Professionalism in the speech of people of different professions. The meaning of the word professionalism in the dictionary of literary terms Professionalisms and their meanings examples

PROFESSIONALISM

Words and expressions characteristic of the speech of people of various professions and serving various areas of professional activity, but which have not become commonly used. P., in contrast to terms, are considered “semi-official” words (lexemes) that do not have a strict scientific nature, for example: organic - organic chemistry, steering wheel - car steering wheel. In fiction, P., like other vocabulary that has a limited scope of use (colloquial elements (colloquial speech), dialectisms, jargon of isms), are used as one of the ways to characterize a character, for example: “We speak not storms, but storms” (B Vysotsky). See also vocabulary.

Dictionary of literary terms. 2012

See what “professionalism” is in other dictionaries:

PROFESSIONALISM- words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group (for example, to the mountain in the speech of miners) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

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professionalism- words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group (for example, “to the mountain” in the speech of miners). * * * PROFESSIONALISM PROFESSIONALISM, words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group (for example, “to the mountain” in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Professionalisms- words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional. groups. P., along with terms and nomen, constitute a category of special vocabulary. P. colloquial words, stylistically reduced, mainly denote concepts associated with labor processes... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

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Professionalisms- words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group (for example, among investigators, operational workers, “split” to induce a confession, “confession”). Used in author review... Forensic Encyclopedia- PROFESSIONALISM, words or expressions used in a certain professional environment. Together with terms and professional jargon (cf. Jargon) they are included in the layer of special vocabulary. Between these three varieties of special vocabulary... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary

Professionalisms are words that belong to the speech of a certain speaking group, united by some production activity, specialty or profession (medical workers, printers, lawyers, sailors, etc.). Professionalisms denote special concepts, tools or products of labor, and labor production processes. Therefore, they are sometimes called special words or special terms.
Here are some examples: scalpel - a small surgical knife, usually with an arched blade, for operations, anatomy (lat.); veneer (German: Spon “sliver”) - a thin metal plate, not reaching the height of the font, inserted between the lines of type to increase the distance between them; quarterdeck - part of the upper deck of a warship (Dutch); alibi (Latin alibi “in another place”) - the absence of the accused at the scene of the crime at the time of its commission as evidence of his non-involvement in the crime; mezdra - the wrong side of tanned leather, etc.
Like dialectisms, professionalisms constitute such a layer of words in the vocabulary of the national language, the scope of which is limited. However, they are seriously different from dialectisms: 1) the scope of their use is limited not territorially, but socially,

they are part of the vocabulary of the literary language.

Among the professionalisms, there are also highly specialized words, for example, glinka - the highest grade of clay (kaolin), used in calico printing (a technical term), and words of wider use, for example, dirk - a knife, edged weapons in the form of a dagger among the command staff of the navy and air fleet.
In a number of cases, the scope of use of certain professionalisms expands so much that they turn into popular words. This is explained either by the wide distribution of a special subject and concept, or by their metaphorical use to designate objects and phenomena of reality that were not previously named by them. For example, the words combine, globe, screen became part of the national dictionary after harvesting with a combine became firmly established in our agriculture, the globe became a necessary accessory for teaching geography, and cinema became one of the most popular forms of art. Due to their metaphorical use, the following words, for example, became popular from professionalism: emergency (cf.: “An emergency was declared”) - originally the naval command “All up!”; fermentation (cf.: fermentation of minds) - originally a biological term; sphere (in higher spheres) - originally a mathematical term; soft-bodied - originally a special word for gardeners, a term for determining the ripeness of fruits; tempo (cf. growth rate) is originally a musical term.
Among professionalisms, they stand out as words that, as lexical units, are known only in special use, for example: troetes (from the carpenters' dictionary) - a long nail connecting three timbers at once; print - a print or photograph from an engraving (from French, cf.: stamp); smelting - a piece of metal; asbestos is a fibrous white material from which fireproof products are made (this word first came to us from the Greek language in the form of the word lime), etc., as well as words that with other meanings are part of the national vocabulary: bridge - place on the deck, from where the commander commands the ship; header - title in large font, title of several articles (typesetting), etc.
Professionalisms are usually used in oral speech of representatives of any profession, specialty and in scientific and technical literature.
Professionalism is possible in journalism and fiction, but there they can be justified only as a certain stylistic means for depicting work activity and the production landscape, for the speech characteristics of characters. When using certain professionalisms, you should remember that some of them are unfamiliar to representatives of other areas of work, and, if necessary, explain their meanings in one way or another. "

Each profession has its own specifics not only in the field of activity, but also in the vocabulary. Terms, names of tools, work actions - all this has its own definitions, understandable only to specialists. Progress sweeps across the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it is worth noting that today there are almost 60 thousand items in the field of electronics, and in Ozhegov’s well-known dictionary there are 3 thousand fewer of them. There is no other way to describe this than a terminological explosion.

