This lesson will not be new for beginners. We have all heard from school such things as centimeter, meter, kilometer. And when it came to mass, they usually said gram, kilogram, ton.
Centimeters, meters and kilometers; grams, kilograms and tons have one common name - units of measurement of physical quantities.
In this lesson we will look at the most popular units of measurement, but we will not delve too deeply into this topic, since units of measurement go into the field of physics. Today we are forced to study part of physics because we need it for further study of mathematics.
Lesson contentUnits of length
The following units of measurement are used to measure length:
- millimeters;
- centimeters;
- decimeters;
- meters;
- kilometers.
millimeter(mm). Millimeters can even be seen with your own eyes if you take the ruler that we used at school every day
Small lines running one after another are millimeters. More precisely, the distance between these lines is one millimeter (1 mm):
centimeter(cm). On the ruler, each centimeter is marked with a number. For example, our ruler, which was in the first picture, had a length of 15 centimeters. The last centimeter on this ruler is marked with the number 15.
There are 10 millimeters in one centimeter. You can put an equal sign between one centimeter and ten millimeters, since they indicate the same length:
1 cm = 10 mm
You can see this for yourself if you count the number of millimeters in the previous figure. You will find that the number of millimeters (distances between lines) is 10.
The next unit of length is decimeter(dm). There are ten centimeters in one decimeter. An equal sign can be placed between one decimeter and ten centimeters, since they indicate the same length:
1 dm = 10 cm
You can verify this if you count the number of centimeters in the following figure:
You will find that the number of centimeters is 10.
The next unit of measurement is meter(m). There are ten decimeters in one meter. One can put an equal sign between one meter and ten decimeters, since they indicate the same length:
1 m = 10 dm
Unfortunately, the meter cannot be illustrated in the figure because it is quite large. If you want to see the meter live, take a tape measure. Everyone has it in their home. On a tape measure, one meter will be designated as 100 cm. This is because there are ten decimeters in one meter, and one hundred centimeters in ten decimeters:
1 m = 10 dm = 100 cm
100 is obtained by converting one meter to centimeters. This is a separate topic that we will look at a little later. For now, let's move on to the next unit of length, which is called the kilometer.
The kilometer is considered the largest unit of length. There are, of course, other higher units, such as megameter, gigameter, terameter, but we will not consider them, since a kilometer is enough for us to further study mathematics.
There are a thousand meters in one kilometer. You can put an equal sign between one kilometer and a thousand meters, since they indicate the same length:
1 km = 1000 m
Distances between cities and countries are measured in kilometers. For example, the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg is about 714 kilometers.
International System of Units SI
The International System of Units SI is a certain set of generally accepted physical quantities.
The main purpose of the international system of SI units is to achieve agreements between countries.
We know that the languages and traditions of the countries of the world are different. There's nothing to be done about it. But the laws of mathematics and physics work the same everywhere. If in one country “twice two is four,” then in another country “twice two is four.”
The main problem was that for each physical quantity there are several units of measurement. For example, we have now learned that to measure length there are millimeters, centimeters, decimeters, meters and kilometers. If several scientists speaking different languages gather in one place to solve some problem, then such a large variety of units of length measurement can give rise to contradictions between these scientists.
One scientist will state that in their country length is measured in meters. The second may say that in their country the length is measured in kilometers. The third may offer his own unit of measurement.
Therefore, the international system of SI units was created. SI is an abbreviation for the French phrase Le Système International d’Unités, SI (which translated into Russian means the international system of units SI).
The SI lists the most popular physical quantities and each of them has its own generally accepted unit of measurement. For example, in all countries, when solving problems, it was agreed that length would be measured in meters. Therefore, when solving problems, if the length is given in another unit of measurement (for example, in kilometers), then it must be converted into meters. We'll talk about how to convert one unit of measurement to another a little later. For now, let's draw our international system of SI units.
Our drawing will be a table of physical quantities. We will include each studied physical quantity in our table and indicate the unit of measurement that is accepted in all countries. Now we have studied the units of length and learned that the SI system defines meters to measure length. So our table will look like this:
Mass units
Mass is a quantity indicating the amount of matter in a body. People call body weight weight. Usually when something is weighed they say “It weighs so many kilograms” , although we are not talking about weight, but about the mass of this body.
However, mass and weight are different concepts. Weight is the force with which the body acts on a horizontal support. Weight is measured in newtons. And mass is a quantity that shows the amount of matter in this body.
But there is nothing wrong with calling body weight weight. Even in medicine they say "person's weight" , although we are talking about the mass of a person. The main thing is to be aware that these are different concepts.
The following units of measurement are used to measure mass:
- milligrams;
- grams;
- kilograms;
- centners;
- tons.
The smallest unit of measurement is milligram(mg). You will most likely never use a milligram in practice. They are used by chemists and other scientists who work with small substances. It is enough for you to know that such a unit of measurement of mass exists.
The next unit of measurement is gram(G). It is customary to measure the amount of a particular product in grams when preparing a recipe.
There are a thousand milligrams in one gram. You can put an equal sign between one gram and a thousand milligrams, since they mean the same mass:
1 g = 1000 mg
The next unit of measurement is kilogram(kg). The kilogram is a generally accepted unit of measurement. It measures everything. The kilogram is included in the SI system. Let us also include one more physical quantity in our SI table. We will call it “mass”:
There are a thousand grams in one kilogram. You can put an equal sign between one kilogram and a thousand grams, since they denote the same mass:
1 kg = 1000 g
The next unit of measurement is hundredweight(ts). In centners it is convenient to measure the mass of a crop collected from a small area or the mass of some cargo.
There are one hundred kilograms in one centner. One can put an equal sign between one centner and one hundred kilograms, since they denote the same mass:
1 c = 100 kg
The next unit of measurement is ton(T). Large loads and masses of large bodies are usually measured in tons. For example, the mass of a spaceship or car.
There are one thousand kilograms in one ton. One can put an equal sign between one ton and a thousand kilograms, since they denote the same mass:
1 t = 1000 kg
Time units
There is no need to explain what time we think is. Everyone knows what time is and why it is needed. If we open the discussion to what time is and try to define it, we will begin to delve into philosophy, and we do not need this now. Let's start with the units of time.
The following units of measurement are used to measure time:
- seconds;
- minutes;
- watch;
- day.
The smallest unit of measurement is second(With). There are, of course, smaller units such as milliseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds, but we will not consider them, since at the moment this makes no sense.
Various parameters are measured in seconds. For example, how many seconds does it take for an athlete to run 100 meters? The second is included in the SI international system of units for measuring time and is designated as "s". Let us also include one more physical quantity in our SI table. We will call it “time”:
minute(m). There are 60 seconds in one minute. One minute and sixty seconds can be equated because they represent the same time:
1 m = 60 s
The next unit of measurement is hour(h). There are 60 minutes in one hour. An equal sign can be placed between one hour and sixty minutes, since they represent the same time:
1 hour = 60 m
For example, if we studied this lesson for one hour and we are asked how much time we spent studying it, we can answer in two ways: “we studied the lesson for one hour” or so “we studied the lesson for sixty minutes” . In both cases, we will answer correctly.
The next unit of time is day. There are 24 hours in a day. You can put an equal sign between one day and twenty-four hours, since they mean the same time:
1 day = 24 hours
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All-Russian classifier of units of measurement
All-Russian classifier of units of measurement (OKEY) is part of the Unified System of Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information of the Russian Federation (ESKK).
OKEY is intended for use in solving problems of quantitative assessment of technical, economic and social indicators for the purposes of state accounting and reporting, analysis and forecasting of economic development, ensuring international statistical comparisons, carrying out domestic and foreign trade, state regulation of foreign economic activity and organizing customs control. Objects of classification in OKEY are the units of measurement used in these areas of activity.
