Fig. 12. Pipe alignment (a) and inventory pole with plumb line (b)

1 - pipes; 2 4 - inventory poles; 5 - inventory pole with a plumb line ; 6 - laid pipe

Using a fixed pole installed in a well or mounted section of a pipeline, the correct laying of the pipe in plan is checked. (Fig. 11). If necessary, it is shifted in the desired direction. Finally, using a tensioner (Fig. 13) insert the smooth end of the pipe into the socket of the previously laid one, while ensuring that the rubber ring is evenly rolled into the socket slot. In this case, it must not be allowed that the end of the sleeve end is pushed into the socket until it stops completely; a gap must be left between them (which is why markings are made), and for reinforced concrete pressure pipes with a diameter of up to 1000 mm - 12+15 mm, and for pipes with large diameters - 18+22 mm. Having connected the pipes, remove the tension device and tamp the pipe with soil to a height of 1/4 of its diameter, compacting it layer by layer using hand tampers.

Fig. 13. Stretching device

1 - laid pipe; 2 - laid bell pipe; 3 - pits; 4 - tension screw; 5 - beam; 6 - craving; 7 - spacer

When installing pipelines from socketed reinforced concrete pipes, the most labor-intensive operation is the insertion of the sleeve end of the pipe with a rubber ring into the previously laid socket. To facilitate it, various devices, devices and mechanisms are used. In particular, they use two- and three-cable external devices, rack and pinion hydraulic jacks, internal tensioners, lever and gear winches, bulldozers and excavators (Fig. 14 - 22).

Fig. 14. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - half clamp; 3 - rubber ring; 4 - cable; 5,6 - thrust and working beams; 7 - tension screw;

8 - friction-ratchet device

For installation of pipes with a diameter of 500, 700, 900 h, a universal hydraulic device is also used (Fig. 22), which is fixed to the pipe and then lowered into the trench with it. After checking the accuracy of the centering of the pipe and the correct location of the rubber ring, the pipe is connected to the pipeline under the action of the hydraulic cylinder.

Fig. 15. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - rubber ring; 2 - cable; 3 - tension screw; 4 - hinged clamp; 5 - adjusting screws;

6, 7, 8 - supporting and movable crosspieces; 9 - ratchet

When choosing a pipe installation method, take into account the availability necessary equipment and mechanisms, as well as the conditions for pipeline construction.

Fig. 16. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - 2 - rubber ring; 3 - concrete stop; 4 - hydraulic cylinder; 5 - oil line; 6 - pump;

7 - pipe laying crane

Installation of pipes using a bulldozer (Fig. 19) can be done if a bulldozer is used when leveling (cleaning) the bottom of a trench, i.e. when these two operations are combined. Installation of pipes with a diameter of 1000.. 1200 mm in trenches with a bottom width of 2.2 m is carried out using a D-159B bulldozer.

Fig. 17. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - half clamp; 3 - rubber ring; 4 - cable; 5 - thrust and working beams; 6 - trumpet;

7 - lever winch; 8 - blocks

The method of installing a pipeline using an internal tension device is recommended for pipes with a diameter of 800 mm or more. Installation of the pipeline using an excavator (see. fig.20) are used when laying pipes in water-saturated soils or in cramped construction conditions, when a trench is torn off as pipes are laid and an excavator located nearby is used for their installation.

Fig. 18. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - rubber ring; 3 - cable; 4 - b loki; 5 - cable to winch; 6 - thrust beam

To ensure watertightness of butt joints, pipes, sockets and couplings must not be elliptical or their surface quality must be poor, and low-quality rubber rings must not be used.

Fig. 19. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - rubber ring; 3 - thrust beam; 4 - bulldozer or tractor

The rings in the slot of socket and coupling joints must be compressed by 40+50% of the thickness of their section. They must not be allowed to twist. If the tightness (water tightness) of the joints is damaged, they are repaired by installing additional rubber rings or their segments in the defective area using a special removable clamp (Fig. 20).

Fig.20. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - rubber ring; 3 - trumpet; 4 - thrust beam; 5 - excavator bucket

The installation of pipelines with coupling pipe connections has a number of differences. After centering and checking the correct laying of the pipes along the cord, plumb line and sight line, markings are made at the ends of the connected pipes with marks that determine the initial position of the rubber rings - distances A(360, 370mm) and b(70, 80mm).

Fig.21. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - rubber ring; 2, 5 - removable and repair clamps; 3 - support clip; 4 - pusher; 6 - repair rubber ring; 7 - bolts

When installing pipes, the coupling is installed in its original position so that its end on the working side coincides with the mark marked on the pipe. The rubber ring is placed near the working end of the coupling and then, using a caulk, it is inserted into the conical slot of the coupling flush with its end. At the same time, another rubber ring is put on the second pipe, placing it at a distance b from its end. Next, with the help of mounting devices, the coupling is moved towards the pipe being joined while simultaneously rolling in the first rubber ring. When the coupling on the second pipe reaches the marks b From its end, a second rubber ring is inserted into the coupling slot. During further advancement of the couplings, this ring is also rolled up, thereby ensuring the required final position of the rubber rings in the joint and its watertightness.

Fig.22. Methods for installing reinforced concrete pipes and the devices used

1 - laid and laid pipes; 2 - hydraulic cylinder; 3 - traverse; 4 - levers; 5 - clamping blocks; 6 - pipe grip; 7 - hooks for installation; 8 - plate.

Installation of non-pressure pipelines is carried out from concrete and reinforced concrete pipes on socket, coupling or seam butt joints. The joints of socket pipes are sealed with hemp strands or other sealants sealed with asbestos cement or rubber rings, and seam pipes - with asphalt mastic, bitumen-rubber gaskets and other sealants sealed cement-sand mortar. Non-pressure socketed reinforced concrete and concrete pipes with a diameter of up to 700 mm are connected with a gap between the smooth end of the pipe and the surface of the socket equal to 8×12 mm, and pipes with a diameter over 700 mm - 15×18 m. Installation of non-pressure pipelines from socketed and coupling pipes sealed with rubber rings is carried out in the same way methods similar to pressure (Fig.23 -27).

Fig.23. General scheme placement of mechanisms and performers during installation

pipeline

1 - bell; 2 - base for the pipe; 3 - grab; 4 - laid pipe; 5 - laid pipe; 6 - pipe-laying crane; 7 - pit;

M1- M5 - installer jobs.

Sealing joints with hemp strands is done by caulking the socket to half its depth with two or three turns of tarred or bituminized hemp strands caulked with an asbestos-cement mixture (30% asbestos, 70% cement). Installation of pipelines and manifolds from seam free-flow pipes involves the need to seal seam joints .

Fig.24. Checking the cutting amount (a) and feeding the sand-gravel mixture with the grab

for the base device (b)

Joints of pipes with a diameter of more than 1000 mm are sealed around the entire perimeter with hemp strands and rubbed with a cement mortar of a 1:1 composition with a device outside the belt made of this mortar. Installation of pipes with a crane using a mounting bracket is carried out in the following sequence: mark the position of the pipe on the base; sling the pipe and lower it into the trench; lay the pipe on the base and check its position (the gap between them should not exceed 25 mm); caulk the joint with a tarred strand and seal it with cement mortar; wrap the joint reinforcement mesh and monolithize him.

Fig.25. Marking the center of gravity of the pipe, slinging the pipe and connecting the smooth end

pipes to the socket previously laid

The joints of pipes with a diameter of 2000+4000 mm, laid on concrete or reinforced concrete bases, are sealed with gunite over a reinforcing mesh.

Installation of asbestos-cement pipelines. The pipes are supplied complete with couplings and rubber sealing rings. When they arrive at the on-site warehouse, their quality must be carefully checked and if defects are detected, such pipes and couplings should not be allowed to be laid.

Fig.26. Verifying the vertical position of the pipe using sights

High-quality pipes are laid out along the trench at a distance of no closer than 1 m from its edge. Pipes with a diameter of up to 150 mm, as well as couplings, are laid in stacks up to 1 m high at a distance of up to 100 m from each other. Pipes of large diameters are laid out so that when they are laid in a trench there is no need for additional movements.

Fig.27. Aligning the horizontal position of the pipe

Pipeline route layout

Before starting excavation work, the pipeline route is laid out on the ground. The position of the route axis is firmly fixed with signs, ensuring the ability to quickly and accurately carry out work. The pipeline route is laid out in compliance with the following requirements:

Temporary benchmarks should be installed along the route, connected by leveling moves to permanent benchmarks;

The alignment axes and apexes of the route rotation angles must be fixed and tied to permanent objects on the ground (buildings, structures, power or communication line supports, etc.) or to poles installed on the route;

Intersections of the pipeline route with existing underground structures must be marked on the ground surface with special signs;

The locations of the wells should be marked with posts installed away from the route; the number of the well and the distance from it to the axis are written on the posts;

The layout of the route must be documented in an act with a list of benchmarks, turning angles and reference points attached.

Representatives construction organization and the customer, before the start of excavation work, must jointly inspect the working layout of structures (trenches and pits) made by the contractor, establish its compliance with the design documentation and draw up an act with the attachment of layout diagrams and reference to the reference geodetic network.

When carrying out excavation work, the construction organization must ensure the safety of all alignment and geodetic signs.

To lay out the pipeline route along the profile, cast-offs with fixed sights are used, installed at the locations of the wells and at the tops of the turning angles. The length of the running sight is taken as a multiple of 0.5 m for ease of sighting; the length of the fixed sight is taken depending on the accepted length of the running sight. On the upper edge of the cast-off, a nail is driven strictly along the axis, which serves to hang the axis of the pipeline and to determine the center of the well.

Crossing the pipeline with underground utilities

Underground communications and structures must be marked on working drawings indicating elevations and distances in plan to the axis of the pipeline. Before starting work, the location of these obstacles must be clarified by the builders and fixed on the route with special signs.

The development of trenches and pits in the immediate vicinity and below the foundation level of existing buildings and structures, as well as existing underground communications, should be carried out only if measures are taken against settlement of these structures and prior agreement with the organizations operating these buildings and structures.

Measures to ensure the safety of existing buildings and structures must be developed in the project.

Excavation of soil in trenches and pits when they cross all types of underground communications is permitted only with written permission from the organization operating these communications, and in the presence of responsible representatives of the construction organization and the organization operating the underground communications.

When crossing trenches with existing underground utilities, mechanized soil development is permitted at a distance of no more than 2 m from the side wall and no more than 1 m above the top of the pipe, cable, etc.

The soil remaining after mechanized development is processed manually without the use of percussion instruments and taking measures to eliminate the possibility of damage to these communications.

The suspension diagram of communications crossing the trench is shown in Fig. 28.

Fig.28. Suspension of communications crossing the trench

A- one or more cables; b- cable duct in asbestos-cement pipes; V - pipeline;

1 - gas pipeline; 2 - a box made of boards or panels; 3 - log or timber; 4 - twist pendants; 5 - cable; 6 - asbestos-cement cable drainage pipes;

7 - I-beam; 8 - crossbars made of channels; 9 - round steel pendants; 10 - linings; 11 - pipeline crossing the trench.

Water supply pipelines, when crossing with sewer lines, are laid 0.4 m higher than the latter, and water pipes must be steel, but if they are cast iron, then they should be laid in steel casings. The length of the casing must be at least 5 m in each direction from the intersection in clayey soils and at least 10 m in filtering soils. Intersections are performed at a right angle or close to it. When laying water pipes in parallel and sewer pipes For pipelines at the same level, the distance between the walls of the pipes must be at least 1.5 m for a nominal diameter of pipes up to 200 mm in diameter, and at least 3 m for a nominal pipe diameter of more than 200 mm. When laying water pipes Below the sewer lines, the indicated horizontal distances should be increased by the difference in the elevations of the pipeline depths.

Yard sewer networks may be laid above water lines without installing casings, with a vertical distance between the pipe walls of at least 0.5 m.

The clear distances between the walls of several sewer pipelines laid in the same trench at the same elevations must ensure the possibility of laying pipelines and sealing joints and be at least 0.4 m. When laying water lines in parallel, the distance between them, m, is recommended to be taken :

For pipes with a diameter of up to 300 mm - 0.7;

For pipes with a diameter from 400 to 1000 mm - 1;

For pipes with a diameter of more than 1000 mm - 1.5.

Preparing the base

Water supply and sewer pipes, if the project does not provide for the installation of an artificial foundation, must be laid on natural soil with an undisturbed structure, ensuring the transverse and longitudinal profile of the base specified by the project, while the pipes along the entire length must fit tightly to the base.

Laying pipes on frozen soil is not permitted, except in cases where the base consists of dry sandy, sandy loam and gravel soils, as well as rocks. Laying pipes on bulk soils can be carried out only after compacting them to the density adopted in the project with testing of selected samples.

When laying pipelines in rocky soils, the base of the trenches should be leveled with a layer of compacted soft soil at least 0.1 m high above the protruding unevenness of the base. To level the bases steel pipes Conductors use soil that does not contain inclusions of coarse gravel and stones. In peat and quicksand soils, pipelines of any diameter are placed on a pile foundation with a concrete pad.

When constructing pipelines in type I soils in terms of subsidence, the base is compacted with heavy tampers; in type II soils, preliminary soaking of the base of the trenches is used.

Pipes can be laid in a trench on a flat base; on a solid concrete or reinforced concrete foundation; on a base profiled for a fillet with a coverage angle of 90 and 120°.

The flat base on which the pipes are laid must be horizontal in the transverse direction and have a design slope in the longitudinal direction.

When supported on a concrete foundation, the pipes are laid in a tray with a coverage angle of 120° in soils with a standard resistance of at least 0.1 MPa. Pipes, especially flexible steel and polymer ones, laid on a profiled soil base, open in the shape of a pipe with an angle of support of up to 120-150°, can withstand significantly greater loads. When laying the pipeline on a profiled soil base (fillet), aligned along the length of the trench, thin-walled steel pipes can be used, which provides significant savings in metal.

Selection of crane equipment

The choice of crane for lowering pipes into a trench is determined by the weight of the pipes and the required reach of the crane boom (the distance from the axis of the trench to the axis of rotation of the crane boom). The required crane boom reach is found using the formula

,

Where E - the width of the trench at the top at the highest permissible steepness of the slopes; b - the distance from the edge of the trench to the wheels or tracks of the crane (taken to be at least 1.5 m with a trench depth of 1.5 m and 2 m with 1.5-3 m); V- the distance from the wheels or tracks of the crane to the axis of rotation of its boom.

When laying main pipelines in strings or long sections in trenches with vertical slopes, the distance from the edge of the trench to the wheels or tracks of the crane should be (Where N - trench depth; 0.2 - distance from the edge of the pipe to the collapse prism; - outer diameter of the pipe; 0.3 - distance from the edge of the pipe to the crane tracks).

