannot be separated from the mother. Levirate marriages are practiced in tribal communities in America, Africa, India and Australia.
Soratnye marriages are practiced by representatives of the native tribes of North America and India. Sororate is a custom that requires a widowed man to marry the sister of his deceased wife. In some cultures, sororate is also allowed if the first wife is infertile. Children born from the second wife belong, as a rule, to the first wife. In situations where the deceased wife or husband does not have suitable sisters or brothers, other suitable relationships may be offered in their place.
3. Temporary marriage
Temporary marriages were especially popular in the ancient Islamic world. They were sometimes called "fixed marriages" or "pleasure marriages."
Temporary marriages were concluded between a man and a woman by mutual agreement for a certain period of time. In order to enter into a temporary marriage, it was necessary, according to tradition, to meet a number of conditions. A man could marry a Muslim, Christian or Jewish woman, although it was strongly recommended to enter into temporary marriages only with chaste women of the Muslim faith. In turn, Muslim women were not allowed to enter into temporary marriages with non-Muslim men.
If a man already had a wife, he had to ask her permission to enter into a temporary marriage. If he wanted to marry a slave, he was required to obtain her master's permission. The two main conditions for a temporary marriage were a pre-agreed date and a dowry. Some sources claim that even the Prophet Muhammad himself practiced temporary marriages.
Temporary marriages are the norm among Shiites, while they are prohibited among Sunnis. Sunnis accept that temporary marriages were allowed to be practiced in the early days of Islam. However, in defense of their beliefs, they refer to verses in the Koran that prohibit having sexual relations with anyone other than a lawful wife or slave. Sunnis claim that the practice of temporary marriages was abolished by the second Rightly Guided Caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab.
Today, temporary marriages are widespread in Iran; here they are used as a cover for prostitution. This caused a strong negative reaction from the public, but some ayatollahs have already appealed to the government with a request to create special centers where temporary marriages between men and women could be concluded. In the UK, temporary marriages are used by Muslim young couples who just want to date without breaking Sharia law. Temporary marriage is seen as a way to strike a balance between traditional beliefs and a modern Western lifestyle.
4. Posthumous marriage
In many parts of the world, it is acceptable to marry someone who is no longer alive (or to marry two deceased people). In China, it is customary to bury deceased bachelors next to women so that they do not get bored in the afterlife. Today, there are many grave robbers in the country who dig up the corpses of recently deceased unmarried women and sell them to organizers of posthumous marriages. The price for “dead brides” ranges from 16-20 thousand yuan ($2600-3300).
The reasons why posthumous marriages take place are very varied. According to one custom, the youngest son in a family can marry only after his elder brother has done so. If the older brother dies, he is married posthumously to save the younger one from lifelong loneliness. In Singapore, posthumous marriages are most often the initiative of relatives who do not want their deceased children, who did not manage to get married during their lifetime, to remain alone in the afterlife. There are even brokers here who specialize in organizing posthumous weddings. In some cases, wedding ceremonies are held directly at the funeral.
Posthumous marriages are also practiced by members of the Nuer and Atuot tribes (South Sudan). If a Nuer or Atuot man dies without leaving an heir, one of his brother's wives marries the ghost of the deceased. All children she subsequently gives birth to will be considered the heirs of the deceased brother. This practice, known as "asepikleros", was widespread in ancient Greece.
In Japan, this tradition is different from other places. The deceased here is married to a doll, which represents the spirit of the bride associated with Jizo (Buddhist bodhisattva). Posthumous marriage originated in the 1930s in the Tohoku region; At that time, many young, unmarried men died in the wars in Manchuria. Posthumous marriages have become popular throughout the country after the release of a documentary film on the topic.
5. A difficult marriage
In the 19th century, John Humphrey Noyes created a utopian community called Oneida in New York State. He firmly believed in the Second Coming of Jesus Christ and believed that until the Kingdom of Heaven came, people had time and opportunity to achieve perfection in this world. He pointed out that the Bible makes no mention of the existence of traditional marriage in the Kingdom of Heaven, and called for the practice of the so-called “complex marriage”, according to which all members of the Oneida community were each other’s wives and husbands. Monogamy and jealousy were considered sinful and idolatrous. Community members punished those who preferred monogamous relationships.