Professionalisms in the Russian language: place and meaning

First of all, let's define this phenomenon. Industrial vocabulary is an autonomous language system, which is a collection of all scientific and technical concepts and names. It has the most developed information function.

Special vocabulary also penetrates into the literary language, which is completely inevitable, since highly specialized words may well become commonly used for objective reasons. This includes the popularization of scientific knowledge, increasing the level of people’s culture, and accessibility to modern communication technologies. For example, today everyone knows that perigee, and no one will be surprised by the expression “soft landing” or the science of selenology.

Literary language and professional vocabulary have a common word-formation basis, so a reverse cycle can also occur: an already known concept receives a new meaning that has a narrow specialization.

Communication between specialists, all kinds of scientific works, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalisms that have their own classification.

special vocabulary

First of all, this is a term (from Latin - “border”). This is the name of a word or phrase (in other words, a linguistic sign), which correlates with a special concept. These terms are included in the vast majority of neologisms that have appeared recently. An example is professionalism in medicine.

Terminological system: its components are, in fact, all the same linguistic signs, but have already undergone evolution from functioning as disparate (single) definitions to being combined into a holistic scientific theory.

Nomen (from Latin “family name”). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible object. For example, when they show us a device and say that it is an oscilloscope, then we will imagine it every time as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists, it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical vibrations.

The most democratic concept of special vocabulary is professionalism. They are especially widespread since most of them are unofficial synonyms of scientific concepts. Examples of professionalisms can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers and magazines, and in literary works; they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.

Occurrence classification

There are three ways to form special words:

Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb “shkerit” (to gut fish) formed the name of the profession - “shkershik”.

Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. For printers, a header is not a headdress, but a heading that unites several publications. And a trumpet for a hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.

Lexico-word formation. Examples of professionalisms that arose in this way are easy to identify, since they use suffixes or addition of words. Everyone knows what a spare wheel is (a backup mechanism or part of something) or a chief editor - editor-in-chief.

Features of speech and special words

Despite the apparent limitation in use, professionalisms are found in all. The dryness of the official business style will not surprise anyone, therefore, professionalisms in it have a simple function of conveying the meaning of the statement.

As for scientific speech, professionalism is used here for several reasons:

For better assimilation of information through the imagery of special vocabulary;

They make it possible to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts;

Tautologies are avoided by replacing terms with examples of professionalism.

For journalistic and artistic styles, the use of special words occurs with the same functions:

Informational;

Communicative (not only hero-hero communication, but also reader-author communication);

Saving speech effort - professionalism always explains in shorter terms;

Cognitive, forming cognitive interest.

Where do special words come from?

The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are native Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire. The colloquial layer of vocabulary gives the name of the hammer handle - kill, and the jargon suggested that the driver call downtime "kimarit". Even local dialects have shared the definition for the big road - highway.

Another source of the appearance of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever the name, it’s all Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign printing machine with a form, called a cliche, from which we only have the designation of the drawing made by it.

Any branch of production has objects that make up a system in which classes can be distinguished. Both require specific names to be grouped into thematic groups.

About lexical-thematic groups

Professional titles contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the speaker's attitude towards the subject. From this point of view, they can be objective (as a rule, these are nomen) and subjective:

Expressing negativity or irony towards the subject itself. So, a faulty car for motorists is a coffin.

Relation directly to the name. This is how the bomber became a bomber in aviation.

Even the quality of work can be indicated by professionalism. In construction, they say about brickwork: waste (little mortar) or zavalinka (uneven wall).

All these thematic groups are in certain connections, and it is they who fragment reality with the help of words.

About lexical-semantic groups

They are united not only by the presence of an emotional assessment of an object or its name, but also, if possible, interact with each other. This concerns semantic relations: synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, metaphor. In this regard, the following groups can be distinguished:

Words that have an equivalent in common vocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening a dictionary. There are a lot of professionalisms of this order in the Russian language: mine - large intercolumn spaces on a newspaper page.

Terminological synonyms. In different fields, professionalism means the same thing. For example, among motorists, builders and mechanical engineers, a crowbar is called a “pencil”.

Multiple meaning words. The word “Zhiguli”, in addition to the well-known meaning of a car as a trademark, refers to a specific camshaft in mechanical engineering.

And finally about jargon

Each profession has a number of words, phrases, and expressions that contain very vivid expression. These are usually informal synonyms for certain terms. They are used exclusively in communication between specialists and are called “professional jargon”.

The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible to an outsider who is outside this field of activity. Many programmers' professionalisms are tinged with jargon: teapot, dog or crib. They are already more reminiscent of argot - a social dialect widespread in a narrowly professional or even asocial environment. The function of this language is secret, it is only for “our own people”.

Conclusion

Everything related to professional vocabulary, jargon and even argot must be constantly studied, since this is a fairly large lexical layer that cannot be ignored, since it reflects historical processes and the development of society.

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what PROFESSIONALISM is in the Russian language in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books: