What kills the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylori bacterium in the stomach: causes of appearance. Levofloxacin in the fight against Helicobacter pylori

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Scientists have found that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the cause of many diseases: from gastritis to stomach cancer. However, Helicobacter does not provoke diseases in all people affected by it. And, according to various sources, these constitute from 50% to 70% of the planet’s population. We tell you in what cases it is necessary to fight the Helicobacter bacteria.

Scientists have found that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the root cause of many diseases. gastrointestinal tract: from gastritis to stomach cancer. However, Helicobacter does not provoke diseases in all people affected by it. And, according to various sources, these constitute from 50% to 70% of the planet’s population.

The question arises: what to do with this “mine”? Should we treat before the bacteria has time to cause a serious illness, or should we wait until pathological changes begin? Nobody wants to poison the body with antibiotics once again.

In what cases is it necessary to fight the Helicobacter bacteria?

Gastroenterologists around the world have already agreed that it is unwise to fight Helicobacter on the same scale as epidemiologists once fought smallpox. To completely eradicate this bacterium from the world, antibiotics will have to be prescribed to every second person.

As a result, as the medical community believes, “we will get a mountain of corpses from pseudomembranous colitis (acute inflammation of the colon associated with taking antibiotics), but we will not eradicate the harmful Helicobacter.” After all, all bacteria have the ability to mutate while fighting for survival.

Disputes about “to treat or not to treat”, “to detect or not to detect” have been raging for so long that the debate among the luminaries of medicine eventually took shape in the so-called Maastricht Consensus. These are the recommendations of doctors developed at a consultation on the fight against the bacterium.

The first meeting of doctors took place in the city of Maastricht, hence the name of the set of recommendations based on laboratory tests, which are regularly updated. To date, four consensus statements have been published.

Medical conclusions made in the light of the latest scientific knowledge about Helicobacter pylori:

Treatment required for ulcers duodenum or stomach.
Antibacterial therapy is prescribed to the closest relatives of patients with stomach cancer.
Eradication is recommended for atrophic gastritis. It is this that is considered a precancerous disease, and not a stomach ulcer.
Treatment required if detected Iron-deficiency anemia. However, doctors will first need to find out whether the patient is losing iron or whether it is not absorbed due to bacteria.

Everything listed above applies to cases where the bacterium has already been identified. However, doctors are faced with another question: is it necessary to look for Helicobacter in all people? The answer that gastroenterologists most often give is: rather no than yes. Specialists also have a list of approximate candidates for analysis.

When to look for Helicobacter bacteria

Proton pump inhibitors - drugs that reduce the aggressiveness of gastric juice - do not help with stomach pain.
Along with fatigue, iron deficiency appears - the first sign of stomach cancer.
As part of the medical examination, even if there are no complaints of pain in the upper abdomen, you can do a gastroscopy and biopsy every 7 years to identify the bacteria.
The patient is at risk: his relatives had stomach cancer.
During the study, gastric dysplasia, intestinal metaplasia or atrophic gastritis were revealed.

Scheme of eradication (destruction) of Helicobacter pylori

For 1–2 weeks, the patient receives complex drug therapy: proton pump inhibitors, bismuth preparations, antibiotics. The doctor should also prescribe medications that will compensate for the deficiency of beneficial microorganisms in the stomach and intestines after taking antibiotics. Popular remedies: “De-Nol”, amoxicillin (“Flemoxin”); clarithromycin; azithromycin; tetracycline; Levofloxacin.
The patient is tested again. If the bacteria remains, after 5-6 weeks the doctor will again prescribe a course of treatment, but with different antibiotics.
If after the second stage of treatment the Helicobacter test is again positive, the treatment method is selected on an individual basis.

What foods should be excluded from the diet if the Helicobacter bacterium is detected.

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More recently (in 1982), scientists were able for the first time to identify a bacterium called Helicobacter Pilori in the gastric mucosa of patients with ulcers. ABOUT The discovery made it possible to shed light on a completely different circumstance, which served as a causative factor in the formation of ulcerative processes in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

The results of scientific research over the past decades have shown that in addition to “bad” Helicobacter bacteria, there are also “good” ones.

This circumstance made it possible to assume that in addition to the presence of the most harmful bacteria and provocative factors, the bacteria must have the property of cellular (genetic) cytotoxicity, which determines the fact why infection with Helicobacter pylori infection in different specific cases causes the manifestation of various clinical signs.

Read more about bacteria and tests -

Symptoms of Helicobacter Pilori

Usually, Helicobacter pylori infection goes unnoticed by humans. The first signs may appear only a week later, after the latent period of the disease. The patient experiences feelings of vague discomfort, unclear localization of pain in the abdominal area, and mild bowel dysfunction, which soon goes away without treatment.

The danger of the bacterium is that by introducing and developing in the body, it provokes the development of many pathologies - gastritis, ulcerative pathologies in the stomach cavity and on the walls of the duodenum.

Signs of gastritis are caused by the development of inflammatory processes on the mucous membrane of the stomach cavity, occurring against the background of acidosis (high acidity).

At the onset of the disease and in the stage of a detailed clinical picture, the symptoms of gastritis appear:

Belching with a sour taste and heartburn;
Excellent appetite and pain in the epigastric area, a couple of hours after eating;
Tendency to difficult bowel movements.

The symptoms of the last, acute phase of gastritis are caused by atrophic processes in the mucous membrane of the stomach. Wherein:

The patient's appetite decreases;
Dull pain occurs in the left hypochondrium area;
A decrease in barrier acid protection is manifested by a tendency to diarrhea;
Rotten belching, an unpleasant aftertaste, dry mouth and seizures appear;
Intoxication symptoms and weight loss in the patient appear.

When the infection spreads to the initial part of the intestine (duodenum), the symptoms of Helicobacter pylori display signs of duodenitis, manifested by bitterness in the mouth and bile belching, nausea and vomiting, pain under the ribs on the right.

If Helicobacter Pilori simultaneously affects the gastric antrum and the initial intestinal sections, the joint inflammatory process causes the development of gastroduodenitis.

Symptoms of erosive formations in the stomach and duodenum are caused by the influence of provoking factors - emotional stress, errors in diet, smoking and strong coffee abuse, liver and pancreas pathologies, diabetes.

Unlike ulcerative pathologies, erosions do not leave scars and do not deform the mucous membrane after healing. Most of the above-described symptoms of Helicobacter pylori are characteristic, to which are added the symptoms of gastric hemorrhages, causing bloody vomiting and mushy black feces.

Sometimes the process is accompanied by severe pain and hidden bleeding, contributing to anemia, ultimately leading to severe exhaustion of the patient.

Ulcerative formations in the stomach and duodenum are caused by a hereditary factor under the influence of many harmful provocative factors. The main symptoms are similar to all signs of gastric pathologies, but the main signs confirming an ulcer are:

Clear localization of pain. In the center of the iliac zone - a gastric ulcer, with right side ulcerations in the duodenum;
An acute feeling of hunger after six hours of the last meal, disappearing after the next portion of food or drinking a cup of milk, which is typical only for this pathology.
Manifestation of night pain syndrome.
Typical cycles of exacerbations are small cycles - 1/4 years, large cycles - 1/10 years. Relapses usually occur in autumn and winter.

In addition, it has been clinically proven that signs of the influence of the genetically cytotoxic Helicobacter pylori bacterium on the body can manifest as dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal tract, cause an unpleasant specific odor from the mouth, manifest itself (baldness) and signs.

Sometimes, symptoms of Helicobacter pylori on the face manifest themselves as multiple rashes in the form of pimples and acne, which usually have a protracted chronic clinical course. The mucous membrane and iris of the eye may be affected, manifesting as painful spasms of the eyelids, tearing and photophobia.

It is these extensive signs that provide direction in the diagnostic search and treatment for certain symptoms of Helicobacter pylori.

Modern diagnostics make it possible to accurately and quickly determine the cause of the disease and determine the culprit - Helicobacter pylori or another microorganism.

Reason for visiting a doctor, are manifestations of even the most seemingly insignificant symptoms - stomach pain that goes away immediately after eating, the appearance of nausea and heartburn, a feeling of heaviness in the stomach, an aversion to meat products.

Especially, eradication (complete destruction of the pathogen) is necessary for patients with a history of ulcerative pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, a cancerous subtype of gastritis (atrophic), or postoperative therapy for gastric cancer.

Stomach diseases occupy one of the leading positions in the structure of the pathology of the digestive tract. There are various causes of gastritis. The main etiological factor is Helicobacter pylori infection, which causes adverse symptoms in adults and children. The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is located in the stomach, which is associated with the characteristics life cycle microorganism

Helicobacter pylori - what is it?

More than half of the world's population are carriers of a pathogenic pathogen, but the microbe is not dangerous for everyone. Helicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium.

It is characterized by stability in the acidic environment of the stomach and the ability to alkalize it. Therefore, the body does not fight it. High survival rate in external environment and in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract is associated with the ability to modify. The spherical and coccal shape ensures the preservation of properties under adverse conditions and reduces sensitivity to antibiotics.

Helicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in some parts of the stomach and duodenum, measuring about 3 by 0.5 microns. Thanks to its 4–6 flagella, as it looks in the photo, it has the ability to quickly move through the thick stomach mucus.

Helicobacter is unique in its ability to survive in the most aggressive environment of the human body. No other microbe can survive in the stomach cavity (we are not even talking about active growth and reproduction). It is able to locally neutralize (alkalize) gastric juice and form a special “spacesuit” around itself - a biofilm that protects it from acid, human immunity and antibiotics. In addition, the microorganism makes its way through the protective mucous barrier to the integumentary epithelium of the stomach and duodenum, where the acidity is much less, and forms entire colonies. This factor is most dangerous for the integrity of the mucous membranes.

What does a bacterium eat?

Thanks to the presence of flagella, the microbe is able to move on the mucous membrane, quickly colonizing the surface of the organ. Protein and lipopolysaccharide structures adhere to tissue membranes.

The bacterium feeds on the epithelial cells of the stomach, secreting special enzymes. Among them, urease plays an important pathogenetic role. By breaking down urea, ammonia is formed, which changes the pH to the alkaline side. Chemical irritation and an immune inflammatory reaction occur, followed by cell destruction. In response to the penetration of bacteria into the mucous membrane, gastrin begins to be synthesized, which forms increased level of hydrochloric acid. This leads to increased stomach acidity and progression of inflammation.

Helicobacter pylori shows tropism (targeting, orientation) to the surface cells of the epithelium of the gastric mucosa. And, as is typical for any pest, the bacterium feeds on the “flesh of the host” – the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane, to which it is “not indifferent”. The favorite localization and “pasture” of the pathogenic bacterium is the antrum - the antrum of the stomach (shown in green in the figure).

In the antrum, due to the mucous secretion of its glands, total or partial neutralization of free hydrochloric acid occurs (to pH = 4 to 8). This creates optimal conditions for the activation of the pathogen and its introduction into the glandular epithelium of the mucous membrane “for permanent residence.”

More acidic stomach environment (pH< 3,5) приводит к подавлению активности Хеликобактер пилори, но не способна ее уничтожить. При малейшем удобном случае, своими спиралевидными «усиками» она пробуравливает тоннель через защитный слой слизи с концентрацией бикарбонатов к слизистой оболочке желудка и «нападает» на клетки эпителия его стенок.

There, in the thickness of the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane, Helicobacter pylori is reliably protected from hydrochloric acid and does not require much oxygen for its development: it is microaerophilic - it requires almost no oxygen.

In addition, having the enzyme hydrogenase, the bacterium receives energy from the oxidation of molecular hydrogen produced by other intestinal bacteria.

Valery Stepura, doctor, candidate of medical sciences

What organs are affected besides the stomach?

The main location is the stomach. To a greater extent, the proliferation of bacteria occurs in the pylorus and the bottom of the organ. The pathogen is also found in the oral cavity, esophagus and duodenum. In older people, due to atrophy of the gastric mucosa, Helicobacter moves to the lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract and can be detected in the stool. Therefore, the diagnosis of infection can be expanded at the discretion of the doctor.

Helicobacter pylori bacterium in the stomach: causes of appearance

The problem of infection in adults and children worries specialists around the world. Because treatment of the disease begins with eliminating the cause - the appearance of Helicobacter pylori in the human stomach. To resolve this issue, it is important to know where the pathogen comes from. Infection occurs in different ways. Unfavorable factors contribute to the development of symptoms.

These include:

poor quality products, insufficient supply of nutrients from food;
eating disorder;
frequent stressful situations, psycho-emotional stress;
overwork, insufficient sleep;
alcohol and smoking abuse;
presence of other chronic diseases, especially from the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine organs;
hereditary predisposition;
taking certain medications for a long period of time - antibiotics, aspirin, sulfa drugs.

How is the bacterium transmitted?

To date, the exact mechanism of spread of the pathogen has not been established. Experts believe that Helicobacter pylori infection in most cases occurs in childhood. If the bacterium lives in the body of an adult family member, then he is contagious to loved ones. The main routes of transmission are:

fecal-oral;
oral-oral;
contact-household.

Therefore, the bacterium enters the stomach as follows:

Drinking tap water.
In case of contact with fecal matter and vomit of a sick person.
At general use hygiene items - washcloths, towels, toothbrushes, dishes.
Transmitted through saliva. You can get infected while kissing.
Through alternative sexual contacts.
Through poorly processed medical instruments - dental equipment, endoscopes, probes.

Helicobacter pylori bacterium in the stomach: symptoms

Pathological manifestations mainly affect the digestive tract. However, the process is reflected in other systems. In persons with a good immune response, even in the presence of bacteria in the intestines and stomach, signs of Helicobacter pylori infection are not observed. When the immune system is weakened, the mucous membrane is actively colonized by microbes, which provokes acute gastritis, which later transforms into a chronic form. The following symptoms of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach in adults are noted:

There may be pain and discomfort in the epigastric area of a pressing or aching nature.
Dyspeptic disorders in the form of belching, heartburn, nausea, bloating.
Bad breath and taste.
Asthenic syndrome, which is characterized by weakness, increased fatigue, irritability.
Decreased appetite.

Other signs of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach in adults

Patient complaints are not limited to adverse manifestations from the digestive system. Signs of Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach affect other systems. The reproduction and spread of bacteria into the lower intestines manifests itself in an adult with the following symptoms:

Violation of intestinal motor function in the form of constipation, loose stools.
Change quality characteristics feces
Manifestations of exanthema - acne, dry skin, rosacea, acne.

Important! The severity of pathological signs depends on the volume, location and intensity of damage to the mucous membrane of the digestive system.

Why is Helicobacter pylori dangerous in the stomach?

When infected with Helicobacter pylori infection, two scenarios are observed. In the first case, asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen is noted. Therefore, if you check for the presence of a microbe using a cytological method, the analysis may be normal. When bacteria actively multiply, pathogenic cells are found in smears. A positive result is determined by the number of microorganisms in the field of view:

up to 20 pieces - one plus;
20-50 pieces - two pluses;
over 50 - three pluses.

Attention! The higher the contamination rate, the more pronounced the inflammatory process in the stomach.

Helicobacter pylori infection is the most common cause of diseases in all parts of the stomach, leading to dangerous consequences(including gastric resection).

When Helicobacter pylori enters the human body, it reaches its target – the stomach, where, under the influence of hydrochloric acid, the bacterium does not die. On the contrary, the pathogen is doing great: it develops and multiplies, poisoning the body, destroying the tissues of the stomach and intestines. This leads to digestive disorders, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum, the development of gastritis, ulcers, the risk of stomach cancer and other equally dangerous diseases in the intestines and the body as a whole, which are difficult to cure.

The aggressive bacterium secretes special toxins that can cause autoimmune rejection of epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa.

Valery Stepura, doctor, candidate of medical sciences

When Helicobacter pylori enters the human body, it rapidly multiplies and destroys the epithelium. Tissue necrosis. Subsequently, bacterial contamination of the small and large intestines occurs, which manifests itself as symptoms of dysbiosis. In older people, self-elimination of the bacteria is possible. This is due to the gradual atrophy of the gastric mucosa and the disappearance of a substrate for feeding microorganisms.

What diseases develop most often against the background of Helicobacter pylori infection?

A long-term inflammatory process leads to the formation of defects on the surface of the mucosa. Persistent changes due to exposure to bacteria lead to the development of ulcers. When Helicobacter pylori gradually destroys tissue. Localization of the process in the area of the pylorus and duodenum is an unfavorable factor. In this case, complications often arise in the form of perforation of the organ wall or bleeding.

Over time, there is a possibility of tissue degeneration with the formation of stomach cancer. Currently, a connection has been established between Helicobacter pylori and diseases such as adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma.

An imbalance of intestinal microflora leads to a decrease in local immunity and the proliferation of opportunistic flora. Thus, the risk of intestinal infections increases. Chronic inflammatory changes form in the small and large intestines.

How to identify Helicobacter pylori

The appearance of symptoms of gastritis or peptic ulcer is an indication for testing to identify the pathogenic pathogen. Invasive and non-invasive methods can be used to determine the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach. Various options Microorganism verification has advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the main task of a gastroenterologist is to choose the optimal type of study that will give the most accurate result.

Instrumental diagnostics include esophagogastroduodenoscopy. This is the international gold standard for determining the etiological factor. During the manipulation, a biopsy is performed in areas of modified tissue. Identification of the pathogen is carried out in several ways:

With histological examination of the material - main affordable option. However, microscopy can give a false positive result. This is due to the morphological similarity of Helicobacter pylori to other types of bacteria.
Using immunohistochemistry - a more complex, highly sensitive analysis.
By performing a polymerase chain reaction of a biopsy sample, the DNA of bacteria in the tissues being studied is determined.
Cultural method - culture is done to determine sensitivity to antibiotics. This type of diagnosis is resorted to after two ineffective courses of antibacterial therapy. The disadvantage of the study is the low sensitivity of the test.

Modern protocols, along with instrumental studies, recommend non-invasive procedures. They are highly accurate and easy to use. For patients, such examination options are more acceptable, taking into account the psychological and physical aspects of endoscopy. The main diagnostic tests are represented by the following options:

A serological study that checks the level of immunoglobulins class M and G. The norm for blood tests is about. Using indicators, the success of eradication therapy is assessed.
Breath urease test - the reliability and specificity of diagnosis reaches 90%. It is distinguished by a quick result, which is ready within a few minutes after the procedure.

A type of urease test for gastroscopy is a liquid method that shows excellent results. It is performed during endoscopic intervention or immediately after it. The material for work is a biopsy of the mucous membrane.

Carefully! False-negative data associated with drug therapy are sometimes reported. Therefore, to obtain more accurate indicators, it is necessary to temporarily stop taking medications that reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid.

Consequences of a biopsy

Before performing an invasive technique, the doctor conducts an additional examination to exclude contraindications to this type of examination. Because during gastroscopy, a biopsy is a mandatory manipulation. The procedure involves taking particles of tissue from the gastric mucosa. In most patients negative consequences not noted. However, in rare cases complications may occur.

These include:

signs of bleeding from an injured vessel, especially in the presence of insufficient blood clotting;
the presence of perforation in the mucosal defect area;
collapsed state;
pain after removing the endoscope;
the occurrence of anaphylactic shock upon administration of local anesthetics.

Therefore, the technique is performed only in a medical institution of the appropriate level.

How to treat Helicobacter pylori in the stomach

The main principle of therapy is A complex approach for the treatment of gastritis and its complications. It is necessary to consult a doctor who will conduct an examination and tell you how to treat Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach. Elimination of pathogenic bacteria is carried out using antimicrobial therapy. The protocol provides for the appointment of the following means indicated in Table 1.

Table 1. How to treat Helicobacter pylori in the stomach

Drug groups	Name of medicine
Antibacterial substances	Treatment with antibiotics: penicillin (amoxicillin); macrolides (clarithromycin, tetracycline); fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin); antimicrobial (metronidazole, tinidazole); rifabutin
Proton pump blockers	, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole
H2-histamine receptor antagonists	Famotidine, ranitidine
Preparations based on bismuth	Bismuth subcitrate, sucralfate
Antacids	Combination of aluminum hydroxide with magnesium hydroxide or bicarbonate
Remedies for spasms	Mebeverine, drotaverine, papaverine hydrochloride
Alginates	Combination of sodium alginate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate

What treatment regimens are used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori

The main direction of patient care includes the use of drugs to eradicate the pathogen. The regimen involves prescribing several drugs simultaneously. The gastroenterologist decides which antibiotics to treat Helicobacter in the stomach. The concept of step therapy was adopted, the principles of which are reflected in Table 2.

Table 2. Stepped therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection

Eradication options	Treatment regimen
Triple therapy	Combination of a proton pump inhibitor with amoxicillin and clarithromycin - 10 - 14 days. For allergies and insensitivity of Helicobacter pylori to penicillin antibiotics, amoxicillin is replaced with metronidazole
Sequential therapy	A combination of a proton pump inhibitor and amoxicillin - 5 days, then continue treatment with a combination of clarithromycin, metronidazole and a proton pump inhibitor for another 5 days
Quadruple therapy (second line) - prescribed in the absence of effect from previous treatment or resistance to clarithromycin	Co-administration of a proton pump inhibitor, bismuth subcitrate, metronidazole and tetracycline - 10 - 14 days
“Rescue” method - used if the second course did not give positive dynamics	Three are appointed medicines- proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, levofloxacin or rifabutin

Attention! The tablets are taken before meals.

Treatment with folk remedies

Exist alternative methods which are used to remove bacteria. Can Helicobacter in the stomach be treated? folk remedies. Especially if you can’t temporarily take antibiotics, which is especially important for pregnant women. The most popular recipes are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori with folk remedies

Natural medicine	Mode of application
Propolis tincture	Add 10 drops of the substance to 100 ml of water. Take half an hour before meals 3 times a day
Plantain leaf tea	2 tablespoons of crushed raw materials are poured into 500 ml of boiling water. Leave for 12 hours. Drink one glass of tea an hour after meals
Rosehip syrup	Take the solution one teaspoon before meals for 30 days. After a two-week break the course is repeated
Infusion of yarrow, St. John's wort and calendula	A mixture of equal parts of herbs is poured with boiling water at the rate of one tablespoon per 250 ml of water, infused for 30 minutes. Drink 100 ml of strained infusion between meals
Cranberry juice	Take one glass of juice daily for 14 days

Nutrition for Helicobacter pylori infection

Particular attention should be paid to the daily diet. Nutrition for Helicobacter pylori infection must be varied and of high quality in order to ensure adequate immunity and quickly cure the disease. The menu includes products that contribute to the eradication of the pathogen. The diet for Helicobacter pylori in the stomach has the following features.

Table 4. Allowed and prohibited foods for Helicobacter pylori infection

Ingredients you can eat	Prohibited Ingredients
Lean meat - beef, pork	By-products, including skin, cartilage; fat meat
Low-fat fish	Fatty fish, smoked
Plant foods - broccoli containing suforan; beans, lentils moderate amount, steamed pumpkin	Sorrel, garlic, radish raw
Porridge - buckwheat, oatmeal, rice	Mushrooms; canned and pickled foods
Fruits - bananas, plums, peaches	Sour apples, berries
Spices - cinnamon, ginger, thyme, curry, turmeric	Spices - hot red and black pepper
Low-fat milk, kefir, cottage cheese, hard cheeses	Dairy products with a high percentage of fat - cream, fermented baked milk, fatty cheeses
Vegetable soups	Sour borscht, meat, mushroom, fish broth
Compotes, jelly	Sour fruit juices, fresh juices, carbonated drinks, coffee
Unleavened dried bread	Yeast baked goods

conclusions

The main condition for successful treatment of gastritis is to eliminate the cause of the disease. Symptoms of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach allow the doctor to determine the tactics for managing the patient. A complete diagnosis using accurate examination methods helps to prescribe competent therapy and treat the patient according to modern protocols.

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori belongs to gram-negative microorganisms of a pathogenic nature. It is of a spiral type and lives on the walls of the stomach and intestines.

Most often, inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract are associated with this bacterium. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori with antibiotics is usually necessary, since this microorganism is very persistent and retains its functionality even in an acidic environment. Other medications cannot cope with the problem on their own.

Danger and signs of Helicobacter pylori

Most often, Helicobacter leads to the development of gastritis. If action is not taken immediately, the bacteria progresses and penetrates the lower parts of the digestive system.

As a result of infection, colitis, duodenitis, and ulcers on the intestinal mucosa occur. Further, the tissues can degenerate and become malignant, causing intestinal cancer and gastric lymphoma.

All diseases of the digestive tract that arise against the background of this microorganism are called helicobacteriosis.

If characteristic symptoms of damage occur, you should consult a physician or gastroenterologist.

The main features are:

pain in the epigastric region;
nausea;
gagging;
belching;
heartburn;
loss of appetite;
unpleasant taste inside the cavity and bad breath;
bowel dysfunction: constipation, diarrhea;
spasms in the intestinal area.

If relapses of the disease in adults occur frequently, then examination by an immunologist and infectious disease specialist is necessary. If treatment does not give the desired results, you may need to consult an allergist.

Antibiotics for treatment

When this microorganism is identified on the mucous membranes of the stomach or intestines, therapy may have several options.

Antibacterial drugs strongly irritate the digestive organs and disrupt the balance of microflora, so their use is advisable only in the presence of associated diseases:

gastritis of atrophic type;
ulcers;
gastroesophageal reflux;
functional dyspepsia;
when the lymphatic layer of the digestive tract is involved in the process.

It would also be a good idea to use antibiotics after gastric resection and if close relatives have cancer.

Benefits of Antibiotic Treatment

Eradication therapy using antibiotics allows:

Get rid of bacteria completely in 80% of cases.
Feel safe during treatment. The regimens undergo clinical trials before being prescribed, and if more than 15% of patients negatively tolerate therapy, then these drugs are not used in large-scale treatment.
Shorten the course. Complex treatment lasts no more than 2 weeks, usually 7-10 days.
Reduce the frequency of taking medications. For this purpose, medications with a long half-life are selected.
Vary within regimens to select the ideal option for the patient. If the antibiotic is not suitable, it can be replaced without disturbing the structure of the treatment regimen.

Antibiotic treatment is contraindicated in persons:

with individual intolerance to components;
with a tendency to allergic reactions;
at renal failure or other severe kidney pathologies;
during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Classification of antibiotics used

When treatment for helicobacter pylori requires antibiotics, the first resort is to use penicillin drugs from semi-synthetic penicillins. They are made from the penicillium mushroom.

These products have a wide spectrum of action, having antimicrobial and antibacterial properties.

If the patient has low sensitivity to penicillin antibiotics, then macrolides are used: Clarithromycin, Klacid.

These agents have bacteriostatic and antibacterial effect. The average course of treatment is 1.5-2 weeks.

Azithromycin is sometimes prescribed. Having a prolonged effect, it is taken once a day and the duration of treatment does not exceed 5 days.

Natural antibiotics are found in the food we eat. These include propolis, ginger, broccoli, turmeric. By consuming these products, you can get rid of pylori without medications or increase their effect.

List of effective drugs

Due to the effects of hydrochloric acid, not all antibiotics are able to cope with the infection.

The most effective:

Tinidazole;
Levofloxacin;
Metronidazole.

Clarithromycin is a popular treatment for pylori. It belongs to macrolides.

Such drugs are the most gentle on the body and have the least side effects. Only sometimes nausea, diarrhea, and stomatitis occur.

Resistance to Klacid is a rare phenomenon. It is not prescribed for renal and liver failure, for children under six months old, for pregnant and lactating women.

Azithromycin also belongs to macrolides, but is used less frequently than Clarithromycin, since it is less effective against Helicobacter infection.

Azithromycin is prescribed if Klacid provokes diarrhea or it is necessary to reduce the amount of daily antibiotic intake.

Levofloxacin belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of drugs. These antibiotics have a wide spectrum of action, but are very toxic, so they are prescribed by a doctor only when other drugs are ineffective.

The medication is contraindicated for pregnant women, lactating women, persons under 18 years of age, patients with central nervous system diseases, and those with individual intolerance.

Tetracycline has increased toxicity, so it is also prescribed only as a last resort. This bacteriostatic agent can inhibit hematopoiesis, causing leukopenia and anemia, thrombocytopenia.

It can also provoke the formation of dermatitis, ulcers and erosions in the digestive tract.

Therefore, the use of the presented antibiotic is contraindicated for pregnant women, lactating women, children under 8 years of age, patients with ulcers, leukopenia, and renal and liver failure.

Amoxicillin is included in the first or second linear diagram therapy. Flemoxin is a semi-synthetic penicillin. It acts on multiplying microorganisms and is therefore not compatible with bacteriostatic drugs.

Amoxicillin is not approved for individual reactions, pregnancy, renal failure, persons with mononucleosis of infectious origin, or a tendency to leukemoid manifestations.

Metronidazole belongs to the nitroimidazoles. Has a bactericidal effect. It should not be used in combination with alcohol.

Despite the fact that this drug was the first on the list of remedies for pylori, due to high resistance, it is now practically not in demand.

Treatment regimen

Eradication therapy can be carried out according to three schemes. Treatment begins with first-line drugs.

It contains 2 schemes:

The standard option is to combine Clarithromycin and an antibiotic from the penicillin group, which can affect the secretory mechanism. These include Omez, Omeprazole. This combination is quite effective and well tolerated by patients. To decrease Negative influence on intestinal flora, the list is supplemented with Enterol. This is a complex drug that has antimicrobial, antibacterial and restorative effects.
If the first regimen is ineffective or the patient has an allergy, then quadruple therapy is prescribed. There are already 4 components in this group: Tetracycline, Metronidazole, Omeprazole, De-nol. Typically, this regimen is designed for 10-14 days of use. It can be determined more accurately by conducting laboratory tests of indicators and assessing effectiveness. Bismuth preparations and proton pump inhibitors, if necessary, can be used for up to 4 weeks in a row.

The second line has a combination of drugs with the main antibiotic from the penicillin series. This group includes drugs such as Amoxicillin, De-nol, Omeprazole, Levofloxacin.

The third line is advisable when there are dyspeptic symptoms due to microflora disruption under the influence of antibiotics.

The regimens themselves remain unchanged; they only add drugs with bifidobacteria Normobact, Linex Gastro, Bifiform, Yogulact.

To obtain maximum effect, you need to take these medications correctly, namely: after consuming food and with an interval of at least 1 hour after taking the antibiotic.

Sometimes the drug Bactistatin is prescribed. It contains microbial and plant enzymes and has probiotic and prebiotic effects. The medication destroys pathogenic microorganisms, removes toxins, stimulates the production of interferon, removes bloating and cramps, and improves digestion.

Treatment with the drug De-Nol

De-nol should be taken according to a regimen in combination with two antibiotics. Thanks to this composition, the substance acquires bactericidal properties. The average course of treatment is 2 weeks, but if necessary it can be extended, but not more than 8 weeks.

The dosage is 1 tablet 4 times a day. It is advisable to take De-nol separately from antacids.

Due to the bismuth content, the medicine may cause the stool to turn black. It is advisable to take the tablet with clean water.

The active substances of the drug, penetrating the stomach, protect it by creating a surface film. The processes of recovery and healing of ulcers are also accelerated thanks to bicarbonates and mucus, which reduce acidity.

De-nol inhibits the growth of bacteria and eliminates them from the digestive tract. It accumulates inside microbial organisms, destroying their shells. It is not recommended to take the drug during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as for persons with kidney pathologies and individual intolerance.

Sensitivity of helicobacter pylori to antibiotics

At the initial stages of therapy, first- and second-line drugs are prescribed. But sometimes these remedies are powerless, since pylori can have a fairly persistent stamp. In this case, a special antibiotic sensitivity test is performed.

A sample is taken during fibrogastroduodenoscopy, then it is sown on nutrient media and effective antibiotics are determined that kill colonies of these bacteria.

Helicobacter is able to adapt to various drugs and develops resistance to them, which is why eradication therapy regimens are constantly changing.

Nutrition during treatment

Getting rid of the Helicobacter bacteria should be done not only with medications, but also with diet. Usually, for gastritis and ulcers, table No. 1, 1a, 1b is prescribed. Meals should be frequent and small. This allows you to normalize the volume of hydrochloric acid production.

It is important to thoroughly grind food before it enters the stomach. If heaviness persists, then further reduce the serving size. During the diet, limit salt intake.

You should drink at least 2-2.5 liters of liquid per day. Food needs to be boiled or steamed. You should eat only warm food.

In addition, it is worth excluding a number of products that provoke irritation of the mucous membranes:

fatty, fried, spicy, salty, sweet dishes;
canned food, pickles;
sauces, mayonnaise;
spices;
mushrooms;
soda;
alcohol;
processed cheese;
garlic;
cabbage;
wheat, barley, pearl barley;
legumes;
radish, radish;
fatty meat, fish;
baking;
citrus;
sweets;
ice cream;
dates, grapes, cherries.

You can eat dried yesterday's White bread, drying, bagels. Soups are prepared with a milk base or low-fat broth.

Fermented milk products, bananas, pasta, nuts, berries, eggs, boiled vegetables and cereals are allowed, except those prohibited. Honey should be consumed in limited quantities.

It is better to choose unrefined, cold-pressed vegetable oils. They need to be added to the finished dish, for example, used for salad dressing.

Among desserts, preference should be given to jelly, puddings, mousses, marshmallows, marshmallows, jam, marmalade.

This diet should be followed not only during the treatment period, on average the duration proper nutrition should not be less than 1 year.

Possible side effects

When treated with antibacterial drugs, the occurrence of unpleasant consequences often relates to an imbalance of microflora.

Because of this, about 15-20% of patients complain of the appearance of:

diarrhea;
pain in the abdominal area;
nausea and vomiting;
dizziness;
migraine;
vaginal discharge in women.

Sometimes a metallic taste, cough, and allergies occur. Hepatitis, toxic type CNS damage, changes in heart rate, photosensitivity, and baldness were diagnosed much less frequently.

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori can provoke various inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract. To get rid of the microorganism, doctors prescribe antibacterial drugs.

Given the high resistance of pylori, several eradication therapy regimens have been developed..

Most of them are able to completely rid the patient of the bacteria within 14 days, but provided that treatment is started in a timely manner, the patient follows all the doctor’s recommendations and adheres to the prescribed diet.

Content

Harmful bacteria destroy the gastric mucosa, disrupt the intestinal microflora, and provoke the development of dangerous diseases of the digestive system. The health consequences are extremely unpleasant and intensive therapy is required. Before Helicobacter pylori is detected, a person is tormented by alarming symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract.

What is Helicobacter pylori

This gram-negative bacterium destroys the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the digestive organs. Helicobacter pylori not only penetrates the stomach, but also maintains viability in an acidic environment, and in addition, multiplies rapidly and affects the gastrointestinal mucosa. The harmful bacterium Helicobacter pylori is common in almost every organism, but its aggressive influence is preceded by a number of pathogenic factors. Helicobacter pylori is considered a family health problem, since germs are quickly transmitted through household contact and beyond.

How is Helicobacter pylori transmitted?

Doctors have not been able to determine the exact routes of transmission of the pathogenic infection, but they confirm that you can become infected through oral, contact, fecal-oral, and household contact. If a sick person kisses a healthy person, he will become infected with a dangerous bacterium, which can provoke gastritis, ulcers, and other inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract. After infection with Helicobacter pylori, the patient does not immediately begin to get sick: it takes time to complete the incubation period

Here are a number of common options for how Helicobacter is transmitted to humans:

in case of violation of aseptic rules regarding medical equipment;
by airborne droplets - when sneezing, coughing, watery eyes, during a conversation with an opponent;
when using the same utensils with the patient;
in case of violation of personal hygiene rules;
from other household members infected in a known way previously;
through vegetables, fruits, and other contaminated objects;
upon physical contact.

Helicobacter pylori - symptoms

At first, the bacterium does not detect itself in the body, but during the incubation period it grows, multiplies, and releases intoxication products that damage the epithelial layer. Symptoms of Helicobacter pylori become pronounced, resemble signs of poisoning, and require timely diagnosis and therapeutic measures. It is important to pay attention to the following changes in general well-being:

bowel dysfunction – chronic diarrhea or constipation;
allergic skin rashes;
hair thinning;
bad smell from mouth;
fragility of the nail plates and other signs of vitamin deficiency;
pain in the stomach after a meal;
all other signs of dyspepsia.

Helicobacter pylori - treatment

If you respond to alarming symptoms in time, you can cure this disease and provide reliable and affordable prevention of active bacteria. If you listen to your doctor, the treatment regimen for Helicobacter pylori includes taking antibiotics, using agents to restore the affected mucosa, therapeutic diet, vitamins for immunity. It’s worth clarifying right away that this bacterium is highly resistant to many antibiotics, so superficial self-medication is completely excluded.

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori

If a bacterium is detected, a set of medications and procedures are prescribed to quickly stop further development. This Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy is different high efficiency with the right choice of antibiotics, it has a number of significant advantages. Before treating Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach, it is necessary to select the optimal regimen. More often it looks like this:

Antibiotic Clarithromycin for 7 days.
Antibacterial drugs Tinidazole, Trichopolum, Amoxicillin for a weekly course.
Proton pump inhibitors Rabeprazole, Omez for a week.

Since the body develops increased resistance of pathogenic flora to antibiotics, it is not easy to get rid of pathogenic bacteria with antibiotics. It is necessary to first perform a sensitivity test to the drug; take it if you have Helicobacter. full course, do not violate the prescribed sequence of actions.

How to treat Helicobacter pylori with medication

Doctors first determine the cause of the pathological process, then eliminate it, prescribe effective treatment. If treatment for Helicobacter pylori is not started in a timely manner or is prescribed incorrectly, serious complications may follow. human body. Below are the most common medical directions against Helicobacter pylori:

Eradication, combining in one prescription three medications Amoxicillin, Rabeprazole, Clarithromycin.
In the absence of sustainable therapeutic effect It is indicated to replace these medications with Rabeprazole, Metranidazole, Bismuth subsalicylate, Tetracycline.
Oral intake of probiotics is mandatory for the speedy restoration of the epithelium of the mucous membrane.

Diet for Helicobacter pylori

Special requirements are indicated only for internal bleeding; in other clinical situations, nutrition should be complete, balanced, and healthy. The diet for Helicobacter pylori is aimed at maintaining digestive functions and speedy restoration of the affected gastric mucosa. If Helicobacter pylori progresses, it is important to find out what kind of bacterium it is first, and only then will you have treatment and a diet that excludes the following foods from your daily diet:

alcohol;
fatty and fried foods;
smoked meats and preserves;
confectionery;
spices and pepper;
mushrooms and first (fatty) broth;
coffee Tea.

If you have Helicobacter, you are allowed to consume low-fat soups, milk porridges, lean meat and fish, vegetables, milk and berry smoothies, and medicinal decoctions. With a properly planned menu, the manifestation of a relapse will be relegated to the background, and the number of pills consumed will be reduced several times. At home, you can always use alternative medicine recipes against dangerous bacteria.

Helicobacter pylori - treatment with folk remedies

Recipes for Helicobacter traditional treatment In terms of effectiveness, they are in no way inferior to drug intensive therapy methods. It is necessary to choose the right medicine against the bacterium, first approve its use by a specialist, do not violate daily instructions, and do not overestimate the dosage. Before treating Helicobacter in the stomach with folk remedies, it is important to clarify the absence of an allergic reaction to herbal components and minimize the risk of side effects. Here are some good recipes:

Combine chamomile, celandine, yarrow and St. John's wort in equal quantities. Prepare a decoction using the classic method - 2 tbsp. l. raw materials 500 ml boiling water. Take after eating up to 3 times a day. Prepare a fresh portion of this medicine each time.
Grind the calamus root, then 2 tbsp. l. steam the raw materials and leave in 0.5 liters of boiling water. Take it internally according to the same principle. Positive dynamics with increased activity helicobacter bacteria is provided to the patient.
Dandelion, apple or pear flowers act on the same principle, productively complement antibacterial therapy, have no drug interactions, and destroy the Helicobacter pylori bacterium.

Analysis for Helicobacter pylori

The infection can only be determined through laboratory testing. By performing an analysis for Helicobacter pylori, you can make a final diagnosis and predict the clinical outcome for the patient. The determining biological fluid for examination is considered to be blood, a smear of the mucous membrane is considered secondary. From a single portion of blood, the presence of specific antibodies formed by immunity against dangerous bacteria is determined. After confirming the nature of the disease, intensive therapy with conservative methods should follow immediately.

Video: Helicobacter pylori - symptoms and treatment

Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give treatment recommendations based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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