Advances of modern natural science. Theriology

Theriology Chiropterology
Entomology Ethology

Similar terms

• Mammaliology - according to the Latin name of the class Mammals (lat. Mammalia)
• Mammalogy - abbr. from mammaliology
• mammology (from lat. mamma‘chest’ (mostly female) and other Greek. λόγος ) is the science of the mammary gland, its structure; a branch of practical medicine dealing with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various breast diseases.
• therology - according to the second Latin name of the class of animals (lat. Theria).

Sections of theriology

• hippology (hippology) - the science of horses
• ketology - the science of cetaceans (whales, dolphins)
• primatology - the science of primates (monkeys, lemurs)
• rodentology - the science of rodents (mice, rats, hamsters, beavers)
• chiropterology - the science of chiropterans (bats, fruit bats)

Related sections

• dog cynology
• felinology - the science and practice of breeding cats

Societies

• International Federation of Mammalogists(formerly IUBS Section of Mammalogy). Founded in 1974 as the Section of Theriology (Mammalogy) at the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS). In 2006, it was transformed into the International Federation of Mammalogists under the auspices of IUBS.
• In Russia there is the Theriological Society at the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the All-Union Theriological Society at the USSR Academy of Sciences, created in January 1973), uniting scientists and practitioners working in the field of study, protection and practical use of mammals.
• Ukrainian Theriological Society (Ukrainian Theriological Partnership of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine)
• The American Society of Mammalogists(USA). Founded in
• The Society for Marine Mammalogy(USA, University of Central Florida). Founded in
• Sociedade Brasileira de Mastozoologia(Brazil)
• Mastozoologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Brazil)

Congresses

• I International Theriological Congress, Moscow, USSR, 1974
• II International Theriological Congress, Brno, Czechoslovakia, 1978
• III International Theriological Congress, Helsinki, Finland, 1982
• IV International Theriological Congress, Edmonton, Canada, 1985
• V International Theriological Congress, Rome, Italy, 1989
• VI International Theriological Congress, Sydney, Australia, 1993
• VII International Theriological Congress, Acapulco, Mexico, 1997
• VIII International Theriological Congress, Sun City, South Africa, 2001
• IX International Mammalogical (formerly Teriological) Congress, Sapporo, Japan, 2005 - , ,
• X International Congress, Argentina, 2009

Institutes

• The Mammal Research Institute at the University of Pretoria (South Africa, Pretoria).

Laboratories

• Laboratory of Theriology(Saint Petersburg). The Department of Theriology (Mammals), founded in 1917 as a subdivision in the Department of Terrestrial Vertebrates, has existed as an independent laboratory since 1968.
• Laboratory of Theriology at the Department of Vertebrate Zoology of Moscow state university them. M. V. Lomonosova (Moscow). .
• Theriology Section Zoological Museum of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova (Moscow). It was formed in 1932: at that time it was a laboratory (later renamed a section, then a department) as part of the scientific and systematic department of the museum. .
• Mammal Laboratory(Moscow). .
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS (Novosibirsk).
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Vladivostok). It was created in 1962 and was called Zoology of Vertebrate Animals. Since 1989 - Laboratory of Theriology, since 1992 - Vertebrate Zoology, since 1994 - Theriology.
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Tashkent). Founded 1950
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus (Minsk).
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Alma-Ata). Previously: lab. mammals
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan (Baku).

Magazines

• Journal of Mammalogy(USA)
• Mammalia(France)
• Acta Theriologica(Poland)
• Mammalian Biology (Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde)(Germany)
• Australian Mammalogy(Australia)
• Mastozoología Neotropical(Argentina)
• Acta Chiropterologica(Poland)
• Mammalian Species
• eontology

see also

Write a review about the article "Teriology"

Notes

Literature

• Barabash-Nikiforov I. I., Formozov A. N. Theriology: Tutorial for government un-tov / Ed. A. N. Formozova. - M.: Higher School, 1963. - 396 p. - 3500 copies.
• Behavior of mammals / Answer. ed. V. E. Sokolov. - M.: Nauka, 1977. - 291 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• / Rep. ed. V. E. Sokolov. - M.: Nauka, 1977. - 296 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• Medical theriology: Lagomorphs, rodents / Rep. ed. V. V. Kucheruk. - M.: Nauka, 1979. - 327 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• Chiroptera / Rep. ed. A. P. Kuzyakin, K. K. Panyutin. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 316 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• Results of tagging mammals / Rep. ed. V. V. Kucheruk. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 298 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• Ecology, population structure and intraspecific communication processes in mammals / Answer. ed. N. P. Naumov. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 264 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• History and evolution of modern rodent fauna (Neogene - modern times) / Responsible. ed. I. M. Gromov. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - 278 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• Theriology in the USSR / Rep. ed. V. E. Sokolov, V. V. Kucheruk. - M.: Nauka, 1984. - 260 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• / Rep. ed. V. E. Sokolov. - M.: Nauka, 1985. - 290 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• General and regional theriogeography / Rep. ed. A. G. Voronov. - M.: Nauka, 1988. - 344 p. - (Questions of theriology). - ISBN 5-02-005243-4.
• / Rep. ed. V. V. Kucheruk. - M.: Nauka, 1989. - 272 p. - (Questions of theriology). - ISBN 5-02-005274-4.
• Population structure in mammals / Rep. ed. I. A. Shilov. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 238 p. - (Questions of theriology). - ISBN 5-02-005345-7.
• Sokolov V. E., Parnes Y. A. At the origins of Russian theology / . - M.: Nauka, 1993. - 412 p. - ISBN 5-02-005681-2.
• Paleotheriology / Rep. ed. L. P. Tatarinov. - M.: Nauka, 1994. - 269 p. - (Questions of theriology). - ISBN 5-02-005723-1.
• Sokolov V. E., Shishkin V. S. Development of domestic theriology in the 19th century. - M.: Nauka, 2005. - 336 p. - ISBN 5-02-033283-6.
• Gromov V.S. Spatial and ethological structure of rodent populations. - M.: KMK, 2008. - 584 p. - ISBN 978-5-87317-474-4.

Links

• Theriology- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

Excerpt characterizing Theriology

“I’m going to see my mother...” the little girl became sad. “We died together, but for some reason she ended up here.” And now I live here, but I don’t tell her this, because she will never agree with it. She thinks I'm just coming...
– Isn’t it better to just come? It’s so terrible here!.. – Stella shrugged her shoulders.
“I can’t leave her here alone, I’m watching her so that nothing happens to her.” And here Dean is with me... He helps me.
I just couldn’t believe it... This little brave girl voluntarily left her beautiful and kind “floor” to live in this cold, terrible and alien world, protecting her mother, who was very “guilty” in some way! I don’t think there would be many people so brave and selfless (even adults!) who would dare to undertake such a feat... And I immediately thought - maybe she just didn’t understand what she was going to doom herself to?!
– How long have you been here, girl, if it’s not a secret?
“Recently...” the black-eyed baby answered sadly, tugging at a black lock of her curly hair with her fingers. - I got into this beautiful world when she died!.. He was so kind and bright!.. And then I saw that my mother was not with me and rushed to look for her. It was so scary at first! For some reason she was nowhere to be found... And then I fell into this terrible world... And then I found her. I was so scared here... So lonely... Mom told me to leave, she even scolded me. But I can’t leave her... Now I have a friend, my good Dean, and I can already somehow exist here.
Her “good friend” growled again, which gave Stella and me huge “lower astral” goosebumps... Having collected myself, I tried to calm down a little and began to take a closer look at this furry miracle... And he, immediately feeling that he was noticed, he terribly bared his fanged mouth... I jumped back.
- Oh, don't be afraid, please! “He’s smiling at you,” the girl “reassured.”
Yeah... You'll learn to run fast from such a smile... - I thought to myself.
- How did it happen that you became friends with him? – Stella asked.
– When I first came here, I was very scared, especially when such monsters as you were attacking today. And then one day, when I almost died, Dean saved me from a whole bunch of creepy flying “birds”. I was also scared of him at first, but then I realized what a heart of gold he has... He is the most best friend! I never had anything like this, even when I lived on Earth.
- How did you get used to it so quickly? His appearance is not quite, let’s say, familiar...
– And here I understood one very simple truth, which for some reason I did not notice on Earth - appearance does not matter if a person or creature has a good heart... My mother was very beautiful, but at times she was very angry too. And then all her beauty disappeared somewhere... And Dean, although scary, is always very kind, and always protects me, I feel his kindness and am not afraid of anything. But you can get used to the appearance...
– Do you know that you will be here for a very long time, much longer than people live on Earth? Do you really want to stay here?..
“My mother is here, so I have to help her.” And when she “leaves” to live on Earth again, I will also leave... To where there is more goodness. In that scary world and people are very strange - as if they don’t live at all. Why is that? Do you know anything about this?
– Who told you that your mother would leave to live again? – Stella became interested.
- Dean, of course. He knows a lot, he’s lived here for a very long time. He also said that when we (my mother and I) live again, our families will be different. And then I won’t have this mother anymore... That’s why I want to be with her now.
- How do you talk to him, your Dean? – Stella asked. – And why don’t you want to tell us your name?
But it’s true – we still didn’t know her name! And they didn’t know where she came from either...
– My name was Maria... But does that really matter here?
- Surely! – Stella laughed. - How can I communicate with you? When you leave, they will give you a new name, but while you are here, you will have to live with the old one. Did you talk to anyone else here, girl Maria? – Stella asked, jumping from topic to topic out of habit.
“Yes, I talked...” the little girl said hesitantly. “But they are so strange here.” And so unhappy... Why are they so unhappy?
– Is what you see here conducive to happiness? – I was surprised by her question. – Even the local “reality” itself kills any hopes in advance!.. How can you be happy here?
- Don't know. When I’m with my mother, it seems to me that I could be happy here too... True, it’s very scary here, and she really doesn’t like it here... When I said that I agreed to stay with her, she yelled at me and said that I’m her “brainless misfortune”... But I’m not offended... I know that she’s just scared. Just like me...
– Perhaps she just wanted to protect you from your “extreme” decision, and only wanted you to go back to your “floor”? – Stella asked carefully, so as not to offend.
– No, of course... But thank you for the good words. Mom often called me something else good names, even on Earth... But I know that this is not out of anger. She was simply unhappy that I was born, and often told me that I ruined her life. But it wasn't my fault, was it? I always tried to make her happy, but for some reason I wasn’t very successful... And I never had a dad. – Maria was very sad, and her voice was trembling, as if she was about to cry.
Stella and I looked at each other, and I was almost sure that similar thoughts visited her... I already really didn’t like this spoiled, selfish “mother”, who, instead of worrying about her child herself, did not care about his heroic sacrifice at all I understood and, in addition, I also hurt her painfully.
“But Dean says that I’m good, and that I make him very happy!” – the little girl babbled more cheerfully. “And he wants to be friends with me.” And others I've met here are very cold and indifferent, and sometimes even evil... Especially those who have monsters attached...
“Monsters—what?..” we didn’t understand.
- Well, they have terrible monsters sitting on their backs and telling them what they must do. And if they don’t listen, the monsters mock them terribly... I tried to talk to them, but these monsters won’t allow me.
We understood absolutely nothing from this “explanation”, but the very fact that some astral beings torture people could not remain “explored” by us, therefore, we immediately asked her how we could do this amazing phenomenon see.
- Oh, yes everywhere! Especially at the “black mountain”. There he is, behind the trees. Do you want us to go with you too?
- Of course, we will be only too happy! – the delighted Stella immediately answered.
To be honest, I also didn’t really smile at the prospect of dating someone else, “creepy and incomprehensible,” especially alone. But interest overcame fear, and we, of course, would have gone, despite the fact that we were a little afraid... But when such a defender as Dean walked with us, it immediately became more fun...
And then, after a short moment, real Hell unfolded before our eyes, wide open with amazement... The vision was reminiscent of the paintings of Bosch (or Bosc, depending on what language you translate it into), a “crazy” artist who once shocked the whole world with his art world... He, of course, was not crazy, but was simply a seer who for some reason could only see the lower Astral. But we must give him his due - he portrayed him superbly... I saw his paintings in a book that was in my dad’s library, and I still remembered the eerie feeling that most of his paintings carried...
“What a horror!..” whispered the shocked Stella.
One could probably say that we have already seen a lot here, on the “floors”... But even we were not able to imagine this in our most terrible nightmare!.. Behind the “black rock” something completely opened up unthinkable... It looked like a huge, flat “cauldron” carved into the rock, at the bottom of which crimson “lava” was bubbling... The hot air “burst” everywhere with strange flashing reddish bubbles, from which scalding steam burst out and fell in large drops to the ground, or to the people who fell under it at that moment... Heartbreaking screams were heard, but immediately fell silent, as the most disgusting creatures sat on the backs of the same people, who with a contented look “controlled” their victims, not paying the slightest attention to their suffering... Under the naked feet of people, hot stones turned red, the crimson earth, bursting with heat, bubbled and “melted”... Splashes of hot steam burst through huge cracks and, burning the feet of human beings sobbing in pain, were carried into the heights, evaporating with a light smoke ... And in the very middle of the “pit” flowed a bright red, wide fiery river, into which, from time to time, the same disgusting monsters unexpectedly threw one or another tormented entity, which, falling, caused only a short splash of orange sparks, and then but, turning for a moment into a fluffy white cloud, it disappeared... forever... It was real Hell, and Stella and I wanted to “disappear” from there as soon as possible...
Theriology Chiropterology
Entomology Ethology

Similar terms

• Mammaliology - according to the Latin name of the class Mammals (lat. Mammalia)
• Mammalogy - abbr. from mammaliology
• mammology (from lat. mamma‘chest’ (mostly female) and other Greek. λόγος ) is the science of the mammary gland, its structure; a branch of practical medicine dealing with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various breast diseases.
• therology - according to the second Latin name of the class of animals (lat. Theria).

Sections of theriology

• hippology (hippology) - the science of horses
• ketology - the science of cetaceans (whales, dolphins)
• primatology - the science of primates (monkeys, lemurs)
• rodentology - the science of rodents (mice, rats, hamsters, beavers)
• chiropterology - the science of chiropterans (bats, fruit bats)

Related sections

• dog cynology
• felinology - the science and practice of breeding cats

Societies

• International Federation of Mammalogists(formerly IUBS Section of Mammalogy). Founded in 1974 as the Section of Theriology (Mammalogy) at the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS). In 2006, it was transformed into the International Federation of Mammalogists under the auspices of IUBS.
• In Russia there is the Theriological Society at the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the All-Union Theriological Society at the USSR Academy of Sciences, created in January 1973), uniting scientists and practitioners working in the field of study, protection and practical use of mammals.
• Ukrainian Theriological Society (Ukrainian Theriological Partnership of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine)
• The American Society of Mammalogists(USA). Founded in
• The Society for Marine Mammalogy(USA, University of Central Florida). Founded in
• Sociedade Brasileira de Mastozoologia(Brazil)
• Mastozoologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Brazil)

Congresses

• I International Theriological Congress, Moscow, USSR, 1974
• II International Theriological Congress, Brno, Czechoslovakia, 1978
• III International Theriological Congress, Helsinki, Finland, 1982
• IV International Theriological Congress, Edmonton, Canada, 1985
• V International Theriological Congress, Rome, Italy, 1989
• VI International Theriological Congress, Sydney, Australia, 1993
• VII International Theriological Congress, Acapulco, Mexico, 1997
• VIII International Theriological Congress, Sun City, South Africa, 2001
• IX International Mammalogical (formerly Teriological) Congress, Sapporo, Japan, 2005 - , ,
• X International Congress, Argentina, 2009

Institutes

• The Mammal Research Institute at the University of Pretoria (South Africa, Pretoria).

Laboratories

• Laboratory of Theriology(Saint Petersburg). The Department of Theriology (Mammals), founded in 1917 as a subdivision in the Department of Terrestrial Vertebrates, has existed as an independent laboratory since 1968.
• Laboratory of Theriology at the Department of Vertebrate Zoology of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova (Moscow). .
• Theriology Section Zoological Museum of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova (Moscow). It was formed in 1932: at that time it was a laboratory (later renamed a section, then a department) as part of the scientific and systematic department of the museum. .
• Mammal Laboratory(Moscow). .
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS (Novosibirsk).
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Vladivostok). It was created in 1962 and was called Zoology of Vertebrate Animals. Since 1989 - Laboratory of Theriology, since 1992 - Vertebrate Zoology, since 1994 - Theriology.
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Tashkent). Founded 1950
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus (Minsk).
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Alma-Ata). Previously: lab. mammals
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan (Baku).

Magazines

• Journal of Mammalogy(USA)
• Mammalia(France)
• Acta Theriologica(Poland)
• Mammalian Biology (Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde)(Germany)
• Australian Mammalogy(Australia)
• Mastozoología Neotropical(Argentina)
• Acta Chiropterologica(Poland)
• Mammalian Species
• eontology

see also

Write a review about the article "Teriology"

Notes

Literature

• Barabash-Nikiforov I. I., Formozov A. N. Theriology: Textbook for government. un-tov / Ed. A. N. Formozova. - M.: Higher School, 1963. - 396 p. - 3500 copies.
• Behavior of mammals / Answer. ed. V. E. Sokolov. - M.: Nauka, 1977. - 291 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• / Rep. ed. V. E. Sokolov. - M.: Nauka, 1977. - 296 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• Medical theriology: Lagomorphs, rodents / Rep. ed. V. V. Kucheruk. - M.: Nauka, 1979. - 327 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• Chiroptera / Rep. ed. A. P. Kuzyakin, K. K. Panyutin. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 316 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• Results of tagging mammals / Rep. ed. V. V. Kucheruk. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 298 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• Ecology, population structure and intraspecific communication processes in mammals / Responsible. ed. N. P. Naumov. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 264 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• History and evolution of modern rodent fauna (Neogene - modern times) / Responsible. ed. I. M. Gromov. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - 278 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• Theriology in the USSR / Rep. ed. V. E. Sokolov, V. V. Kucheruk. - M.: Nauka, 1984. - 260 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• / Rep. ed. V. E. Sokolov. - M.: Nauka, 1985. - 290 p. - (Questions of theriology).
• General and regional theriogeography / Rep. ed. A. G. Voronov. - M.: Nauka, 1988. - 344 p. - (Questions of theriology). - ISBN 5-02-005243-4.
• / Rep. ed. V. V. Kucheruk. - M.: Nauka, 1989. - 272 p. - (Questions of theriology). - ISBN 5-02-005274-4.
• Population structure in mammals / Rep. ed. I. A. Shilov. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 238 p. - (Questions of theriology). - ISBN 5-02-005345-7.
• Sokolov V. E., Parnes Y. A. At the origins of Russian theology / . - M.: Nauka, 1993. - 412 p. - ISBN 5-02-005681-2.
• Paleotheriology / Rep. ed. L. P. Tatarinov. - M.: Nauka, 1994. - 269 p. - (Questions of theriology). - ISBN 5-02-005723-1.
• Sokolov V. E., Shishkin V. S. Development of domestic theriology in the 19th century. - M.: Nauka, 2005. - 336 p. - ISBN 5-02-033283-6.
• Gromov V.S. Spatial and ethological structure of rodent populations. - M.: KMK, 2008. - 584 p. - ISBN 978-5-87317-474-4.

Links

• Theriology- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

Excerpt characterizing Theriology

“Nicolas, don’t tell me that,” she said.
- No, I have to. Maybe this is suffisance [arrogance] on my part, but it’s better to say. If you refuse for me, then I must tell you the whole truth. I love you, I think, more than anyone...
“That’s enough for me,” Sonya said, flushing.
- No, but I have fallen in love a thousand times and will continue to fall in love, although I do not have such a feeling of friendship, trust, love for anyone as for you. Then I'm young. Maman doesn't want this. Well, it's just that I don't promise anything. And I ask you to think about Dolokhov’s proposal,” he said, having difficulty pronouncing his friend’s last name.
- Don't tell me that. I do not want anything. I love you like a brother, and will always love you, and I don’t need anything more.
“You are an angel, I am not worthy of you, but I am only afraid of deceiving you.” – Nikolai kissed her hand again.

Yogel had the most fun balls in Moscow. This was what the mothers said, looking at their adolescentes [girls] performing their newly learned steps; this was said by the adolescentes and adolescents themselves, [girls and boys] who danced until they dropped; these grown-up girls and young men who came to these balls with the idea of ​​condescending to them and finding the best fun in them. In the same year, two marriages took place at these balls. The two pretty princesses of the Gorchakovs found suitors and got married, and even more so they launched these balls into glory. What was special about these balls was that there was no host and hostess: there was the good-natured Yogel, like flying feathers, shuffling around according to the rules of art, who accepted tickets for lessons from all his guests; was that only those who wanted to dance and have fun, like 13 and 14 year old girls who put on long dresses for the first time, want to go to these balls. Everyone, with rare exceptions, was or seemed pretty: they all smiled so enthusiastically and their eyes lit up so much. Sometimes even the best students danced pas de chale, of whom the best was Natasha, distinguished by her grace; but at this last ball only ecosaises, anglaises and the mazurka, which was just coming into fashion, were danced. The hall was taken by Yogel to Bezukhov’s house, and the ball was a great success, as everyone said. There were a lot of pretty girls, and the Rostov ladies were among the best. They were both especially happy and cheerful. That evening, Sonya, proud of Dolokhov’s proposal, her refusal and explanation with Nikolai, was still spinning at home, not allowing the girl to finish her braids, and now she was glowing through and through with impetuous joy.
Natasha, no less proud that she was in long dress, at the real ball, she was even happier. Both were wearing white muslin dresses with pink ribbons.
Natasha became in love from the very minute she entered the ball. She was not in love with anyone in particular, but she was in love with everyone. The one she looked at at the moment she looked at was the one she was in love with.
- Oh, how good! – she kept saying, running up to Sonya.
Nikolai and Denisov walked around the halls, looking at the dancers affectionately and patronizingly.
“How sweet she will be,” Denisov said.
- Who?
“Athena Natasha,” answered Denisov.
“And how she dances, what a g”ation!” after a short silence, he said again.
- Who are you talking about?
“About your sister,” Denisov shouted angrily.
Rostov grinned.
– Mon cher comte; vous etes l"un de mes meilleurs ecoliers, il faut que vous dansiez,” said little Jogel, approaching Nikolai. “Voyez combien de jolies demoiselles.” [My dear Count, you are one of my best students. You need to dance. Look how much pretty girls!] – He made the same request to Denisov, also his former student.
“Non, mon cher, je fe"ai tapisse"ie, [No, my dear, I’ll sit by the wall," Denisov said. “Don’t you remember how badly I used your lessons?”
- Oh no! – Jogel said hastily consoling him. – You were just inattentive, but you had abilities, yes, you had abilities.
The newly introduced mazurka was played; Nikolai could not refuse Yogel and invited Sonya. Denisov sat down next to the old ladies and, leaning his elbows on his saber, stamping his beat, told something cheerfully and made the old ladies laugh, looking at the dancing young people. Yogel, in the first couple, danced with Natasha, his pride and best student. Gently, tenderly moving his feet in his shoes, Yogel was the first to fly across the hall with Natasha, who was timid, but diligently performing steps. Denisov did not take his eyes off her and tapped the beat with his saber, with an expression that clearly said that he himself did not dance only because he did not want to, and not because he could not. In the middle of the figure, he called Rostov, who was passing by, to him.
“It’s not the same at all,” he said. - Is this a Polish mazurka? And she dances excellently. - Knowing that Denisov was even famous in Poland for his skill in dancing the Polish mazurka, Nikolai ran up to Natasha:
- Go and choose Denisov. Here he is dancing! Miracle! - he said.
When Natasha’s turn came again, she stood up and quickly fingering her shoes with bows, timidly, ran alone across the hall to the corner where Denisov was sitting. She saw that everyone was looking at her and waiting. Nikolai saw that Denisov and Natasha were arguing smiling, and that Denisov was refusing, but smiling joyfully. He ran up.
“Please, Vasily Dmitrich,” Natasha said, “let’s go, please.”
“Yes, that’s it, g’athena,” Denisov said.
“Well, that’s enough, Vasya,” said Nikolai.
“It’s like they’re trying to persuade Vaska the cat,” Denisov said jokingly.
“I’ll sing to you all evening,” said Natasha.
- The sorceress will do anything to me! - Denisov said and unfastened his saber. He came out from behind the chairs, firmly took his lady by the hand, raised his head and put his foot down, waiting for tact. Only on horseback and in the mazurka, Denisov’s short stature was not visible, and he seemed to be the same young man that he felt himself to be. Having waited for the beat, he glanced triumphantly and playfully at his lady from the side, suddenly tapped one foot and, like a ball, elastically bounced off the floor and flew along in a circle, dragging his lady with him. He silently flew halfway across the hall on one leg, and it seemed that he did not see the chairs standing in front of him and rushed straight towards them; but suddenly, clicking his spurs and spreading his legs, he stopped on his heels, stood there for a second, with the roar of spurs, knocked his feet in one place, quickly turned around and, clicking his right foot with his left foot, again flew in a circle. Natasha guessed what he intended to do, and, without knowing how, she followed him - surrendering herself to him. Now he circled her, now on his right, now on his left hand, now falling on his knees, he circled her around himself, and again he jumped up and ran forward with such swiftness, as if he intended to run across all the rooms without taking a breath; then suddenly he stopped again and again made a new and unexpected knee. When he, briskly spinning the lady in front of her place, snapped his spur, bowing before her, Natasha did not even curtsey for him. She stared at him in bewilderment, smiling as if she didn’t recognize him. - What is this? - she said.
Despite the fact that Yogel did not recognize this mazurka as real, everyone was delighted with Denisov’s skill, they began to choose him incessantly, and the old people, smiling, began to talk about Poland and about the good old days. Denisov, flushed from the mazurka and wiping himself with a handkerchief, sat down next to Natasha and did not leave her side throughout the entire ball.

For two days after this, Rostov did not see Dolokhov with his people and did not find him at home; on the third day he received a note from him. “Since I no longer intend to visit your house for reasons known to you and am going to the army, this evening I am giving my friends a farewell party - come to the English hotel.” Rostov at 10 o'clock, from the theater, where he was with his family and Denisov, arrived on the appointed day at the English hotel. He was immediately taken to best room hotel occupied for that night by Dolokhov. About twenty people crowded around the table, in front of which Dolokhov was sitting between two candles. There was gold and banknotes on the table, and Dolokhov was throwing a bank. After Sonya's proposal and refusal, Nikolai had not yet seen him and was confused at the thought of how they would meet.
Dolokhov’s bright, cold gaze met Rostov at the door, as if he had been waiting for him for a long time.
“Long time no see,” he said, “thanks for coming.” I’ll just get home and Ilyushka will appear with the choir.
“I came to see you,” Rostov said, blushing.
Dolokhov did not answer him. “You can bet,” he said.
Rostov remembered at that moment a strange conversation he once had with Dolokhov. “Only fools can play for luck,” Dolokhov said then.
– Or are you afraid to play with me? - Dolokhov said now, as if he had guessed Rostov’s thought, and smiled. Because of his smile, Rostov saw in him the mood of spirit that he had during dinner at the club and in general at those times when, as if bored with daily life, Dolokhov felt the need to get out of it in some strange, mostly cruel, act .

1

He V.H.

The article examines the main historical stages in the development of domestic theriology in the 18th-20th centuries, selflessly carried out by zoological scientists despite various difficulties resulting from changes in the historical and political picture of the world. The contribution of individual Russian scientists in the formation of theriology is shown, as well as the role of Russian scientific communities in this process.

The history of studying the theriofauna of Russia goes back over 300 years. Theriological research on Russian territory began at the end of the 18th century as part of expeditions organized by Russian Academy Sci. This was preceded by the political conquest of new territories, begun under Ivan the Terrible, which intensified in the 18th century and essentially ended in the 60s of the 19th century, as well as the need to develop the natural resources of the territories annexed to the Russian Empire.

In general, the chronology and main directions in the comprehensive study of the theriofauna of Russia can be divided into three stages. The first of them covers the late 18th - early 19th centuries. By this time, zoology, and in particular theriology, already had some material collected by S.G. Gmelin, I.A. Gyldenstedt, P.S. Pallas, A. Nordmann, who were part of complex academic expeditions. Research into various aspects of the life activity of mammals was carried out by many zoologists and nature lovers, but continued to be concomitant and fragmentary.

At the second stage, from the mid-19th century, the study of theriofauna Russian regions proceeded more intensely. Quite numerous, albeit fragmentary, information about the ecological characteristics of various species of mammals is contained in a number of works by K.A. Satunina. The author provides data on the places where animals were captured, there is information on the boundaries of the distribution of animal species in different regions of the country and descriptions of their coloration in individuals from various landscape provinces, as well as materials concerning the biotopic distribution of mammals. Around the same years, G.I. Radde covers in detail questions of a zoogeographical nature concerning some mammals.

On the third, modern stage teriological research in Russia began to be carried out more intensively and comprehensively environmental studies mammal fauna (Ognev; Boehme; Formozov; Turov, Turova-Morozova; Kistyakovsky; Obolensky; Sviridenko; Stalmakova; Kalabukhov; Ryabov).

However, there are other opinions regarding the classification of the main stages in the development of teriological science in Russia. So, V.S. Shishkin proposed a periodization of the history of Russian theology, highlighting six stages in its development.

On the first of them, " preliminary“, the centuries-old experience of the Russian people in understanding nature and their place in it, using various natural resources, including representatives of the animal world, was accumulated and summarized (in a few written sources, and mainly in oral form). The development of Siberia, for example, proceeded not only under the sign of the discovery of new lands, important had a search for new supplies, as they said then, of “soft junk” (i.e., sable fur and other fur-bearing animals) and “fish tooth” (walrus fangs, narwhal tusk). The surviving texts of those times contain dozens of Russian names for fish, birds and animals.

However, by the end of the 17th century. European science has achieved such significant successes, including in the field of zoology (it is enough to mention the works of V. Harvey, A. Leeuwenhoek, D. Ray), that it took revolutionary transformations of the government system carried out by Peter I and his associates for a special a scientific center where not only invited Western specialists could work, but also where a domestic school of natural scientists could gradually be formed. Peter I himself was interested in zoology and collected various collections of animals.

Established in 1724, the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg marks the beginning of the next stage in the development of Russian zoology - “ academic" The Academy immediately became involved in the process of studying the country's natural resources, its flora and fauna. Those times were marked by two grandiose expeditions: the Great Northern, or 2nd Kamchatka, expedition (1733-1743), which included a separate academic detachment, and the great academic expeditions (1768-1774) of the era of Catherine II. The main results of the Great Northern Expedition were not only unprecedented in breadth of coverage geographical descriptions(with mapping) of the coasts of the empire from the White Sea to Alaska and Sakhalin, but also a number of monographs written by members of the academic team: G.F. Miller, I.G. Gmelin, G.V. Steller and S.P. Krasheninnikov. Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov, the first Russian academic biologist, gave in his famous book about Kamchatka (1755) the first description of the regional fauna for the Russian Empire.

Krasheninnikov's works go beyond the boundaries of one scientific discipline. Taken on the expedition as academic student, while studying natural history and other sciences along the way under the guidance of Gmelin and Miller, he surprisingly quickly developed into an independent researcher. Comparing the significance of Krasheninnikov and Lomonosov in the history of Russian science, Academician Vernadsky wrote: “The year 1737, when Krasheninnikov went to Kamchatka as an independent scientist, is a memorable year in the history of Russian culture. This was the first start of independent research scientific work Russian society. This year, Wolf wrote to the Academy of Sciences to Baron Corfu: “Vinogradov and Lomonosov are already beginning to speak German and understand quite well what is being said... They also began to learn drawing, which will be useful to them both in mechanics and natural sciences.” stories. In winter they will listen experimental physics..." The two first Russian naturalists were simultaneously members of new life: one - in the desolation of the virgin nature of Kamchatka, the other - in the reformed University of Marburg. When Krasheninnikov returned to St. Petersburg in 1743, he found Lomonosov there in full bloom of scientific work and scientific plans. With the advent of Krasheninnikov and Lomonosov, the preparatory period in the history of scientific creativity of the Russian people ended.

Unfortunately, most of the new animals discovered by members of the academic team (Gmelin, Steller, Krasheninnikov) did not retain the priority of the descriptions made by their authors, since according to the rules of zoological nomenclature, the countdown of valid names begins in 1758 - the time of the publication of the tenth edition of the System nature" by C. Linnaeus.

More successful in this regard were the participants of the Great Academic Expeditions of 1768-1774, who conducted their research in the territory from the Black Sea region to Transbaikalia: P.S. Pallas, I.I. Lepekhin, S.G. Gmelin, I.A. Gildenstedt, I.G. Georgi. The contribution of P.S. is especially great. Pallas. In his outstanding final work, “Zoogeography of Rosso-Asiatics,” he describes 151 species of mammals, 425 species of birds, 11 species of amphibians, 41 species of reptiles, 241 species of fish. A significant number of them were described by Pallas for the first time. Unfortunately, this work, with the exception of small fragments, has not yet been translated into Russian.

Ideas about the variability of species, the evolution of living beings were rare during this period of the dominance of theology (works by A. Kaverznev, K. Wolf, etc.). The brilliant Pallas, who supported the idea of ​​evolution at the beginning of his scientific career, later spoke out in favor of the dominant doctrine of the immutability of species.

According to S.I. Ognev, Pallas can quite rightly be considered the founder of the systematic study of mammals in Russia. Despite the extraordinary versatility of their scientific interests and numerous works on botany, geology, paleontology, mineralogy, physical geography, agriculture and forestry, technology, medicine, ethnography and linguistics, this amazing scientist was and always remained a great zoologist. So, F.F. Koeppen wrote: “We note by the way that Pallas repeatedly stated views in zoology that were not understood by his contemporaries, but became the property of science only about a hundred years later.”

During his first travels (1768-1774), made to the eastern provinces of the Russian Empire and the Urals, Pallas collected extensive material on the fauna of Eastern Russia and Siberia, and the information accumulated during these expeditions is still of great scientific value, as they characterize the state of these areas more than 200 years ago. In 1793-1794. Pallas again visited the lower Volga, as well as the Crimea, the nature of which he carefully studied. All materials collected by the brilliant zoologist were carefully edited and published in the form of numerous articles, essays, monographs, the exact number of which has not been established to this day. For example, according to F.F. Köppen, a complete bibliography of Pallas's scientific works contains 158 sources. A special place in this series is occupied by “Novae species Quadrupedum e Glirium ordine”, in which the famous scientist gave a detailed description of the systematic features, internal anatomy and geographical distribution of animals, and gave a description of species of mammals new to science. In addition to this work, Pallas’s major life work is “Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,” on which the scientist worked for about forty years. This scientific publication was published in 1831, but to this day scientists constantly turn to this classic of zoological science.

