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Market segments
TAdviser provides information on various segments of the global computer market.
2018
Lenovo has become a leader - Gartner
On January 10, 2019, the analytical company Gartner published the results of a study of the global personal computer market, from which it became known about a change in leader. Lenovo supplied the most computers in 2018 - 58.5 million units, which is 6.9% more than a year earlier.
He considers the second negative factor to be political and economic uncertainty in a number of countries. The problem has affected even strong economies like Japan and affected the most vulnerable groups of shoppers, including small and medium-sized businesses, Kitagawa said.
Market decline for 7 years - IDC
In 2018, computer manufacturers supplied a total of 258.5 million desktops, laptops and workstations to the world market, which is 0.4% less than in 2017. Analysts provided such data in their regular report Worldwide Quarterly Personal Computing Device Tracker in January 2019. Sales have been declining for seven years in a row.
According to experts, the PC market performed better than expected due to the updating of computers in companies caused by the approaching end of support for Windows 7 (January 2020). Strong performance in the corporate segment helped offset the decline in the consumer sector.
In all regions except the US, computer sales exceeded market expectations, although the Asia-Pacific region was challenged by the challenging Chinese commercial market.
| Ongoing economic tensions between China and the United States continue to create great uncertainty in the business environment in the PRC. As demand for Chinese goods falls in the United States, manufacturing firms of all sizes in China are particularly affected, which in turn leads to a reduction in IT purchases by these companies, says IDC analyst Maciek Gornicki. - As a result, we should expect an increase in the rate of decline of the Chinese computer market in 2019. And if the trade war escalates further, its effects could spread to other countries, especially as currency fluctuations are expected to impact companies in the region. |
The balance of power among the largest computer manufacturers is presented in the table below. It is worth noting that HP Inc. retained its leadership, but the gap from its closest pursuer, Lenovo, turned out to be minimal. HP Inc. It helped that the company managed to survive the decline of the PC market in the Asia-Pacific region better than many competitors, according to an IDC study.
2017
6 year decline - Gartner
In January 2018, the analytical company Gartner summed up the results of the past year in the global personal computer market. According to preliminary estimates from experts, manufacturers produced over 262.5 million devices in 2017, including desktop PCs, laptops, premium ultraportables and hybrid Windows-based devices. The figure is 2.8% less than in 2016, thus, negative dynamics in the market have been observed for six years in a row.
Researchers are paying attention to the ongoing consolidation of the PC industry. In 2017, the top four PC vendors controlled 64% of the market, a significant increase from 2011, when the top four players accounted for only 45% of total PC shipments.
HP Inc. became the largest PC manufacturer at the end of 2017. , which shipped more than 55 million computers or 21% of the global volume. Compared to 2016, HP's shipments increased by 4.6%, and its share increased by 1.5%, which allowed the American vendor to surpass its Chinese competitor Lenovo, which topped the rating in 2016.
Lenovo dropped to second place with an annual result of 54.7 million PC devices and a share of 20.8%. For comparison, in 2016, Lenovo computer shipments reached 55.95 million units, and the share was 20.7%.
Best performance in 6 years - IDC
The global personal computer market contracted in 2017, but showed the best results in the previous six years. This was reported by the analytical company International Data Corporation (IDC).
According to experts, in 2017, manufacturers produced a total of 259.5 million desktops, laptops and workstations, which is 0.2% less than a year earlier. 2017 was the most stable year for the market since 2011, the study says.
According to analysts, the situation in the PC industry is improving due to the updating of corporate computer equipment and increasing consumer demand. In addition, the market is helped by falling sales of tablets, whose manufacturers are switching back to producing laptops, so 2017 saw an increase in the number of ultra-thin, convertible and gaming systems.
2016
Decline in all-in-one PC sales over 3 years
On June 7, 2017, the analytical company Digitimes Research presented some results of a study of the global all-in-one computer market. Sales of these devices have been falling for three years in a row.
In 2016, manufacturers released a total of 12.18 million desktops in the all-in-one form factor, which is 1.7% less than a year earlier, due to the decline in the consumer sector. In 2014 and 2015, there was also a decline in all-in-one PC sales. According to experts, the market will recover in 2017-2018.
Global shipments of all-in-one PCs in 2016 did not fall as much as the entire computer market, resulting in the share of this segment in volume terms amounting to a record 10.4%. In the next two years, this share will increase, analysts are sure.
Lenovo remains the leader in the global monoblock market. Moreover, in 2016, the Chinese company increased its lead over its closest pursuer, HP Inc. The four largest all-in-one PC manufacturers controlled 83.8% of the market in 2016. In 2017, the figure will reach 85.2% due to Lenovo increasing supplies of equipment, HP Inc. Strong sales are expected in the corporate sector, and Apple has introduced new models, according to Digitimes Research.
In 2016, iMac shipments were measured at 2.26 million units versus 2.53 million units a year earlier. Experts expect that in 2017, shipments of these devices will rise to 2.36 million units.
Among the contract manufacturers of monoblocks, analysts note Compal Electronics, which in 2016 showed the largest increase in shipments thanks to orders received as a result of TPV-Inventa leaving the market. It is expected that Compal will record the greatest dynamics of growth in shipments in the sector of contract manufacturing of all-in-one PCs at the end of 2017, and will also become the second largest manufacturer of these computers in Taiwan after Quanta Computer.
Fall for the fifth year in a row
On January 11, 2017, the analytical company Gartner published the results of a study of the global personal computer market. Its volume, according to experts, has been declining for five years in a row.
According to Gartner, in 2016, shipments of desktops and laptops globally amounted to 269.7 million units, a decrease of 6.2% compared to 2015. The market has been falling steadily since 2012.
| The PC market continued to stagnate in the fourth quarter of 2016 as holiday sales were generally weak due to fundamental changes in PC purchasing behavior, said Mikako Kitagawa, senior analyst at Gartner. - The entire personal computer market is static because technology improvements have not been sufficient to drive growth. There are several innovative form factors, such as hybrid devices and ultra-thin and light laptops, as well as technological advances such as longer battery life. This part of the market is growing rapidly, attracting more users for whom PCs are a priority. However, the segment supported by computer enthusiasts is not large enough to help grow the overall market. |
According to Kitagawa, one of the negative factors for the PC market is the popularity of smartphones, which is causing the usage cycle of computers to increase.
The three largest manufacturers of desktops and laptops did not change in 2016: Lenovo, HP Inc. and Dell recorded an asset share of 54.7% of the market versus 51.5% a year earlier. However, among these companies, only Dell was able to increase product shipments - by 2.6%. Moreover, Dell remained the only growing vendor in the top 6 manufacturers (see table above).
2015
Record decline
Bottom line
Source: IDC
Fall for the fourth year in a row
On January 12, 2016, the analytical company Gartner published the results of a study of the global personal computer market. Its volume, according to experts, has been declining for four years.
Gartner estimates that global shipments of desktops and laptops totaled 288.7 million units in 2015, down 8% from the year before. The market began to fall in 2012 after the introduction of a large number of tablets.
In 2015, one of the main problems for the computer industry was the devaluation of world currencies. It is because of this factor that PC production in Japan and the countries of Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America at the end of 2015 decreased by almost 10% compared to 2014. In the US and Asia-Pacific, the setback was minimal as currency fluctuations did not impact these markets.
In October-December 2015, the volume of the global computer industry decreased by 8.3% compared to the same period of the previous year, amounting to 75.7 million units. This quarterly decline was the fifth in a row and showed that even the pre-New Year season does not contribute to the overall increase in demand for PCs, which in turn indicates changes in consumer purchasing behavior regarding these devices, said Gartner analyst Mikako Kitagawa.
According to him, Windows 10 received a lot of positive feedback among corporate clients, but in the fourth quarter of 2015, companies were only testing this OS and were in no hurry to switch to it.
The six largest PC vendors - Lenovo, Dell, ASUS, Apple and Acer - accounted for 73.1% of global shipments in 2015, up from 70.4% a year earlier. Lenovo maintained its market leadership with a 19.8% share. The top three also included HP (18.2%) and Dell (13.6%). Next come ASUS (7.3%), Apple (7.2%) and Acer (7%). Among the listed manufacturers, only Apple managed to increase the supply of computers in 2015, according to Gartner data.
2014
Third decline in a row
On August 26, 2015, the research company International Data Corporation (IDC) posted a message on its website, from which it became known about the situation on the global computer market.
In 2014, analysts estimate that manufacturers worldwide shipped 308.3 million personal computers, which is 2.1% less than the year before. The annual market volume fell for the third time in a row, although the rate of decline was almost five times less than in 2013.
The situation in the computer industry has improved thanks to the end of official support for Windows XP and the Windows 8.1 with Bing program, under which vendors released budget laptops that were in high demand in many regions, especially in emerging economies. However, even these devices did not save the laptop segment from falling.