Date of placement in the database 06/01/2009
Relevance of the classifier: including changes 7/2000, approved. Gosstandart of the Russian Federation
Showing 460 entries
International units of measurement included in the ESCC
| Code | Symbol | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| national | international | national | international | ||
Units of length |
|||||
| 003 | Millimeter | mm | mm | MM | MMT |
| 004 | Centimeter | cm | cm | CM | CMT |
| 005 | Decimeter | dm | dm | DM | DMT |
| 006 | Meter | m | m | M | MTR |
| 008 | Kilometer; thousand meters | km; 10^3 m | km | KM; THOUSAND M | KMT |
| 009 | Megameter; million meters | Mm; 10^6 m | mm | MEGAM; MILLION M | MAM |
| 039 | Inch (25.4 mm) | inch | in | INCH | INH |
| 041 | ft (0.3048 m) | foot | ft | FOOT | FOT |
| 043 | Yard (0.9144 m) | yard | yd | YARD | YRD |
| 047 | Nautical mile (1852 m) | mile | n mile | MILES | NMI |
Area units |
|||||
| 050 | Square millimeter | mm2 | mm2 | MM2 | MMK |
| 051 | Square centimeter | cm2 | cm2 | SM2 | CMK |
| 053 | Square decimeter | dm2 | dm2 | DM2 | DMK |
| 055 | Square meter | m2 | m2 | M2 | MTK |
| 058 | thousand square meters | 10^3 m^2 | yeah | THOUSAND M2 | DAA |
| 059 | Hectare | ha | ha | GA | HAR |
| 061 | Square kilometer | km2 | km2 | KM2 | KMK |
| 071 | Square inch (645.16 mm2) | inch2 | in2 | INCH2 | INK |
| 073 | Square foot (0.092903 m2) | ft2 | ft2 | FOOT2 | FTK |
| 075 | Square yard (0.8361274 m2) | yard2 | yd2 | YARD2 | YDK |
| 109 | Ar (100 m2) | A | a | AR | ARE |
Volume units |
|||||
| 110 | Cubic millimeter | mm3 | mm3 | MM3 | MMQ |
| 111 | Cubic centimeter; milliliter | cm3; ml | cm3; ml | SM3; ML | CMQ; MLT |
| 112 | Liter; cubic decimeter | l; dm3 | I; L; dm^3 | L; DM3 | LTR; DMQ |
| 113 | Cubic meter | m3 | m3 | M3 | MTQ |
| 118 | Deciliter | dl | dl | DL | DLT |
| 122 | Hl | ch | hl | GL | HLT |
| 126 | Megaliter | Ml | Ml | MEGAL | MAL |
| 131 | Cubic inch (16387.1 mm3) | inch3 | in3 | INCH3 | INQ |
| 132 | Cubic foot (0.02831685 m3) | ft3 | ft3 | FOOT3 | FTQ |
| 133 | Cubic yard (0.764555 m3) | yard3 | yd3 | YARD3 | YDQ |
| 159 | Million cubic meters | 10^6 m3 | 10^6 m3 | MLN M3 | HMQ |
Units of mass |
|||||
| 160 | Hectogram | yy | hg | GG | H.G.M. |
| 161 | Milligram | mg | mg | MG | MGM |
| 162 | Metric carat | car | MS | KAR | CTM |
| 163 | Gram | G | g | G | GRM |
| 166 | Kilogram | kg | kg | KG | KGM |
| 168 | Ton; metric ton (1000 kg) | T | t | T | TNE |
| 170 | Kiloton | 10^3 t | kt | CT | KTN |
| 173 | Centigram | sg | cg | SG | CGM |
| 181 | Gross registered ton (2.8316 m3) | BRT | - | BRUTT. REGISTER T | GRT |
| 185 | Load capacity in metric tons | t grp | - | T LOAD UNDER | CCT |
| 206 | Centner (metric) (100 kg); hectokilogram; quintal1 (metric); deciton | ts | q; 10^2 kg | C | DTN |
Technical units |
|||||
| 212 | Watt | W | W | VT | WTT |
| 214 | Kilowatt | kW | kW | KVT | KWT |
| 215 | Megawatt; thousand kilowatts | MW; 10^3 kW | MW | MEGAVT; THOUSAND KW | MAW |
| 222 | Volt | IN | V | IN | VLT |
| 223 | Kilovolt | kV | kV | HF | KVT |
| 227 | Kilovolt-ampere | kVA | kV.A | KV.A | KVA |
| 228 | Megavolt-ampere (thousand kilovolt-ampere) | M.V.A | M.V.A | MEGAV.A | MVA |
| 230 | Kilovar | kvar | kVAR | KVAR | KVR |
| 243 | Watt hour | Wh | W.h | VT.H | WHR |
| 245 | Kilowatt hour | kWh | kW.h | KW.H | K.W.H. |
| 246 | Megawatt hour; 1000 kilowatt-hours | MWh; 10^3 kWh | MW.h | MEGAWH; THOUSAND KW.H | MWH |
| 247 | Gigawatt-hour (million kilowatt-hours) | GWh | GW.h | GIGAVT.H | G.W.H. |
| 260 | Ampere | A | A | A | AMP |
| 263 | Ampere hour (3.6 kC) | A.h | A.h | A.Ch | AMH |
| 264 | Thousand amp hours | 10^3 Ah | 10^3 A.h | THOUSAND A.H | TAH |
| 270 | Pendant | Cl | C | KL | COU |
| 271 | Joule | J | J | J | JOU |
| 273 | Kilojoule | kJ | kJ | KJ | K.J.O. |
| 274 | Ohm | Ohm | <омега> | OM | O.H.M. |
| 280 | Degree Celsius | hail C | hail C | CITY OF CELUS | CEL |
| 281 | Fahrenheit | hail F | hail F | CITY OF FARENG | FAN |
| 282 | Candela | cd | CD | KD | C.D.L. |
| 283 | Lux | OK | lx | OK | LUX |
| 284 | Lumen | lm | lm | LM | LUM |
| 288 | Kelvin | K | K | TO | KEL |
| 289 | Newton | N | N | N | NEW |
| 290 | Hertz | Hz | Hz | GC | HTZ |
| 291 | KHz | kHz | kHz | KGC | KHZ |
| 292 | Megahertz | MHz | MHz | MEGAHz | MHZ |
| 294 | Pascal | Pa | Pa | PA | PAL |
| 296 | Siemens | Cm | S | SI | SIE |
| 297 | Kilopascal | kPa | kPa | KPA | KPA |
| 298 | Megapascal | MPa | MPa | MEGAPA | MPA |
| 300 | Physical atmosphere (101325 Pa) | atm | atm | ATM | ATM |
| 301 | Technical atmosphere (98066.5 Pa) | at | at | ATT | A.T.T. |
| 302 | Gigabecquerel | GBk | GBq | GIGABK | GBQ |
| 304 | Millicurie | mCi | mCi | MKI | MCU |
| 305 | Curie | Ki | Ci | CI | CUR |
| 306 | Gram of fissile isotopes | g D/I | g fissile isotopes | G FISSIONING ISOTOPES | GFI |
| 308 | Millibar | mb | mbar | MBAR | MBR |
| 309 | Bar | bar | bar | BAR | BAR |
| 310 | Hectobar | GB | hbar | GBAR | H.B.A. |
| 312 | Kilobar | kb | kbar | KBAR | K.B.A. |
| 314 | Farad | F | F | F | FAR |
| 316 | Kilogram per cubic meter | kg/m3 | kg/m3 | KG/M3 | KMQ |
| 323 | Becquerel | Bk | Bq | BC | BQL |
| 324 | Weber | Wb | Wb | WB | WEB |
| 327 | Knot (mph) | bonds | kn | UZ | KNT |
| 328 | Meter per second | m/s | m/s | M/S | MTS |
| 330 | Revolutions per second | r/s | r/s | OB/S | R.P.S. |
| 331 | Revolutions per minute | rpm | r/min | RPM | RPM |
| 333 | Kilometer per hour | km/h | km/h | KM/H | KMH |
| 335 | Meter per second squared | m/s2 | m/s2 | M/S2 | MSK |
| 349 | Pendant per kilogram | C/kg | C/kg | CL/KG | C.K.G. |
Time units |
|||||
| 354 | Second | With | s | WITH | SEC |
| 355 | Minute | min | min | MIN | MIN |
| 356 | Hour | h | h | H | HUR |
| 359 | Day | days; days | d | SUT; DN | DAY |
| 360 | A week | weeks | - | NED | WEE |
| 361 | Decade | Dec | - | DEC | DAD |
| 362 | Month | months | - | MES | MON |
| 364 | Quarter | quart | - | QUART | QAN |
| 365 | Half year | six months | - | HALF A YEAR | SAN |
| 366 | Year | G; years | a | YEAR; YEARS | ANN |
| 368 | Decade | deslet | - | DESLET | DEC |
Economic units |
|||||
| 499 | kilogram per second | kg/s | - | KG/S | KGS |
| 533 | Ton of steam per hour | t steam/h | - | T STEAM/H | TSH |
| 596 | Cubic meter per second | m3/s | m3/s | M3/S | MQS |
| 598 | Cubic meter per hour | m3/h | m3/h | M3/H | MQH |
| 599 | Thousand cubic meters per day | 10^3 m3/day | - | THOUSAND M3/DAT | TQD |
| 616 | Spool | bean | - | BEAN | NBB |
| 625 | Sheet | l. | - | SHEET | LEF |
| 626 | One hundred sheets | 100 l. | - | 100 SHEET | CLF |
| 630 | Thousand standard conditional bricks | thousand std. conventional brick | - | THOUSAND STANDARD USL KIRP | M.B.E. |
| 641 | Dozen (12 pcs.) | dozen | Doz; 12 | DOZEN | DZN |
| 657 | Product | ed. | - | ISD | NAR |
| 683 | One hundred boxes | 100 boxes | Hbx | 100 BOX | HBX |
| 704 | Kit | kit | - | KIT | SET |