In addition to the mentioned scientific works of P.S. Pallas, a huge role in the opinion of S.I. Ognev, played by the “academic expeditions” of I.I. Lepekhin and S.G. Gmelin, who were the leaders of the “Orenburg” and “Astrakhan” detachments.

During his expeditions, which covered almost the entire European part of Russia from the Caspian Sea to the White Sea and from Belarus to the Urals inclusive, I.I. Lepekhin collected vast and diverse materials on the fauna of mammals. Thus, in the “Day Notes” of this famous natural scientist, not only a list of all species of mammals living in a particular area is given, but also characteristics of valuable game animals are given, the features of commercial hunting, the characteristics of fisheries, their importance in the regional economy are revealed, the specifics of fishing gear have been identified. There is especially a lot in the works of I.I. Lepekhin's biological characteristics of various species of mammals, as well as ecological generalizations, many of which anticipated a number of thoughts expressed many decades later. For example, this scientist’s reasoning about the undoubted connection between fertility and periodic fluctuations in the number of taiga animals with seed yield is very interesting coniferous species, as well as the dependence of the migrations of squirrels and nutcrackers on feeding conditions. Compared to the biological and ecological data of various animal species, there is relatively little material regarding the systematic characteristics of species.

For example, in his “Daily Notes” there are only cursory systematic notes, and in the “Additions” to them and special articles a little more than a hundred species of animals are described. However, not all descriptions give names and often there are no species diagnoses. The enormous contribution of I.I. Lepekhin's contribution to zoological science, in addition to the above-mentioned works, is the translation of seven volumes of Buffon's Natural History. At the same time, the notes and comments of the scientist are especially valuable, in which he reports his data on the distribution and ecology of a number of mammal species within Russia. Extensive collections of mammals collected by I.I. Lepekhin, were later processed by P.S. Pallas.

If the stage discussed above deserves the name “ academic", then the next one (from the beginning of the 19th century to its middle) can be called " university" Although in the academy from the time of its foundation until the beginning of the 19th century. there was a university and a gymnasium; the training of scientific personnel progressed slowly. The number of universities in Russia at this time began to increase rapidly. In addition to the oldest, Moscow University (1755), universities were opened in Dorpat (1802), Vilna (1803), Kazan (1805), Kharkov (1805), St. Petersburg (1819), Kiev (1834). At universities, museums and departments of natural history and scientific societies began to be organized, for example, the oldest of the existing ones - the Moscow Society of Natural Scientists - MOIP (1805). Its founder was G.I. Fischer, who later received the right to be called Fischer von Waldheim, was elected an honorary member of the academy. Fischer is also known as the founder of the Zoological Museum of Moscow University, the author of the multi-volume “Russian Entomography” and “Zoognosy”, which included a review of the world’s theriofauna. In “Oryctography of the Moscow Province” Fischer acts as the first Russian paleontologist, attempting to describe all the natural components of a limited territory. Later, a similar concept was developed in a three-volume summary by E.A. Eversman "Natural history of the Orenburg region." Eversman was Fisher's co-author on "Entomography", a corresponding member of the Academy and a professor at Kazan University.

Inspired by the ideas of J. Cuvier and personal acquaintance with this French naturalist, G.I. Fischer was an active promoter of the comparative anatomical method in zoological research. In Fischer one can find materialistic views on the evolution of the organic world. His student and junior colleague K.F. Roulier went further not only in justifying the variability of species in historical development(including on the basis of paleontological evidence), but also in proving the need to supplement comparative anatomical studies with observations, as we would now say, of an ecological and ethological nature. With K.F. Roulier is associated with the formation of the first national zoological school, but this event belongs to the next stage.

Academy of Sciences and in the first half of the 19th century. continued to conduct expeditionary research. Members of the Academy participated both in round-the-world expeditions (starting with the first Russian one, 1803-1806), and in numerous scientific trips within Russian borders. Particularly rich natural scientific (including zoological) collections, in addition to circumnavigation of the world, were obtained by the long-term expeditions of G.I. Langsdorf to Brazil, I.G. Voznesensky in North America and to Kamchatka, A.F. Middendorf to Siberia and the Far East, K.M. Baera to the Caspian Sea, G.I. Radda in Transbaikalia and Amur region.

Among the zoologists of the early and mid-19th century, it is necessary to note G.S. Karelin, who made a significant contribution to the development of zoological science in Russia. Since 1828, being a full member of the Moscow Society of Natural Scientists, he took part in studies of the Kyrgyz steppes and the southeastern shores of the Caspian Sea. In addition to the Orenburg region, the lower reaches of the river. Ural, Caspian region and eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, G.S. Karelin, as part of various expeditions, explored Western Siberia in detail. Of the 19 scientific works published by this scientist, the materials on mammals studied by G.S. are of particular interest. Karelin regions of the Russian Empire. Thus, in “Travels along the Caspian Sea” he provided a list of mammals (32 species) with brief indications of the geographical distribution of species; in a scientific essay entitled “Analysis of Ryabinin’s article “Natural works of the lands of the Ural Cossack army,” G. S. Karelin carefully analyzed the section “Animals Mammals”, and also subjected to sharp scientific criticism of the works of A. Ryabinin and E. A. Eversmann. Contribution of G. .S. Karelin in the development of teriology in Russia is undoubtedly high due to the presence of extensive collections of mammals and interesting information on the distribution of species.