At the same time, the negative impact of the popularity of smartphones on computer sales has weakened. IDC says that in 2015, the growth of the global smart phone market will slow down threefold - to 10.4%, and in subsequent years, shipments of these devices will increase by only a few percent.
In their study, the analysts did not provide the balance of power among computer manufacturers for 2014.
Market decline by 2.2%
Top 5 global PC vendors, third quarter of 2012, thousand units
IDC, 2012
Interestingly, at the same time as IDC, another respected research company, Gartner, released its report on the state of the global PC market in the third quarter of 2012. According to this company, the Chinese Lenovo for the first time in its history came out on top in PC shipments in the world. True, Gartner analysts indicate that these are only preliminary estimates. Gartner estimates Lenovo and HP's market shares at 15.7% and 15.5%, respectively. Next come Dell, Acer and Asus, as does IDC.
Second quarter
Global PC shipments in the second quarter of 2012 decreased, according to Gartner, by 0.1% compared to the same period last year to 87.46 million units. Both global economic instability and the fact that sales of ultrabooks did not live up to expectations had an impact: they are still at an early stage of adaptation, although they appeared on the market back in 2011.
Virtualization technologies have made it possible to abstract the application level from a specific type of device, OS, even processor architecture.
Changing approaches to software design, delivery and use reported that PC sales declined in the fourth quarter compared with the previous year. Although software vendors are expected to perform better than hardware vendors in 2011, the weak PC market is affecting not only chip vendors like Intel, but also software vendors whose revenues depend to some extent on application sales on the market. new PCs.
According to Gartner, in the fourth quarter of 2011, global PC shipments amounted to 92.2 million units. - 1.4% less than in the fourth quarter of 2010.
In turn, IDC announced a slowdown in sales of personal computers in the last three months of 2011. The reasons for the decline, according to company analysts: a weak economy, a shortage of hard drives as a result of floods in Thailand and competition from tablets. According to IDC estimates, in the fourth quarter of 2011, global PC shipments amounted to 92.7 million units, which is 0.1% less than the same period in 2010.
Since its inception in 1976, Apple has always sold computers with its own operating system and developed its own architecture. Just 15 years ago, it seemed that Apple had hopelessly lost to the actual developer of the Wintel ecosystem - the American IBM, which allowed other companies to churn out "IBM-compatible computers." When in 1998, Apple's CEO already accounted for 1/3 of all tablets sold in the world.
The second quarter of 2011 was also successful for Acer, which released its first Android tablet in April 2011: according to Canalys, it was actively purchased in Germany, Russia and the USA. In Russia, 90,000 Acer tablets were sold in the second quarter, says the head of its Russian office, Gleb Mishin. But the Android platform is still “unfinished” and the tablets are “the same,” so Apple has no serious competition, says Eldar Murtazin, leading analyst at Mobile Research Group.
In monetary terms, the Chinese market also surpassed the United States - $11.9 billion versus $11.7 billion - occupying 22% of the global personal computer market.
However, IDC predicts that the US will still remain in first place for the full year 2011, as sales in the US typically pick up towards the end of the year. According to analysts, in 2011, 73.4 million personal computers will be sold in the United States - 1 million more than in China. But in 2012, China will finally overtake the United States in this indicator - 85.1 million versus 76.6 million, they predict.
Data for Russia are not provided. For comparison, in the first quarter of 2011, 2.31 million personal computers were shipped in Russia.
For the second year now, China has been ahead of the United States in terms of car market volume - in 2010, their sales increased by 32% to 18.06 million units (including trucks). In the United States, 11.6 million vehicles were sold last year. According to OECD forecasts, China could surpass the United States in terms of industrial production within 5-7 years, and in terms of GDP by 2030.
IDC and Gartner forecasts: theory and practice
The above results from IDC and Gartner on the state of affairs on the PC market in the first quarter of 2012, although not fundamentally, still differ from each other and, sometimes, noticeably. We suggest turning to the forecasts made earlier by these research companies and see how accurate they later turned out to be.
IDC predicted that 217.2 million laptop PCs would ship in 2010, up from 169 million in 2009. It was expected that by 2012, portable systems would occupy 70% of the market in quantitative terms. At the end of 2010, the total volume of the PC market amounted to 346.8 million units. Assuming that IDC's forecast turned out to be extremely correct, the share of laptops in this volume reached almost 63% - a clearly inflated figure for 2010. The growth in shipments was primarily driven by increased interest in portable devices in emerging economies.
Intel President and CEO Paul Otellini expected to see the share of netbooks and other similar systems in 2010 at 20%, IDC - at 12% of the market in numerical terms. The higher forecast from Intel is not accidental - it is a monopolist of the processor market for low-cost systems. This, in particular, supported the company during the active phase of the recession. IDC's cautious assessments were closer to the truth; netbooks never became a truly successful product category.
As for tablet PCs, according to IDC forecast, about 7 million such devices should be sold in 2010 and about 46 million in 2014. As it soon became clear, 10.7 million tablets were sold in the fourth quarter of 2010 alone (data from Strategy Analytics ).
Gartner lowered its PC shipment growth forecast for 2011 to 15.9% versus 18.1% previously estimated. According to the updated forecast, 409 million PCs should be delivered to the world market.
Projected supply volumes for 2009-2011 had to be reduced due to a number of factors, Gartner explained.
Firstly, analysts have recorded a change in consumer behavior - a shift in interest in innovative gadgets, which include new models of smartphones and multimedia tablets. Analysts believe that consumers in developing regions who do not yet own a personal computer may forego buying one in favor of a tablet, the capabilities of which will only approach those of a PC over time, while the convenience of consuming content and communicating on social networks using a tablet is worth it head and shoulders above now.
Secondly, the decrease in supply growth rates is due to savings. Realizing that the process of overcoming the crisis may take additional time (and who knows how long), consumers are inclined to postpone the purchase of a new system until better times. The same applies to the corporate segment. There are already examples of entire companies switching to the iPad, which believe that this computer will not become obsolete as quickly as the traditional system.
Analysts also pointed to the inability of the traditional personal computer market to offer anything truly new. It is difficult to come up with more convenient systems that would achieve resounding success, and all that remains is to reduce prices and lean on volumes, and this model has already exhausted itself. Tablets are one of the new trends that can help maintain revenue for manufacturers.
Gartner also mentioned another factor in the slowdown in market growth - virtual workspace technology. With the rise of thin clients, the need for workplace hardware upgrades is expected to fade into the background. This will have a negative impact on sales of desktop PCs in the corporate segment. However, this factor will begin to operate no earlier than 2012.
In general, Gartner’s conclusions turned out to be correct, but in the end the market size in quantitative terms in 2011 did not even exceed 352.8 million PCs. Poor economic conditions in Western Europe and a shortage of hard drives in the fourth quarter due to flooding in Thailand were the reasons for the strong decline in shipments.
Gartner analysts are confident that desktop PC shipments will continue to grow in 2011-2012, with minimal growth in 2013 and negative dynamics in 2014. Sales of portable systems will show diametrical results - rapid growth rates every year until 2014, for which the forecast is given. In 2014, according to IDC, 426.9 million laptop computers will be shipped to the global market. By this time, tablets will “eat up” 10% of the PC market in quantitative terms (IDC and Gartner do not classify tablets as personal computers).
2010: Sales growth by 13% to 350 million PCs. HP Leader
On an annual basis, PC shipments to the global market in 2010 grew by 13.8% to 350.9 million units - according to Gartner - and by 13.6% to 346.2 million - according to IDC. The best result was shown by Lenovo, whose shipments increased by 37.3%. In addition to Lenovo, only one company in the top five manufacturers exceeded the market average - Toshiba. In 2010, the company launched a new brand promotion strategy and celebrated the 25th anniversary of the release of the first laptop.
Worldwide PC shipments in 2010 (units, preliminary results)
| Company | Deliveries in 2010 | Market share in 2010, % | Deliveries in 2009 | Market share in 2009, % | Growth year on year, % |
| HP | 62768547 | 17,9 | 58942530 | 19,1 | 6,5 |
| Acer | 45265678 | 12,9 | 39783933 | 12,9 | 13,8 |
| Dell | 42123680 | 12,0 | 37353774 | 12,1 | 12,8 |
| Lenovo | 33965812 | 9,7 | 24735404 | 8,0 | 37,3 |
| Toshiba | 19011752 | 5,4 | 15499805 | 5,0 | 22,7 |
| Others | 147768653 | 42,1 | 132026226 | 42,8 | 11,9 |
| Total | 350904121 | 100,0 | 308341673 | 100,0 | 13,8 |
So in Russia, CJSC MCST and OJSC INEUM im. I.S. Bruk" at the 9th International Exhibition "ChipExpo-2011", which takes place in Moscow from November 1 to November 3, 2011 at the Central Exhibition Complex "Expocentre", demonstrates new processors, personal computers, laptops and other electronics running on microelectronics and processors of our own production.