| 715 | Pair (2 pieces) | steam | pr; 2 | STEAM | NPR |
| 730 | Two tens | 20 | 20 | 2 DES | SCO |
| 732 | Ten pairs | 10 pairs | - | DES PAR | TPR |
| 733 | A dozen couples | a dozen pairs | - | A DOZEN PAIRS | DPR |
| 734 | Package | message | - | MESSAGE | NPL |
| 735 | Part | Part | - | PART | NPT |
| 736 | Roll | rul | - | RUL | NPL |
| 737 | A dozen rolls | a dozen rolls | - | A DOZEN RULS | DRL |
| 740 | A dozen pieces | a dozen pieces | - | A DOZEN PCS | DPC |
| 745 | Element | ale | C.I. | ELEM | NCL |
| 778 | Package | pack | - | UPAK | NMP |
| 780 | A dozen packs | dozen pack | - | A DOZEN PACK | DZP |
| 781 | One hundred packs | 100 pack | - | 100 UPAK | CNP |
| 796 | Thing | PC | pc; 1 | PC | PCE; NMB |
| 797 | One hundred pieces | 100 pieces | 100 | 100 PIECES | CEN |
| 798 | A thousand pieces | thousand pieces; 1000 pcs | 1000 | THOUSAND PCS | MIL |
| 799 | A million pieces | 10^6 pcs | 10^6 | MILLION PCS | MIO |
| 800 | Billion pieces | 10^9 pcs | 10^9 | BILLION PCS | MLD |
| 801 | Billion pieces (Europe); trillion pieces | 10^12 pcs | 10^12 | BILL ST (EUR); TRILL PIECE | BIL |
| 802 | Quintillion pieces (Europe) | 10^18 pcs | 10^18 | QUINT PIECE | TRL |
| 820 | Alcohol strength by weight | crepe. alcohol by weight | % mds | CREPE ALCOHOL BY WEIGHT | A.S.M. |
| 821 | Alcohol strength by volume | crepe. alcohol by volume | %vol | CREPE ALCOHOL BY VOLUME | ASV |
| 831 | Liter of pure (100%) alcohol | l 100% alcohol | - | L PURE ALCOHOL | LPA |
| 833 | Hectoliter of pure (100%) alcohol | GL 100% alcohol | - | GL PURE ALCOHOL | HPA |
| 841 | Kilogram of hydrogen peroxide | kg H2O2 | - | KG HYDROGEN PEROXIDE | - |
| 845 | Kilogram of 90% dry matter | kg 90% dry | - | KG 90 PERCENT DRY THINGS | KSD |
| 847 | Ton of 90% dry matter | t 90% dry | - | T 90 PERCENT DRY THINGS | TSD |
| 852 | Kilogram of potassium oxide | kg K2O | - | KG POTASSIUM OXIDE | KPO |
| 859 | Kilogram of potassium hydroxide | kg KOH | - | KG POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE | KPH |
| 861 | Kilogram of nitrogen | kg N | - | KG NITROGEN | KNI |
| 863 | Kilogram of sodium hydroxide | kg NaOH | - | KG SODIUM HYDROXIDE | KSH |
| 865 | Kilogram of phosphorus pentoxide | kg Р2О5 | - | KG PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE | KPP |
| 867 | Kilogram of uranium | kg U | - | KG URAN | KUR |
National units of measurement included in the ESCC
| Code | Unit name | Symbol | Code letter designation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| national | international | national | international | ||
Units of length |
|||||
| 018 | Linear meter | linear m | POG M | ||
| 019 | One thousand linear meters | 10^3 linear m | THOUSAND LOG M | ||
| 020 | Conventional meter | conventional m | USL M | ||
| 048 | Thousand conventional meters | 10^3 arb. m | THOUSAND USL M | ||
| 049 | Kilometer of conventional pipes | km conventional pipes | KM USL PIPES | ||
Area units |
|||||
| 054 | One thousand square decimeters | 10^3 dm2 | THOUSAND DM2 | ||
| 056 | Million square decimeters | 10^6 dm2 | MLN DM2 | ||
| 057 | Million square meters | 10^6 m2 | MLN M2 | ||
| 060 | Thousand hectares | 10^3 ha | THOUSAND hectares | ||
| 062 | Conventional square meter | conventional m2 | USL M2 | ||
| 063 | One thousand conventional square meters | 10^3 arb. m2 | THOUSAND USL M2 | ||
| 064 | Million conventional square meters | 10^6 arb. m2 | MLN USL M2 | ||
| 081 | Square meter of total area | m2 total pl | M2 GEN PL | ||
| 082 | One thousand square meters of total area | 10^3 m2 total. pl | THOUSAND M2 GENERAL PLUS | ||
| 083 | Million square meters of total area | 10^6 m2 total. pl | MLN M2. GEN PL | ||
| 084 | Square meter of living space | m2 lived. pl | M2 ZHIL PL | ||
| 085 | One thousand square meters of living space | 10^3 m2 veins. pl | THOUSAND M2 LIVED PL | ||
| 086 | Million square meters of living space | 10^6 m2 veins. pl | MILLION M2 LIVED PL | ||
| 087 | Square meter of educational and laboratory buildings | m2 uch. lab. built | M2 UCH.LAB BUILDING | ||
| 088 | One thousand square meters of educational and laboratory buildings | 10^3 m2 uch. lab. built | THOUSAND M2 ACCOUNT. LAB BUILDING | ||
| 089 | One million square meters in two-millimeter terms | 10^6 m2 2 mm calc. | MLN M2 2MM ISCH | ||
Volume units |
|||||
| 114 | Thousand cubic meters | 10^3 m3 | THOUSAND M3 | ||
| 115 | Billion cubic meters | 10^9 m3 | BILLION M3 | ||
| 116 | Deciliter | dkl | DCL | ||
| 119 | One thousand deciliters | 10^3 dcl | THOUSAND DCL | ||
| 120 | Million deciliters | 10^6 dcl | MLN DCL | ||
| 121 | Dense cubic meter | dense m3 | DENSITY M3 | ||
| 123 | Conventional cubic meter | conventional m3 | USL M3 | ||
| 124 | One thousand conventional cubic meters | 10^3 arb. m3 | THOUSAND USL M3 | ||
| 125 | Million cubic meters of gas processing | 10^6 m3 recyclable gas | MILLION M3 GAS PROCESSED | ||
| 127 | One thousand dense cubic meters | 10^3 density m3 | THOUSAND DENSITY M3 | ||
| 128 | One thousand half liters | 10^3 floors l | THOUSAND FLOOR L | ||
| 129 | A million half liters | 10^6 floors l | MILLION FLOOR L | ||
| 130 | One thousand liters; 1000 liters | 10^3 l; 1000 l | YOU SL | ||
Units of mass |
|||||
| 165 | Thousand carats metric | 10^3 ct | THOUSAND CAR | ||
| 167 | Million carats metric | 10^6 ct | MILLION CAR | ||
| 169 | thousand tons | 10^3 t | THOUSAND T | ||
| 171 | Million tons | 10^6 t | MILLION T | ||
| 172 | Ton of standard fuel | t conv. fuel | T USL TOPL | ||
| 175 | One thousand tons of standard fuel | 10^3 t conv. fuel | THOUSAND T USL FUEL | ||
| 176 | Million tons of standard fuel | 10^6 t conv. fuel | MLN T USL FUEL | ||
| 177 | Thousand tons of simultaneous storage | 10^3 t one-time storage | THOUSAND T EDINOVR STORAGE | ||
| 178 | Thousand tons of processing | 10^3 t processed | THOUSAND T PROCESSED | ||
| 179 | Conventional ton | conventional T | USL T | ||
| 207 | One thousand centners | 10^3 c | THOUSAND C | ||
Technical units |
|||||
| 226 | Volt-amps | V.A | V.A | ||
| 231 | Meter per hour | m/h | M/H | ||
| 232 | Kilocalorie | kcal | KKAL | ||
| 233 | Gigacalorie | Gcal | GIGAKAL | ||
| 234 | One thousand gigacalories | 10^3 Gcal | THOUSAND GIGACAL | ||
| 235 | One million gigacalories | 10^6 Gcal | MILLION GIGAKAL | ||
| 236 | Calorie per hour | cal/h | CAL/H | ||
| 237 | Kilocalorie per hour | kcal/h | KKAL/H | ||
| 238 | Gigacalorie per hour | Gcal/h | GIGAKAL/H | ||
| 239 | One thousand gigacalories per hour | 10^3 Gcal/h | THOUSAND GIGACAL/H | ||
| 241 | Million amp hours | 10^6 Ah | MLN A.H. | ||
| 242 | Million kilovolt-amperes | 10^6 kVA | MLN sq.A | ||
| 248 | Kilovolt-ampere reactive | kV.A R | KV.A R | ||
| 249 | Billion kilowatt-hours | 10^9 kWh | BILLION KW.H | ||
| 250 | Thousand kilovolt-amperes reactive | 10^3 kVA R | THOUSAND SQ.A R | ||
| 251 | Horsepower | l. With | PM | ||
| 252 | thousand horsepower | 10^3 l. With | THOUSAND PM | ||
