DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICS AND GRAPHICS
L.A. Kozlova
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Tutorial
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
"TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITY OF CONTROL SYSTEMS AND RADIO ELECTRONICS"
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICS AND GRAPHICS
L.A. Kozlova
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Tutorial
The textbook is intended for students of all specialties,
studying the course
"Engineering Computer Graphics".
ANNOTATION
The manual contains the theoretical foundations of descriptive geometry and engineering graphics, examples of solving geometric problems and constructing graphic projections. The textbook is intended for all specialists
features of students studying the course " Engineering graphics»
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… 5
1 Fundamentals of descriptive geometry…………………………………………. 7
1.1 Symbolism……………………………………………………….......... 7
1.2 Central projection…………………………………………………….. . 8
1.3 Parallel projection………………………………………… 9
1.4 Rectangular (orthogonal) projection…………………… 10
1.5 Projecting a point……………………………………………………………... 12
1.6 Projecting Lines general position………………………...... 15
1.7 Division of a segment in a given ratio……………………………… 16
1.8 Traces of a straight line………………………………………………………... 16
1.9 Right triangle method…………………………………. 17
1.10 Projection of private lines……………………….. 18
1.11 The relative position of a point and a line……………………………........ 20
1.12 Mutual position of lines………………………………………….. 20
1.13 Determining the visibility of a faceted body…………………………….. 25
1.14 Flatness……………………………………………………………… 25
1.15 A point and a straight line in a plane………………………………………….. 28
1.16 The relative position of a straight line and a plane, planes……………. 34
1.17 Methods for converting a complex drawing…………………… 45
1.17 Polyhedra………………………………………………………50
1.18 Bodies of rotation………………………………………………………. 53
2 Basic rules for drawing up drawings………………………………… 60
2.1 Unified system of design documentation. ESKD standards. 60
2.2 Formats…………………………………………………………………………………60
2.3 Scale………………………………………………………………………………… 61
2.4 Lines………………………………………………………………………………… 63
2.5 Drawing fonts…………………………………………………… 64
2.6 Images on technical drawings……………………………… 66
2.7 Graphic designation of materials in sections………………….. 78
2.8 Applying dimensions……………………………………………………………... 81
2.9 Visual axonometric images……………………….. 92 3 Detailing………………………………………………………………………………… 97
3.1 Contents and scope of work……………………………………………………… 98
3.2 Reading the assembly drawing………………………………………………………. 97
H.3 Example of reading a drawing…………………………………………….. .99
3.4 Parts drawings………………………………………………………. 103
3.5 Selection and application of dimensions……………………………………………………………. 111
3.6 Filling out the title block……………………………………118
3.7 Determining the dimensions of a part from its image using a scale graph……………………………………………………….
4 Connections………………………………………………………………………………… 119
4.1 Threads…………………………………………………………………………………. 120
4.1 Threaded connections…………………………………………………………………… 123
4.2 Calculation of a screw connection………………………………………………………....... 123
Introduction
IN The number of disciplines that form the basis of engineering education includes “Engineering Graphics”.
Engineering graphics is the conventional name of an academic discipline that includes the basics of descriptive geometry and the fundamentals special type technical drawing.
Descriptive geometry is a science that studies the patterns of depicting spatial forms on a plane and solving spatial problems using protection-graphic methods.
Historically, image methods arose in the primitive world.
IN At the beginning of development, a drawing appeared, then a letter - writing. Milestones in the development of graphics: rock painting, the creation of great artists of the era of objection.
However, the formation scientific theory imagery began in the 17th century, when the doctrine of optics arose. In 1636, geometer Girard Disargues gave a coherent theory of images in perspective.
IN the further development of the drawing was played by the French mathematician and engineer Gaspard Monge(1746-1818). The merit of G. Monge is that he summarized the available data on the construction of a flat drawing and created an independent scientific discipline called “Descriptive Geometry” (1798). G. Monge said: descriptive geometry has the following goal: in a drawing that has two dimensions, accurately depict bodies of three dimensions. From this point of view, this geometry should be necessary both for the engineer drawing up the project and for the one who is assigned to work on these projects.
Metric (measuring) geometry, created, as is known, by the works of Euclid, Archimedes and other mathematicians of antiquity, grew out of the needs of land surveying and navigation.
Descriptive geometry received a comprehensive and deep scientific and theoretical justification only after the birth of geometry on the pseudosphere. It was created by the great Russian geometer Lobachevsky (1793-1856).
IN In Russia, descriptive geometry began to be studied in 1810 at the Institute of the Corps of Railway Engineers in St. Petersburg.
Descriptive geometry is a branch of geometry that studies spatial forms by their projections on a plane. Its main elements are:
1. Create an image method
2. Development of methods for solving positional and metric problems using their images.
Descriptive geometry is a link between mathematics, technical drawing and other subjects. Makes it possible to construct geometric shapes on a plane and to represent the shape of a product using a flat image.
When studying a course in descriptive geometry, students, along with mastering theoretical principles, acquire the skills of accurate graphical solution of spatial problems of a metric and positional nature. The ability to find a shorter way to solve a graphical problem forms the general engineering culture of a young specialist.
Studying descriptive geometry allows you to:
1. Learn to make drawings, i.e. study ways of graphically depicting existing and created objects.
3. Acquire skills in solving spatial problems on a projection drawing.
4. Develop spatial and logical thinking.
Engineering graphics is the foundation on which all future projects will be based. technical projects science and technology, and which enables the student, and then the engineer, to carry out design work and study technical literature, rich in drawings.
You can read or draw up drawings only if you know the techniques and rules for drawing them up. One category of rules is based on strictly defined depiction techniques that have the force of methods, the other category is based on numerous, often unrelated conventions adopted when drawing up drawings and stipulated by GOSTs.
GOSTs are state all-Union standards, the complex of which constitutes the Unified System of Design Documents adopted in Russia. The main purpose of ESKD standards is to establish uniform rules for the implementation, execution and circulation of design documentation at all Russian enterprises.
The theoretical basis of drawing is descriptive geometry. The main goal of descriptive geometry is the ability to depict all possible combinations of geometric shapes on a plane, as well as the ability to carry out research and their measurements, allowing for the transformation of images. Images constructed according to the rules of descriptive geometry allow you to mentally imagine the shape of objects and their relative position in space, determine their sizes, and explore the geometric properties inherent in the depicted object. The study of descriptive geometry contributes to the development of spatial imagination, which is necessary for an engineer to deeply understand a technical drawing and to be able to create new technical objects. Without such an understanding of the drawing, no creativity is conceivable. In any field of technology, in the multifaceted engineering activity of man, drawings are the only and indispensable means expression of technical ideas.
Descriptive geometry is one of the disciplines that forms the basis of engineering education.
Thus, the subject “Engineering Graphics” consists of two parts:
1. Considerations of the basics of projecting geometric images in the course of descriptive geometry and
2. Studying the laws and rules for making drawings in a technical drawing course.
1. BASICS OF DESCRIPTION GEOMETRY
1.1 Symbolism
match | tangents |
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belong, are e- |
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perpendicular | crossing |
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congruent | intersection of many |
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parallel | |||||||||
are displayed | right angle |
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negation of sign | includes, contains |
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A, B, C, D... - points | Planes |
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Point projections | Traces of planes |
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The basis of descriptive geometry is the method of projections.