To reduce the birth rate and provide sexual pleasure to women, Noyes preached the practice of "male continence" - engaging in sexual intercourse without ejaculating. Presumably this was supposed to promote self-control. Noyes's system allowed women more freedom in sexual terms than men. Every woman was free to accept or reject the advances of any man. This contributed to the development of an egalitarian society in which women and men had equal rights, and possibly to an improvement in the economic status of the community.
The downside of Noyes's system was sexual indoctrination. Soon after puberty, adolescents were assigned mature, experienced mentors who were supposed to introduce them to sex. Noyes himself allegedly introduced sexual culture to twelve- and thirteen-year-old girls. He also introduced a temporary eugenics program aimed at producing “ideal children.”
The Oneida community lasted three decades. It broke up for two reasons: first, growing dissatisfaction with the institution of complex marriage; the second - Noyes abandoned everything and fled to Canada after he was accused of raping a minor.
6. Devadasi
In this South Indian practice, a young girl was married to a deity or temple. The word "devadasi" literally means "maidservant of god." Some girls were married to a god or temple before they were born. They were expected to be attractive, hardworking and intelligent, and to sing and dance in the mornings and evenings in honor of their god. The temple where the devadasis lived was maintained by donations from spectators. In addition, they were often invited to weddings and other special ceremonies because they represented prosperity. Devadasis, by tradition, were highly respected and had a higher status than other women in society. Being the wife of a god was considered an honor.
When the practice fell out of favor, the devadasis, in order to earn money to maintain the temples, turned into prostitutes for aristocrats and priests. Some argue that this happened after the temples were taken over by the Brahmins (following the fall of Buddhism in India) - Buddhist nuns were also forced to become prostitutes. Soon, girls from poor, low-caste families began to be sold to temples, where they were forced into prostitution. They were forbidden to marry because they were believed to be already betrothed to a god or goddess.
In 1988, this tradition was finally banned in India, but it continues to exist among members of the untouchable caste and in some village temples. Young girls here are sexually exploited and raped, and after they are no longer attractive, they are kicked out of the temple, doomed to a miserable existence. One former devadasi, who lost her sight and was forced to eat scraps served by religious fanatics, told The Guardian: “My devadasi mother dedicated me to the goddess Yellamma and left me on the streets, where I was subjected to bullying and violence. I don’t want anything else, just let me die.”
7. Child marriage
In medieval Europe, daughters were usually married off at the age of twelve. This can be explained by the fact that at that time there was an extremely low level of life expectancy. However, you will be very surprised to learn that girls also had the right to marry starting at the age of seven.
The concept of childhood did not exist at all. Children were treated as full members of society as soon as they were no longer dependent on their parents (usually between the ages of five and seven). Economic developments helped raise the age of majority and allowed the creation of the concept of childhood as a separate stage of human life - from infancy to adulthood.
Child marriage eventually disappeared in Europe, but it is still practiced in many developing regions of the world, despite intensive efforts to eradicate it. Parents sell or force their young daughters into marriage with older men to ease the family's financial burden. Child marriage is widely practiced in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and parts of the Islamic world.
Yemen is considered the poorest country in the Arab world. Here, girls are forced to marry at the age of eight. According to statistics, 14% of Yemeni girls get married before the age of fifteen, 52% - by the age of eighteen. In 2009, an attempt was made to set a minimum age for marriage at seventeen, but it was opposed by conservative lawmakers who considered it contrary to Islamic law.
8. Tunchi
In China, girls are under enormous social pressure to get married and have children. Acceptance of homosexuality here is extremely low compared to many Western countries, so most gay men see the only solution to their problem in marrying heterosexual women. According to one Chinese sexologist, 90 percent of homosexual men in China resort to this method. Marriages between gay men and straight women in China are called "tongqi" - from the words "tongzhi" ("tongzhi" is a comrade and a euphemism for a homosexual man) and "qizi" ("wife"). The downside of such marriages is that women before marriage have no idea about the real sexual orientation of their future spouse. During their life together, they are constantly tormented by feelings of resentment and sexual dissatisfaction.
Also in China today, a movement of gay men and women who advocate so-called “cooperative marriages” is gaining popularity. Cooperative marriages allow a couple to maintain relationships on the side without raising unnecessary questions from relatives and society.