| 253 | Million horsepower | 10^6 l. With | MLN drugs | ||
| 254 | Bit | bit | BIT | ||
| 255 | Byte | bye | BYTE | ||
| 256 | Kilobyte | kbyte | KBYTE | ||
| 257 | Megabyte | MB | MBYTE | ||
| 258 | Baud | baud | BAUD | ||
| 287 | Henry | Gn | GN | ||
| 313 | Tesla | Tl | TL | ||
| 317 | Kilogram per square centimeter | kg/cm^2 | KG/SM2 | ||
| 337 | Millimeter of water column | mm water st | MM VOD ST | ||
| 338 | Millimeter of mercury | mmHg st | MMHG | ||
| 339 | Centimeter of water column | cm water st | SM VOD ST | ||
Time units |
|||||
| 352 | Microsecond | mks | ISS | ||
| 353 | Millisecond | MLS | MLS | ||
Economic units |
|||||
| 383 | Ruble | rub | RUB | ||
| 384 | Thousand rubles | 10^3 RUR | THOUSAND ROUBLES | ||
| 385 | One million rubles | 10^6 RUR | MILLION RUB | ||
| 386 | Billion rubles | 10^9 RUR | BILLION RUB | ||
| 387 | A trillion rubles | 10^12 rub. | TRILL RUB | ||
| 388 | Quadrillion rubles | 10^15 rub. | SQUARE RUB | ||
| 414 | Passenger-kilometer | pass.km | PASS.KM | ||
| 421 | Passenger seat (passenger seats) | pass. places | PASS SEATS | ||
| 423 | Thousand passenger kilometers | 10^3 passenger km | THOUSAND PASS.KM | ||
| 424 | Million passenger kilometers | 10^6 pass. km | MILLION PASS.KM | ||
| 427 | Passenger traffic | pass.flow | PASS.FLOW | ||
| 449 | Ton-kilometer | t.km | T.KM | ||
| 450 | Thousand ton-kilometers | 10^3 t.km | THOUSAND T.KM | ||
| 451 | Million ton-kilometers | 10^6 t. km | MILLION T.KM | ||
| 479 | Thousand sets | 10^3 set | THOUSAND SET | ||
| 510 | Gram per kilowatt hour | g/kWh | G/KW.H | ||
| 511 | Kilogram per gigacalorie | kg/Gcal | KG/GIGAKAL | ||
| 512 | Tonnage number | sono.no. | T.NOM | ||
| 513 | Autoton | auto t | AUTO T | ||
| 514 | Ton of thrust | t.thrust | T traction | ||
| 515 | Deadweight ton | dwt.t | DEADWEIGHT.T | ||
| 516 | Tonno-tanid | t. tanid | T.TANID | ||
| 521 | Person per square meter | person/m2 | PERSON/M2 | ||
| 522 | Persons per square kilometer | person/km2 | PERSON/KM2 | ||
| 534 | ton per hour | t/h | T/H | ||
| 535 | Ton per day | t/day | T/SUT | ||
| 536 | Ton per shift | t/shift | T/SHIFT | ||
| 537 | Thousand tons per season | 10^3 t/s | THOUSAND T/SEZ | ||
| 538 | Thousand tons per year | 10^3 t/year | THOUSAND T/YEAR | ||
| 539 | Man-hour | person/hour | PERSON.H | ||
| 540 | Man-day | person days | PEOPLE DAYS | ||
| 541 | Thousand man-days | 10^3 person days | THOUSAND PEOPLE DAYS | ||
| 542 | Thousand man-hours | 10^3 person/h | THOUSAND PERSONS | ||
| 543 | One thousand standard cans per shift | 10^3 arb. bank/ change | THOUSAND USL BANK/CHANGE | ||
| 544 | Million units per year | 10^6 units/year | MILLION UNITS/YEAR | ||
| 545 | Visit during shift | visits/shifts | VISIT/SHIFT | ||
| 546 | Thousands of visits per shift | 10^3 visits/shift | THOUSAND VISITS/SHIFT | ||
| 547 | Couple per shift | pairs/shifts | PAIR/SHIFT | ||
| 548 | Thousand pairs per shift | 10^3 pairs/shift | THOUSAND PAIRS/SHIFT | ||
| 550 | Million tons per year | 10^6 t/year | MILLION T/YEAR | ||
| 552 | Ton of processing per day | t processed/day | T PROCESSED/DAT | ||
| 553 | Thousand tons of processing per day | 10^3 t processed/day | THOUSAND T PROCESSED/Day | ||
| 554 | Centner of processing per day | c/day | C PROCESS/DAT | ||
| 555 | One thousand centners of processing per day | 10^3 c/day | THOUSAND CENTERS PROCESSED/Day | ||
| 556 | Thousand heads per year | 10^3 goal/year | THOUSAND GOALS/YEAR | ||
| 557 | Million heads per year | 10^6 goal/year | MILLION GOAL/YEAR | ||
| 558 | Thousand bird places | 10^3 bird places | THOUSAND BIRD PLACES | ||
| 559 | Thousand laying hens | 10^3 chickens nonsushi | THOUSAND CHICKS. NESUSH | ||
| 560 | Minimal salary | min. salary boards | MIN SALARY | ||
| 561 | Thousand tons of steam per hour | 10^3 t steam/h | THOUSAND T STEAM/H | ||
| 562 | A thousand spindles | 10^3 strands spun | A THOUSAND STRAINS BELIEVE | ||
| 563 | A thousand spinning places | 10^3 rows | THOUSAND ROW OF SEATS | ||
| 639 | Dose | doses | DOZ | ||
| 640 | A thousand doses | 10^3 doses | THOUSAND DOSES | ||
| 642 | Unit | units | ED | ||
| 643 | Thousand units | 10^3 units | THOUSAND UNITS | ||
| 644 | Million units | 10^6 units | MILLION UNITS | ||
| 661 | Channel | channel | CHANNEL | ||
| 673 | Thousand sets | 10^3 set | THOUSAND SET | ||
| 698 | Place | places | PLACE | ||
| 699 | A thousand places | 10^3 seats | THOUSAND PLACES | ||
| 709 | A thousand numbers | 10^3 nom | THOUSAND NUM | ||
| 724 | A thousand hectares of portions | 10^3 ha portions | THOUSAND hectares PORTS | ||
| 729 | Thousand packs | 10^3 pack | THOUSAND PACKS | ||
| 744 | Percent | % | PERCENT | ||
| 746 | ppm (0.1 percent) | ppm | PROMILLE | ||
| 751 | A thousand rolls | 10^3 roll | THOUSAND RUL | ||
| 761 | A thousand stans | 10^3 stan | THOUSAND STAN | ||
| 762 | Station | stanza | STANCE | ||
| 775 | A thousand tubes | 10^3 tube | THOUSAND TUBE | ||
| 776 | A thousand conditional tubes | 10^3 conventional tubes | THOUSAND USL TUBE | ||
| 779 | Million packs | 10^6 pack | MLN UPAK | ||
| 782 | Thousand packs | 10^3 pack | THOUSAND PACK | ||
| 792 | Human | people | PERSON | ||
| 793 | A thousand people | 10^3 people | THOUSAND PEOPLE | ||
| 794 | A million people | 10^6 people | MILLION PEOPLE | ||
| 808 | A million copies | 10^6 copies | MILLION EKZ | ||
| 810 | Cell | yach | YACH | ||
| 812 | Box | box | BOX | ||
| 836 | Head | Goal | GOAL | ||
| 837 | A thousand pairs | 10^3 pairs | THOUSAND PAIRS | ||
| 838 | A million couples | 10^6 pairs | MILLION PAIRS | ||
| 839 | Set | set | COMPLETE | ||
| 840 | Section | section | SECC | ||
| 868 | Bottle | bottle | BUT | ||
| 869 | Thousand bottles | 10^3 bottle | THOUSAND BUT | ||
| 870 | Ampoule | ampoules | AMPOULES | ||
| 871 | Thousand ampoules | 10^3 ampoules | THOUSAND AMPOULES | ||
| 872 | Bottle | flak | FLAC | ||
| 873 | A thousand bottles | 10^3 bottle | THOUSAND FLAC | ||
| 874 | Thousand tubes | 10^3 tubes | THOUSAND TUBES | ||
| 875 | A thousand boxes | 10^3 cor | THOUSAND COR | ||
| 876 | Conventional unit | conventional units | USL ED | ||
| 877 | Thousand conventional units | 10^3 arb. units | THOUSAND USL UNITS | ||
| 878 | Million conventional units | 10^6 arb. units | MILLION USL UNITS | ||
| 879 | Conditional thing | conventional PC | USL SHT | ||
| 880 | A thousand conventional pieces | 10^3 arb. PC | THOUSAND USL PCS | ||
| 881 | Conditional bank | conventional bank | USL BANK | ||
| 882 | A thousand conditional cans | 10^3 arb. bank | TUS USL BANK | ||
| 883 | A million conditional cans | 10^6 arb. bank | MLN USL BANK | ||
| 884 | Conditional piece | conventional bite | USL KUS | ||
| 885 | A thousand conventional pieces | 10^3 arb. bite | THOUSAND USL KUS | ||
| 886 | A million conventional pieces | 10^6 arb. bite | MLN USL KUS | ||
| 887 | Conditional box | conventional box | USL BOX | ||