The rules for constructing images set out in descriptive geometry are based on the method of projections. Any regular image of objects on a plane (for example, a sheet of paper, a monitor tap) is a projection of it onto this plane.
We call a correct image constructed in accordance with the laws of geometric optics that apply in the real world. Thus, projections are: technical drawing, photograph, technical drawing, shadow falling from an object, image on the retina, etc. There are images made in deviation from these laws. Such, for example, are drawings primitive people, children's drawings, paintings by artists of various non-realistic movements, etc. Such images are not projections and geometric research methods cannot be applied to them.
The Latin base of the word projection means "throwing forward."
Descriptive geometry considers several types of projection. The main ones are central and parallel projection.
1.2 Center projection
To obtain central projections, it is necessary to specify the projection plane H and the projection center S.
The center of the projections acts as a point light source, emitting projection rays. The points of intersection of the projecting rays with the projection plane H are called projections (Fig. 1.1). Projections do not work when the center of projection lies in a given plane or the projection rays are parallel to the plane of projections.
Center projection properties:
1. Each point in space is projected onto a given projection plane into a single projection.
2. At the same time, each point on the projection plane can be a projection of many points if they are on the same projection ray
3. A straight line that does not pass through the center of projection is projected as a straight line (the projecting straight line is a point).
4. A flat (two-dimensional) figure that does not belong to the projecting plane is projected as a two-dimensional figure (figures belonging to the projecting plane are projected along with it as a straight line).
5. A three-dimensional figure appears two-dimensional.
The eye and camera are examples of this image system. One central projection of a point does not make it possible to judge the position of the Point itself in space, and therefore in technical drawing this projection
almost never used. To determine the position of a point using this method, it is necessary to have two central projections of it, obtained from two different centers (Fig. 1.2). Central projections are used to depict objects in perspective. Images in central projections are visual, but inconvenient for technical drawing.
1.3 Parallel projection
Parallel projection – special case central projection, when the center of projection is moved to an improper point, i.e. to infinity. With this position of the center of projections, all projecting lines will be parallel to each other (Fig. 1.3). Due to the parallelism of the projecting lines, the method under consideration is called parallel, and the projections obtained using it are called parallel projections. The parallel projection apparatus is completely determined by the position of the projection plane (H) and the projection direction.
Parallel projection properties:
1. With parallel projection, all the properties of the central projection are preserved, and new ones arise:
2. To determine the position of a point in space, it is necessary to have two parallel projections of it, obtained with two different projection directions (Fig. 1.4).
3. Parallel projections of mutually parallel lines are parallel, and the ratio of the lengths of segments of such lines is equal to the ratio of the lengths of their projections.
4. If the length of a straight segment is divided by a point in in any relation, then the length of the projection of the segment is divided by the projection of this point in the same relation (Figure 1.15).
5. A flat figure parallel to the plane of projections is projected by parallel projection onto this plane into the same figure.
Parallel projection, like central projection, with one projection center, also does not ensure the reversibility of the drawing.
Using the techniques of parallel projection of a point and a line, you can build parallel projections of a surface and a body.
Topic 1. General informationThe main element in solving graphic problems in engineering graphics isdrawing .
Below the drawing imply a graphic representation of objects or their parts. Drawings are carried out in strict accordance with the rules of projection in compliance with established requirements and conventions. Moreover, the rules for depicting objects or them constituent elements in the drawings remain the same in all sectors of industry and construction.
The image of an object in the drawing must be such that it can be used to establish its shape as a whole, the shape of its individual surfaces, the combination and relative position of its individual surfaces. In other words, the image of an object must give a complete picture of its shape, structure, dimensions, as well as the material from which the object is made, and in some cases include information about the methods of manufacturing the object. A characteristic of the size of the object in the drawing and its parts is their dimensions, which are plotted on the drawing. Objects in drawings are usually depicted on a given scale.
Images of objects on the drawing must be placed so that its field is evenly filled. The number of images in the drawing must be sufficient to obtain a complete and unambiguous idea of it. At the same time, the drawing should contain only the required number of images, it should be minimal, that is, the drawing should be concise and contain a minimum amount of graphic images and text sufficient for free reading of the drawing, as well as its production and control.
Fig 1.1.1
The visible contours of objects and their edges in the drawings are made with a solid thick main line. The necessary invisible parts of the object are made using dashed lines. If the depicted object has constant or naturally changing cross sections, is carried out on the required scale and does not fit into the field of a drawing of a given format; it can be shown with gaps.
The rules for constructing images on drawings and designing drawings are given and regulated by a set of standards of the “Unified System of Design Documentation” (ESKD).
The image in the drawings can be made different ways. For example, using rectangular (orthogonal) projection, axonometric projections, linear perspective. When making mechanical engineering drawings in engineering graphics, the drawings are made using the rectangular projection method. The rules for depicting objects, in this case products, structures or corresponding components, in drawings are established by GOST 2.305-68.
When constructing images of objects using the rectangular projection method, the object is placed between the observer and the corresponding projection plane. The main projection planes are taken to be the six faces of the cube, inside of which the depicted object is located (Fig. 1.1.1, a). Faces 1, 2 and 3 correspond to the frontal, horizontal and profile planes of projections. The faces of the cube with the images obtained on them are combined with the plane of the drawing (Fig. 1.1.1, b). In this case, face 6 can be placed next to face 4.
The image on the frontal plane of projections (on face 1) is considered the main one. The object is positioned relative to the frontal plane of projections so that the image gives the most complete idea of the shape and size of the object and carries the most information about it. This image is called the main one. Depending on their content, images of objects are divided into types, sections, sections.
Topic 2. Constructing views in a drawing
The image of the visible part of the surface of an object facing the observer is called the view.
According to the content and nature of implementation, types are divided into basic, additional and local.
GOST 2.305-68 establishes the following name for the main views obtained on the main projection planes (see Fig. 1.1.1):
1 - front view (main view); 2 - top view; 3 - left view; 4 - right view; 5 - bottom view; 6 - rear view. In practice, three types are more widely used: front view, top view and left view.
The main views are usually located in a projection relationship with each other. In this case, there is no need to write the name of the types on the drawing.
If any view is displaced relative to the main image, its projection connection with the main view is broken, then an inscription of type “A” is made above this view (Fig. 1.2.1).
Fig 1.2.1
Fig 1.2.2
Fig 1.2.3
The direction of view should be indicated by an arrow, indicated by the same capital letter of the Russian alphabet as in the inscription above the view. The ratio of the sizes of the arrows indicating the direction of view should correspond to those shown in Fig. 1.2.2.
If the views are in projection connection with each other, but are separated by any images or are not located on the same sheet, then an “A” type inscription is also made above them. Additional view is obtained by projecting an object or part of it onto an additional projection plane that is not parallel to the main planes (Fig. 1.2.3). Such an image must be performed in the case when any part of the object is not depicted without distorting the shape or size on the main projection planes.
In this case, the additional projection plane can be located perpendicular to one of the main projection planes.
When an additional view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding main view, it does not need to be designated (Fig. 1.2.3, a). In other cases, the additional view must be marked on the drawing with an inscription of type “A” (Fig. 1.2.3, b),
Fig 1.2.4
and the image associated with the additional view must have an arrow indicating the direction of view, with the corresponding letter designation.