9. Marriage with spirits
Representatives of the Baule people living in West Africa (Republic of Côte d'Ivoire) believe that before birth, every person marries with spirits. They are called "blolo bian" ("man from another world") or "blolo blah" ("woman from another world"). Marital strife between earthly couples is sometimes blamed on spirit spouses who are jealous or feel unhappy. Spiritual guides recommend cutting out a figurine of “a man or woman from another world” from wood, oiling it, dressing it, decorating it and taking it to the temple. This should appease the spirit spouses and establish peace and order in the family.
You can communicate with spirit spouses in your dreams. Since they reside in the sphere between the spiritual and real worlds, they are treated as real, living people. One Baule woman stated that her earthly marriage became much happier after she built a small temple for her spirit husband. The woman believed that her earthly husband and her spirit husband were competing with each other. At night, she took turns sleeping with a wooden figurine of her spirit husband and her earthly husband.
10. Traditional same-sex marriage
Some conservatives consider same-sex marriage a "recent innovation." Samuel Alito, a US Supreme Court justice, said they were more recent than "cell phones or the Internet." In reality, forms of same-sex marriage have existed throughout history. In the 1960s and 1970s, some gay activists won permission for same-sex marriage, although the gay rights movement only began in earnest in the early 1990s.
There is very little evidence for the existence of sanctioned same-sex relationships in the ancient world, but conclusions that they took place can be drawn from Babylonian literature, the social mores of the ancient Greeks, and the tomb in which two male courtiers from the Fifth Dynasty of Pharaohs were buried ( reigned approximately 2504-2347 BC) and an image was found where they passionately embrace each other.
Same-sex marriage was also practiced in Ancient Rome. Emperor Nero, for example, married his eunuch in a grand wedding ceremony. The poets Marcus Valerius Martial and Decimus Junius Juvenal mentioned homosexual marriage in their works. The first treated them with disdain, the second called them a “fleeting love affair” and considered them decadent.
Same-sex marriage was so common that in the 3rd century AD, after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity, it was officially banned. The first Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches practiced adelphopoiesis (literally "brotherhood"). Historians disagree on whether these marriages were based on love or not. This practice was not widespread in European countries and was condemned by the Byzantine emperor in the 14th century. In the 16th century it continued to exist in parts of Greece and the Balkans.
The American Indians also had same-sex marriages, thanks to the concept of “people of the third gender” (berdashi). The most prominent example is the Indian Wi'Ua, who married a man, becoming the most famous member of the Zuni tribe in the United States. It is also known that same-sex unions were the norm for the Mohawk tribe. The Mohawks considered homosexual men to be good partners because they were "exceptionally diligent and hardworking wives." However, it was very difficult to divorce them, because they could “beat their spouse well.”
Some African cultures also accepted same-sex unions, which were most often used to link two generations.
Additionally, some African cultures practiced same-sex marriage between two women, one of whom assumed the legal and social role of father and husband.
Same-sex ceremonies imitating marriage were common in southern China during the Yuan and Ming dynasties. In turn, women who belonged to the Qing dynasty refused to marry and joined the ranks of old maids (they were called "sou hei"), sometimes forming lesbian couples and consummating their relationships with marriage.
A similar practice appeared in America in the 19th century in the form of “Boston marriages.” This concept refers to two women who lived together and were completely independent from men. So, at least, it was believed in society. No one knows what really happened behind closed doors. In “Boston marriages” some saw mutual support and independence, others considered them a way to hide homosexual relationships from society.
Be that as it may, the history of same-sex marriages and unions is long and spans many different cultures and continents.
The material was prepared by Rosemarina - based on the site article
It is difficult to imagine a modern society in which all these forms of marriage would be considered normal and were officially permitted. However, many of them are still found, and not only in remote areas of the “third world” countries!
1. Polyandry
Polyandry is one of the forms of polygamy. The essence of this form of marriage is that one woman can be in an alliance with several men at the same time. Nowadays, polyandry is found only in isolated villages located on the Tibetan Plateau.
2. Levirate 
Some forms of marriage imply a union not of two people, but of entire families, and it must continue even in the event of the death of one of the spouses. Under levirate, a man is obliged to marry the widowed wife of his deceased brother. Quite often, children born in such a union are considered the sons or daughters of the woman’s first (previously deceased) husband. Levirate marriages are found in tribal communities of South America, Africa, India, and Australia.