Computers are intended primarily for: the civil production industry; military departments of Russia, CIS and BRIC; radar systems for civil purposes (sea, air, land transport). For civilians and businesses where it is necessary to install especially secure and reliable computers. Computers have different designs. Different security classes depending on the need. All computers have support or the ability to work with GLONASS and GPS, depending on the needs of the buyer.
In this note, I will try to explain the principles of operation of Russian computers and processors, as well as the areas of application of new products.
So, let’s briefly go through the new products, then we’ll look at the details and features of Russian processors and how to compare them.
Elbrus-2C+ is the first hybrid high-performance microprocessor from MCST. It contains 2 Elbrus architecture cores and 4 Elvis digital signal processor (DSP) cores. The main area of application of the Elbrus-2C+ processor is digital intelligent signal processing systems, such as radars, image analyzers, etc.
Compared to the Elbrus-S processor, the following changes were introduced into the Elbrus-2C+ processor:
- The number of Elbrus architecture cores has been increased to 2.
- Level 2 cache reduced to 1 MB per core.
- Added a cluster of 4 DSP cores operating at the same frequency.
- Supported memory type changed to DDR2-800, bandwidth improved by 60%
- Added one more I/O channel. You can connect an additional KPI south bridge or a specialized device, such as a DAC/ADC controller, to it.
- A C language version of the compiler has been implemented for the hybrid processor, allowing you to compile code for DSP cores and ensure effective interaction between the main program running on the CPU cores and procedures for the DSP.
The latest 4-core microprocessor “MCST R1000” (“MCST-4R” working title)
The MCST-4R chip is a four-core system on a chip with a built-in shared second-level cache, a coherence controller, an input-output channel controller, a system switch and intersystem exchange controllers. The microcircuit is built on the basis of the R-500S system-on-chip previously developed at MCST CJSC
The microcircuit and the MVS4/S, MVS4-RS processor modules developed on its basis are intended for use in high-performance computing systems compatible with the Elbrus-90micro VC for automated control systems, as well as for creating high-performance single-board computers for wearable and embedded applications.
Possible areas of application of the MCST-4R microcircuit and MVS4/S, MVS4-RS modules include:
Wearable small-sized household computers for use as:
a computer for working in the field, in particular for performing operational calculations, storing reference information, preparing documents for various purposes, etc.;
terminal of radio-electronic and communication systems, mobile and portable equipment complexes,
terminal for testing and verification equipment in technical positions, as well as as a device for storing and preparing documents related to the operation of complex complexes and other applications.
Computers for automated operator workstations for use as display tools, documentation of work performed, etc.
Embedded control computers for solving problems of information processing and controlling the operation of special objects in real time
A class of mobile fault-tolerant servers for building automated systems for special purposes, in particular, automated systems of civil and military authorities.
CPU0… CPU3 – four processor cores;
L2 cache – second level cache memory;
CC – coherence controller
MC – DDR2 SDRAM memory controller;
IOCC – input/output channel controller;
ISCC – intersystem communication controllers;
SCom – system switch.
Embedded computers (modules) and finished products based on the MCST R500S microprocessor
The MUP/S module has been developed for industrial applications. The module is made in the Euromechanics format, 3U high, with a CompactPCI bus and has all the necessary components: processor, memory, video adapter, hard drive, external interfaces.
Processor MCST R500S, 500 MHz
DDR memory, 1GB
Video controller of our own design (MGA), 2 independent channels, resolution up to 1600x1200 with 24-bit color. Video buffer 2x8 MB, DVI-I and VGA outputs
Interfaces (external and with output to the rear system connector) USB2.0 (4 channels), PCI (32bit/33MHz), stereo audio, SATA 1.0 (3 channels), GBit Ethernet (2 channels), RS232, PS/2 (2 Kb&M channel)
Power supply 5 V, no more than 20 W
MCST has developed a thin client model with small dimensions and energy consumption
A thin client is a device for inputting and displaying information (terminal/mini computer). Physically, a thin client is a compact and silent computer without a hard drive (and without fans), the main operating system of which loads on the server. All user applications run on the terminal server (application server), but this is completely transparent to the user. Since the entire computing load falls on the server, the thin client has a minimal hardware configuration without any loss of performance.
What are thin clients used for?
Thin clients are used in organizations where most users use computers to perform the same type of tasks: working with databases, information catalogs (shops, pharmacies, libraries), working as bank terminals, etc. External view on the left is a thin client from the Japanese manufacturer NEC on the right of MCST.
Characteristics of the Russian thin client:
2-processor system MCST R500S, 250 MHz
DDR memory, 128MB
Video controller Silicon Motion SM722
Ethernet network 100Mbit
Other interfaces PS/2 keyboard, PS/2 mouse
Power supply 5 V, 7 W
Wearable terminal (secure laptop)
Developed based on the MPY2 module.
Module features:
Low power consumption (27W)
wide operating temperature range
(-20...+50 degrees)
Impact resistance (up to 100g)
tightness
Base module MPY2, processor frequency 400 MHz
TFT display 15”, 1024x768
Video controller MGA
External interfaces 2xUSB2.0, 2xRS-232/422, 2xPS/2, Ethernet 100Mb, IEEE 1284.
Integrated devices SSD 8Gb, Wifi 802.11n a/b/g, Glonass/GPS receiver
Battery 3Ah, 16V
Operating system OS "Elbrus" based on Linux or OS "MSVS".
I’ll say right away that the case on the presented model is temporary, this is a test copy of mass-produced Russian computer cases you can see in the photo below. For comparison, on the left is a protective laptop from JSC MCST, and on the right is from Panasonic.
In general, the laptop case can be made in any way, the main thing is that it meets the standards of the consumer’s request. In this case, you need a well-protected and shockproof laptop.
Now let's look at some questions and statements like: not an iPhone at all, somehow not glamorous, where is the place for pens, the frequency of 400-1000 MHz sucks, Krevedko is saddened by the megahertz, finally started, sad, slow, etc...
Of course, this is not an iPhone, I won’t argue here, the processor manufacturer is not China, but Russia. And, I want to note, this is not the first time Russia has made computers and processors! And constantly. Many engineers trained and raised in Russia (USSR) work abroad and develop both software and computers with processors themselves. If we take the well-known Intel Pentium, then there are our, domestic, roots and developments. For example, the well-known Sun, according to B.A. Babayan (former head and developer of Elbrus), Peter Rosenbladt proposed cooperation with HP. But Babayan chose Sun (the first meeting with Sun management took place back in 1989). And in 1991, a contract was signed with Sun. Sun officials know that Elbrus took part in the development of the UltraSPARC microprocessor, optimizing compilers, operating systems (including Solaris), Java tools, and multimedia libraries. The E2k project was originally funded by Sun. Now the project is completely independent, all intellectual property on it belongs to Elbrus and is protected by approximately 70 US patents. B.A. Babayan explains, “If we had continued to work with Sun in this area, everything would have belonged to Sun. Although 90% of the work was done before Sun appeared. It is a big misconception that JSC MCST is the only one to produce processors in Russia; this is not true at all. Just to name a few manufacturers that produce processors:
SPC "ELVEES" - production of chips and processors, microelectronics. They are used in Russian PCs, access control systems and other small household appliances. They work in conjunction with OJSC ANGSTREM-T to produce chips and microcircuits according to 0.13-micron design standards. Lines are being prepared according to 0.09-μm design standards, under the leadership of Sitronics.
The manufacturer's most famous processor is NVCom-01 (Navicom), which is a programmable three-processor “system on a chip” with a built-in 48-channel GLONASS/GPS navigation function. The microcircuit is designed using 0.13 micron technology based on the MULTICOR IP-core platform, crystal dimensions 8.8 * 9.5 mm*mm, ~60 million transistors. The NVCom-01 microprocessor allows you to replace high-performance DSP processors of foreign manufacture, including ADSP TS201 (ADI) chips, a number of OMAP (TI) series chips, and SiRF Atlas-III (SiRF) navigation chips. Oriented for mass production at the promising domestic microelectronic production of JSC ANGSTREM-T according to 0.13-μm design standards. It is a programmable three-processor “system on a chip” with a built-in 48-channel GLONASS/GPS navigation function. The microcircuit is designed using 0.13 micron technology based on the MULTICOR IP-core platform, crystal dimensions 8.8 * 9.5 mm*mm, ~60 million transistors. The NVCom-01 microprocessor allows you to replace high-performance DSP processors of foreign manufacture, including ADSP TS201 (ADI) chips, a number of OMAP (TI) series chips, and SiRF Atlas-III (SiRF) navigation chips. Oriented for mass production at the promising domestic microelectronic production of JSC ANGSTREM-T according to 0.13-μm design standards.