The additional view can be rotated while maintaining the position taken for of this subject in the main image. In this case, you need to add a sign to the inscription (Fig. 1.2.3, c).
A local view is an image of a separate, limited area of the surface of an object (Fig. 1.2.4).
If a local view is located in direct projection connection with the corresponding images, then it is not designated. In other cases, local species are designated similarly to additional species; the local species may be limited by the cliff line (“B” in Fig. 1.2.4).
Topic 3. Construction of the third type of object based on two data
First of all, you need to find out the shape of individual parts of the surface of the depicted object. To do this, both given images must be viewed simultaneously. It is useful to keep in mind which surfaces correspond to the most common images: triangle, quadrilateral, circle, hexagon, etc.
In the top view, in the shape of a triangle, the following can be depicted (Fig. 1.3.1, a): triangular prism 1, triangular 2 and quadrangular 3 pyramids, cone of rotation 4.
Fig 1.3.1
An image in the form of a quadrangle (square) can be seen in the top view (Fig. 1.3.1, b): a cylinder of rotation 6, a triangular prism 8, quadrangular prisms 7 and 10, as well as other objects limited by planes or cylindrical surfaces 9.
The shape of a circle can be in the top view (Fig. 1.3.1, c): ball 11, cone 12 and cylinder 13 of rotation, other surfaces of rotation 14.
Top view of the form regular hexagon has a regular hexagonal prism (Fig. 1.3.1, d), limiting the surfaces of nuts, bolts and other parts.
Having determined the shape of individual parts of the surface of an object, you need to mentally imagine their image on the left and the entire object as a whole.
To construct the third type, it is necessary to determine which lines of the drawing should be taken as the basic ones for reporting the dimensions of the image of the object. As such lines, axial lines are usually used (projections of the planes of symmetry of an object and projections of the planes of the bases of an object). Let's analyze the construction of the left view using an example (Fig. 1.3.2): using the data from the main view and the top view, construct a left view of the depicted object.
By comparing both images, we establish that the surface of the object includes the surfaces of: regular hexagonal 1 and quadrangular 2 prisms, two cylinders 3 and 4 of rotation and a truncated cone 5 of rotation. The object has a frontal plane of symmetry Ф, which is convenient to take as the basis for reporting the dimensions along the width of individual parts of the object when constructing its left view. The heights of individual sections of an object are measured from the lower base of the object and are controlled by horizontal communication lines.
Fig 1.3.2
Fig 1.3.3
The shape of many objects is complicated by various cuts, cuts, and intersections of surface components. Then you first need to determine the shape of the intersection lines, and you need to build them at individual points, entering designations for the projections of points, which after completing the construction can be removed from the drawing.
In Fig. 1.3.3 shows a left view of an object, the surface of which is formed by the surface of a vertical cylinder of rotation, with a T-shaped cutout in its upper part and a cylindrical hole with a frontally projecting surface. As reference planes the plane of the lower base and the frontal plane of symmetry F are taken. The image of the L-shaped cutout in the view on the left is constructed using the cutout contour points A B, C, D and E, and the line of intersection of the cylindrical surfaces - using the points K, L, M and their symmetrical . When constructing the third type, the symmetry of the object relative to the plane F was taken into account.
Topic 4. Making cuts in the drawing
The image of an object mentally dissected by one or more planes is called a cut. Mental dissection of an object relates only to this cut and does not entail changes in other images of the same object. The section shows what is obtained in the secant plane and what is located behind it.
Sections are used to depict the internal surfaces of an object in order to avoid a large number of dashed lines, which can overlap each other if the internal structure of the object is complex and make the drawing difficult to read.
To make a cut you need to: in the right place mentally draw a cutting plane of the object (Fig. 1.4.1, a); mentally discard part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane (Fig. 1.4.1, b), project the remaining part of the object onto the corresponding projection plane, make the image either in place of the corresponding type, or in the free field of the drawing (Fig. 1.4.1 , V); shade a flat figure lying in a secant plane; if necessary, give a designation of the section.
Depending on the number of cutting planes, cuts are divided into simple - with one cutting plane, complex - with several cutting planes.
Fig 1.4.1
Depending on the position of the cutting plane relative to the horizontal projection plane, the sections are divided into:
horizontal - the cutting plane is parallel to the horizontal plane of projections;
vertical - the cutting plane is perpendicular to the horizontal plane of projections;
inclined - the secant plane makes an angle with the horizontal plane of projections that is different from a right angle.
A vertical section is called frontal if the cutting plane is parallel to the frontal plane of projections, and profile if the cutting plane is parallel to the profile plane of projections.
Complex cuts can be stepped if the cutting planes are parallel to each other, and broken if the cutting planes intersect with each other.
The cuts are called longitudinal if the cutting planes are directed along the length or height of the object, or transverse if the cutting planes are directed perpendicular to the length or height of the object.
Local incisions are used to identify internal structure item in a separate limited place. The local section is highlighted in the view by a solid wavy thin line.
The rules provide for the designation of cuts.
Fig 1.4.2
Fig 1.4.3
The position of the cutting plane is indicated by an open section line. The starting and ending strokes of the section line should not intersect the contour of the corresponding image. Arrows should be placed on the initial and final strokes indicating the direction of view (Fig. 1.4.2). Arrows should be applied at a distance of 2...3 mm from the outer end of the stroke. In case of a complex section, strokes of an open section line are also drawn at the bends of the section line.
Near the arrows indicating the direction of view from outside the angle formed by the arrow and the stroke of the section line, capital letters of the Russian alphabet are written on a horizontal line (Fig. 1.4.2). Letter designations are assigned in alphabetical order without repetitions and without omissions, with the exception of the letters I, O, X, Ъ, ы, ь.
The cut itself must be marked with an inscription like “A - A” (always two letters, separated by a dash).
If the secant plane coincides with the plane of symmetry of the object, and the section is made in place of the corresponding view in the projection connection and is not divided by any other image, then for horizontal, vertical and profile sections it is not necessary to mark the position of the secant plane and the section does not need to be accompanied by an inscription. In Fig. 1.4.1 the frontal section is not marked.
Simple oblique cuts and complex cuts are always designated.
Let's look at typical examples of constructing and designating sections in drawings.
In Fig. 1.4.3 a horizontal section “A - A” was made in place of the top view. A plane figure lying in a secant plane - figure sections are shaded, and visible surfaces,
Fig 1.4.4
Fig 1.4.5
located under the cutting plane, are limited by contour lines and are not shaded.
In Fig. 1.4.4 a profile section is made in place of the view on the left in projection connection with the main view. The cutting plane is a profile plane of symmetry of the object, so the cut is not indicated.
In Fig. 1.4.5 a vertical section “A - A” is made, obtained by a cutting plane that is not parallel to either the frontal or profile projection planes. Such sections can be built in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows (Fig. 1.4.5), or placed in any convenient place in the drawing, as well as rotated to the position corresponding to the one accepted for this item in the main image. In this case, the sign O is added to the cut designation.
The oblique section is made in Fig. 1.4.6.
Fig 1.4.6
It can be drawn in a projection connection in accordance with the direction indicated by the arrows (Fig. 1.4.6, a), or placed anywhere in the drawing (Fig. 1.4.6, b).