3. Sororate 
The opposite of levirate is sorority marriages. Such atypical weddings are practiced in the native communities of North America and India. In a sorority union, a widowed man is obliged to marry the sister of his deceased wife. In some cultures, sororate is also permitted in cases where the first wife turns out to be infertile. Then the children that the second wife gives birth to belong to the first wife.
4. Temporary marriage 
Temporary marriages (or "pleasure marriages") are popular in the Islamic world, especially in Iran. A man and a woman enter into them by mutual agreement for a specific period. Moreover, it is necessary to comply with a number of conditions, for example, with whom the temporary marriage is concluded and for what purpose - mutual assistance, sex, etc.
5. Posthumous marriage 
In some regions, it is legal to marry deceased people (or marry two deceased people). For example, in many countries, the youngest sons in a family can marry only after their older brothers. If the older brother dies single, he is married posthumously, saving the younger brother from loneliness for the rest of his life.
6. A difficult marriage 
In the 19th century, American John Humphrey Noyes founded a utopian community called Oneida. Noyes argued that the Bible contains no reference to the existence of traditional marriages in Paradise. Therefore, he encouraged his followers to practice "complicated marriage." It was understood that all Oneida members were each other's wives and husbands.
Noyes called monogamy and jealousy sinful and idolatrous manifestations. Moreover, members of the community punished all people who preferred monogamous relationships.
7. Devadasi 
In southern India, it was not uncommon for young girls to be married off to some deity or temple! The word “devadasi” itself means “servant of God”.
The fate of some girls was decided even before they were born. Devadasis were expected to take care of their appearance, be beautiful, hardworking and educated. Every day, morning and evening, they danced and sang, glorifying their god. The temples where the devadasis lived were maintained mainly by donations from spectators.
8. Child marriage 
In the Middle Ages, such a concept as “childhood” did not exist at all. Children began to be considered full members of society at about 6 years old. The age of majority was increased by 2.5–3 times much later.
It was only in the 16th century that the concept of childhood was created as a separate stage of human life, lasting from birth to adulthood. However, they stopped marrying off 7-year-old children another two hundred years later.
9. Tunchi 
Acceptance of homosexuality in the Middle Kingdom remains extremely low. Because of this, most gay men are forced to solve their problem by marrying heterosexual women.
According to a reputable Chinese sexologist, 90% of homosexuals in the country resort to this method. Marriage between a gay man and a straight woman is called “tunchi”. The worst thing is that before marriage, women generally do not even suspect their partner’s orientation. But after they start living together, an unpleasant surprise awaits them.
10. Marriage with spirits 
The number of Baule people living in West Africa (mainly in Côte d'Ivoire) reaches 1.5 million people. Its representatives believe that long before birth, every person has to marry spirits. The phrase “blolo bian” is translated from the Baule language as “a man from another world,” and the phrase “blolo blah” is translated as “a woman from another world.”
In family quarrels between earthly Baule couples, the spirit spouses are often blamed for being jealous or unhappy. In such cases, spiritual guides advise cutting out a small figurine of blolo bian or blolo blah from wood, covering it with oil, dressing it, decorating it and bringing it to the temple. It is believed that this calms the spirit spouses and allows peace to be established in the earthly family.
11. Traditional same-sex marriage 
Same-sex marriage was practiced everywhere in the past and was considered completely normal.
For example, Emperor Nero married his own eunuch, organizing a large-scale wedding celebration. The poets Marc Martial and Decimus Juvenal repeatedly mentioned same-sex unions in their works. The first treated homosexual marriages with disdain, while the second considered them a “fleeting love affair.”
Same-sex marriage was also practiced by American Indians (they generally believed in the existence of people of a third gender, called “berdashi”). And representatives of the Mohawk tribe, who lived on the territory of modern Canada, saw wonderful partners in homosexual men - “exceptionally diligent and hardworking wives.” True, it was difficult to divorce them, because male wives could stand up for themselves and even beat their husband.
12. "Boston Marriages" 
In the United States in the 19th century, so-called “Boston marriages” were practiced: two women lived together, being completely independent of the stronger sex. Many people saw the meaning of such cohabitation, first of all, in mutual support. At the same time, others considered “Boston marriages” only a tool for hiding homosexual relationships from society.