To be more specific, processors and modular devices based on these processors are recognized in Russia as one of the best. In St. Petersburg, the Multiboard kit received high marks from international experts from ESA, NASA, University of Dundee, Astrium. It was with the use of the kit’s chips that at ISC-2010 the domestic branched SpaceWire network was first demonstrated, provided with the position of the M&T development network Administrator.
Together with specialists from the world's space agencies (ESA, NASA, JAXA), specialists from SPC "ELVEES" and SUAI actively participate in the work of the International Working Group (ESA, Holland) to improve and further develop the SpaceWire standard, including the development of a gigabit version of the new promising standard with galvanic isolation, tentatively called "SpaceFibre".
KB "Korund-M" specializes in the assembly of various electronic modules of computers, processors and chips, including military applications and harsh operating conditions, the design and manufacture of complex, highly reliable electronic devices and computer components. The photo shows a Baguette Super processor for PCs and laptops and a motherboard.
STC "Module" is an enterprise formed in 1990 by military-industrial complex enterprises - NPO "Vympel" and the Research Institute of Radio Instrument Engineering. He is engaged in applied research in the field of pattern recognition and the development of hardware for digital signal and image processing and the construction of functionally complete computing systems on their basis. Developer of the well-known NeuroMatrix series of microprocessors. Embedded computers developed by STC "Module" are used in industrial systems, on-board avionics and space applications. Particularly secure PCs are distributed among departments. In particular, MBC186 is installed on the Zarya module of the International Space Station, as well as on the ISS service module and the Yamal telecommunications satellite.
I would like to note that STC “Module” has granted the German division of Fujitsu (Fujitsu Microelectronics Europe GmbH) a license for the NeuroMatrix Core processor core, aimed at use in signal processing systems and the construction of neural networks. It can be used in various multimedia and telecommunications devices (for example, MPEG-4 decoders).
The Fujitsu division has received non-exclusive rights to use NeuroMatrix Core in the EU (patent license for 4 years). The contract amount has not been announced, but such agreements typically cost between $250,000 and $1 million, plus sales royalties.
A representative of Licensintorg noted that the agreement between the Scientific and Technical Center Module and Fujitsu is the first agreement in recent years on the export of a Russian high-tech product in the field of microelectronics, although a lot of agreements on the import of similar technologies have been concluded. In general, I can talk for a long time about Russian manufacturers of processors and chips, but I hope the essence is understood that we were, are and will be in this direction. Now let's talk about the appearance. Many people reproach that computers are cut square, etc. And that the size of the motherboard will only fit on a stretcher and that the computer can only be transported on a tractor. Complete nonsense. For example, in Russia there is a company, ZAO GRANIT-VT, which makes various computers, mostly built-in. Of course, such computers are needed for production, but just look at the photo to see what kind of single-board computer they managed to make.
In the photo, the GRANIT-VT Module VM503 is designed to work as an embedded small-sized on-board PC for automatic and automated control systems for moving objects, industrial control and data acquisition systems, as well as other systems operating in difficult operating conditions... The computer processor is from the manufacturer JSC MCST " Now let's get back to the glamor. Standard housings from the manufacturer for domestic and civil needs from JSC MCST look like this:
Next to the photo is what is built into a regular case. Slots are unified. You can buy any case to your taste, even made of gold and with rhinestones, if someone needs it. The simplest versions of civilian PCs, such as Elbrus, look like this.
Inside is a standard motherboard of familiar sizes. The only thing is that Russian processors do not need water or conventional cooling; you will not see fans on processors. Here's what's inside:
Expansion slots are standard PCI and S-BUS. ATI Rage128 runs on Elbrus-90micro, our processors handle this card with a bang. The HDD and CD-Writer drive are working.
Now about performance and megahertz. Often people do not quite correctly understand the clock frequency, for example 150-200-300-400 or 1000 MHz, on Russian processors, comparing it with foreign analogues. The clock frequency of Russian processors is low - but it is compensated by the “explicitly parallel” architecture (EPIC). Some Russian processors at 300 MHz are on average 1.5 or 2 times faster than Pentium 4/1.4 GHz. Let's start with simple examples and small numbers “my dear millions” (c)…
At one time, STC "Module" processor NM6403 NeuroMatrix core frequency 40 MHz arranged a sparring (test drive as is now fashionable) with an Intel Pentium II processor with a core frequency of 300 MHz, and severely knocked out the latter, the microprocessor created in "Module" is a hybrid so called RISC - a processor with a massively parallel ultra-high-speed computer. The resulting architecture as a result of this “crossing” is ideal for tasks of digital signal processing and neural network modeling. This interaction is the main difference between the Russian development and all world microprocessors; the NeuroMatrix’s bit depth is arbitrary from 1 to 64 bits, which allows the processor to process a larger number of words at the same time - this is exactly the same parallelism in calculations. As a result, the NM6403 can achieve performance that is comparable or even superior to all well-known brands of microprocessors.
An example is the Sobel Transform performance test, which is used in object detection and classification systems. The NM6403 runs it at 68 frames per second. The TMS320C40 processor from the American company Texas Instruments, which has a clock frequency of 50 MHz, performs this conversion at a speed of 6.8 frames per second; an Intel Pentium with a core frequency of 200 MHz performs the same operation at a speed of 21 frames per second. And this despite the fact that the operating frequency of the NeuroMatrix core is only 40 MHz.
Another test is the "Fourier Transform". The Russian processor does the conversion for 256 points in 102 microseconds, the TMS320C40 is four times slower, the Intel Pentium II with a clock frequency of 300 MHz is two times slower.
The reason for such high performance of the NM6403 is that the developers from STC “Module” took the path of improving the architecture, and not along the path of increasing the clock frequency and cache memory capacity. As a result, the processor uses all its resources to the maximum when performing any operation, which allows it to “beat” the speed and performance of the Intel Pentium, which has an eight times higher clock frequency. But these, experts may argue, are synthetic - special laboratory performance tests. If we talk about the vital application of Russian development and its efficiency and speed in work, then imagine such a situation. A video camera with a built-in NM6403 is installed on the Moscow Ring Road and monitors traffic.
At the same time, she is able to instantly recognize the make, color, size and license plate of each of the cars flying past her at great speed in all eight lanes. Moreover, it will not only recognize each individual car, find out whether the driver has undergone a technical inspection or whether the vehicle has been stolen, but will also transmit all the information to the nearest traffic police post. By the way, on the international space station “Alpha”, in the Russian block “Zarya”, an on-board computer complex based on NM6403 NeuroMatrix has already been installed, which interacts perfectly with Western-made computers that are familiar to all.
The chip created on Module can be installed in a regular home computer. But in this case, the result will be a cannon shot at the sparrows. In his opinion, for everyday needs it is difficult to come up with tasks that would justify the need for this chip in a conventional processor. NM6403 is designed for research projects, solving applied problems, encryption and decryption, and processing information received from spacecraft in real time.
In Golitsyn, where the center for processing such information is located, and where its volume per one operator is equal to all the programs of Central Television for a year of continuous operation, the STC “Module” chip is not yet installed. But according to his capabilities, he is able to “shove through” all this and much more additional information. Of course, the processors are outdated, but I gave this example to make it clear that the frequency of our processors can be safely multiplied by 2 or even 3, depending on performance tasks. And then there will be approximately equal performance of processors in terms of gigahertz. Let's take more recent testing, for the State. tests of processors, for example, Elbrus-3M/300 MHz on average exceeds the performance of Pentium II/300 MHz by 1.75 times and is 17% higher than that of Pentium III/450 MHz. In a broader class of tasks, the performance of the Elbrus-3M computer when executing IA-32 codes is comparable to the performance of Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium IV processors operating in the frequency range 300-1500 MHz. At one of the exhibitions, Elbrus-type computers were presented to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev; in the presence of journalists, programmers, and gamers, the SPEC test was run on the computer; he highly appreciated the performance and compactness of the computers. Regular users happily tested the Windows shell and Microsoft Office on it. Gamers were happy to test their favorite games like Quake, Kerchief, etc... Today, Elbrus-3M runs about 20 operating systems in IA-32, MS-DOS, Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, QNX, Elbrus OS, OS " WSWS", Ubuntu OS, etc. Under the control of these operating systems, about a thousand applications run on the Elbrus-3M platform, including computer games, programs from the Microsoft Office package, videos, data compression programs, and external device drivers. All this indicates the reliability and completeness of the binary translation system and its competitiveness. Do not forget that Western analogues of x86 processors have reached their performance limit and are shifting the processor frequency higher for commercial use. Performance does not increase as much as they would like + huge heat generation, and as a result, the need for powerful cooling coolers or water cooling of processors. What looks energy-consuming, dangerous, inconvenient. New Russian processors, such as the six-core Elbrus-2C+ processor with a clock frequency of 500 MHz and the four-core MCST-4R processor with a clock frequency of 1000 MHz, do not need such cooling. And if you want to express your opinion about their performance, then, as I already wrote to you above, the processor frequency must be multiplied by 2-4 times, depending on the task assigned to the PC with its processor. And only then will you approximately reach the frequency figure of our processor, measuring it in the frequencies of foreign analogues. Moreover, Russian manufacturers of processors and Elbrus-type computers of the same name are developing not only multi-core processors, but also multiprocessor ones. In the photo below you can see a motherboard with four domestic processors at once.