Pipe laying

Before laying pipes, you should check compliance with the design of the bottom marks, trench width, slopes, foundation preparation and reliability of fastening the walls of the open trench; inspect the pipes, fittings, fittings and other materials brought for installation and, if necessary, clean them of contamination.

Pipes along the pipeline route are placed in different ways (Fig. 29), depending on the crane equipment used for laying pipes in the trench.

Fig.29. Layout of socket pipes along the pipeline route

A - laying two pipes by crane from one parking lot; b - laying three pipes with a crane from one parking lot; V - The crane moves along the trench when laying pipes.

The sequence of work on laying pipelines should occur in the following sequence:

The bottoms of wells and chambers are arranged before the pipes are lowered;

The walls of the wells are erected after laying pipes, sealing butt joints, installing fittings and shut-off valves;

Trays in sewer wells are installed after laying the pipes and erecting the walls of the wells up to the pipe shell;

Shaped parts and valves located in the well are installed simultaneously with pipe laying;

Hydrants, plungers and safety valves are installed after testing the pipelines.

With a centered butt joint, each laid pipe must rest firmly on the foundation soil.

All socket pipes are laid with the socket forward, on straight sections of the route, rectilinearly in the horizontal and vertical plane.

The straightness of sections of free-flow pipelines between two adjacent wells should be controlled by viewing them in the light using a mirror. When viewing a pipeline round section The circle visible in the mirror must have the correct shape. Permissible value deviations from the circle shape horizontally should be no more than 1/4 of the pipeline diameter, but no more than 50 mm in each direction. Vertical deviation from the circle shape is not allowed.

Laying a pipeline along a gentle curve without the use of fittings is permitted only when using butt joints on rubber seals with a rotation at each joint of no more than 2° for pipes with a diameter of up to 500 mm and no more than 1° for pipes with a diameter of over 500 mm.

Dead ends of pressure pipelines should be secured with stops. In places where the direction of the pipeline changes in the horizontal plane, stops are arranged with outside rotation angle. The design of the stops is provided for by the project.

When laying cast iron, concrete, reinforced concrete and ceramic pipes with sealing of butt joints with sealants 51-UT-37A and KB-1 (GS-1), transfer of external load from the soil or internal hydraulic pressure to the joints is allowed after they have been held for a certain period. The quality of work on sealing butt joints with sealants must be controlled by a construction laboratory. The quality of preparation of the sealant, the quality of cleaning and machining surfaces to be sealed, as well as the duration of vulcanization (hardening) of the sealant at the joint.

Careful compaction of soil when filling the space between the pipe and the walls of the trenches increases the crushing resistance of the pipe by 20%.

Immediately after laying the pipeline in the trench, the pits and cavities are filled and tamped with soft soil (simultaneously on both sides), and then the trench is filled 0.5 m above the top of the pipe, leveling the soil in layers and compacting it with manual and mounted electric rammers.

Construction of a base for pipelines

The type of foundation is selected depending on the hydrogeological conditions, the size and material of the pipes being laid, the design of the butt joints, the depth of installation, transport loads and local conditions. To avoid unacceptable settlements when laying pipes, the base must have strength sufficient to balance all active forces, i.e. external loads acting on the pipe.

The following types of foundations are provided for pressure reinforced concrete pipelines:

Flat soil base with a sand cushion and without a sand cushion (Fig. 30, a);

Profiled soil base with a coverage angle of 90° with a sand cushion and without a sand cushion (Fig. 30, b and c, respectively).

Concrete foundation with a coverage angle of 120° concrete preparation(Fig. 30, d).

Fig.30. Foundations for reinforced concrete pressure pipelines

1 - backfilling with local soil with normal or increased degree of compaction; 2 - sand cushion; 3 - concrete foundation; 4 - concrete preparation.

Backfilling is provided with local soil with a normal increased degree of compaction.

The following types of foundations are provided for non-pressure pipelines:

For pipes mm in sandy and clayey soils with a standard resistance of 0.15 MPa - flat sandy base and clayey base with sand preparation in a profiled groove (Fig. 31);

Precast concrete products are complex engineering structures that have found a wide range of applications in residential, agricultural and industrial construction. Today, created on the basis of highly efficient technologies, they are in no way inferior to their plastic and cast iron counterparts. Moreover, such products offer the opportunity to save money in residential, agricultural and industrial construction.

High-quality ones can last over 70 years. Moreover, such products are not susceptible to bacterial attack and are not afraid of heat, drought, moisture and frost. Currently they are widely used in the following areas:

• In private construction of buildings;
• In the industrial production of fencing elements, supports, etc.;
• In the arrangement of sites;
• In the creation of ditches, stormwater systems, collectors;
• In the manufacture of sewer outlets;
• To create drains.

The selection of such suitable products depends on the purpose, size and complexity of the installation.

Socketed concrete sewer pipes

Modern ones have a throughput diameter from 100 to 2400 millimeters. Moreover, the value of this parameter directly depends on the size, purpose and type. Another important characteristic is their resistance to aggressive environments. To improve this property modern manufacturers building materials, various additives are added to the concrete mixture. Such components improve resistance to acids and alkalis. Actually for this reason they are used for the production of not only municipal, but also industrial wastewater.

Given the wide range of applications of these products, it is clear that they must have high strength to withstand linear loads. They endure internal pressure from 0.1 MPa to 2 MPa.

When choosing, you should take into account that today manufacturers offer several options for joints. In particular, they can be installed in a socket or in folds. Moreover, today they can all be conditionally divided according to the scope of application into pressure and non-pressure products. The first option is made either from pure concrete or with admixtures of polymers and steel inserts. Bushings made of plastic or steel are designed to provide greater resistance to aggressive environments.

Varieties and sizes are determined by GOST 22000-86.

Main types of concrete pipes

• TBPF;
• TBPS.

Types of concrete pipes

1. Socket sewer with butt joints (TB).

Such products are distinguished by the fact that one of their ends is slightly expanded. They are classified as non-pressure. They are designed to work with non-aggressive liquid, the temperature of which should not exceed 400 degrees. These products are sealed using rings, sealant or impact-resistant materials. As for the installation method, installation is carried out end-to-end. In turn, TB state standard are divided into:

• T-cylindrical;
• TB with rubber rings and a persistent side;
• Vehicles are cylindrical with a stepped surface;
• TFP cylindrical.

1. TBS socket sewer:

This variety belongs to the non-pressure type. Products included in this group, as a rule, have an internal wall diameter of 400 millimeters. Moreover, their lengths can reach 2500 millimeters. Most often, TBS is used for the construction of domestic sewer networks. These varieties are produced by vibrohydropressing. In fact, the use of this technology is responsible for the high technical characteristics.

1. TBP seam cylindrical pipes:

The diameter of this type of socket can vary from 400 to 2400 millimeters. At the same time, when choosing such products, it is important to take other parameters into account. In particular, if you are interested in a diameter of 1600 millimeters, then in terms of load-bearing capacity TBP can have 2 grades depending on the cross-sectional area. This parameter is determined by the height of the pipeline. Pipes with a diameter of over 1600 millimeters are used with a backfill height of no more than 4 meters. When working with TBP, it is very important to install the base along the entire height with soil, supplemented with layer-by-layer compaction.

1. TBPV seam pipes with sole:

Concrete seam type, equipped with a sole, are non-pressure products that are used for laying pipelines underground. Socket solutions involve the use of special couplings that are designed to simplify the installation of materials. The advantages of TBPV include the possibility of installation on an uneven surface.

1. TBPS pipes, the connections of which are sealed with rubber inserts:

This type is produced in accordance with GOST 20054. It's about about cylindrical bell-shaped products having a sole and a joint surface. At their ends there are special bushings that simplify the installation of products and ensure durability of the structure. For better stability, manufacturers supplement the TBPS with special rubber rings.

1. 6. Concrete pipe into the ditch for entry:

The diameter of these can vary from 400 to 2400 millimeters. The surface of the sleeve end can be equipped with rings with elastic. This provides the products with greater density and wear resistance.

Concrete sewer pipes, in turn, are divided into:

• non-pressure concrete pipes
• concrete road pipes
• rectangular concrete pipes

Installation of concrete pipes - video

It should immediately be noted that installing sewer pipes is a complex process that requires the use of special equipment, certain knowledge and skills. For this reason, it is better to turn to professionals who have experience in this work than to try to carry out the installation yourself.

When laying sewer networks, it should be taken into account that the coupling of concrete structures is mounted in its original position so that the end coincides with the mark. Moreover, if the products are equipped with rings with an elastic band, then they should be as close as possible to the coupling rings. The latter, in turn, must be located in the conical coupling gap and fit flush. To bring them to the indicated place, you should use caulk.

After completing the above steps, an additional rubber ring must be added to the end of the second pipe. It is desirable that it be located close to the end. After this, using a special tool, the coupling is moved towards the pipe being joined strictly in the direction. In parallel with this action, it is necessary to roll up the ring on the first pipe. For this reason, sewerage installation must be carried out by a group of specialists. It is physically impossible to cope with this task on your own.

After the coupling reaches the mark on the other sewer pipe, a second rubber ring must be placed in the gap. This will ensure proper waterproofing, which is necessary for correct location rings at the joints. If this quality cannot be achieved, the pipes will not last long.

Concrete pipe sizes

T-pipe sizes

D, mm	Pipe type	Pipe dimensions, mm										Pipe weight, t
		d i	d e	d 1	d 2	t	l	l 1	l 2	l 3	l 4
400	Т40.50	400	500	530	650	50	5000	5100	100	150	75	0,95
500	T50.50	500	620	650	790	60					85	1,4
600	T60.50	600	720	750	890							1,7
800	T80.50	800	960	990	1170	80		5110	110	200	105	3,0
1000	T100.50	1000	1200	1230	1450	100					125	4,8
1200	Т120.50	1200	1420	1450	1690	110					135	6,0
1400	T140.50	1400	1620	1650	1890							7,0
1600	Т160.50	1600	1840	1870	2130	120					145	8,7

Dimensions of pipes type TB

D, mm	Pipe size	Pipe dimensions, mm															Pipe weight, t
		d i	d e	d 1	d 2	t	t 1	A	l	l 1	l 2	l 3	l 4	h	h 1	h 2
400	TB40.50	400	500	531	684	50	76,5	44	5000	5145	145	365	102	92	11	6	0,95
500	TB50.50	500	620	651	834	60	91,5	59		5160	160	425	105	107			1,5
600	TB60.50	600	720	751	934												1,7
800	TB80.50	800	960	991	1210	80	109,5					482		125			3,0
1000	TB100.50	1000	1200	1231	1498	100	133,5					590		149		7	4,8
1200	TB120.50	1200	1420	1451	1740	110	144,5	69		5170	170	634	115	160			6,3
1400	TB140.50	1400	1620	1651	1946		147,5	74		5175	175			163	13		7,3
1600	TB160.50	1600	1840	1871	2196	120	159	84		5185	185	654	125	178			9,0

Attention! Pipes with a diameter exceeding 900 millimeters must be equipped with a double welded frame. Such bell-shaped concrete sewer pipes are produced in accordance with GOST 6482-88. Regarding the installation of large pipes, it is important that the gap between the joints is 10-15 millimeters. In addition, the joints should be connected with a high-quality strand of foam.

Construction of concrete pipes

How a reinforced concrete pipe works - design

If just a few years ago they were made of massive walls equipped with bends, then modern analogues are much more convenient and practical. The walls of modern sewer pipes can have either a separate or a common foundation. Everything depends directly on the geological conditions in which the product is intended to be used.

For weak soils, they are produced with a common foundation, which can significantly reduce the amount of pressure. In some cases, for greater efficiency, manufacturers make a reverse vault for the general foundation. In this case, this element performs two important tasks at once: it ensures the outflow of water and acts as a tray for leakage. Such products are made from rubble stone.

If they need to be installed on roads that belong to low technical categories, it is better to use products that have a round base made of links. It is good if they are additionally equipped with a flat sole. In such pipes, the links can have a hole with a diameter of 1 to 1.25 meters. The thickness of their walls can vary from 14 to 16 centimeters.

The structure of the sole part contains a welded mesh made of reinforcement with a diameter of up to 10 millimeters. Metal used for making of this element the structure must belong to class A-II. However, today there are two types of links:

The only drawback of these classes is their lack of efficiency. To lay a sewer system from such materials, a lot of concrete is required. As a rule, these pipes are installed under embankments. Their height can reach up to 7 meters.

It should be taken into account that round sewer pipe links are very difficult to evenly place on the base of the foundation or foundation. To avoid mistakes during the installation process, manufacturers offer a standard link design. In addition, you can use additional mesh, which allows you to strengthen the heel of the reinforcement.

GOST

	Inner diameter
		Useful length	Minimum wall thickness	Socket depth	Rebate depth
T, TB, TS, TF
T, TP, TB, TS, TBP, TSP, TFP		2500-3000 (5000)
TP, TBP, TSP, TFP

Prices and costs of concrete pipes

The cost of concrete products depends on the manufacturer and their purpose. As a rule, they are somewhat more expensive than their plastic counterparts, but they attract the best performance characteristics. For example, in a ditch it can cost, depending on the manufacturer and diameter (300-2000 millimeters), from 3,000 to 50,000 rubles per unit.

Thus, we examined the features, types and features of the installation of sewer BT. To summarize, it can be noted that they have a number of advantages compared to their analogues, which is due not only to their durability, but also to their relatively affordable price.

General provisions. Small culverts: bridges up to 25 m long and pipes are among the mass objects of railway construction. The number of small culverts along 1 km of the route depends on the shape of the terrain. Yes, for railways In the Urals and Eastern Siberia, the number of small bridges (numerator) and pipes (denominator) is: for flat terrain - 0.1/0.24, for hilly terrain - 0.14/0.53, for mountainous terrain - 0.21/0, 9 pieces/km, and their share of the total number of culverts N: 26/58, 18/74.6 and 15.5/79.5%, respectively.

Thus, in total, small bridges and pipes make up from 84 to 95% N. Small bridges and pipes are erected according to standard designs from factory-made structures. Most widespread in last years received round prefabricated reinforced concrete pipes with holes of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m in one-, two- and three-point versions; rectangular precast reinforced concrete pipes with holes 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 3.0, 4.0 m in one- and two-point performance; rectangular concrete pipes with openings of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 m; corrugated metal pipes with holes 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 3.0 m.

The pipe consists of an inlet head, a pipe body and an outlet head (Fig. 9.4). Both the pipe heads and body are mounted from separate blocks. There are three types of foundations. On solid foundations, such as rock, type I foundations are used, consisting only of patterned blocks (for round pipes) or slabs (for rectangular pipes). On relatively weak foundations, foundations are made of monolithic concrete - type III. In other conditions, type II foundations are used, which differ from type I foundations by an additional lower row of rectangular blocks. The foundation under the heads is laid to great depth. The pipe consists of 1 m long links and head blocks. Weight of installation elements of typical reinforced concrete pipes: foundation blocks 0.75...4 t, round links 0.9...4.2 t, rectangular 3.5...10.3 t, parts of heads 2.4...6.9 t. Foundation blocks laid by crane on a layer of crushed stone (sand and gravel) preparation 0.10...0.20 m thick.

Rice. 9.4. Precast concrete pipes:

a - round; b - rectangular; / - portal wall of the head; 2 - links; 3 - conical link; 4 - slope wing of the head; 5 - head foundation slabs; 6 - crushed stone preparation; 7 - foundation blocks; 8 - pattern blocks; 9 - foundation slabs; 10 - tray

Metal pipes without a foundation are assembled from factory-made corrugated elements, produced in standard and northern versions. Elements made of steel with a thickness of 1.5...2.5 mm have corrugations (ridges) 32.5 mm high with a pitch of 130.0 mm. Using bolts, the elements are combined into links. To protect against corrosion, pipe elements are coated with a layer of zinc and special bitumen mastics or polymer enamels. The pipes are laid on a sand or sand-gravel bed with a thickness of at least 0.40 m with a particle size no larger than 50 mm. Corrugated pipes are arranged, as a rule, without heads. At the end sections of the pipe, anti-filtration under-channel screens are installed - waterproof bridges made of clay soil, crushed clay, concrete and other materials.

The range of works for the construction of culverts includes: preparatory work, construction of pits, preparation of foundations, installation of foundations, installation of pipe bodies, waterproofing. Before the construction of pipes begins, the design organization must fix in kind and hand over to the construction organization in the presence of the customer the point of intersection of the axis of the embankment and the longitudinal axis of the pipe, required amount alignment signs securing the longitudinal OSB pipe and the altitude benchmark (Fig. 9.5), clear and plan the construction site, arrange drainage systems and entrances, source and place materials according to a plan previously developed and drawn on a scale of 1:500 or 1:200 construction site. The construction site plan (Fig. 9.6) is drawn up on the basis of decisions made in standard project production of work.

Rice. 9.5. Scheme for securing the pipe location on the route:

1 – outrigger posts (stakes); 2 – point and guard with the inscription “axis”, “picket” and “plus”; 3 – benchmark

Rice. 9.6. Construction site plan for the construction of a rectangular pipe:

1 – links of the pipe body and ends; 2 – blocks of slope wings; 3 – foundation slabs; 4 – box with cement; 5 – water tank; 6 – sand; 7 – crushed stone; 8 – concrete mixer; 9 – power plant; 10 – trailer for storing tools; I ST, II ST, III CT – crane parking places during installation work; α min, α max – minimum and maximum angles of rotation of the crane boom when installing pipe body links; l booms – maximum boom radius at which it is possible to install pipe body links

From the axis of the pipe, the outline of the pit is marked and secured with metal stakes. Depending on the volume of work, the nature of the soil, the shape of the pit and other local conditions, the development of soil in the pit involves: bulldozers, hydraulic excavators, a backhoe with a bucket with a capacity of 0.15...0.65 m 3 or cranes with grab equipment. When digging pits under water and in unstable water-saturated soils, ground bridges, bottomless boxes or sheet piling with drainage are installed. The top of the sheet piling should be 0.2...0.4 m above the maximum level groundwater, and for channel supports - 0.7 m above the accepted working water horizon in the river. In winter, when the soil is naturally frozen, it is allowed to develop pits up to 4 m deep without fastening. The pits are developed with a shortage of 10...20 cm to the design marks. The final cleaning of the bottom of the pit is carried out manually immediately before installing the foundation. Excavations longer than 20 m in unstable soils and in the presence of groundwater are developed section by section. The bottom of the pit in the longitudinal direction under the block foundation of the pipes is planned along a circular arc. In this case, the amount of construction lift depends on the type of soil and the height of the embankment. The construction rise along the axis of the embankment for foundations made of sandy loam, loam and clay is taken to be 1/40, and for sandy and gravel soils - 1/80 of the height of the embankment. After acceptance of the pit, crushed stone preparation is arranged. Crushed stone is delivered by dump trucks and unloaded into buckets, and then by crane into the pit in a layer 10 cm thick and compacted with pneumatic rammers. The marks of the top of the crushed stone are checked with a level. Level the crushed stone manually with shovels.

Installation of reinforced concrete pipes. Before the start of installation work, at a distance of 1 m from the pit, a cast-off of boards and beams is arranged, marking on it the axis of the pipe, the contours of the foundation and other dimensions.

The installation of pipes begins with the installation of the foundation in the direction from the outlet to the inlet head. First, use a crane to lay the bottom row of head foundation blocks to the level of the base of the pipe body foundation. Then the bevels of the shallow part of the pit with the deeper part are filled with a sand-gravel mixture and cement mortar is poured. The blocks of the upper part of the foundation are laid in rows. When excavating a pit in sections, the foundation is installed to the full height within the section. The blocks, cleared of dirt, are laid on a layer of cement mortar of grade no lower than 150 with a thickness of 1...2 cm. The deviation in the rows in height should not exceed 5 mm. Vertical seams between blocks are filled with mortar. During the installation process, the horizontality of the rows within the section and the slope of the pipe are checked. The filling of the pit sinuses is carried out after acceptance of the foundation. Backfilling is carried out in layers 15...20 cm thick with thorough compaction of the soil in each layer using electric rammers. Installation of pipe foundations on sloped areas is carried out in sections 3...4 m long, starting from the foundation of the outlet head

Installation of the pipe heads and body begins with the outlet head. First, the head blocks are installed. When installing portal walls and sloping head wings, braces or inventory struts are used. Then the pipe links are mounted using special clamps or brackets. Round links are installed on pattern blocks. To ensure the required gap of 2 cm, the links are laid on wooden wedges. A solution with a cone draft of 11...13 cm is first laid and compacted on one side of the link, until it appears on the other side. The missing amount of solution is supplemented.

When laying sections of rectangular pipes, it is necessary to ensure that they are firmly supported on the foundation slabs. Do not knock or wedge links with crushed stone. This can lead to damage and even destruction of the links. Seams 1 cm wide are left between the pipe links, and 3 cm wide between sections (3...4 links). Interfering mounting loops are cut off with an autogen. It is prohibited to cut down or bend the loops.

The seams between the links are filled with tow impregnated with bitumen (Fig. 9.7). And then all the joints, except expansion joints, are filled from the inside with grade 300 cement mortar. From the outside they are filled with bitumen. Before waterproofing, the surface of the pipe is cleaned.

As glued waterproofing, a fabric impregnated with bitumen or a fiberglass mesh is used, two layers of which are laid on a layer of hot bitumen mastic and the laid layers are covered with it.

Coating waterproofing consists of two layers of hot or cold bitumen mastic with a thickness of 1.5...3 mm. It is applied to the surface of the pipe primed with varnish. When performing work in winter time internal heating of the pipe is used. The ends of the pipe are covered with shields, and its outer surface is insulated.