When I was studying for a master's degree, we had a subject called “Intergenerational interaction.” The essence of the subject was the study of the interaction of generations in different areas of human life. One of the tasks was to conduct a micro-study on this topic. My colleague and fellow student Ksenia Sukhova touched on a very interesting and important topic of a non-traditional family.
As a family psychologist, parents turn to me, most often mothers whose children form one of the forms of a non-traditional family. Therefore, I believe that this question is relevant for those parents who are faced with this problem. And for others who have a classic, traditional family, it will be interesting as useful information.
So, we present to your attention a micro-study on the topic “Non-traditional family - myth or reality.”
The relevance of research:
Aestas non semper durabit: condite nidos – “Summer is not forever: make nests.” Everyone understands this Latin aphorism differently. Marriage and family relations are one of the most paradoxical phenomena of modern social consciousness. Conducted social surveys show that the vast majority of modern people place family values above all else.
The spread of alternative or non-traditional types of marriage and equating them with official marriages leads to the problem of identifying marriage as a legal and social institution, vagueness in the fulfillment of marital roles, the time of their beginning and expiration, the scope of rights and responsibilities of spouses.
In the modern mass consciousness of people, there is a fair amount of confusion of concepts and ideas associated with the concept of the term “marriage” itself. What is marriage? Marriage is a legally formalized, free and voluntary union of a man and a woman, aimed at creating a family and giving rise to mutual rights and obligations.
An alternative or non-traditional marriage is understood as a long-term union of a man and a woman who do not intend to legally formalize (or do so formally) the intimate, property and other relationships that have developed between them. An alternative (non-traditional) marriage presupposes multivariate behavior of partners, the possibility of having joint offspring and caring for them, and the possibility of financial support for one of the spouses by the other. Thus, only that family union of a man and a woman that is sanctioned by the state will be correctly considered marriage, i.e. which is registered with the state civil registration authority. Those who legally register their marriage receive the status of husband and wife. All other alternative (non-traditional) “marriages” are actually ordinary cohabitation, which is passed off as a marriage relationship. Modern civilization has at its disposal many options for alternative marriages, from which today you can choose the one that is most suitable.
Depending on the types of innovations in existing formal or informal norms of marriage relations, researchers identify a number of types of alternative marriages(cohabitation).
Virgin (virgin, platonic) marriage
In appearance, such a marriage is no different from a traditional one, only the husband and wife in it do not have sex. Probably, such a marriage union will seem unnatural to some, but to others it will be quite normal. The reasons why spouses ignore intimate relationships are varied: medical (illness of one or both spouses), age (old age), religious (various spiritual practices), ideological (young people are asexuals who do not want to have children).
Seasonal marriage or temporary marriage (time-limited family)
This type of marriage is common in Europe. Relationships are fixed for a certain period of time - a year, two, three. After this period, the marriage automatically ends. Occasionally, a married couple again considers the pros and cons of living together and decides to separate or agree once again to live together for a certain period of time. Adherents of this form of marriage believe that over time, people grow out of previous relationships, like “adult children out of old shoes.”
In the modern Arab world (Iran, Algeria, Lebanon) such a marriage is also common. This is a marriage for pleasure. In fact, it is a disguised form of prostitution. It is concluded for a specified period (from one hour to ninety-nine years) and is a mutual agreement that specifies financial terms. As always, the justification is in the Koran (Sura on Women IV, 24). Shiite commentators of the Koran attribute the origins of this tradition to the Prophet Mohammed, who established it for warriors, travelers and nomadic herders. Although back in the middle of the 7th century, one of the adherents of Islam, the orthodox Sunni Caliph Omar I, condemned this custom and qualified it as a form of prostitution. In modern Iran, the conclusion of such an agreement has strict legal regulation and occurs without witnesses. An Iranian man, even if he has four wives, has the right to enter into temporary marriage an unlimited number of times. According to the rules, his temporary wife must certainly be unmarried, divorced or widowed. The “temporary” husband, in accordance with the contract, has no obligations in relation to his “temporary” wife, except financial ones. In the event of the birth of a child (in practice, the use of contraceptives is silently permitted), the “temporary” husband is obliged to recognize him as his legal heir. But in real life, as practice shows, this never happens.