Such computer boards were supplied to us in the south, to OJSC Taganrog Plant Priboi. They are made to meet the requirements for harsh operating conditions. Used to create navigation devices for transport and the military. The MBC/C processor module contains four dual-core R-500S microprocessors, thus representing a single-board 4-machine system with a total of eight processors. It is also available in the MVS/S-K version with conductive cooling.
The plant is the fourth organization that uses modules of this type in the radio systems being developed. In general, I can talk about computers of these families for a long time and tediously... The main idea is that processors and computers have been made, are being made, and will be made by us. “National Unity Day” is approaching, I would like to congratulate all visitors to our portal on this holiday. And happy holiday to those who make and develop Russian microelectronics.
Apple products
Apple Computer Incorporated is an American corporation specializing in the development and production of computer equipment. The headquarters is located in Cupertino (California).
A characteristic feature of Apple Computer is that it stands apart from the widespread IBM-compatible computer equipment. Despite the higher price level, Apple Computer products have great potential and are recognized by highly qualified personal computer users.
The company was founded in 1977 by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak in Palo Alto, California. The first production premises for the company was an ordinary garage. The founders of Apple Computer set themselves the goal of creating a microcomputer that would be affordable to the average user, but with the widest possible capabilities.
The basis for the future computer was a computer board developed by Wozniak called Apple 1. In 1977, Wozniak and Jobs assembled the first complete personal computer, housed in a plastic case with an integrated keyboard and a TV as a display. Apple 2, which weighed less than seven kilograms, cost $1,350. Seven expansion slots made it possible to increase the machine's capabilities with expansion cards for graphics, communications, and printing. The main advantage of the Apple 2 was its reliability compared to other microcomputers of the late 1970s. Shortly after financier Michael Marculla invested his money in the business, mass production of the Apple 2 began in Cupertino. In the summer of 1978, the Apple 2 was equipped with a disk drive, and in late 1979, with the VisiCalc software package. Thanks to the high quality of its products, Apple Computer has become a leading company in the microcomputer market.
In the early 1980s, with the advent of the IBM personal computer, competition between microcomputer manufacturers increased sharply. Apple Computer released the Macintosh series of computers, which for many years were considered a model of high performance and excellent quality. Lightweight and user-friendly Macintosh with graphical interface and<мышью>was introduced by the company in 1984, but demand for it was lower than expected. The company, which manufactured and sold personal computers, printers and software around the world in the early 1980s, was beset by strife. In 1985, internal problems led to the reorganization of the company and the resignation of Jobs. In 1986, John Sculley became the company's chief executive.
In the mid-90s, Apple was going through a difficult time. The company could not cope with the huge range of products, and sales began to fall. The company decided to change strategy and at the end of 1996 acquired NeXT, founded in 1985 by Jobs and several former Apple employees, for $400 million. Thus, Jobs returned to the company he created, accepting the position of interim manager, and was actively involved in the process of revitalizing the company. He decided to stop releasing a number of products and distributing licenses for the MacOS operating system. Under pressure from Jobs, Apple abandoned the services of all partners in the field of computer retail trade in favor of one - CompUSA, which is now successfully trading<маками>.
Cooperation with Microsoft also contributed to the revival of Apple: in 1997, Bill Gates decided to support the company and invested $150 million in Apple. Apple's business is looking up. The popular office suite Microsoft Office 98 for the Macintosh platform appeared on the market several months earlier than the similar version for Windows. By the beginning of 1999, over 31 million Macintosh computer systems had been sold worldwide.
Apple Computer Corporation's production facilities are also located in Ireland and Singapore. Every year, the corporation allocates about 7% of the proceeds from the sale of computers to research purposes. Apple Computer research centers are located in Cupertino, Tokyo, Cork (Ireland) and China. Apple has offices in 140 countries around the world. The corporation's staff at the beginning of 1999 was 8,788 people.
3Com (Computer Communication Compatibility Corporation)
3Com (Computer Communication Compatibility Corporation), an American corporation engaged in local and global network infrastructures. 3Com is the world's second largest company providing complete networking solutions. It helps organizations and individuals around the world connect with each other and share information and resources at any time, wherever they are. 3Com has more than 100 million network connections deployed, more than any other company.
The name 3Com is synonymous with Ethernet network technology. One of the inventors of this widespread networking technology, Dr. Robert Metcalfe, founded 3Com in 1979. 3Com's headquarters are located in Santa Clara, California. The corporation released the world's first network adapter for an IBM-compatible computer in 1983 and has so far supplied customers with over 50 million network interface cards. In the early nineties, 3Com refocused its business on global data networks. The successful work of the corporation allowed it to enter the list of the five hundred largest companies in the world in April 1994. The corporation is currently trying to find a technological solution that will make it possible to combine disparate local networks, equipped with equipment from different manufacturers, into a single corporate infrastructure.
During 1993-98, 3Com acquired twelve computer companies, which helped the corporation enter new markets and expand its range of networking solutions. The largest and most significant of these was the merger of the U.S. Robotics in June 1997. 3Com managed to significantly strengthen the position of the U.S. Robotics in the retail sector and in the field of equipment supply for service providers.
3Com, one of the largest providers of still image, audio and video technology, is playing a leading role in the transition to universal networks that connect these three types of information within a single network environment. The corporation provides network solutions to more than 200 million users worldwide, offering large corporations, small and medium-sized enterprises, telecom operators and network service providers, and individuals access to information and system solutions to create intelligent and high-performance local and global networks.
3Com's main customers are in the areas of finance, education, healthcare, retail, publishing, industry, and government. 3Com is the primary equipment supplier to 9 of the 10 largest Internet service providers in North America (including America Online and CompuServe), as well as providers worldwide.
3Com places a significant emphasis on innovation. Employees of the corporation's scientific laboratories managed to obtain 114 patents for inventions in the United States - more than any of the companies specializing in the field of network technologies. In the 1997 fiscal year, the corporation spent about $500 million on scientific development.
In total, 3Com produces more than eight hundred hardware and software products. These include network interface cards, modems, organizers, videophones, speakerphones, hubs, routers, switches, remote access tools, and network management software.
3Com's sales in fiscal 1998 were $5.4 billion. 3Com is a global company with 160 offices in 45 countries on six continents. 3Com's ISO 9002 certified manufacturing facilities are located in Boxboro, Massachusetts, Chicago, Salt Lake City, Santa Clara, Ireland, Israel and Singapore. 3Com has regional service and support centers in Chicago, Santa Clara, Asia Pacific, Europe and Latin America. In addition, the corporation maintains 135 logistics and spare parts storage centers, as well as seven technical problem solving centers. 3Com employs about 13 thousand employees. The head of the corporation is Eric A. Benhamou.
Acer products
Acer Incorporated, a Taiwanese corporation, is one of the world's ten largest personal computer manufacturers. In terms of sales, Acer firmly holds a leading position in the computer markets of Latin America and Asia, and is also one of the leading computer companies in the United States and Europe.
The company was founded in 1976 under the name Multitech International. In the early 80s, the company managed to assemble inexpensive IBM-compatible personal computers and enter the international market. In 1985, representative offices were opened in Japan and Germany. In 1987, Acer Laboratories Incorporated was created - a division for the development and production of chipsets. The following year, the entire corporation was renamed Acer - in Latin<активный, целеустремленный, умный>.
In 1988, Acer acquired the American company Counterpoint Computers (San Jose, California), a developer and manufacturer of minicomputers, and in 1989, the Dutch company Kangaroo Computer B.V., which became the basis for the production facilities of the AcerEurope division.
The high level of work of the young Taiwanese company was recognized by the leading computer companies in the world. In 1989, Acer and Texas Instruments, the flagship of the US semiconductor industry, created a joint venture to produce memory chips. In 1990, Acer acquired Altos Computer Systems, one of the leaders in the production of multi-user systems, for $94 million.
In 1991, ChipUpTM technology was developed at Acer research laboratories, the license for the use of which was purchased by Intel in 1994. In 1992, Acer's headquarters were moved to Singapore. In 1997, Acer acquired the Texas Instruments division, which specialized in the development and marketing of portable computers.
15 Acer factories with a total production area of more than 1 million m2, located in the USA, the Netherlands, Finland, Malaysia and Taiwan, produce a wide range of products - from keyboards, monitors and fax machines to laptops, Desktop computers, servers, workstations, video conferencing systems. In addition, Acer produces integrated circuits, DRAM, ASIC, and BIOS components. Acer's strategic partners are Texas Instruments, Intel, Microsoft, Novell, Santa Cruz Operations.
Along with the main production facilities, Acer has 35 assembly shops in different parts of the world, as close as possible to its sales markets. This organizational structure, which bears an internal name, allows the company to supply finished products at the lowest prices. In March 1996, Acer announced the opening of a system assembly plant in Finland, aimed at the Russian market.
Currently, Acer has more than 80 offices in 38 countries and has a staff of 15 thousand employees. The company successfully operates in computer markets in more than 100 countries.
Adobe Systems Incorporated
Adobe Systems Incorporated is an American corporation and a leading developer of software for personal computers. The company is headquartered in San Jose, California.
Adobe was founded in 1982 by John E. Warnock and Charles M. Geschke, who still lead the company today. Specializing in the creation of graphic editors for personal computers, Adobe managed to release a whole series of programs that have received recognition from millions of users. These are the Adobe Photoshop raster package, the Adobe Illustrator vector package, the Adobe Acrobat viewer, the Adobe Dimensions 3D font creation program, the Adobe Premiere and CoSA After Effects video editing programs, the popular Adobe PageMaker publishing system and others.
Adobe products allow you to create visually rich documents based on various computer platforms.
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Incorporated
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Incorporated (Advant Micro Devices, AMD), an American corporation, is a leading designer and manufacturer of integrated circuits, electronic devices, computer components and communications products.
AMD was founded in 1969. The company's headquarters are located in Sunnyvale, California. AMD is one of the five hundred largest American companies. The company produces processors, flash memory, logic devices, telecommunications and networking products.
In the computer world, AMD is best known as a competitor to Intel in the production of processors for personal computers. The company has extensive experience in producing x86-compatible processors. Currently in use you can find processors of the fourth (see Microprocessors), fifth (see Am 5k86 family) and sixth generations. AMD's major success was the release of the sixth generation AMD-K6 MMX Enhanced processor. By entering a set of commands 3DNow! in the AMD-K6-2 processor, AMD was ahead of Intel, which planned to introduce a similar KNI instruction set in the Katmai processor only in 1999. In the future, AMD plans to release K6-2 with frequencies of 350 and 400 MHz (see AMD's future plans).
AMD production facilities are located in the USA, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. The total number of employees of the corporation is more than 12 thousand people. In 1997, AMD's revenues were almost $2.5 billion.
Compaq
Compaq Computer is an American corporation, the world's largest supplier of laptop and desktop computers, servers and network equipment. The headquarters is located in Houston (Texas).
Founded in 1982. The first personal computer was released by the company in 1982. The company has put a lot of effort into turning personal computers into a central computing and communications platform - a universal tool for both home and work.
Compaq is the number one manufacturer of business desktop personal computers powered by Pentium processors. Compaq Deskpro computers provide industry-leading price/performance with intelligent management that brings server management technologies, including reliability, security, and resource management, to the desktop. Intelligent management simplifies the operation of networked personal computers, allowing customers to significantly reduce overall operating costs.
In the notebook space, Compaq offers solutions for highly mobile professionals, users who need all the functionality of a desktop PC, and those on a budget.
In 1996, Compaq released a new family of Armada portable personal computers with built-in telecommunications capabilities that turn these computers into complete portable information systems with capabilities such as wireless communications, video conferencing and telephony.
Since 1993, Compaq has been the world's number one supplier of PC servers and super servers. In 1996, the company accounted for 41% of the global server market. As enterprises accelerate their shift to distributed computing, powerful client/server systems based on industry standards are rapidly replacing traditional dedicated systems built on minicomputers and mainframes. PC servers have evolved from file and print servers to application servers.
Having begun producing PC servers in 1989, the company has expanded its range from the ProSignia file and print server to the ProLiant application server, designed for mission-critical enterprise applications in distributed enterprises. In 1996, Compaq released the ProLiant 5000, a Pentium Pro-based server that provided the capabilities and performance of RISC systems.
Compaq has developed a reliable, long-life server platform. Each of its servers includes SmartStart software, designed to provide access to the resource integration expert system. It uses intelligent data processing using information stored on CD-ROM, offering an easy way to select reliable, consistent configurations across all of a company's servers. SmartStart configures the server hardware and then intelligently installs and optimizes operating system and database software such as Novell NetWare, Microsoft Windows NT and Oracle. Based on industry standards, Compaq has developed the Insight Manager tool to provide active remote network management, failure prevention, backup, recovery and network health analysis in a client/server environment.
With the acquisition of Networth and Thomas Conrad in 1997 and the formation of the new Internetworking Products Group (IPG), Compaq entered the Internetworking systems market with a range of products designed to interconnect components of the client/server environment, including controllers, switches and modules. As part of its agreement with Cisco, Compaq has released the first router to help reduce network operating costs by simplifying network configuration, performance monitoring and management in mid-sized systems.
In 1992, the Compaq Presario computer was introduced, specifically aimed at the home user. This computer can serve as both a home theater with full-screen TV-quality images and an email system that allows voice messaging. By 1995, the company ranked second in the world in sales in this market sector, offering consumers the most advanced, easy-to-use, industry-standard personal computers with the richest multimedia capabilities. She still holds this position to this day.
Compaq sells its products in more than 100 countries through 39 of its own subsidiaries. Compaq conducts the bulk of its market operations through system integrators and resellers, which not only provide wholesale distribution of desktop and laptop computers, but also offer turnkey solutions for large enterprises.
Compaq technical support centers are located in Houston, Munich, and Singapore and provide 24/7 technical assistance. The company continues to improve in the field of ecology, minimizing the impact of its products on the environment. Compaq's facilities in Germany, Switzerland and Scotland have return and recycling programs for end-of-life products. Since 1993, Compaq's facilities worldwide have eliminated the use of chlorofluorocarbons. Compaq has been reducing energy consumption in its operations and has participated in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency program since 1992.
In 1995, Compaq won tenders to supply computers to the telecommunications company Northern TeleCom and the international news agency Reuters for a total amount of over $300 million.
In 1991, Compaq appeared on the Russian market and four years later took first place in sales among international computer companies. The Moscow representative office of Compaq has been operating since April 1995. In Russia, Compaq's regular clients are the State Duma and the Federal Assembly, the Presidential Administration, the Central Election Commission, the Central Bank, FAPSI, Savings Bank, Gazprom, Northern Shipping Company, representative offices of Chevron and Philip Morris.
Since 1991, Compaq has been headed by Eckhard Pfeiffer. In 1996, the corporation's sales on the world market amounted to $18 billion.
Seiko Epson Corporation (Seiko Epson Corporation)
Seiko Epson Corporation (Seiko Epson Corporation), a structural division of the Japanese diversified concern Seiko Group, is engaged in the development and production of computers, matrix, inkjet and laser printers, scanners, multimedia projectors, consumables and accessories, as well as electronic components. The headquarters of Seiko Epson Corporation is located in Nagano.
The company was founded in 1942. At the end of the 90s, Seiko Epson Corporation's total sales amounted to 623 billion Japanese yen.
The total number of employees is 31 thousand people, including 20 thousand in Japan. The head of the company is Reihiro Hattori.
Fujitsu Limited (Fujitsu Limited)
Fujitsu Limited (Fujitsu Limited), a Japanese company, one of the world's leading manufacturers of computer equipment, communications equipment, semiconductors, software and services. The headquarters is located in Kawasaki.
It was founded in 1935 as a company producing telephone equipment. In 1945, Fujitsu created Japan's first computer using electromechanical switch technology.
Fujitsu is the world's leading manufacturer of rewritable magnetic-optical disks with a diameter of 3.5 inches, scanners for archiving and image processing with productivity from 10 to 130 pages per minute, 2.5 and 3.5 inch hard drives with memory capacities from 2 to 18 GB, devices for magnetic media with 18 and 36 tracks, laser and matrix printers, bank terminals.
The Fujitsu concern includes over five hundred subsidiaries, including Amdahl and ICL PLC corporations. The total staff of the Fujitsu group of companies exceeds 180 thousand people. The head of Fujitsu Limited is Tadashi Sekizawa. Fujitsu's production facilities consist of 12 factories in Japan and 22 in other countries (USA, Spain, Malaysia, UK).
In 1997, the company's revenues amounted to more than $37 billion. Fujitsu spends about $3 billion annually on research and development.
Hitachi Limited (Hitachi)
Hitachi Limited (Hitachi), a Japanese diversified corporation occupying a leading position in the global production of industrial and energy equipment, household appliances, electronics, and the provision of information and services.
It was founded in 1910 in the town of Hitachi (north of Tokyo) and was initially engaged in repairing and later improving electrical appliances.
To stay at the forefront of technological advances, Hitachi spends more than half of its revenue on research and development. Most of its sales are components for assembling electronic equipment: semiconductor memory devices, cathode ray tubes, liquid crystal panels. Hitachi also produces power semiconductor devices, equipment for power plants, and medical equipment.
Hitachi is one of the ten largest global manufacturing corporations. In 1997, sales were approximately $64 billion. The total number of employees is over 300 thousand people.
IBM (IBM, International Business Machines, International Business Machines)
IBM (IBM, International Business Machines, International Business Machines), an American electronics corporation, the world's largest manufacturer of all types of computers and software and one of the largest providers of global information networks. The corporation ranks sixth in the list of the world's largest companies. The headquarters is located in Armonk (New York).
It was founded in 1911. It received its modern name in 1924. Since the mid-1950s, it has taken a leading position in the computer market. In 1981 she created her first personal computer. By the mid-1980s, it controlled about 60% of global computer production.
Creation of IBM
The company's history dates back to the late 19th century, when German emigrant Hermann Hollerith, who worked for the Census Bureau, proposed automating immigrant statistics using punched cards. The electric data processing machine he invented turned out to be a successful model, and in 1896 Hollerith founded a company called the Tabulating Machine Co.
In 1911, Charles Flint merged Hollerith's company with two other firms that specialized in automating statistical data processing. On June 15, 1911, a new company was registered in New York, called Computing Tabulating Recording (CTR). CTR managed to conquer its sector of the market and within a short time opened branches in Washington, Detroit, Toronto and Dayton.
In 1914, Thomas Watson Sr. became the general manager of CTR, whose name is associated with the company's main achievements in the 1920s-40s. The son of Scottish emigrants, Watson became its president within eleven months of starting work at CTR. By 1919, the company's turnover doubled and reached $2 million. As CTR machines were sold in Europe, South America, Asia and Australia, CTR was renamed International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924.
The Great Depression of the 1930s also caused significant damage to IBM. Despite the sharp cuts, Watson continued to finance scientific developments and paid for forced vacations for employees. As a result, by 1935, when the US government needed automated employment accounting systems for 26 million people, IBM was ready to fulfill this order as soon as possible. Since that time, IBM has been constantly fulfilling orders for the supply of equipment for government agencies. Also in 1935, IBM engineers created the first electric typewriter.
First computer companies
During the Second World War, the corporation's production capacities were reoriented to fulfill defense orders. Nevertheless, it was in the laboratories of IBM, together with scientists at Harvard University (among them was Howard Aiken), that work was carried out on the creation of one of the first computers - an automatic sequential controlled calculator (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator). This machine was assembled in 1944 and was named<Марк-1>. This computer, which weighed more than five tons, despite its low speed, could carry out a rather complex sequence of mathematical calculations. In 1946, IBM offered the first commercial model of an electronic computer - the IBM 603 Multiplier.
In 1952, the IBM 701 electronic computer was released, using electron vacuum tubes. Unlike electromechanical switches used in<Марк-1>, vacuum tubes were easily replaced in case of malfunction, and most importantly, they made it possible to increase the calculation speed to 17 thousand operations per second. Created in 1954 on the basis of new technology, the NORC computer entered service with the US naval artillery in 1954. With its help, complex ballistic calculations were made, which made it possible to effectively control coastal artillery fire at extremely long distances.
In 1957, IBM's annual turnover exceeded $1 billion.
When using electronic computers, the issue of storing initial data and calculation results became acute, and in 1957 the IBM 305 RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control) machine was created, a computer with a system for storing calculation results. RAMAC was widely used in commercial firms, and in 1960 it was used at the Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley (USA). Also in 1957, IBM engineers developed the FORTRAN programming language (FORmula TRANslation).
In 1952, Watson Sr., who had been at the helm of the company for almost 40 years, gave way to his son Thomas Watson Jr.
With the advent of transistors, tube computers became obsolete. In 1959, IBM created its first all-transistor mainframe (large mainframe computer), the 7090, capable of performing 229 thousand operations per second. Such mainframes allowed the US Air Force to create an early warning system for ballistic missile attacks. In 1964, based on two 7090 mainframes, the American airline SABRE first used an automated system for selling and booking air tickets in 65 cities around the world.
IBM-compatible computers
In 1964, the company offered the System-360, the first family of IBM-compatible computers and peripherals. Owners of System-360 could, if necessary, upgrade equipment and software in parts, which resulted in significant cost savings.
In 1969-71, IBM computers supported the landing of American astronauts on the Moon; in 1973, IBM fulfilled a NASA order to supply computer equipment for the program<Союз-Аполлон>. Subsequently, IBM took part in the space shuttle flight program<Шаттл>.
By the end of the 1960s, IBM dominated the market, with sales of its products exceeding $3 billion.
In 1971, the company introduced the floppy disk, which became the standard for data storage. In 1973, when Frank Carey became president of IBM, computer production increased significantly and their service life increased. In the same 1973, IBM released a system for automatically reading product prices using a laser, intended for supermarkets, as well as the IBM 3614 computer, with the help of which bank clients began to carry out account transactions.
In 1980, IBM management made a revolutionary decision to create a personal computer. When designing it, the principle of open architecture was applied: its components were universal, which made it possible to upgrade the computer in parts. To reduce the cost of creating a personal computer, IBM used the developments of other companies as components for its brainchild, in particular, an Intel microprocessor and Microsoft software. The appearance of the IBM PC in 1981 created an avalanche-like demand for personal computers, which have now become tools for people in a variety of professions. Along with this, there was a huge demand for software and computer peripherals. Hundreds of new companies emerged on this wave, occupying their niches in the computer market.
The Present and Future of IBM
Despite the enormous importance of the personal computer market, IBM's interests extend much wider. The corporation's traditionally strong position is in the production of mainframes. In 1995, IBM received a prestigious order from the American government to create the world's most powerful supercomputer for the Livermore Laboratory, a nuclear research center in the United States. In 1996-1997, the brainchild of IBM, the chess computer Deep Blue, entered into single combat with world chess champion Garry Kasparov. IBM also produces its own microprocessors, and its OS/2 operating system is used in every third US bank.
The research of scientists in IBM research laboratories goes far beyond purely commercial interests and is important for the entire world of science. In 1986, IBM employees G. Binnig (Germany) and G. Rohrer (Switzerland) received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the creation of a scanning tunnel microscope, and in 1987, IBM employees J. G. Bednorz (Germany) and K. A. Muller (Switzerland) for the discovery of new superconducting materials. IBM ranks first among US companies in the number of patents received for inventions. In 1996, IBM patented 1,867 inventions. By the end of the 1990s, the corporation was spending about $5 billion a year on scientific research.
In 1993, the new chairman of the board of directors, Louis Gerstner, chose a new strategic direction for the corporation - the creation of a network computer and the development of network technologies. The first example of such a computer appeared in 1996, and on December 31 of the same year, IBM, Mastercard and the Danish payment system announced the first transaction (payment) over the Internet using the SET protocol. IBM sees its immediate tasks as creating reliable systems for electronic business. IBM owns 95% of the ATM software market. As the largest Internet service provider, the company serves more than 30 thousand corporate clients in 850 cities in more than one hundred countries around the world.
IBM's revenues in 1997 exceeded $78 billion, including $13 billion from the sale of software and more than $19 billion from the provision of Internet services. The company's net profit exceeded $6 billion. In 1998, the company's staff numbered about 250 thousand people.
Intel Technologies Incorporated (Intel Technologies Incorporated)
Intel Technologies Incorporated (Intel Technologies Inc.), an American corporation, is the world's largest manufacturer of microprocessors, equipment for personal computers, computer systems and communications equipment.
It was founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. The goal of the new enterprise was to develop, based on semiconductor technology, a cheaper alternative to magnetic storage devices. At the end of 1970, while fulfilling an order from the Japanese company Busicom, company engineer Ted Hoff designed an integrated chip - a universal logic device that searched for and selected application commands from semiconductor memory. As the core of a set of four chips, this central computing unit not only met the requirements of Busicom's order, but could also be used in a wide variety of applications without any modifications. This is how the 4004 microprocessor appeared.
Soon the 8008 chip was introduced, which processed 8 bits of data at a time (see MP x88/x86 family). Both computing devices are now available to developers of all types of products, providing them with endless opportunities for creativity and innovation. The first digital scales appeared in grocery stores - a microcircuit converted the weight of products into prices and read labels from purchased goods. Traffic lights have become more effective at controlling traffic. The new microprocessor has brought revolutionary changes to all areas of life - from medical instruments to restaurant cash register systems<быстрого питания>, from booking airline tickets to refueling at gas stations.
In 1981, Intel's family of microprocessors, consisting of the 16-bit 8086 and 8-bit 8088, won 2,500 technical competitions. Intel's products attracted the attention of the American electronics giant IBM, which had plans to create the first personal computer. In 1982, Intel proposed the 286 chip, which consisted of 134 thousand transistors. The 286 processor had three times the performance of other 16-bit processors of the time. Equipped with an integrated memory management device, it became the first microprocessor compatible with its predecessors. This chip was used in IBM's revolutionary product, the PC AT personal computer.
In 1985, the Intel 386 processor appeared, which had a 32-bit architecture and was equipped with 275 thousand transistors. Compaq's Deskpro 386 computer was equipped with this chip, which performed more than five million operations per second.
In 1989, the Intel 486 processor was created. The new chip with 1.2 million transistors was for the first time equipped with a built-in mathematical coprocessor. Its speed was approximately 50 times higher than that of the 4004 model, and its performance characteristics were comparable to the performance of powerful stationary computers.
In 1993, Intel introduced the Pentium processor, which was 5 times faster than the i486 processor. The Pentium uses 3.1 million transistors, delivering speeds of 90 million operations per second, which is about 1,500 times faster than the original 4004.
In 1995, the Pentium Pro processor was introduced, the first member of the Intel processor family based on the P6 architecture. Combining 5.5 million transistors, this processor was the first to be equipped with a second chip of high-speed cache memory for increased performance. With a performance of 300 million operations per second, the Pentium Pro processor continues to be the most attractive processor for multiprocessor servers and high-performance workstations.
In 1997, Intel introduced MMX technology (see Pentium MMX), a new instruction set specifically designed to improve multimedia performance. This technology is used in all subsequent generations of processors. Also in 1997, Intel introduced a new processor - the Pentium II (see Pentium II processor family). Pentium II processors, equipped with 7.5 million transistors, provide high performance for today's commercial applications. In addition, their performance reserve is sufficient to work with future programs, such as the latest operating systems and 3D Web browsers. The Pentium II supports DVD technology and AGP graphics, which provides tremendous capabilities for home computers. Intel also offers Pentium II processors for mobile PCs, delivering a whole new level of performance previously unavailable to mobile PC users.
In 1998, Intel's newest processor, the Celeron, was introduced for entry-level PCs. Personal computers based on the Intel Celeron processor meet all the basic requirements and are available to many new PC users. They provide comprehensive capabilities for using today's standard business and home computer programs.
The new model of the Pentium II Xeon family, which appeared in 1998, was specifically designed for mid- and high-end servers, as well as workstations. The Pentium II Xeon processor is equipped with a high-speed second-level cache memory with a capacity of 512 KB or 1 MB built into the case, operating at a processor core clock frequency of 400 MHz. Intel's immediate plans are primarily related to the introduction of a new set of commands, KNI (Katmai New Instruction), which will significantly speed up the processing of 3D graphics and video data, as well as scientific and engineering applications.
Intel processors have come a long way towards technical excellence. If the first Intel products had an integrated circuit circuit thickness of approximately 12 microns, modern processors are manufactured using 0.25-micron technology. For comparison, it should be noted that the thickness of a human hair is approximately 100 microns. While the 4004 processor had 2,300 transistors, the modern Pentium II processor package contains 7.5 million transistors.
Technologies developed by Intel have radically changed all modern life, work and leisure. But Intel is not only about processors. Intel's ProShare technology for video conferencing brings together people living vast distances from each other, giving doctors the opportunity to consult patients who are hundreds and thousands of kilometers away.
In 1991, Intel began operating in the former USSR. In 1997, Intel's sales in this region were $376 million.
Microsoft (Microcomputer Software) Corporation (Microsoft)
Microsoft (Microcomputer Software) Corporation (Microsoft), an American corporation specializing in the development of software for personal computers. The headquarters is located in Redmond (Washington).
It was founded in July 1975 in Albuquerque (New Mexico) by programmers Bill Gates and Paul Allen.
Microsoft is the world's largest software development company, with fiscal 1998 sales of $14.5 billion and net income of $4.5 billion. Microsoft produces the MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows and Windows NT operating systems, the Microsoft Office software package, the Microsoft Access database, the Microsoft Encarta computer encyclopedia, etc.
The company employs more than 27 thousand people, of which 14 thousand are in Washington state. For a long time, the company was headed by Bill Gates. Since 1998, its official head is Paul Allen.
Netscape Communications Corporation (Netscape Communications Corporation)
Netscape Communications Corporation (Netscape Communications Corporation), an American corporation specializing in the development of software for working on Internet and Intranet computer networks. The headquarters is located in Mountain View (California).
Netscape was founded in 1994 by Dr. James H. Clark and Marc Andreessen, the author of NCSA mosaic software, whose graphical interface made it easier for users to navigate the Internet.
The company's main product, Netscape Navigator, became the most popular application for PC in 1995-96. The company's profits in 1995 amounted to 85, in 1996 - 345 million dollars. The staff consists of 2 thousand people. The company has ten representative offices in Europe and five in the Asia-Pacific region.
Since Netscape software is compatible with various computer platforms, large corporations such as Chrysler, Federal Express, Fujitsu, Olivetti, Siemens Nixdorf Netscape have purchased it to power their corporate networks. Netscape software includes four product families: Netscape Communicator client software suite, Netscape SuiteSpot and FastTrack servers, Netscape Development Tools, Netscape Commerce Applications.
Netscape software products are distinguished by excellent performance, ease of use, and the ability to encode access to information via the Internet and Intranet. The Netscape product interface supports multimedia information, including rich text, graphics, 3D models, sound and video. In addition, Netscape software supports Internet standards (including Java, JavaScript, HTML, HTTP, IIOP, IMAP4, LDAP, NNTP, POP3, and SMTP) and security standards (such as SSL).
Samsung Corporation (Samsung Corporation)
It was founded in 1938 in Daegu by entrepreneur Lee Byung Chal. During the 1950s, Samsung grew into a large company that worked hard to reconstruct the South Korean economy. Successful development allowed Samsung to penetrate into the semiconductor and other high-tech industries in the 80s, and to reach the forefront of scientific and technological progress in the late 90s. Samsung produces aerospace, telecommunications, office equipment, household appliances, industrial automated systems, and optical electronics. The corporation also owns enterprises in the shipbuilding, automotive, chemical, and construction industries. Samsung enterprises employ 267 thousand people. In 1996, management of Samsung Corporation passed to the son of the company's founder, Lee Kun Ni.
Traditionally, all Samsung factories were built in Korea itself, but recently the corporation began to locate production facilities abroad - in Tijuana (Mexico), Tisside (Great Britain), Tianjin (China), Seremban (Malaysia), Manaus (Brazil). In 1998, Samsung's US semiconductor manufacturing plant in Austin, Texas, went into operation.
Subsidiaries of Samsung Electronics, Samsung Display Devices, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, Samsung Coming, Samsung SDS produce monitors, inkjet printers, laptops, CD-ROM drives, hard drives, and communications equipment. In 1997, Samsung's consolidated income was $96 billion and its net profit was $291 million.
Sun Microsystems (Sun Microsystems)
Sun Microsystems (Sun Microsystems), an American company, the world's leading developer of network technologies.
Sun Microsystems was founded in the early 1980s at Stanford University, one of the world's top institutions for computer education (Sun is an acronym for Stanford University Network).
The impetus for the creation of the company was the successful experience of Stanford University senior student from Germany Andreas Bechtolsheim in creating his own computer from available inexpensive components. Economics student Vinod Khosla assessed the economic potential of the new product and managed to attract the attention of manufacturing companies from Silicon Valley.
The main activity of the young company was the implementation of ready-made industry standards in the new generation of open network systems. Successful innovations in this area allowed Sun Microsystems to offer the market's first powerful and affordable network workstation. By making the UNIX operating system its core technology, Sun Microsystems created fertile ground for business development for many companies. In 1995, the company launched the object-oriented programming language Java, intended primarily for creating Internet applications.
Until 1998, Sun Microsystems consisted of several independently operating subsidiaries. In April 1998, the corporation was reorganized: it began to consist of seven closely interacting divisions involved in the development and production of certain technologies, types of products or providing specific services.
ViewSonic products
Viewsonic (Vyusonic), an American company, manufacturer of monitors for personal computers.
Viewsonic was founded in 1987 by entrepreneur James Chu. Viewsonic achieved commercial success in 1990, earning $8 million and a reputation for producing high-quality monitors for professionals. In 1994, Viewsonic began supplying monitors to the European market, and two years later, sales in Europe generated revenue of $100 million, of which about 40% came from the Russian market.
In 1995, Viewsonic bought Optiquest, a manufacturer of color monitors for the mass consumer.
Viewsonic's head office is located in Walnut, near Los Angeles (California), with a central European office in Crawley (UK). Viewsonic's logo is three Australian finches.