Rice. 9.7. Pasted and coated waterproofing:

a - the seam is formed by pipe links; b - intersectional weld of pipes on foundations; 1 - link; 2 - glued link insulation; 3 - bitumen mastic; 4 - coating; 5 - tow; 6 - jointing

The installed pipe is covered with soil. The height of the backfill should be 0.5 m above the pipe, and the width at the top should be equal to the width of the pipe block, the steepness of the slopes should not be steeper than 1:1. Backfilling is carried out in layers with soil compaction using electric rammers and rollers on pneumatic tires. In winter, the thickness of the backfill above the pipe is increased to 1 m and it is covered with thawed, or better yet, draining soil. At the same time, make sure that large stones, frozen clods of soil, ice floes and snow do not get into the backfill soil.

Strengthening and Finishing work carried out after filling the subgrade to the design marks in accordance with the project.

The pipe installation work is carried out in-line by a complex team consisting of three units of 4 people each. The first link carries out preparatory and excavation work, the second - installation, the third - waterproofing and backfilling of the pipe with soil. Team members must have several skills.

Mechanization means - bulldozers, self-propelled jib cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 15 tons, concrete mixers with a capacity of up to 100 liters, mobile power plants with a capacity of up to 8 kW, cars, pumping units, mobile units for heating bitumen, vibrators and electric rammers, rollers, etc.

Installation of metal culverts. Along the planned and cleaned bottom of the pit, a sand cushion is poured and compacted with a width of 1 m greater than the diameter of the pipe and a thickness of at least 0.4 m (Fig. 9.8). Sand from dump trucks is unloaded into a pit, leveled with a bulldozer and compacted with rollers or loaded dump trucks.

Rice. 9.8. Backfilling a cushion under a metal pipe:

a - in two stages; 6 - with preliminary arrangement of the bed; c - with filling of the zero layer; 1 - part of the cushion, poured before laying the pipe; 2 - the same after installation; 3 - zero layer

During the construction process, the cushions arrange the necessary construction lifting of the pipe tray. After installing the base, anti-filtration screens are installed under the outermost links of the 2.8 m long pipe. The thickness and width of the screens must correspond to the dimensions of the cushion. To form screens, the base under the outer links is loosened, cement is added, thoroughly mixed and compacted manually with tampers. Then the final layout of the base is made and, using cast-off material, the cord is pulled along the axis of the pipe.

Install a pipe from individual elements or after pre-assembling sections, which are assembled either at a centralized assembly base or at the pipe construction site. The length of the sections is determined by the capabilities of the available transport. When loading and unloading pipe elements and sections, hemp ropes are used, and with steel slings, tarpaulin pads are used to prevent damage to the coating. It is prohibited to hook elements with sling hooks through existing holes, or to drop packages and sections from a height. When assembling a pipe from individual elements that have three standard elements in a link, first lay the lower elements along the axis of the pipe along the length of the section or pipe, connecting them with 3...4 bolts. The longitudinal seams of even links should be on one line, and odd ones - on the other (Fig. 9.9). Then the other two elements of the link are also mounted on 3...4 bolts in the middle of the longitudinal seam. Centering of the holes is done using crowbars, inserting them into adjacent holes. Three links from the one being assembled, all the bolts are placed and tightened. When assembling large-diameter pipes, transverse ties are used for temporary fastening of elements.

Rice. 9.9. Placement of joints of pipe elements 1…6

When pre-assembling sections from links, the elements are installed in vertical positions and connected to each other with 3…4 bolts. The assembled links are connected in threes, and the three-link sections are connected with one intermediate link, resulting in one seven-link assembly section or whip. The pipe sections are installed with a crane on a profiled base on wooden pads so that the longitudinal seams of the connected ends of the sections have the same overlap and are located at the same level. The distance between the ends of the sections should be equal to the useful width of the element - 910 mm. The sections are then connected to each other using standard connecting elements. The joints are overlapped in the same way as when joining links.

To add rigidity, border corners 40x40x4 mm, 4.7 m long, are installed at the ends of the pipe, which are attached to the links with bolts.

Upon completion of the quality check of installation work and cleaning of the pipe surface, an additional waterproofing coating is made from bitumen mastics. To cover 1 m2 of surface, 0.3...0.4 kg of bitumen varnish and 2...3 kg of mastic are consumed. The primer is varnished using a paint sprayer, avoiding clots, smudges and bubbles. No later than 24 hours, a layer of bitumen mastic 2 mm thick is applied using a mobile bitumen installation. The quality of waterproofing work is documented in a document. After eliminating the deficiencies, but no later than three days, the pipe is backfilled with soil. Corrugated metal pipes are backfilled with sandy and coarse soil with a particle size of up to 50 mm. Backfilling to a height of 0.5 m above the top of the pipe is done simultaneously on both sides in equal layers with careful compaction of each layer. The soil is compacted using a vibro-impact machine. For better sealing Soil near the pipe is filled in inclined layers (Fig. 9.10). With a backfill height above the top of the pipe of 0.5 m, the load from machines passing over the pipe should not exceed 98 kN, with a backfill height of 0.8 m - 108...196 kN.

The standard time for assembling sections from individual elements is 4.8 man-hours per 1 m of pipe, for laying sections on wooden spacers is 1.26 man-hours per 1 section, for assembling pipes from sections is 6.5 people. -h per 1 joint, for installing a border corner - 1.4 man-hours per 1 head, for installing an additional protective layer with bitumen mastic - 0.3 man-hours per 1 m2 of pipe surface, for installing an anti-filtration screen - 0 .99 person-hour per 1 m 3 (E5-3).

To install one pipe with a diameter of 1.5 m and a length of 26.5 m, it will take 7 hours, including layout and preparatory work.

Rice. 9.10. Backfilling a metal pipe with inclined layers and compaction:

1 - pipe; 2 - line of closest approach to the pipe; 3 - vibration impact machine; 4 - bullet layer

Reinforced concrete pipes are often used for laying sewer and waste pipelines. Unlike steel pipes, a reinforced concrete product exhibits corrosion resistance and is capable of maintaining internal smooth surface for a long time, is a dielectric and contains a small amount of metal, which significantly reduces the cost of durable products.

Installation of reinforced concrete pipes begins with delivery of products to the installation site and placement of products along the trench. They are then delivered directly to the installation site. Usually delivery is carried out by rail to the storage location. Then, on powerful tractors equipped with specialized trailers, the pipes are transported directly to the installation site.

At the very beginning, before laying the reinforced concrete pipe, a concrete stop is erected to ensure a stable position for the first pipes when they are joined. Before installation, mark on the smooth end of the product the distance to which the pipe will be inserted into the socket of the previously laid part of the pipeline. Lowering the reinforced concrete products into the trench using cranes, they place them on a pre-prepared foundation. A rubber ring is installed at the end of the pipe sleeve, after which the reinforced concrete product is inserted into the socket already installed pipe. Then the installation is checked for correctness.

After laying the reinforced concrete pipe, the joint is sealed. Socket butt joints of pipes without a rubber ring are sealed with bituminized or resin hemp strands in combination with asbestos cement. Mastic-sealants are also used, which ensure waterproofness, strength and elasticity of the joint. Seam pipes are sealed with cement-sand mortar, bitumen-rubber gaskets, asphalt mastic and other materials. As antifreeze additive for mixtures that are used to seal joints, sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, potash and calcium chloride are used.

The finished, unfilled area is subjected to preliminary testing. If the pipe diameter is quite large, only the butt joints are tested. After completion of all stages of installation, this section of the pipeline is backfilled. Then comes the final test.

Installation of a reinforced concrete pipeline is carried out using a jib crane, which is installed in the middle of the pipe to be laid. The reinforced concrete pipe is grabbed with slings and fed forward with sockets as the pipeline is being installed. It is important to adhere mandatory condition- pipes must be fed against the flow of liquid.

CENTRAL INSTITUTE REGULATORY
RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL
INFORMATION"ORGTRANSSTROY"

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT CONSTRUCTION

TEAM DEVICE
REINFORCED CONCRETE CULVER
DIAMETER 1 m UNDER THE ROAD

I. SCOPE OF APPLICATION

The technological map was developed taking into account progressive methods of organizing construction and production of work, as well as methods of scientific organization of labor and is intended for use in developing a project for the production of work and the organization of work and labor at the site.

The technological map provides for the construction of a single-point prefabricated reinforced concrete pipe with a diameter of 1 m, length 26.28 m under a highway (with an embankment height of 4 to 7 m).

The design of the pipe was adopted according to the “Standard design (501 Ж-5) of prefabricated unified concrete culverts for railways and roads” of Glavtransproekt, approved by order of the Ministry of Railways and the Ministry of Transport of July 8, 1966 No., inv. No. 101/1.

The pipe is mounted from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements:

the foundation is made of patterned blocks laid over crushed stone preparation;

pipe body - from links 1 long m;

heads with openers - from separate blocks.

Strengthening the riverbed at the heads is not provided for in the technological map.

In all cases of using a technological map, it is necessary to link it to local conditions of work.

II. INSTRUCTIONS FOR PRODUCTION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

The pipe construction work includes:

preparation of the construction site;

marking works;

reception and placement of equipment, materials and structures at the construction site;

construction of a pit for the foundation of pipes and heads;

crushed stone preparation device;

installation of foundation blocks, pipe heads and links;

filling the cavity of the pit with soil;

concreting trays within the caps;

waterproofing works;

backfilling the pipe with soil.

Construction site preparation

A site in the pipe construction zone (at a distance of at least 10 m in each direction from the pipe axis) are planned with a bulldozer, giving slopes to ensure water drainage from the pipe.

At the exit head the natural channel is cleared, and at the entrance head at a distance of at least 1.5 m from the contour of the pit, they block the channel with soil and arrange a bypass ditch or embankment of the construction site. These measures must ensure complete drainage of surface water from the pit.

For the delivery of equipment, concrete blocks and materials, access roads are cleared and planned with a bulldozer, ensuring free passage along the ring traffic pattern.

Marking work

The position of the pipe is determined by the road design. Project organization must secure in situ and hand over to the work contractor the point of intersection of the road axis with the longitudinal axis of the pipe, the longitudinal axis of the pipe secured with four outrigger stakes (Fig.), as well as a high-altitude benchmark.

By taking measurements along the axis of the pipe, the outline of the pit is outlined and marked with pegs.

At a distance of 1 m from the boundaries of the pit, they arrange a cast-off of boards or beams (Fig.) and mark on it the longitudinal axis of the pipe and the position of the heads, openings, and foundation sections.

If possible, the cast-off should be buried in the ground to protect it from damage by a bulldozer or excavator.

Sequence of installation of blocks and pipe sections

	Crane parking	Mounting number	Element Marne (Block No.)	Block weight, T	Maximum boom reach, m
Installation of output head blocks (portal and openings)
Device for gravel and sand preparation for the outlet head
Laying a patterned foundation block
Installation of conical link and pipe links
Laying patterned foundation blocks
Installation of pipe sections
Laying pattern blocks
Installation of pipe sections
Installation of inlet head blocks
Device for gravel and sand preparation under the entrance head
Installation of patterned foundation blocks
Installation of pipe links and conical link

Installers 4 grades - 1st and 3rd grade. - 1 take blocks and links and install them using guy ropes and crowbars in the design position.

Installer 3 raz. inspects and cleans blocks and links, slings them for feeding into the pit. Installer 2 jobs fills the vertical seams of the patterned foundation blocks with sand-cement mortar before installing the links. After installing and unfastening the head blocks, the entire team carries out work to fill the space behind the portal block and the base for the trays with a gravel-sand mixture.

Before installing the last links of the pipe, the installer 2 r. proceeds to pour cement mortar under the pipe links using a flat funnel (see. rice.). He finishes the work immediately after installing the last links of the pipe. Then he moves on to another pipe.

The insulator workers, working two at a time on each head, concrete the trays at the outlet and inlet heads. The concrete mixture is delivered by dump trucks and unloaded onto sand and gravel preparation, spread with shovels in an even layer and compacted with a surface vibrator. The surface of freshly laid concrete is smoothed with trowels and covered with sand. Immediately after installing the trays, the working units fall asleep simultaneously on both sides of the pit cavity. The soil is pushed with a D-271 bulldozer, in hard to reach places they are tossed by hand, and then distributed with shovels in an even layer in the axils of the pit and compacted with electric rammers S-690. The insulating unit also carries out work on sealing seams between links and head blocks, arranging lining and coating waterproofing pipes, as well as backfilling the pipe with soil to a height of 0.5 m.

Two waterproofers 3 and 2 grades. They make bundles of tow, dip them in bitumen and caulk the seams between the links. Then they begin caulking the seams from the inside with cement mortar and jointing the joints. They work from the middle of the pipe to the edges, installing light portable circles under the top of each seam (see Fig.), supporting the solution in the seam.

Following them are two waterproofers of 4 and 2 grades. arrange adhesive insulation of seams. To do this, one cuts panels of bituminized fabric into strips 25 wide cm, at this time, another worker brings the mastic, pours hot bitumen mastic onto the joint with a thin stream from a scoop with a drain device, and both stick the bituminized fabric.

The same link arranges coating insulation using a spray unit or asphalt distributor.

The entire unit fills the pipe with soil using an E-302 excavator equipped with a grab. Workers compact the soil layer by layer using S-690 electric rammers.

Machine operators are obliged at the beginning of a shift (or at the beginning of work with a small volume of work) to check the readiness of machines for work, eliminate minor faults, fill the machine with fuel and water, operate the machine during work, and at the end of the shift (or work) clean the machine and report mechanic about any deficiencies noticed. The crane operator must check and test the rigging and installation equipment before starting work.

V. CALCULATION OF LABOR COSTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A PRECASTIC CULVER WITH 1 m HOLE, 26.28 m LONG

	Code of norms and prices	Description of work	Squad composition	Unit	Scope of work	Standard time, person-hour	Price, rub.-kop.	Standard time for the full scope of work, person-hours	Cost of labor costs for the full scope of work, rubles-kopecks.
		A. Preparatory work
	EniR, 2-1-24, No. 6a	Laying out a construction site with a bulldozer in 3 passes along one track	Machinist 5 grades - 1	100m 2
	Time-based	Layout of a structure with axle extension and outrigger device	2 sizes - 1	man-hour
		Reception of tools, fixtures and equipment and their installation, installation of lighting for the construction site	Structural installers: 3 grades. - 1 1 size - 1	man-hour
	EniR, 4-4-92, No. 1	Unloading and sorting of head blocks	Crane operator 6 raz. - 1 Structural installers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 1
	EniR, 4-4-92, No. 3	Unloading and sorting pattern blocks
	EniR, 4-4-92, No. 6	Unloading and sorting of pipe sections	Crane operator 6 raz. - 1 Structural installers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 1
		Total
		B. Earthworks a) Digging a pit
	EniR, 2-1-15, table. 2, No. 56+d	Development of group II soil with a bulldozer D-271 (when moving it up to 20 m)	Machinist 5 grades - 1	100m 3
	EniR, 2-1-10A, tab. 3, No. 3z	Development of group II soil using an E-302 excavator	Machinist 4 grades - 1	100m 3
	EniR, 2-1-15, table. 2, No. 56+d, approx. 3, K = 0.85	Moving group II soil with a D-271 bulldozer at a distance of 20 m	Machinist 5 grades - 1	100m 3
	EniR, 2-1-31, table. 2, No. 1e, approx. 3a, K = 1.2	Refinement of group II soil in a pit manually after its development with an excavator and bulldozer	Excavator 2 sizes. - 1
	EniR, 2-1-46, No. 26, K = 1.2 according to 2-1-31, approx. 3b	Cleaning the bottom of a pit in group II soils manually with cutting off irregularities, filling in depressions with soil compaction, checking the planned surface using a template	Excavator 2 sizes. - 1	100m 2
		b) Backfilling of pit and pipe cavities
	EniR, 2-1-15, table. 2, No. 56+d, approx. 3, K = 0.85	Moving group II soil with a D-271 bulldozer at a distance of 20 m	Machinist 5 grades - 1	100 m 3
	EniR, 2-1-44, table. 1, No. 26	Filling the pit sinuses with soil manually with compaction	Diggers: 2 grades. - 1 1 size - 1
	In relation to EniR, 2-1-45, table. 3, No. 2a, K = 1.2	Compaction of group II soil with electric rammers after backfilling in layers of 15 cm	Excavator 3 sizes. - 1	100m 2
	EniR, 2-1-12, table. 3, No. 1v	Backfilling the pipe with soil to a height of 0.5 m excavator E-302 equipped with a grab bucket	Excavator operator 5 raz. - 1	100m 3
	In relation to EniR, 2-1-45, table. 3, No. 1a, K = 1.2	Compaction of soil with electric rammers when backfilling pipes in layers 20 thick cm (66m 3 : 0,2m = 330m 2)	Excavator 3 sizes. - 1	100m 2
		Total
		Total for earthworks
		B. Construction of two heads
	EniR, 4-4-88, No. 56	Device for gravel and sand preparation for bevels and head trays in layers of 15 cm (11,8: 0,15 = 79m 2)	3 size - 1 2 sizes - 1	100m 2
	EniR, 4-4-88, No. 4A	Crushed stone preparation device with a thickness of 0.1 m(1,2: 0,1 = 12m 2)		100m 2
	EniR, 4-4-91, table. 2, No. 1b	Installation of pattern blocks No. 24 weighing 1.5 tons by crane	Crane operator 6 raz. - 1 Structural installers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 2
	EniR, 4-4-94, No. 2b	Installation by crane of conical links No. 27 weighing 1.3 tons	Crane operator 6 raz. - 1 3 size - 2
	EniR, 4-4-93, No. 1	Installation of a portal wall weighing 3 tons by crane block No. 35	Crane operator 6 raz. - 1 Structural installers: 4 grades. - 2 3 size - 2
	EniR, 4-4-93, No. 5	Installation by crane of blocks No. 39p, l of slope wings weighing 3.1 t
	EniR, 4-4-99, No. 1	Caulk the seams of links with portal walls with tow impregnated with bitumen	Structural installers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 1	1m seam
	EniR, 4-4-99, No. 3	Joint insulation device	3 size - 1
	EniR, 4-4-99, No. 2	Sealing the seams between the conical link and the portal wall of the head with cement mortar	Structural installers: 4 grades. - 1	1m seam
	EniR, 4-4-97, No. 2	Caulking of vertical seams between the blocks of the portal wall and the slope wings of the head		1m seam
	EniR, 4-4-97, No. 4	Filling vertical joints between head blocks with cement mortar	Structural installers: 4 jobs - 1 3 size - 1	1m seam
	EniR, 4-4-97, No. 7	Joining the seams between the head blocks	Structural installers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 1	1m seam
	EniR, 4-4-101, No. 1	Coating insulation device	Waterproofers: 3 sizes. - 2
		Total for 2 heads
		D. Installation of links and pipes and construction of foundations
		a) Section 2.01 m long
	EniR, 4-4-88, No. 4a	Crushed stone preparation device with a layer thickness of 0.1 m	Road workers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 1 2 sizes - 1
	EniR, 4-4-91, No. 1b, table. 2	Laying the foundation of a pipe body weighing 1.9 tons with a crane of pattern block No. 4	Crane operator 6 raz. - 1 Structural installers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 2
	EniR, 4-4-94, No. 2b	Installation of 1.1 t pipe sections by crane	Crane operator 6 raz. - 1 Structural installers: 4 grades. - 2 3 size - 2
	EniR, 4-4-99 No. 1		Structural installers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 1	1m seam
	EniR, 4-4-99, No. 3	Installation of adhesive joint insulation	Waterproofers: 4 sizes. - 1 3 size - 1	1m seam
	EniR, 4-4-101, No. 1
	EniR, 4-4-99, No. 2			1m seam
		Total per section
		Total for 2 sections
		b) Section 3.02 m long
	EniR, 4-4-88, No. 4a	Crushed stone preparation device with a layer thickness of 0.1 m	Road workers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 1 2 sizes - 1
	EniR, 4-4-91, table. 2, No. 16	Laying the foundation of a pipe body weighing 1.4 with a crane of pattern block No. 5 T	Crane operator 6 raz. - 1 Structural installers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 2
	EniR, 4-4-94, No. 26	Laying pipe sections weighing 1.1 by crane T	Crane operator 6 raz. - 1 Structural installers: 4 grades. - 2 3 size - 2
	EniR, 4-4-99, No. 3	Installation of adhesive joint insulation	Waterproofers: 4 sizes. - 1 3 size - 1	1m seam
	EniR, 4-4-99, No. 1	Caulking the seams of pipe links with tow impregnated with bitumen	Structural installers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 1	1m seam
	EniR, 4-4-101, No. 1	Coating waterproofing device	Waterproofers 3 sizes. - 2
	EniR, 4-4-99, No. 2	Sealing joints with cement mortar	Installer of structures 4 grades. - 1	1m seam
		Total
		Total for 5 sections
		A total of 7 pipe sections
		D. Arrangement of trays at the heads
	EniR, 4-4-98	Concreting of trays at the inlet and outlet heads with a thickness of 20 cm	Concrete workers: 4 grades. - 1 3 size - 2
	EniR, 17-31, No. 1 + 3	Caring for freshly laid concrete	Road worker 1 grade - 1	100m 2
		Total
		Total per pipe
		Including: for the work of unit No. 1 (I cycle) №№ 1 - 10, 17; 29; 36
Tapered links No. 27
Round links No. 13
Portal wall blocks No. 35
Blocks of slope walls No. 39l and No. 39p
Concrete mix M-150
Cement mortar M-150	Excavator equipped with backhoe and grab
Bulldozer
Mobile power station
Mobile spray unit
Surface vibrator
Electric rammers
Digging shovels LKO-1
Picking shovels LP-1
Carpenter's axes
Portable circles
Cross saw
Level 1 long m
Roulette RS-20
Steel screws	TsNIIS Ministry of Transport
Flat funnels
Steel caulking
Water container
Container for bitumen varnish
Level slats
Trowels (trowels)