In the same figure, in the main view, a local section is made showing through cylindrical holes at the base of the part.
Fig 1.4.7
Fig 1.4.8
In Fig. 1.4.7, in place of the main view, a complex frontal stepped section is drawn, made by three frontal parallel planes. When making a step cut, all parallel cutting planes are mentally combined into one, i.e., a complex cut is designed as a simple one. On a complex section, the transition from one cutting plane to another is not reflected.
When constructing broken sections (Fig. 1.4.8), one secant plane is placed parallel to any main projection plane, and the second secant plane is rotated until it aligns with the first.
Fig 1.4.9
Fig 1.4.10
Together with the secant plane, the section figure located in it is rotated and the cut is made in the rotated position of the section figure.
The connection of part of the view with part of the section in one image of the object according to GOST 2.305-68 is allowed. In this case, the boundary between the view and the section is a solid wavy line or a thin line with a break (Fig. 1.4.9).
If half of the view and half of the section are connected, each of which is a symmetrical figure, then the line dividing them is the axis of symmetry. In Fig. 1.4.10 there are four images of the part, and on each of them half of the view is connected with half of the corresponding section. In the main view and the left view, the section is placed to the right of the vertical axis of symmetry, and in the top and bottom views - to the right of the vertical or below the horizontal axis of symmetry.
Fig 1.4.11
Fig 1.4.12
If the contour line of an object coincides with the axis of symmetry (Fig. 1.4.11), then the boundary between the view and the section is indicated by a wavy line, which is drawn so as to preserve the image of the edge.
Hatching of a sectional figure included in the section must be carried out in accordance with GOST 2.306-68. Non-ferrous, ferrous metals and their alloys are indicated in cross-section by hatching with solid thin lines of thickness from S/3 to S/2, which are drawn parallel to each other at an angle of 45° to the lines of the drawing frame (Fig. 1.4.12, a). Hatch lines can be drawn slanted to the left or to the right, but in the same direction on all images of the same part. If the hatch lines are drawn at an angle of 45° to the lines of the drawing frame, then the hatch lines can be placed at an angle of 30° or 60° (Fig. 1.4.12, b). The distance between parallel hatching lines is chosen in the range from 1 to 10 mm, depending on the hatching area and the need to diversify the hatching.
Non-metallic materials (plastics, rubber, etc.) are indicated by shading with intersecting mutually perpendicular lines (checkered shading), inclined at an angle of 45° to the frame lines (Fig. 1.4.12, c).
Let's look at an example. Having completed the frontal section, we will connect half of the profile section with half of the left view of the object specified in Fig. 1.4.13, a.
Analyzing this image of the object, we come to the conclusion that the object is a cylinder with two through prismatic horizontal and two vertical internal holes,
Fig 1.4.13
of which one has the surface of a regular hexagonal prism, and the second has a cylindrical surface. The lower prismatic hole intersects the surface of the outer and inner cylinder, and the upper tetrahedral prismatic hole intersects the outer surface of the cylinder and inner surface hexagonal prismatic hole.
The frontal section of an object (Fig. 1.4.13, b) is made by the frontal plane of symmetry of the object and is drawn in place of the main view, and the profile section is made by the profile plane of symmetry of the object, so neither one nor the other needs to be designated. The left view and the profile section are symmetrical figures; their halves could be delimited by an axis of symmetry, if not for the image of the edge of the hexagonal hole coinciding with the axial line. Therefore, we separate the part of the view to the left of the profile section with a wavy line, depicting most of the section.
Topic 5. Making sections in the drawing
The image of a figure obtained by mental dissection by one or more planes, provided that only what is included in the cutting plane is shown in the drawing, is called a section. A section differs from a section in that it depicts only what directly falls into the cutting plane (Fig. 1.5.1, a). A section, like a cut, is a conventional image, since the cross-sectional figure does not exist separately from the object: it is mentally torn off and depicted on the free field of the drawing. Sections are part of the section and exist as independent images.
Sections that are not part of the section are divided into extended (Fig. 1.5.1, b) and superimposed (Fig. 1.5.2, a). Preference should be given to extended sections, which can be placed in the section between parts of the same image (Fig. 1.5.2, b).
According to the shape of the sections, they are divided into symmetrical (Fig. 1.5.2, a, b) and asymmetrical (Fig. 1.5.1, b).
Fig 1.5.1
Fig 1.5.2
Fig 1.5.3
Fig 1.5.4
The contour of the extended section is drawn with solid main lines, and the superimposed one with solid thin lines, and the contour of the main image at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted.
The designation of sections in the general case is similar to the designation of sections, i.e. the position of the cutting plane is displayed by section lines on which arrows are drawn, giving the direction of view and denoted by the same capital letters of the Russian alphabet. In this case, an inscription of the type “A - A” is made above the section (see Fig. 1.5.2, b).
For asymmetrical superimposed sections or those made in a gap in the main image, a section line with arrows is drawn, but not marked with letters (Fig. 1.5.3, a, b). Superimposed symmetrical section (see Fig. 1.5.2, a), symmetrical section made in the break of the main image (see Fig. 1.5.2, b), extended symmetrical section made along the trace of the cutting plane (see Fig. 1.5 .1, a), are drawn up without drawing a section line.
Fig 1.5.5
If the secant plane passes through the axis of the surface of rotation that bounds the hole or recess, then the contour of the hole or recess is drawn completely (Fig. 1.5.4, a).
If the cutting plane passes through a through non-circular hole and the section turns out to consist of separate independent parts, then cuts should be used (Fig. 1.5.4, b).
Oblique sections are obtained from the intersection of an object with an inclined plane that makes an angle different from a straight line with the horizontal plane of projections. In the drawing, inclined sections are made according to the type of extended sections. An inclined section of an object must be constructed as a set of inclined sections of its constituent geometric bodies. The construction of inclined sections is based on the method of replacing projection planes.
When drawing an inclined section, you need to determine which surfaces bounding the object are cut by the cutting plane, and which lines are obtained from the intersection of these surfaces with this cutting plane. In Fig. 1.5.5 an inclined section “A - A” was constructed. The cutting plane intersects the base of the object along a trapezoid, the inner and outer cylindrical surfaces - along ellipses, the centers of which lie on the main vertical axis of the object. Reading the shape of an inclined section is made easier by plotting the horizontal projection of the inclined section as an overlay section.
Topic 7. Conventions and simplifications when depicting an object
When making various images of an object, GOST 2.305-68 recommends using some conventions and simplifications, which, while maintaining clarity and clarity of the image, reduce the volume graphic works.
If the view, section or section are symmetrical figures, then you can draw only half of the image or slightly more than half of the image, limiting it with a wavy line (Fig. 1.7.1).
It is allowed to simplify the depiction of cut lines and transition lines; instead of pattern curves, draw circular arcs and straight lines (Fig. 1.7.2, a), and show a smooth transition from one surface to another conditionally (Fig. 1.7.2, b) or not show it at all (Fig. 1.7.2, c ).
Elements such as spokes, thin walls, stiffeners are shown unshaded in section if the cutting plane is directed along the axis or long side of such an element (Fig. 1.7.4). If there is a hole or recess in such elements, then a local incision is made (Fig. 1.7.5, a).