| 888 | A thousand conditional boxes | 10^3 arb. box | THOUSAND US BOXES | ||
| 889 | Conditional coil | conventional cat | USL CAT | ||
| 890 | Thousand conditional coils | 10^3 arb. cat | THOUSAND USL CAT | ||
| 891 | Conditional tile | conventional slabs | USL PLATES | ||
| 892 | A thousand conditional tiles | 10^3 arb. slabs | THOUSAND USL PLATES | ||
| 893 | Conditional brick | conventional brick | USL KIRP | ||
| 894 | A thousand conditional bricks | 10^3 arb. brick | THOUSAND USL KIRP | ||
| 895 | A million conditional bricks | 10^6 arb. brick | MLN USL KIRP | ||
| 896 | Family | families | FAMILIES | ||
| 897 | A thousand families | 10^3 families | THOUSAND FAMILIES | ||
| 898 | A million families | 10^6 families | MILLION FAMILIES | ||
| 899 | The household | housekeeping | HOUSEHOLD | ||
| 900 | Thousand households | 10^3 household | THOUSAND HOUSEHOLDS | ||
| 901 | Million households | 10^6 household | MILLION HOUSEHOLDS | ||
| 902 | Student place | scientist places | PLACE STUDYED | ||
| 903 | Thousand student places | 10^3 sc. places | THOUSAND PLACES STUDYED | ||
| 904 | Workplace | slave. places | SLAVE PLACES | ||
| 905 | A thousand jobs | 10^3 work. places | THOUSAND WORK PLACES | ||
| 906 | Seat | Posad places | POSAD SEATS | ||
| 907 | Thousands of seats | 10^3 seating places | THOUSAND SEATS | ||
| 908 | Number | nom | NOM | ||
| 909 | Apartment | quart | QUART | ||
| 910 | A thousand apartments | 10^3 quarts | THOUSAND QUARTERS | ||
| 911 | Bed | beds | BOOK | ||
| 912 | A thousand beds | 10^3 beds | THOUSAND BEDS | ||
| 913 | Volume of the book fund | book volume fund | TOM BOOK FOUNDATION | ||
| 914 | Thousand volumes of the book fund | 10^3 volume. book fund | THOUSAND VOLUME BOOK FUND | ||
| 915 | Conditional repair | conventional rem | USL REM | ||
| 916 | Conditional repairs per year | conventional rem/year | USL REM/YEAR | ||
| 917 | Change | shifts | SHIFT | ||
| 918 | Author's sheet | l. auto | SHEET AVT | ||
| 920 | Printed sheet | l. oven | SHEET OVEN | ||
| 921 | Recording and publishing sheet | l. academic ed. | STUDY SHEET | ||
| 922 | Sign | sign | SIGN | ||
| 923 | Word | word | WORD | ||
| 924 | Symbol | symbol | SYMBOL | ||
| 925 | Conventional pipe | conventional pipes | USL PIPES | ||
| 930 | Thousand plates | 10^3 layer | THOUSAND PLAST | ||
| 937 | A million doses | 10^6 doses | MILLION DOSES | ||
| 949 | A million sheets of prints | 10^6 sheet.print | MILLION SHEET.PRINT | ||
| 950 | Car (car)-day | vag (mash).dn | VAG (MASH).DN | ||
| 951 | A thousand car-(machine)-hours | 10^3 vag (mash).h | THOUSAND VAG (MASH).H | ||
| 952 | One thousand car-(vehicle)-kilometers | 10^3 vag (mach).km | THOUSAND VAG (MASH).KM | ||
| 953 | A thousand place-kilometers | 10 ^3 places.km | THOUSAND PLACE KM | ||
| 954 | Car-day | vag.day | VAG.SUT | ||
| 955 | One thousand train hours | 10^3 train.h | THOUSAND TRAIN.H | ||
| 956 | A thousand train kilometers | 10^3 train.km | THOUSAND TRAIN KM | ||
| 957 | Thousand ton miles | 10^3 t.miles | THOUSAND T.MILES | ||
| 958 | Thousand passenger miles | 10^3 passenger miles | THOUSAND PASSENGER MILES | ||
| 959 | Car-day | car days | CAR.DN | ||
| 960 | Thousand vehicle-ton-days | 10^3 cart.d. | THOUSAND VEHICLES.T.D.N. | ||
| 961 | Thousand car-hours | 10^3 car.h | THOUSAND VEHICLES.H | ||
| 962 | A thousand car-seat-days | 10^3 car spaces days | THOUSAND CAR SEATS DN | ||
| 963 | Given hour | drive.h | DRIVE.H | ||
| 964 | Aircraft-kilometer | plane.km | AIRPLANE.KM | ||
| 965 | A thousand kilometers | 10^3 km | THOUSAND KM | ||
| 966 | Thousand tonnage flights | 10^3 tonnage. flight | THOUSAND TONNAGE. FLIGHT | ||
| 967 | Million ton miles | 10^6 t. miles | MILLION T. MILES | ||
| 968 | Million passenger miles | 10^6 pass. miles | MILLION PASS. MILES | ||
| 969 | Million tonnage miles | 10^6 tonnage. miles | MILLION TONNAGE. MILES | ||
| 970 | Million passenger-seat-miles | 10^6 pass. places miles | MILLION PASS. LOCATION MILES | ||
| 971 | Feed day | feed. days | FEED. DN | ||
| 972 | Centner of feed units | c feed units | C FEED UNIT | ||
| 973 | Thousand car-kilometers | 10^3 cars km | THOUSAND CARS KM | ||
| 974 | Thousand tonnage-day | 10^3 tonnage. days | THOUSAND TONNAGE. SUT | ||
| 975 | Sugo-day | sugo. days | SUGO. SUT | ||
| 976 | Units per 20-foot equivalent unit (TEU) | pieces in 20 foot equivalent | PCS IN 20 FEET EQUIV | ||
| 977 | Channel-kilometer | channel. km | CHANNEL. KM | ||
| 978 | Channel ends | channel. conc. | CHANNEL. END | ||
| 979 | One thousand copies | 10^3 copies | THOUSAND EXECUTES | ||
| 980 | One thousand dollars | 10^3 dollar | THOUSAND DOLLAR | ||
| 981 | Thousand tons of feed units | 10^3 food units | THOUSAND TON OF FEED UNITS | ||
| 982 | Million tons of feed units | 10^6 food units | MILLION TON OF FEED UNITS | ||
| 983 | Sudo-day | court.day | COURT.SUT | ||
International units of measurement not included in the ESCC
| Code | Unit name | Symbol | Code letter designation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| national | international | national | international | ||
Units of length |
|||||
| 017 | Hectometer | hmm | HMT | ||
| 045 | Mile (statute) (1609.344 m) | mile | SMI | ||
Area units |
|||||
| 077 | Acre (4840 square yards) | acre | ACR | ||
| 079 | Square mile | mile2 | MIK | ||
Volume units |
|||||
| 135 | Fluid ounce SC (28.413 cm3) | fl oz (UK) | OZI | ||
| 136 | Jill SK (0.142065 dm3) | Gill (UK) | GII | ||
| 137 | Pint SK (0.568262 dm3) | pt (UK) | PTI | ||
| 138 | Quart SK (1.136523 dm3) | qt (UK) | QTI | ||
| 139 | Gallon SC (4.546092 dm3) | gal (UK) | GLI | ||
| 140 | Bushel SK (36.36874 dm3) | bu (UK) | BUI | ||
| 141 | US fluid ounce (29.5735 cm3) | fl oz (US) | OZA | ||
| 142 | Jill US (11.8294 cm3) | Gill (US) | GIA | ||
| 143 | US liquid pint (0.473176 dm3) | liq pt (US) | PTL | ||
| 144 | US liquid quart (0.946353 dm3) | liq qt (US) | QTL | ||
| 145 | US liquid gallon (3.78541 dm3) | gal (US) | GLL | ||
| 146 | Barrel (oil) USA (158.987 dm3) | barrel (US) | BLL | ||
| 147 | Dry US pint (0.55061 dm3) | dry pt (US) | PTD | ||
| 148 | US dry quart (1.101221 dm3) | dry qt (US) | QTD | ||
| 149 | Dry US gallon (4.404884 dm3) | dry gal (US) | GLD | ||
| 150 | US bushel (35.2391 dm3) | bu (US) | BUA | ||
| 151 | US dry barrel (115.627 dm3) | bbl (US) | BLD | ||
| 152 | Standard | - | WSD | ||
| 153 | Cord (3.63 m3) | - | WCD | ||
| 154 | Thousands of board feet (2.36 m3) | - | MBF | ||
Units of mass |
|||||
| 182 | Net register ton | - | NTT | ||
| 183 | Measured (freight) ton | - | SHT | ||
| 184 | Displacement | - | DPT | ||
| 186 | UK pound, US (0.45359237 kg) | lb | LBR | ||
| 187 | Ounce UK, US (28.349523 g) | oz | ONZ | ||
| 188 | Drachma SK (1.771745 g) | dr | DRI | ||
| 189 | Gran SK, USA (64.798910 mg) | gn | GRN | ||
| 190 | Stone SK (6.350293 kg) | st | STI | ||