Communal marriage or group marriage (“Swedish family”)
This is a family in which several women and several men live. They are connected to each other not only and not so much by common sex, but by a common household and friendly relations. If children appear in such families, they are raised by all members of the “commune”, who are guided by the idea: “the more men and women there are before the child’s eyes, the more opportunities he has to experience the diversity of the world.”
Open marriage
A traditional family in which husband and wife allow affairs and intimate relationships outside of marriage. It has become widespread in Europe and Russia. In family life, such a couple are friends. They feel comfortable living with each other. And the lack of thrills, an explosion of feelings and a surge of emotions is compensated on the side.
Guest (extraterritorial) marriage
The relationship is officially registered, but they live separately. They meet from time to time, have dinner together in a restaurant, spend the night, live together from time to time, sometimes go on vacation together, but do not lead a joint household. Some “spouses” manage to enter into several guest marriages at once, thus further diversifying their family life.
Childfree marriage or deliberately childless marriage
The “childfree” ideology arose almost simultaneously in America and Europe. Supporters of such marriage deny and do not recognize the very essence and meaning of traditional marriage and family - the birth of a child. Childfree adherents consider children a serious threat to the comfort and peace of their personal lives. Anti-breeders in the Western press are often accused of social desertion, family deviation, and sometimes even accused of undermining the demographic segment of national security. But with age, the Black Sea Fleet changes their views and beliefs, the established breeding program takes over and everything falls into place.
Godwin marriage
After the surname of the English anarchist Godwin William - a marriage when spouses own common property, but live separately. This type of marriage relationship got its name from one of the founders of this form of marriage relationship - William Godwin. In his work “Discourse on Political Justice,” which is considered the bible of anarchism, he expressed the idea that such social phenomena as the state, property and marriage are contrary to the nature and reason of man and society as a whole. He argued that marriage impedes the development of a person's abilities, interferes with his happiness and destroys consciousness. And then it was concluded that living together between spouses is an absolute evil that interferes with the comprehensive personal development of each of them due to the differences in their interests, needs, inclinations and inclinations.
Rational marriage
Marriage of convenience. Such a marriage certainly provides for a certain specific benefit (economic, psychological, sexual, household, professional, etc.). The internal logic of such marriages is extremely simple. It's time to start a family. There is a partner in mind who is suitable and professes a similar attitude towards marriage and towards life in general. A family is being created. Each partner receives his own “dividends” from such a transaction. As a rule, such couples play it safe and do not forget to conclude a marriage contract. Marriage brings satisfaction only if the calculation is correct.
Same-sex or Homosexual marriage
Marriages between persons of the same sex. Ardent opponents of same-sex marriage argue that, in accordance with religious and moral norms, only a man and a woman can enter into marriage. Based on this, the demands of gays and lesbians to recognize the same right to marry are absurd. Despite the fact that same-sex marriages are not officially recognized in Russia, they are triumphantly sweeping the planet. The list of countries in which same-sex marriage is legalized at the national level is expanding every year. Same-sex marriage is already allowed in Argentina, Belgium, Iceland, Spain, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and South Africa. In modern Iran, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Somalia, Sudan, Nigeria and Mauritania, same-sex marriage is a crime and is punishable by death.
Consensual or civil marriage
A family union between a woman and a man that is not registered with the state civil registration authority. At first, the term “civil marriage” meant family relationships that were not sanctified by the sacrament of marriage, but recognized by the state. In the USSR, civil marriage arose in 1917 as opposed to traditional church marriage and was actually recognized by the state until 1944. This form of marriage is common in European Union countries, where only every fourth couple registers their relationship. In Russia, every third couple lives in a civil marriage. In Ukraine, every tenth marriage is civil. Consensual or, as they are now called, civil marriages have ceased to be considered deviations and have become a familiar option for the norm of family life.
It’s worth briefly dwelling on its advantages and disadvantages, as well as finding out who it is convenient for and who it is not. The advantages of such a marriage: you can take a closer look and understand your feelings. There is an opportunity to learn how to manage a household together, distribute finances and responsibilities. An understanding comes that marriage is not only a holiday, but also “harsh everyday life” and responsibility. Such unions are not burdened by social stereotypes about family life and are maximally open to experimentation and creativity. In the event of a breakup, emotional and material claims on both sides are made to a minimum. The influence of the age of respondents on the assessment of the advantages of civil marriage was revealed. Disadvantages: ambiguity in the assessment of existing relationships within the family itself (women in such marriages more often consider themselves married, and men – unmarried). The economic and psychological vulnerability of such a marriage (primarily for women who strive for stability in relationships, confidence in the future, and in a situation of divorce, when defending their material interests and the man’s responsibilities towards the child, it is also necessary to prove the fact of living as one family precisely at the time of acquiring common property ). In a civil marriage, the mother decides who to name as the child’s father and what surname to give him. A married woman traditionally has a higher status in society than a single woman, so although a civil marriage is not always perceived as full-fledged, for most women it is still better than nothing. For men, such a marriage is colored by an illusory sense of freedom, despite the fact that there are all the advantages of a marriage relationship - an established life, psychological and moral support, regular sexual relations. The reluctance to register your relationship is primarily due to the fear of immediately taking responsibility for your future family and children. In a situation of disappointment with family life, you can easily find an excuse: we are free people and no one owes anyone anything or is obliged to do anything. For two persons of equal value, financially independent from each other, a civil marriage is entirely suitable. For those who are less financially protected (primarily women and children), official marriage provides more stability. Society's attitude towards civil marriage is becoming more and more loyal, but, nevertheless, official marriage is considered more preferable.
Posthumous marriage
Consists in cases where one of the future spouses dies before the planned wedding. Such a marriage is usually necessary to provide some benefits to the surviving partner: he acquires the status of a widowed spouse and receives all benefits or payments due by law. In this case, inheritance of the property of the deceased by the living spouse usually does not occur. (It is almost impossible to legally confirm such a marriage, because, as our lawyers say: “It is unknown whether this marriage registration would have taken place or not, because one of the future spouses might not have come to the marriage process.”)
Statistics on same-sex marriages in Belgium
The first marriage between persons of the same sex took place on June 6, 2003 in Kapellen. The couple became Marion Huybrechts and Christel Versweyvelen.
The following table shows data on the number of persons entering into same-sex marriage
| Year | Men | Women | Total |
| 2004 | 1224 | 894 | 2138 |
| 2005 | 1160 | 894 | 2054 |
| 2006 | 1191 | 1057 | 2248 |
| 2007 | 1189 | 1111 | 2300 |
| 2008 | 1148 | 1035 | 2183 |
| 2009 | 1133 | 894 | 2027 |
| 2010 | 1062 | 1102 | 2164 |
According to the Eurobarometer public opinion survey, the greatest support for same-sex marriage is noted in the Netherlands - 82%, Sweden - 71% (according to other sources - 70%), Denmark - 69%, Belgium - 62%, Luxembourg - 58%, Spain - 56%, Germany - 52%, Czech Republic - 52%, Austria - 49%, France - 48%, Great Britain - 46% and Finland - 45%).
During the second half of the 2000s, there has been some change in public attitudes towards same-sex marriage in France. TNS polls show that if in 2006 45% of French people supported non-traditional unions, and 51% of respondents were against their legalization, then in 2010, 51% of citizens were in favor of allowing homosexual marriages and 35% were against. 49% of respondents were in favor of allowing same-sex couples to adopt children. According to other data, with reference to the same TNS Sofres, 58% were in favor of allowing same-sex marriage in France, and 35% were against.
In 2005, according to Levada Center polls, 3.6% of Russians were definitely in favor of official same-sex marriage, 10.7% were rather in favor, 28.8% were absolutely against, 34.4% were rather against, found it difficult to answer - 12.3%. Data from a repeat survey conducted in 2010 showed that 84% of Russians have a negative attitude towards the legalization of same-sex marriage.
In Russia, as of the beginning of 2011, only two high-profile cases related to attempts to officially consolidate the union of homosexuals were recorded. In 2005, Edward Murzin, a member of the Yabloko party and a member of the Bashkortostan parliament, and Eduard Mishin, editor of the gay magazine “Queer” and the website Gay.ru, tried to formalize their relationship legally. The couple was denied on the grounds that same-sex marriage was contrary to the Family Code of the Russian Federation. Mishin and Murzin tried to challenge this decision in court, but were unsuccessful.
In 2009, lesbians Irina Fedotova and Irina Shipitko tried to register a marriage at the Tverskoy registry office in Moscow. They were also refused. The partners failed to appeal the refusal to higher authorities, after which the women formalized their relationship in Canada and filed a complaint against the Russian authorities with the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Strasbourg. The claim was accepted for consideration in January 2011.
Opinions:
- “In Russia, for the first time in 10-15 years, the birth rate has begun to increase, but there are no children in same-sex marriages. Therefore, the state must still primarily support processes related to childbirth.”
Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister of Russia. Business Petersburg, December 2, 2010.
- “We didn’t have sex or prostitution for a long time. Many don’t even know what non-traditional relationships are... In any case, Russian society will not be able to tolerate non-traditional couples, even if they are allowed to officially marry.”
- “According to the Christian religion, same-sex love is a huge sin. And it’s not for me to rewrite centuries-old laws. However, I personally do not blame anyone. But, as a rule, love between a man and a man or a woman and a woman ends equally unhappily. I think that a person rushes into the pool of same-sex love only because he does not find his half. If the same gay man met some wonderful woman, maybe he could change and become happy?”
Renata Litvinova, actress, director. All channels-TV, 2002.
- “We categorically disagree with the leaders of Christian communities in the Western world, who, to please... the standards of the secular world, modify Christian teaching... The Christian Church will cease to be the light of the world if it renounces its own identity... When same-sex unions are equated with marriage, when gender propaganda is carried out through the media promiscuity, when abortion is perceived by families as the norm, is a catastrophic situation to which Christian churches cannot remain indifferent.”
Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk, head of the DECR of the Russian Orthodox Church. Newsru.com, February 5, 2010.
- “Trying to justify homosexuality with the Holy Scriptures, its advocates resort to the most blasphemous interpretations of not only the Old, but also the New Testament. Although humanly one can understand their desire to sanction their own weakness with the authority of Holy Scripture, sacred history. For several thousand years, first in the Old Testament church, then in the New Testament, there was a very definite idea about the impossibility of people entering into carnal relationships with representatives of the same sex. Same-sex marriage was considered unthinkable. The fact that there are not so many of these instructions indicates that for contemporaries and the Old Testament prophets, and Jesus Christ, and the apostles, it seemed self-evident to consider this kind of relationship sinful.”
Georgy Mitrofanov, archpriest, professor of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy. Radio Liberty, September 22, 2009.
Conclusion:
Data from a survey conducted in 2010 showed that 84% of Russians have a negative attitude towards the legalization of same-sex marriage, which confirms the expressed opinion of Russian President V.V. Putin: “In Russia, for the first time in 10-15 years, the birth rate has begun to increase, but there are no children in same-sex marriages. Therefore, the state must still primarily support processes related to childbirth.”
The purpose of man on Earth is to continue his race, which means that by legalizing same-sex marriage, humanity will deliberately go to its own self-destruction.
Thus, we can conclude that in Russia the legalization of same-sex marriage is more a myth than a reality.
Literature:
1. “Legal aspects of the legalization of “non-traditional family” in Russia” A. Chernega, candidate of legal sciences, senior lecturer of the department of civil and family law of Moscow State Law Academy “Medical Law and Ethics”, No. 1, 2003, – p. 103-110;
2. “Alternative marriages” article by Sergei Kolesnikov;
3. http://ru.wikipedia.org;
4.http://www.memoid.ru
On my own behalf, I would like to add that this is not the entire list of non-traditional families.
There are also:
A mixed family is divided into 3 types:
- A woman with children marries a man without children (+ ex-husband);
- A man with children marries a woman without children (+ ex-wife);
- Both the man and the woman have children from previous partners (+ ex-husband and wife).
It may be that the former spouse died and the couple took in an adopted child - this is another form of mixed family.
Divorces– repeated marriage and family relationships.
Swinging- exchange of marriage partners.
From a psychological point of view, to all of the above, I would like to add that the choice of any form of marriage may depend on many reasons. In each situation, this set of reasons is individual, and when problems or difficult situations arise, it is necessary to deal with each couple (or not a couple) separately.
What prompted the partners to make this or that choice and how to solve the problem only a specialist can help. This could be a family scenario of parents, a traumatic situation in childhood, or an unsuccessful experience in intimate life... and much more.
Traditional or non-traditional family life goes on both when its members are at work, and when they are engaged in household issues, and when they are celebrating or relaxing. Everyone plays their role as best they can, and as far as their individual framework of ideas allows...
Always at your service, Elena Palenova
Elena Palenova