Holes located on the round flange and not falling into the secant plane are shown in section as if they were in the secant plane (Fig. 1.7.5, b).
Fig 1.7.4
Fig 1.7.5
To reduce the number of images, it is allowed to depict the part of the object located between the observer and the cutting plane with a thick dash-dotted line (Fig. 1.7.6). The rules for depicting objects are set out in more detail in GOST 2.305-68.
Fig 1.7.6
Topic 8. Constructing a visual image of an object
To construct a visual image of an object, we will use axonometric projections. It can be done according to its complex drawing. Using, fig. 1.3.3, let’s construct a standard rectangular isometry of the object depicted on it. Let's use the given distortion coefficients. Let us accept the location of the origin of coordinates (point O) - in the center of the lower base of the object (Fig. 1.8.1). Having drawn the isometric axes and set the image scale (MA 1.22:1), we mark the centers of the circles of the upper and lower bases of the cylinder, as well as the circles limiting the T-shaped cutout. We draw ellipses that are isometry of circles. Then we draw lines parallel to the coordinate axes that limit the cutout in the cylinder. Isometry of the line of intersection of a through cylindrical hole,
Fig 1.8.1
Fig 1.8.2
the axis of which is parallel to the Oy axis with the surface of the main cylinder, we build by individual points, using the same points (K, L, M and symmetrical to them) as when constructing the view on the left. Then we remove the auxiliary lines and finally outline the image, taking into account the visibility of individual parts of the object.
To construct an axonometric image of an object, taking into account the section, we will use the conditions of the problem, the solution of which is shown in Fig. 1.4.13, a. In a given drawing, to construct a visual image, we mark the position of the projections of the coordinate axes and on soy Oz we mark the centers 1,2,..., 7 of the object figures located in the horizontal planes G1", T"2, ..., G7", this is the top and the lower base of the object, the base of the internal holes. To convey the internal shapes of the object, we will cut out 1/4 of the object with coordinate planes xOz and yOz.
Fig 1.8.3
The flat figures obtained in this case are already constructed on a complex drawing, since they are halves of a frontal and profile section of objects (Fig. 1.4.13, b).
We begin constructing a visual image by drawing the dimetric axes and indicating the scale MA 1.06: 1. On the z axis we mark the position of centers 1, 2,..., 7 (Fig. 1.8.2, a); We take the distances between them from the main type of object. We draw the dimetric axes through the marked points. Then we construct cross-sectional figures in dimetry, first in the xOz plane, and then in the yOz plane. We take the dimensions of the coordinate segments from the complex drawing (Fig. 1.4.13); At the same time, we reduce the dimensions along the y-axis by half. We hatch the sections. The angle of inclination of the hatching lines in axonometry is determined by the diagonals of parallelograms constructed on the axonometric axes, taking into account the distortion coefficients. In Fig. 1.8.3, a shows an example of choosing the direction of hatching in isometry, and in Fig. 1.8.3, b - in dimetry. Next, we construct ellipses - the dimetry of circles located in horizontal planes (see Fig. 1.8.2, b). We draw contour lines of the outer cylinder, internal vertical holes, and build the base of these holes (Fig. 1.8.2, c); draw out visible lines intersections of horizontal holes with external and internal surfaces.
Then we remove the auxiliary construction lines, check the correctness of the drawing and outline the drawing with lines of the required thickness (Fig. 1.8.2, d).
INTRODUCTION 6
^ SECTION 1. DESIGN OF DRAWINGS 6
1.1. Types of products and their structure 6
1.2. Types and completeness of design documents 7
1.3. Stages of development of design documentation 9
1.4. Title blocks 10
1.5. Formats 11
1.6. Scale 11
1.7. Drawing lines 12
1.8. Drawing fonts 13
1.9. Hatching 14
^ SECTION 2. IMAGES 15
2.1. Types 15
2.2. Sections 17
2.3. Designation of sections 18
2.4. Making sections 19
2.5. Cuts 19
2.6. Designation of simple cuts 21
2.7. Making simple cuts 21
2.8. Making difficult cuts 21
^ SECTION 3. CONVENTIONAL GRAPHIC IMAGES IN THE DRAWINGS 23
3.1. Conventions and simplifications when making images 23
3.2. Choice required quantity 24 images
3.3. Arrangement of images on the drawing field 25
3.4. Image on the drawing of intersection and transition lines 26
3.5. Constructing intersection and transition lines 27
^ SECTION 4. DIMENSIONING 28
4.1. Main types machining parts 28
4.2. Brief information about bases in mechanical engineering 29
4.3. Dimensioning system 29
4.4. Dimensioning methods 31
4.5. Shaft drawing 31
4.6. Structural elements parts 32
4.7. Threaded grooves 35
4.8. Foundry bases, machining bases 36
4.9. Dimensions on casting drawings 37
^ SECTION 5. AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS 37
5.1. Types of axonometric projections 37
5.2. Axonometric projections of flat figures 41
5.3. Axonometric projections of 3-dimensional bodies 44
^ SECTION 6. THREADS, THREADED PRODUCTS AND CONNECTIONS 47
6.1. Geometric shape and basic thread parameters 47
6.2. Thread assignments and standards 50
6.3. Thread image 51
6.4. Thread designation 53
6.5. Image of threaded products and connections 54
6.6. Designation of standard threaded products 60
^ SECTION 7. DETACHABLE CONNECTIONS 62
7.1. Fixed connectors 62
7.2. Bolt connection 62
7.3. Pin connection 63
7.4. Screw connection 64
7.5. Pipe connection 65
7.6. Movable detachable joints 65
7.7. Key connections 66
7.8. Spline connections 66
^ SECTION 8. PERMANENT CONNECTIONS, GEARS 67
8.1. Illustrations and symbols of welds 67
8.2. Gear and worm gears 69
8.3. Conditional images gear wheels 73
8.4. Spur Gear Drawing 74
^ SECTION 9. SURFACE ROUGHNESS 75
9.1. Standardization of surface roughness 75
9.2. Surface roughness parameters 76
9.3. Selecting surface roughness parameters 77
9.4. Example of roughness standardization 77
9.5. Signs for indicating roughness 79
9.6. Rules for designating roughness 80
^ SECTION 10. SKETCHES 84
10.1. Sketch of the detail. Sketch requirements 84
10.2. Sequence of sketches 85
10.3. General requirements for a flat size 87
10.4. Techniques for measuring parts 88
10.5. Surface roughness and its designation 89
10.6. Materials in mechanical engineering 92
^ SECTION 11. ASSEMBLY DRAWING 101
11.1. Definition of assembly drawing 101
11.2. Requirements for assembly drawing 102
11.3. Sequence of assembly drawing 102
11.4. Applying item numbers 104
11.5. Assembly drawing specification 105
11.6. Conventions and simplifications in assembly drawings 107
^ SECTION 12. DETAILING DRAWINGS 108
12.1. Reading a general arrangement drawing 108
12.2. Making detail drawings 109
12.3. Reading the drawing “Pressure valve” 110
12.4. Sequence of execution of the body drawing 112
Descriptive geometry, drafting and drawing were introduced into the training course of the Moscow Craft educational institution from the beginning of its foundation. Drawing and drafting were once included in the entrance examination program.
In the preparatory level, geometry, drawing and drafting were included in the theoretical part of the curriculum. From the preparatory category, students were transferred to the first class of the master category, where the study of subjects of the preparatory category continued. In the third master class, drawing was carried out in relation to a steam engine.
During 1840-1843 The theoretical training of students is strengthened. At the RTU (vocational technical school), the curriculum of the six-year course included both descriptive geometry and “drawing and sketching of machines, decorations, patterns and colors, both from the original and from life.” According to the new educational charter, the educational institution had the goal of “educating not only good practical artisans of various kinds, but also skilled craftsmen with theoretical knowledge.”
By the 50s of the 19th century, a radical transformation of the educational institution began, in which the mechanical engineering direction received the greatest development. Since 1855, compulsory study of drawing and drawing was introduced, and since 1861 - geometry and mechanics.
During 1857-58, among other laboratories, a drawing workshop (design bureau) and a model workshop, equipped with models of various machines and instruments, were organized. The drawing workshop was headed by the learned master D.K. Sovetkin, who acted as the author of the “Russian method of teaching crafts” in 1876, when the Moscow Technical School was invited to participate in the World Exhibition in Philadelphia.
In 1868, the Vocational Technical School was transformed into the Imperial Moscow Technical School, in which considerable attention was paid to graphic disciplines. The library was replenished with new books, teaching aids and models for practical classes. The curriculum included lectures and practical classes in descriptive geometry (at the same time, descriptive geometry was assigned to the department of mathematics), drawing and drawing. Graphic work on applied mechanics was carried out. Drawing and explanatory excursions and shooting sketches were conducted in the drawing and modeling room. The volume of graphic work performed by students was quite large. So, in 1891 it amounted to a total of 42 sheets of A1 format. The quality of the work performed was also high. The Diploma received by the School from the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of 1882 in Moscow stated:
"After discussing the merits of the products presented at the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of 1882, the Main Committee of Experts ... recognized the IMTU workshops as worthy of a 1st category diploma corresponding to a gold medal for the impeccable and precise execution of steam engines, machines - tools and various other mechanical devices , serving as a successful tool for technical education."
Samples of student works that are now carefully stored in the University Museum are the simplest (according to the image geometric shapes), and complex (for example, “Situation plan of a glass factory”), amaze with their high technology and elegance of execution, fully deserving the definition of “engineering art”.
The level of teaching staff was also high. Thus, for some time a course in descriptive geometry was taught by A. S. Ershov, who was the director of the Moscow Craft Educational Institution from 1859 to 1867. Long years lectures and practical classes on descriptive geometry were conducted by I. E. Mikhalevsky. Drawing and drawing were carried out by titular councilor I. N. Bazhenov, court councilor P. A. Andreev, mechanical engineer N. V. Ronzhin, state councilor K. F. Turchaninov, court councilor A. Kh. Hans and others.
After 1917, IMTU was renamed MVTU - Moscow Higher Technical School. One of the organizational transformations was the separation of the Department of Descriptive Geometry and Drawing into an independent structure, the responsible head of which was M. A. Sementsov-Ogievsky.
Coat of arms of the department RK1
Over the more than one and a half century history of its existence, the department, like the Moscow Higher Technical School, changed its name: “Drawing and Descriptive Geometry”, “Descriptive Geometry and Mechanical Engineering Drawing”, “Graphics”, and since 1982 it has been called “Engineering Graphics”.
The Department of Engineering Graphics at MSTU is one of the largest departments, in terms of the number of teachers working in it, among related departments in Russia. The department is an organic part of the scientific schools of MSTU, however, the main role of the department is educational and methodological.
Students from all faculties pass through the Department of Engineering Graphics, mastering the theory and practice of the language of graphics, a professionally oriented language of engineering creativity.
IN educational plans The department currently includes a block of disciplines:
descriptive geometry (lectures and practical classes),
engineering graphics (practical classes),
computer graphics (laboratory work).
A course in descriptive geometry, based on geometric thinking, not only provides knowledge of the rules for making graphic images, but also develops spatial imagination, which is so necessary for a modern development engineer and researcher.
Deep traditions educational and methodological work, serious attitude The country's leading experts in the field of descriptive geometry and drawing were involved in graphic training of students, and they took an active part in the educational process of the department. At different times, prominent scientists worked at the department - professors V. N. Obraztsov, V. O. Gordon, M. A. Sementsov-Ogievsky, E. A. Glazunov, I. G. Popov, B. A. Ivanov, S. M. Kulikov, M. V. Nosov, N. V. Vorobyov and others.
From 1932 to 1973 the department was headed by prof. Christopher Artemyevich Arustamov. Its main direction pedagogical activity was to improve methods of teaching descriptive geometry, mechanical engineering drawing and technical drawing. Arustamov H.A. provided assistance to enterprises and research institutes in solving engineering problems using descriptive geometry methods, and took an active part in the development of the Unified System of Design Documentation (ESKD). For fruitful work awarded the order Labor Red Banner and medals. A galaxy of brilliant teachers and methodologists worked under his leadership: T. E. Solntseva, Yu. E. Sharikyan, I. Ya. Ter-Markaryan, M. Ya. Lomakin, A. A. Ryabinin, A. S. Michurin, T. A. Sumskaya, T. A. Mazhorova, O.D. Kuznetsova, E. P. Kamzolov, A. P. Lubenets, L. M. Kudryavtseva, V. E. Grigoriev, V.P. Kharchenko, G. G. Gavrilova, E. A. Mizernyuk and others, from whom many generations of students studied, as well as current teachers of the department.
Since the founding of the university, drawing and drawing were considered very important subjects, and they were taught by highly qualified teachers. The section of technical drawing was strong, the teachers of which were mainly graduates of the art department of the Pedagogical Institute: M. B. Strizhenov, E. L. Vodzinsky, M. P. Spatarel, O. I. Savosin, T. A. Sindeeva, E. G. Strakhova, N. A. Dobrovolskaya.
From 1973 to 1989 The department was headed by prof. Sergey Arkadyevich Frolov. Under his leadership, many graduate students and applicants completed their scientific work and defended their candidate and doctoral dissertations. His doctoral dissertation on the automation of processes for graphically solving engineering problems on a computer opened a new page in the direction of the department’s work. In parallel with the filling of computer classes new technology Through the efforts of an initiative group of teachers of the department, methods for teaching the new discipline “Computer Graphics” were developed. Methodological manuals were created, training and internships were conducted in this direction for the entire staff of the department.
From 1990 – 2006 The department was headed by candidate of technical sciences, associate professor Vyacheslav Ivanovich Lobachev, a well-known specialist in the field of designing robotic systems, who for a long time headed the Scientific and Educational Complex "Robotics and Automation" (NUK RK).
From 2006 – 2010 The department was headed by candidate of technical sciences, associate professor Vladimir Nikolaevich Guznenkov. Under his leadership, a computer graphics course “Building models and creating drawings in the Autodesk Inventor system” was created. Work was carried out to create a course of lectures using computer technologies aimed at updating educational and methodological material.
From 2010 - 2013 The department is headed by the laureate of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of education, candidate of technical sciences, associate professor Valery Osipovich Moskalenko.
From 2013 to the present, the department is headed by a Member of the Academic Council of the Scientific and Educational Complex “Robotics and Integrated Automation” of MSTU. N.E. Bauman, Ph.D., Associate Professor Seregin Vyacheslav Ivanovich.
An indispensable requirement of engineering education is the ability of a future specialist to present his idea in the form of a drawing. But a drawing is the last stage of design work, and it is born in the human mind new idea, which arose unexpectedly, requires immediate graphical fixation. In this case, the simplest, most convenient and fastest way to capture creative thoughts is a technical drawing. The outstanding aircraft designer A. S. Yakovlev wrote: “The ability to draw helped me a lot in my future work. After all, when a design engineer conceives a machine, he must mentally imagine his creation in all details and be able to depict it with a pencil on paper.” This process can be represented as the following diagram:
A visual, quick and simple way of graphic representation - drawing, activates the creative mind of the designer and gives her freedom in the process of working on the product. Sometimes only through a large number of sketches does a designer come to translate his ideal into a real image. At the current level of development of computer graphics, the importance of drawing has increased, because It is often enough for a designer to make a three-dimensional sketch for the machine to begin developing variant drawings of his creation.
Technical drawing is not only a quick and informative way of graphic representation, but also a tool for developing imaginative thinking in students, a unique way of understanding reality, and also the basis for further design education of future specialists.
Samples of student work:
"From a sketch of a solar-powered car to its computer modeling"
"Sketch of the Lunar Rover"
In 1966-67. Leading teachers of the department - M. Ya. Lomakin, A. S. Michurin and others took part in the revision and preparation of new standards establishing the rules for the execution of mechanical engineering drawings. In 1968, a package of such standards (GOSTs) was introduced throughout the country.
The department becomes one of the leading, among similar departments, in technical universities in the country.
Since 1967, a faculty of advanced training has been opened on the basis of the department. From 1967 to 2010, more than 3,500 teachers from related departments underwent retraining at the department.
A group of university teachers across the country undergoing advanced training (photo from 2009)
Another important direction in the activities of the department. In 1934, Moscow Mechanical Engineering Institute named after. Bauman (currently Moscow State Technical University them. N.E. Bauman) was the first in Russia and in the world to begin training the hearing impaired in higher education programs. vocational education, admitting hearing-impaired students to the first year in general groups.
In 1994, under the auspices of the Ministry of Education of Russia, the Main Educational, Research and Methodological Center for Professional Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities (Hearing Disabled) (GUIMC) was created at MSTU. The department of RK-1 works closely and fruitfully with the center in this direction.
Since engineering graphics is one of the basic academic disciplines fundamental engineering education, its mastery is especially important for students with hearing disabilities from the point of view of their professional, social, personal rehabilitation, subsequent successful competitiveness in the intellectual labor market and professional mobility.
For barrier-free perception and successful mastery of the course, teachers of the Department of Engineering Graphics created special pedagogical conditions and a specialized educational and rehabilitation complex was developed, using modern information communication technologies at all stages of the educational process. Students follow individual educational paths, actively participate in student scientific and technical conferences, and have publications already in their first years of study.
IN modern Russia only 15-18% of disabled people of working age have permanent job, while among disabled people with higher and secondary education, almost 60% already get a job, and among disabled people - graduates of Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman's employment rate is 100%.
Work in classrooms with hearing-impaired students is carried out by senior teacher I.N. Lunina.
Speaking about certain areas of work of the Department of Engineering Graphics over the past 40 years, one cannot help but dwell on the achievements associated with the participation of University students in such creative competitions as the Moscow and Russian Olympics in graphic disciplines. The team of MSTU students is a multiple winner of Olympiads in engineering graphics.
In 1975 Central Committee of the Komsomol within the framework of the All-Union Olympiad “Student and scientific and technical progress”instructed MSTU im. N.E. Bauman to organize and hold the Moscow Olympiad in descriptive geometry. The methods available at that time for conducting subject Olympiads had a number of imperfections, which were subject to criticism from the Organizing Committee of the All-Union Olympiad (chaired by Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences K.K. Likharev). The Organizing Committee for the Olympiad in Descriptive Geometry (Chairman, Associate Professor of the Department of RK-1, Candidate of Technical Sciences V.N. Kalinkin) was tasked with developing a methodology for organizing and conducting the final round of the regional Olympiad, which could be carried out within one day : opening, completing Olympiad tasks, checking works, determining results and awarding winners. The methodology developed by the Department’s Organizing Committee received approval from the All-Union Organizing Committee and was subsequently extended to a number of other subject Olympiads.
In April 1975 The first Moscow City Olympiad in descriptive geometry took place. Invitations were sent to 56 Moscow universities. 18 universities took part in the Olympics. The team of each university consisted of 10 participants. The victory in the first Olympics, as well as in the next thirty (out of thirty-three in which the university team took part), was won by the MSTU team. N.E. Bauman. The results of participation of the University teams for 33 years can be considered truly phenomenal: 31 first places and 2 second.
What do you see as the reason for such successful performance of the University teams? There are a number of them that can be named, but let’s highlight the main ones.
First. At MSTU named after N.E. Many truly talented young men and women come to Bauman for knowledge. Their choice of the best technical school is conscious, they are aware of the high requirements for students, high level teaching staff, about the glorious traditions of the University.
The second reason is that all students of MSTU named after N.E. Bauman are in the field of graphic disciplines students of the school of Professor H.A. Arustamov is an outstanding specialist in the field of teaching methods of descriptive geometry and engineering graphics. Traditions laid down by Professor H.A. Arustamov and preserved by his students and followers, allow the department to this day to occupy a leading position and provide University students with one of the best training in the country.
Also among the reasons contributing to the achievement of high results, a well-prepared selection system should be noted best students by holding a university Olympiad in descriptive geometry (headed by Ph.D., Associate Professor I.V. Prokofieva). The winners of this Olympiad are given the right to compete for a place in the University team.
It is necessary to especially emphasize the role of the team coach, who, within a fairly short period of time, needs to deepen the knowledge of applicants for the University team in individual sections of the course, acquaint them with the features of competitive tasks of previous years, and strengthen confidence in their abilities. At different periods of time, the training of the team in descriptive geometry was led by the most experienced teachers of the department: Assoc. Kuryrina Z.Ya.; Ph.D., Associate Professor Zhirnykh B.G.; Art. teacher Savina A.D.; Ph.D., Associate Professor Murashkina T.I.
MSTU team N.E. Bauman also took part in a number of Russian Olympics. The University team became the winner in the overall standings in 1999. (Moscow), in 2000 (Moscow), in 2001 (Bryansk), in 2002 (G. Saratov), in 2003 (Bryansk). In the Descriptive Geometry nomination: in 2004. (Bryansk) - 2nd place, in 2005 (Moscow) – 1st place.
During the Olympics, many participants showed brilliant abilities. Among them are the names of the winners of the 2002 All-Russian Olympics in Saratov - students D. Delich, I. Kulagin, A. Shchekaturov, G. Shamaev, A. Polyansky and many others.
The educational work of students is complemented by their scientific and technical creativity. The department annually hosts student scientific conferences. The topics of students' scientific works are primarily related to geometry and computer graphics. The results of student scientific work are presented at annual conferences in April-May as part of the “Student Spring”. The works of the participants were awarded diplomas from the SNTO named after. NOT. Zhukovsky and certificates from the rector. One of best works awarded a 3rd degree diploma at the International Forum “Gifted Children”.
Student and Faculty Awards
Fragments of the student conference “Geometry and Art” 2009.
The main opinion of the student audience is this: even if any of the studied sections of the theory of descriptive geometry are not directly useful in solving specific production problems, then the logic of geometric thinking, the ability to display spatial objects on a drawing sheet or on a display will still remain, developed spatial imagination will remain, without which no technical creativity is possible.
The department is actively working with schoolchildren through the “Step into the Future” Olympiad. The department staff actively cooperates with specialized schools in Moscow and the Moscow region. Five schools have entered into creative partnership agreements with the department. Teachers take part in their educational process, conducting lessons on drawing and stereometry, and supervising the work of clubs. The main idea of this cooperation is career guidance and preparation for both entering the University and studying in the first years.
As a result, more than 50 high school students every year participate in the scientific conference for schoolchildren “Step into the Future” and most of them become students of MSTU. N.E. Bauman.
Teachers of the department RK-1: L.R. Yurenkova, V.A. Shilyaev, O.G. Melkumyan, N.I. Gulina et al. developed an educational program aimed at preparing students for future professional activities and developing interest in scientific research.
Every year, the number of publications by schoolchildren and students in collaboration with teachers of the department on the subject of the department “Engineering Graphics” increases not only in the “Student Bulletin”, but also in serious scientific journals and publishing houses.
Thus, the result of two years of work of the “Geometric Modeling” circle at the Education Center No. 1840 in Moscow was the popular publication “Learn to See. Sketches on Geometry". About 20 students took part in the preparation of the manuscript of this book (7 pp), many of whom became students of MSTU. N.E. Bauman.
The topics of scientific work of 1st and 2nd year students at the Department of Engineering Graphics are primarily related to geometry and computer graphics. The results of student scientific work are presented at annual conferences in April-May as part of the “Student Spring”.
Highly performing students, especially those who, as schoolchildren, have already spoken at the “Step into the Future” conference, as part of their academic assignments offer either original solutions, or present models that are subsequently used by teachers of the department for demonstration at seminars and lectures. For one of these models in 2003, a 3rd degree diploma was received at the International Conference “Gifted Children of Russia”, and the authors, the Mirzoevs G. and D., became students of the group. MT11-12 MSTU im. N.E. Bauman.
2nd year student Ivanov K.A. (group RK4-42) and 11th grade student Zagainova Yu.A. took part in the Moscow International Interuniversity Scientific and Technical Conference on hoisting and transport machines, held by the department of RK4, with the original work “Funiculars. Development of a funicular drive design."
Under the guidance of department teachers, students take part in the preparation of scientific articles. Every year, 2-3 articles by 1st-2nd year students, devoted to issues of geometry and computer graphics, appear in the Student Scientific Collection. In 2006, two articles were published in the journal “Specialist” (No. 4 and No. 5), one on the geometry of helical surfaces, the other on computer graphics.
In the 2010-2011 academic year. a conference “Student Spring” was held dedicated to the 180th anniversary of MSTU. N.E. Bauman and the 50th anniversary of the establishment of “Aviation and Cosmonautics Day”.
To fill the gaps in school training in the field of drawing, the department has developed a training course “Fundamentals of Drawing and Graphics.” It is read on a contractual fee basis by experienced teachers at the request of both high school students entering technical universities and first-year students. Course volume: 20-26 hours of training. The main goal is to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills for further mastering the disciplines of higher professional education, such as engineering and computer graphics, descriptive geometry, technical drawing. Detailed information You can find out about the course program, the terms of the Agreement and the time of classes in the Marketing Center educational services MSTU im. N.E. Bauman, located in the main building (room No. 3), tel. 8-499-263-66-05.
Over the years, teachers of the department have developed and published several generations of textbooks, teaching aids, guidelines, and workbooks. Among the educational literature, it should be noted “Collection of problems on descriptive geometry” by Kh. A. Arustamov, which went through 7 editions, including abroad; “Course of descriptive geometry” by V.O. Gordon and M.A. Sementsov-Ogievsky (1930, 1988), “Collection of problems for the course of descriptive geometry” by V.O. Gordon, Yu. B. Ivanova, T. E. Solntseva (1967), “Engineering drawing” by S. A. Frolov, A. V. Voinov, E. D. Feoktistova (1981), “Descriptive geometry” by S. A. Frolova, “Collection of problems on descriptive geometry” by S. A. Frolov (2008), “Methods of teaching the course “Mechanical Engineering Drawing” by Yu. E. Sharikyan (1990), “Methods of converting orthogonal projections” by S. A. Frolov (2002), “Cybernetics and engineering graphics” by S. A. Frolov (1974), “In search of the beginning. Stories about descriptive geometry" by S. A. Frolova and M. V. Pokrovskaya (2008), "Descriptive geometry - what is it?" S. A. Frolova and M. V. Pokrovskaya, "Engineering graphics - a panoramic view" by M. V. Pokrovskoy (1999), “Descriptive geometry” by L. G. Nartov, V. I. Yakunin (2003), “ Theoretical basis descriptive geometry" by G. S. Ivanov (1998), "Descriptive geometry" by G. S. Ivanov (2008), "Methodological instructions for implementation homework on descriptive geometry" Sharikyan Yu. E., Odintsova A. E., Kashu A. A. (2000), "Guidelines for completing homework on descriptive geometry" Kamzolova, Dobravolskaya N. A., Pokrovskaya M. V. ( 2000), "Guidelines for teachers for conducting descriptive geometry" Andreeva S. G., Novoselova L. V. (2000), "Methodology for conducting practical classes in body geometry" Sharikyan Yu. E., Chekunova Yu. Yu. (2008 ), " Geometric constructions: guidelines"Nikitina N.A., Guseva V.I., Skorokhodova M.A. (2004), "Shooting sketches" Markov V.M. (2002), "Connections and their elements": tutorial in the course “Mechanical Engineering Drawing” by Senchenkova L.S. Vervichkina M.V. G., Markova V. M., (1998), Execution of a general view drawing of an assembly unit Markova V. M., Novoselova L. V., Surova A. I. (1998), Reading and detailing drawings of a general view of an assembly unit Chekunova Yu I., Sharikyan Yu. E., Bocharova I. N. (1994), Assembly drawing Sedova L. A., Korobochkina N. B. (2004), Basic rules for making images of products Senchenkova L. S., Zhirnykha B. G.. (2008), Technical drawing Dobrovolskaya N. A., Melnikova A. P., Sindeeva T. A., Surkova N. G. (2004), “Construction of falling shadows in technical drawing.” Surkova N. G., Limorenko M. E., Lapina E. V. (2005).
The department attaches great importance to the study and implementation of educational process modern computer technologies among educational literature. You can note "Basics of drawing in AutoCAD" by V.G. Khryashcheva, V.I. Seregina, V.I. Guseva (2007), “Building models and creating drawings in the Autodesk Inventor system” N.P. Alieva, P.A. Zhurbenko, L.S. Senchenkova (2011), "Autodesk Inventor in the course of engineering graphics (2009) by S.G. Demidov and V.N. Guznenkov.