| 191 | Kvarter SK (12.700586 kg) | qtr | QTR | ||
| 192 | Central SK (45.359237 kg) | - | CNT | ||
| 193 | US cwt (45.3592 kg) | cwt | C.W.A. | ||
| 194 | Long quintal SK (50.802345 kg) | cwt (UK) | CWI | ||
| 195 | Short ton UK, USA (0.90718474 t) | sht | STN | ||
| 196 | Long ton UK, USA (1.0160469 t) | lt | LTN | ||
| 197 | Scrupul SK, USA (1.295982 g) | scr | SCR | ||
| 198 | Pennyweight UK, USA (1.555174 g) | dwt | DWT | ||
| 199 | Drachma SK (3.887935 g) | drm | DRM | ||
| 200 | US drachma (3.887935 g) | - | DRA | ||
| 201 | Ounce UK, US (31.10348 g); troy ounce | apoz | APZ | ||
| 202 | US troy pound (373.242 g) | - | LBT | ||
Technical units |
|||||
| 213 | Effective power (245.7 watts) | B.h.p. | BHP | ||
| 275 | British thermal unit (1.055 kJ) | Btu | BTU | ||
Economic units |
|||||
| 638 | Gross (144 pcs.) | gr; 144 | GRO | ||
| 731 | Big gross (12 gross) | 1728 | GGR | ||
| 738 | Short standard (7200 units) | - | SST | ||
| 835 | Gallon of alcohol of specified strength | - | P.G.L. | ||
| 851 | International unit | - | NIU | ||
| 853 | One hundred international units | - | HIU | ||
Since 1963, in the USSR (GOST 9867-61 “International System of Units”), in order to unify units of measurement in all fields of science and technology, the international (international) system of units (SI, SI) has been recommended for practical use - this is a system of units of measurement of physical quantities , adopted by the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960. It is based on 6 basic units (length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature and luminous intensity), as well as 2 additional units (plane angle, solid angle) ; all other units given in the table are their derivatives. The adoption of a unified international system of units for all countries is intended to eliminate the difficulties associated with the translation of numerical values of physical quantities, as well as various constants from any one currently operating system (GHS, MKGSS, ISS A, etc.) into another.
| Name of quantity | Units; SI values | Designations | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russian | international | ||
| I. Length, mass, volume, pressure, temperature | |||
| Meter is a measure of length, numerically equal to the length of the international standard meter; 1 m=100 cm (1·10 2 cm)=1000 mm (1·10 3 mm) |
m | m | |
| Centimeter = 0.01 m (1·10 -2 m) = 10 mm | cm | cm | |
| Millimeter = 0.001 m (1 10 -3 m) = 0.1 cm = 1000 μm (1 10 3 μm) | mm | mm | |
| Micron (micrometer) = 0.001 mm (1·10 -3 mm) = 0.0001 cm (1·10 -4 cm) = 10,000 |
mk | μ | |
| Angstrom = one ten-billionth of a meter (1·10 -10 m) or one hundred-millionth of a centimeter (1·10 -8 cm) | Å | Å | |
| Weight | The kilogram is the basic unit of mass in the metric system of measures and the SI system, numerically equal to the mass of the international standard kilogram; 1 kg=1000 g |
kg | kg |
| Gram=0.001 kg (1·10 -3 kg) |
G | g | |
| Ton= 1000 kg (1 10 3 kg) | T | t | |
| Centner = 100 kg (1 10 2 kg) |
ts | ||
| Carat - a non-systemic unit of mass, numerically equal to 0.2 g | ct | ||
| Gamma = one millionth of a gram (1 10 -6 g) | γ | ||
| Volume | Liter = 1.000028 dm 3 = 1.000028 10 -3 m 3 | l | l |
| Pressure | Physical, or normal, atmosphere - pressure balanced by a mercury column 760 mm high at a temperature of 0° = 1.033 atm = = 1.01 10 -5 n/m 2 = 1.01325 bar = 760 torr = 1.033 kgf/cm 2 |
atm | atm |
| Technical atmosphere - pressure equal to 1 kgf/cmg = 9.81 10 4 n/m 2 = 0.980655 bar = 0.980655 10 6 dynes/cm 2 = 0.968 atm = 735 torr | at | at | |
| Millimeter of mercury = 133.32 n/m 2 | mmHg Art. | mm Hg | |
| Tor is the name of a non-systemic unit of pressure measurement equal to 1 mm Hg. Art.; given in honor of the Italian scientist E. Torricelli | torus | ||
| Bar - unit of atmospheric pressure = 1 10 5 n/m 2 = 1 10 6 dynes/cm 2 | bar | bar | |
| Pressure (sound) | Bar is a unit of sound pressure (in acoustics): bar - 1 dyne/cm2; Currently, a unit with a value of 1 n/m 2 = 10 dynes/cm 2 is recommended as a unit of sound pressure |
bar | bar |
| Decibel is a logarithmic unit of measurement of excess sound pressure level, equal to 1/10 of the unit of measurement of excess sound pressure - bela | dB | db | |
| Temperature | Degree Celsius; temperature in °K (Kelvin scale), equal to temperature in °C (Celsius scale) + 273.15 °C | °C | °C |
| II. Force, power, energy, work, amount of heat, viscosity | |||
| Force | Dyna is a unit of force in the CGS system (cm-g-sec.), in which an acceleration of 1 cm/sec 2 is imparted to a body with a mass of 1 g; 1 din - 1·10 -5 n | ding | dyn |
| Kilogram-force is a force that imparts an acceleration to a body with a mass of 1 kg equal to 9.81 m/sec 2 ; 1kg=9.81 n=9.81 10 5 din | kg, kgf | ||
| Power | Horsepower =735.5 W | l. With. | HP |
| Energy | Electron-volt is the energy that an electron acquires when moving in an electric field in a vacuum between points with a potential difference of 1 V; 1 eV = 1.6·10 -19 J. It is allowed to use multiple units: kiloelectron-volt (Kv) = 10 3 eV and megaelectron-volt (MeV) = 10 6 eV. In modern times, particle energy is measured in Bev - billions (billions) eV; 1 Bzv=10 9 eV |
ev | eV |
| Erg=1·10 -7 j; The erg is also used as a unit of work, numerically equal to the work done by a force of 1 dyne along a path of 1 cm | erg | erg | |
| Job | Kilogram-force-meter (kilogrammometer) is a unit of work numerically equal to the work done by a constant force of 1 kg when moving the point of application of this force a distance of 1 m in its direction; 1 kGm = 9.81 J (at the same time kGm is a measure of energy) | kGm, kgf m | kGm |
| Quantity of heat | Calorie is an off-system unit of measurement of the amount of heat equal to the amount of heat required to heat 1 g of water from 19.5 ° C to 20.5 ° C. 1 cal = 4.187 J; common multiple unit kilocalorie (kcal, kcal), equal to 1000 cal | feces | cal |
| Viscosity (dynamic) | Poise is a unit of viscosity in the GHS system of units; viscosity at which in a layered flow with a velocity gradient equal to 1 sec -1 per 1 cm 2 of the layer surface, a viscous force of 1 dyne acts; 1 pz = 0.1 n sec/m 2 | pz | P |
| Viscosity (kinematic) | Stokes is a unit of kinematic viscosity in the CGS system; equal to the viscosity of a liquid having a density of 1 g/cm 3 that resists a force of 1 dyne to the mutual movement of two layers of liquid with an area of 1 cm 2 located at a distance of 1 cm from each other and moving relative to each other at a speed of 1 cm per second | st | St |
| III. Magnetic flux, magnetic induction, magnetic field strength, inductance, electrical capacitance | |||
| Magnetic flux | Maxwell is a unit of measurement of magnetic flux in the CGS system; 1 μs is equal to the magnetic flux passing through an area of 1 cm 2 located perpendicular to the magnetic field induction lines, with an induction equal to 1 gf; 1 μs = 10 -8 wb (Weber) - units of magnetic current in the SI system | mks | Mx |
| Magnetic induction | Gauss is a unit of measurement in the GHS system; 1 gf is the induction of such a field in which a straight conductor 1 cm long, located perpendicular to the field vector, experiences a force of 1 dyne if a current of 3 10 10 CGS units flows through this conductor; 1 gs=1·10 -4 tl (tesla) | gs | Gs |
| Magnetic field strength | Oersted is a unit of magnetic field strength in the CGS system; one oersted (1 oe) is taken to be the intensity at a point in the field at which a force of 1 dyne (dyn) acts on 1 electromagnetic unit of the amount of magnetism; 1 e=1/4π 10 3 a/m |
uh | Oe |
| Inductance | Centimeter is a unit of inductance in the CGS system; 1 cm = 1·10 -9 g (Henry) | cm | cm |
| Electrical capacity | Centimeter - unit of capacity in the CGS system = 1·10 -12 f (farads) | cm | cm |
| IV. Luminous intensity, luminous flux, brightness, illumination | |||
| The power of light | A candle is a unit of luminous intensity, the value of which is taken such that the brightness of the full emitter at the solidification temperature of platinum is equal to 60 sv per 1 cm2 | St. | CD |
| Light flow | Lumen is a unit of luminous flux; 1 lumen (lm) is emitted within a solid angle of 1 ster from a point source of light having a luminous intensity of 1 light in all directions | lm | lm |
| Lumen-second - corresponds to the light energy generated by a luminous flux of 1 lm emitted or perceived in 1 second | lm sec | lm·sec | |
| A lumen hour is equal to 3600 lumen seconds | lm h | lm h | |
| Brightness | Stilb is a unit of brightness in the CGS system; corresponds to the brightness of a flat surface, 1 cm 2 of which gives in a direction perpendicular to this surface a luminous intensity equal to 1 ce; 1 sb=1·10 4 nits (nit) (SI unit of brightness) | Sat | sb |
| Lambert is a non-systemic unit of brightness, derived from stilbe; 1 lambert = 1/π st = 3193 nt | |||
| Apostilbe = 1/π s/m 2 | |||
| Illumination | Phot - unit of illumination in the SGSL system (cm-g-sec-lm); 1 photo corresponds to the illumination of a surface of 1 cm2 with a uniformly distributed luminous flux of 1 lm; 1 f=1·10 4 lux (lux) | f | ph |
| V. Radiation intensity and dose | |||
| Intensity | Curie is the basic unit of measurement of the intensity of radioactive radiation, the curie corresponding to 3.7·10 10 decays per 1 second. any radioactive isotope |
curie | C or Cu |
| millicurie = 10 -3 curies, or 3.7 10 7 acts of radioactive decay in 1 second. | mcurie | mc or mCu | |
| microcurie= 10 -6 curie | mccurie | μC or μCu | |
| Dose | X-ray - the number (dose) of X-rays or γ-rays, which in 0.001293 g of air (i.e. in 1 cm 3 of dry air at t° 0° and 760 mm Hg) causes the formation of ions carrying one electrostatic unit of quantity of electricity of each sign; 1 p causes the formation of 2.08 10 9 pairs of ions in 1 cm 3 of air | R | r |
| milliroentgen = 10 -3 p | mr | mr | |
| microroentgen = 10 -6 p | microdistrict | μr | |
| Rad - the unit of absorbed dose of any ionizing radiation is equal to rad 100 erg per 1 g of irradiated medium; when air is ionized by X-rays or γ-rays, 1 r is equal to 0.88 rad, and when tissue is ionized, almost 1 r is equal to 1 rad | glad | rad | |
| Rem (biological equivalent of an x-ray) is the amount (dose) of any type of ionizing radiation that causes the same biological effect as 1 r (or 1 rad) of hard x-rays. The unequal biological effect with equal ionization by different types of radiation led to the need to introduce another concept: the relative biological effectiveness of radiation - RBE; the relationship between doses (D) and the dimensionless coefficient (RBE) is expressed as D rem = D rad RBE, where RBE = 1 for x-rays, γ-rays and β-rays and RBE = 10 for protons up to 10 MeV, fast neutrons and α - natural particles (according to the recommendation of the International Congress of Radiologists in Copenhagen, 1953) | reb, reb | rem | |
Note. Multiple and submultiple units of measurement, with the exception of units of time and angle, are formed by multiplying them by the appropriate power of 10, and their names are added to the names of the units of measurement. It is not allowed to use two prefixes to the name of the unit. For example, you cannot write millimicrowatt (mmkW) or micromicrofarad (mmf), but you must write nanowatt (nw) or picofarad (pf). Prefixes should not be applied to the names of such units that indicate a multiple or submultiple unit of measurement (for example, micron). To express the duration of processes and designate calendar dates of events, the use of multiple units of time is allowed.
The most important units of the International System of Units (SI)
Basic units
(length, mass, temperature, time, electric current, light intensity)
| Name of quantity | Designations | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Russian | international | ||
| Length | Meter - length equal to 1650763.73 wavelengths of radiation in vacuum, corresponding to the transition between levels 2p 10 and 5d 5 of krypton 86 * |
m | m |
| Weight | Kilogram - mass corresponding to the mass of the international standard kilogram | kg | kg |
| Time | Second - 1/31556925.9747 part of a tropical year (1900)** | sec | S, s |
| Electric current strength | Ampere is the strength of a constant current, which, passing through two parallel straight conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross-section, located at a distance of 1 m from each other in a vacuum, would cause between these conductors a force equal to 2 10 -7 N per meter length | A | A |
| The power of light | A candle is a unit of luminous intensity, the value of which is taken such that the brightness of a complete (absolutely black) emitter at the solidification temperature of platinum is equal to 60 sec per 1 cm 2 *** | St. | CD |
| Temperature (thermodynamic) | Degree Kelvin (Kelvin scale) is a unit of measurement of temperature on the thermodynamic temperature scale, in which the temperature of the triple point of water**** is set to 273.16° K | °K | °K |
** That is, a second is equal to the specified part of the time interval between two successive passages by the Earth in its orbit around the Sun of the point corresponding to the vernal equinox. This gives greater accuracy in determining the second than defining it as a part of the day, since the length of the day varies.
*** That is, the luminous intensity of a certain reference source emitting light at the melting temperature of platinum is taken as a unit. The old international candle standard is 1.005 of the new candle standard. Thus, within the limits of normal practical accuracy, their values can be considered identical.
**** Triple point - the temperature at which ice melts in the presence of saturated water vapor above it.
Additional and derived units
| Name of quantity | Units; their definition | Designations | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russian | international | ||
| I. Plane angle, solid angle, force, work, energy, amount of heat, power | |||
| Flat angle | Radian - the angle between two radii of a circle, cutting out an arc on the circle, the length of which is equal to the radius | glad | rad |
| Solid angle | Steradian is a solid angle whose vertex is located at the center of the sphere and which cuts out an area on the surface of the sphere equal to the area of a square with a side equal to the radius of the sphere | erased | sr |
| Force | Newton is a force under the influence of which a body with a mass of 1 kg acquires an acceleration equal to 1 m/sec 2 | n | N |
| Work, energy, amount of heat | Joule is the work done by a constant force of 1 N acting on a body along a path of 1 m traveled by the body in the direction of the force. | j | J |
| Power | Watt - power at which in 1 second. 1 J of work done | W | W |
| II. Amount of electricity, electrical voltage, electrical resistance, electrical capacitance | |||
| Amount of electricity, electric charge | Coulomb - the amount of electricity flowing through the cross-section of a conductor for 1 second. at a DC current of 1 A | To | C |
| Electrical voltage, electrical potential difference, electromotive force (EMF) | Volt is the voltage in a section of an electrical circuit through which 1 k of electricity passes through which 1 j of work is done. | V | V |
| Electrical resistance | Ohm - the resistance of a conductor through which, at a constant voltage at the ends of 1 V, a constant current of 1 A passes | ohm | Ω |
| Electrical capacity | Farad is the capacitance of a capacitor, the voltage between the plates of which changes by 1 V when charging it with an amount of electricity of 1 k. | f | F |
| III. Magnetic induction, magnetic flux, inductance, frequency | |||
| Magnetic induction | Tesla is the induction of a uniform magnetic field, which acts on a section of a straight conductor 1 m long, placed perpendicular to the direction of the field, with a force of 1 N when a direct current of 1 A passes through the conductor | tl | T |
| Magnetic induction flux | Weber - magnetic flux created by a uniform field with a magnetic induction of 1 T through an area of 1 m 2 perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic induction vector | wb | Wb |
| Inductance | Henry is the inductance of a conductor (coil) in which an emf of 1 V is induced when the current in it changes by 1 A in 1 second. | gn | H |
| Frequency | Hertz is the frequency of a periodic process in which in 1 sec. one oscillation occurs (cycle, period) | Hz | Hz |
| IV. Luminous flux, luminous energy, brightness, illumination | |||
| Light flow | Lumen is a luminous flux that gives within a solid angle of 1 ster a point source of light of 1 sv, emitting equally in all directions | lm | lm |
| Light energy | Lumen-second | lm sec | lm·s |
| Brightness | Nit - the brightness of a luminous plane, each square meter of which gives in the direction perpendicular to the plane a luminous intensity of 1 light | nt | nt |
| Illumination | Lux - illumination created by a luminous flux of 1 lm with its uniform distribution over an area of 1 m2 | OK | lx |
| Lighting quantity | Lux second | lx sec | lx·s |
- 1 General information
- 2 History
- 3 SI units
- 3.1 Basic units
- 3.2 Derived units
- 4 Non-SI units
- Consoles
General information
The SI system was adopted by the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures, and some subsequent conferences made a number of changes to the SI.
The SI system defines seven main And derivatives units of measurement, as well as a set of . Standard abbreviations for units of measurement and rules for recording derived units have been established.
In Russia, GOST 8.417-2002 is in force, which prescribes the mandatory use of SI. It lists the units of measurement, gives their Russian and international names and establishes the rules for their use. According to these rules, only international designations are allowed to be used in international documents and on instrument scales. In internal documents and publications, you can use either international or Russian designations (but not both at the same time).
Basic units: kilogram, meter, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. Within the SI framework, these units are considered to have independent dimensions, that is, none of the basic units can be obtained from the others.
Derived units are obtained from the basic ones using algebraic operations such as multiplication and division. Some of the derived units in the SI System are given their own names.
Consoles can be used before names of units of measurement; they mean that a unit of measurement must be multiplied or divided by a certain integer, a power of 10. For example, the prefix “kilo” means multiplying by 1000 (kilometer = 1000 meters). SI prefixes are also called decimal prefixes.
Story
The SI system is based on the metric system of measures, which was created by French scientists and was first widely adopted after the French Revolution. Before the introduction of the metric system, units of measurement were chosen randomly and independently of each other. Therefore, conversion from one unit of measurement to another was difficult. In addition, different units of measurement were used in different places, sometimes with the same names. The metric system was supposed to become a convenient and uniform system of measures and weights.
In 1799, two standards were approved - for the unit of length (meter) and for the unit of weight (kilogram).
In 1874, the GHS system was introduced, based on three units of measurement - centimeter, gram and second. Decimal prefixes from micro to mega were also introduced.
In 1889, the 1st General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted a system of measures similar to the GHS, but based on the meter, kilogram and second, since these units were considered more convenient for practical use.
Subsequently, basic units were introduced for measuring physical quantities in the field of electricity and optics.
In 1960, the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted a standard that was first called the International System of Units (SI).
In 1971, the IV General Conference on Weights and Measures amended the SI, adding, in particular, a unit for measuring the amount of a substance (mole).
SI is now accepted as the legal system of units of measurement by most countries in the world and is almost always used in the scientific field (even in countries that have not adopted SI).
SI units
There is no dot after the designations of SI units and their derivatives, unlike usual abbreviations.
Basic units
| Magnitude | Unit | Designation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian name | international name | Russian | international | |
| Length | meter | meter (meter) | m | m |
| Weight | kilogram | kilogram | kg | kg |
| Time | second | second | With | s |
| Electric current strength | ampere | ampere | A | A |
| Thermodynamic temperature | kelvin | kelvin | TO | K |
| The power of light | candela | candela | cd | CD |
| Quantity of substance | mole | mole | mole | mol |
Derived units
Derived units can be expressed in terms of base units using the mathematical operations of multiplication and division. Some of the derived units are given their own names for convenience; such units can also be used in mathematical expressions to form other derived units.
The mathematical expression for a derived unit of measurement follows from the physical law by which this unit of measurement is defined or the definition of the physical quantity for which it is introduced. For example, speed is the distance a body travels per unit time. Accordingly, the unit of measurement for speed is m/s (meter per second).
Often the same unit of measurement can be written in different ways, using a different set of base and derived units (see, for example, the last column in the table ). However, in practice, established (or simply generally accepted) expressions are used that best reflect the physical meaning of the quantity being measured. For example, to write the value of a moment of force, you should use N×m, and you should not use m×N or J.
| Magnitude | Unit | Designation | Expression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian name | international name | Russian | international | ||
| Flat angle | radian | radian | glad | rad | m×m -1 = 1 |
| Solid angle | steradian | steradian | Wed | sr | m 2 ×m -2 = 1 |
| Temperature in Celsius | degrees Celsius | °C | degree Celsius | °C | K |
| Frequency | hertz | hertz | Hz | Hz | s -1 |
| Force | newton | newton | N | N | kg×m/s 2 |
| Energy | joule | joule | J | J | N×m = kg×m 2 /s 2 |
| Power | watt | watt | W | W | J/s = kg × m 2 / s 3 |
| Pressure | pascal | pascal | Pa | Pa | N/m 2 = kg? m -1 ? s 2 |
| Light flow | lumen | lumen | lm | lm | kd×sr |
| Illumination | luxury | lux | OK | lx | lm/m 2 = cd×sr×m -2 |
| Electric charge | pendant | coulomb | Cl | C | А×с |
| Potential difference | volt | volt | IN | V | J/C = kg×m 2 ×s -3 ×A -1 |
| Resistance | ohm | ohm | Ohm | Ω | V/A = kg×m 2 ×s -3 ×A -2 |
| Capacity | farad | farad | F | F | C/V = kg -1 ×m -2 ×s 4 ×A 2 |
| Magnetic flux | weber | weber | Wb | Wb | kg×m 2 ×s -2 ×A -1 |
| Magnetic induction | tesla | tesla | Tl | T | Wb/m 2 = kg × s -2 × A -1 |
| Inductance | Henry | Henry | Gn | H | kg×m 2 ×s -2 ×A -2 |
| Electrical conductivity | Siemens | siemens | Cm | S | Ohm -1 = kg -1 ×m -2 ×s 3 A 2 |
| Radioactivity | becquerel | becquerel | Bk | Bq | s -1 |
| Absorbed dose of ionizing radiation | Gray | gray | Gr | Gy | J/kg = m 2 / s 2 |
| Effective dose of ionizing radiation | sievert | sievert | Sv | Sv | J/kg = m 2 / s 2 |
| Catalyst activity | rolled | catal | cat | kat | mol×s -1 |
Units not included in the SI System
Some units of measurement not included in the SI System are, by decision of the General Conference on Weights and Measures, “allowed for use in conjunction with SI.”
| Unit | International name | Designation | Value in SI units | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian | international | |||
| minute | minute | min | min | 60 s |
| hour | hour | h | h | 60 min = 3600 s |
| day | day | days | d | 24 h = 86,400 s |
| degree | degree | ° | ° | (P/180) glad |
| arcminute | minute | ′ | ′ | (1/60)° = (P/10,800) |
| arcsecond | second | ″ | ″ | (1/60)′ = (P/648,000) |
| liter | liter (liter) | l | l, L | 1 dm 3 |
| ton | tons | T | t | 1000 kg |
| neper | neper | Np | Np | |
| white | bel | B | B | |
| electron-volt | electronvolt | eV | eV | 10 -19 J |
| atomic mass unit | unified atomic mass unit | A. eat. | u | =1.49597870691 -27 kg |
| astronomical unit | astronomical unit | A. e. | ua | 10 11 m |
| nautical mile | nautical mile | mile | 1852 m (exactly) | |
| node | knot | bonds | 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s | |
| ar | are | A | a | 10 2 m 2 |
| hectare | hectare | ha | ha | 10 4 m 2 |
| bar | bar | bar | bar | 10 5 Pa |
| angstrom | ångström | Å | Å | 10 -10 m |
| barn | barn | b | b | 10 -28 m 2 |