A prominent place in the galaxy of theriologists of the 19th century is occupied by E.A. Eversmann, who began his scientific career in 1820, traveling from Orenburg to Bukhara as part of a diplomatic expedition led by Negri. After this trip, Eversmann published the book "Reise von Orenburg nach Buchara", which contained detailed information about the vertebrates encountered during the trip, including 26 species of mammals, 4 of which were new to zoological science. It was after this Bukhara expedition that E.A. Eversmann began to conduct systematic research in the southeastern part of European Russia. According to S.I. Ognev from Eversmann's numerous scientific works special attention deserve "Additions to Pallas's Zoography; "Natural History of the Orenburg Region"; the second volume of "Natural History", in which are given detailed descriptions mammals, data on their taxonomy, geographical distribution, lifestyle features.

Among the outstanding zoologists of the first half of the 19th century is A.F. Middendorf, who committed in 1843-1844. on behalf of the Academy of Sciences, a trip to the north of Siberia, in particular to the lower reaches of the Yenisei and Taimyr. Middendorf published the results of his scientific research in 23 works, of which the most famous was the work "Reise in den ausserstem Norden und Ostsibirien ubersicht der Natur Nord und Ost-Sibirien". In this major work, the author gave a detailed description of the nature of Northern Siberia, provided a lot of interesting information on the ecology of mammals, data regarding the concept of species in zoology, and valuable considerations about the changes that the harsh nature of Northern Siberia imposed on the animals living there. In addition to the listed zoological materials, Middendorf’s scientific work is replete with numerous geographical information that gives it special scientific value: this is the geographical distribution of mammals, and the characteristics of the circumpolar and mountain faunas, and migration, and the movements of nomads on reindeer, dogs, camels, and hunting in Siberia , and features of the life of Siberian peoples. For theriological science in Russia and abroad, the volume of A.F.’s travels was also of great interest. Middendorff "Saugethiere, Vogel und Amphibien", which contains detailed descriptions of the taxonomy and ecology of mammals. What is noteworthy about this classic work is that some of the essays (for example, on the bear, the hoofed lemming, the Ob lemming, etc.) were compiled monographically by Middendorf.

A noticeable mark on the history of Russian zoology, and in particular teriology of the 19th century, was left by F.F. Brandt. He is the author of 382 published works on invertebrate and vertebrate animals, zoogeography, paleontology and archaeology. Of these scientific materials, many of which are rightfully classic, 93 works are devoted to mammals and are of a systematic, comparative anatomical and zoogeographical nature. Brandt’s special contribution to the development of Russian theriology, according to S.I. Ognev should be considered the capital materials of the collections of the Ural expedition, a summary of data on the distribution of mammals in the north of European Russia, in particular in the Urals, monographic essays on a number of mammal species, and, undoubtedly, a description of mammal species new to science.

The famous Russian scientist K.F. was of great importance in the development of Russian zoology in the 19th century. Roulier, who is rightfully considered the forerunner of modern ecology. He was mainly interested in the problems of the relationship between the organism and the environment, as well as the importance of a detailed study of the laws of nature in all its manifestations, the results of which were reflected in numerous scientific publications by K.F. Roulier.

Of the most prominent zoologists of the 19th century, it is necessary to mention N.A. Severtsov, who was a student of Roulier. The first major zoological work of N.A. Severtsov, essentially the first extensive environmental work in Russia, was his master’s thesis “Periodic phenomena in the life of animals, birds and reptiles of the Voronezh province”, which contained a description of a large number of direct observations of the author, the features of the life of organisms in natural conditions. Subsequently N.A. Severtsov made a number of large scientific expeditions to the Turkestan and Pamir regions, which resulted in numerous observations, compilation and description of extensive zoological collections and numerous scientific works. So, in 1873, a report by N.A. was published. Severtsov on the Turkestan fauna "Vertical and horizontal distribution of Turkestan animals", in which much attention is paid to the species composition and lifestyle of mountain mammals. In total, the famous scientist published 96 works during his life.

In Russia, the abolition of serfdom and some other social transformations led to the democratization of many forms of public life, including science and education. This period in the development of zoology can be called " stage of scientific societies" In addition to the few already existing natural scientific societies (MOIP, Russian Geographical Society, etc.), new ones arise (for example, in 1859 - the Russian Entomological Society, in 1863 - the Society of Lovers of Natural History, Anthropology and Ethnography, under which A. N. Severtsov began publishing the Zoological Journal in 1916).

At the First Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors, organized in 1867 largely on the initiative of K.F. Kessler, a zoologist and ichthyologist, a decision was made to establish scientific societies of naturalists at Russian universities, similar to MOIP, with state subsidies. Such societies arose in St. Petersburg, Kazan, Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Yekaterinburg, Astrakhan. The small group of professional scientists (mainly from the academy) is joined by a detachment of university teachers, as well as amateur naturalists from various walks of life: from the highest nobility to merchants and commoners.

The second half of the 19th century was marked in Russian zoology as an era of major expeditionary research.

A noticeable mark in the history of Russian science, and in particular in the study of mammals, was left by the great explorer of Central Asia N.M. Przhevalsky. The beginning of his grandiose research was a trip to the Ussuri region in 1867, and then the subsequent four expeditions that covered Dzungaria, Mongolia, Eastern Gobi, Tsaidam, Tibet, Nan Shan, Ala Shan. Descriptions of these expeditions published by the Geographical Society were publications full of factual data, in which a large part of the information consisted of materials on the biology of large mammals (carnivores and ungulates), and priceless collections of animals numbered up to 700 skulls, carcasses and skins of various species of mammals. Later, these theriological collections were processed by Academician V. Zalensky and senior zoologist of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences E.A. Bichner.

From the glorious galaxy of Russian zoologists of the second half and the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, who devoted a significant part of their research to the study of mammals, it is necessary to mention P.K. Kozlova, M.N. Bogdanova, N.Ya. Dinnika, K.A. Satunina, A.A. Brauner, N.F. Kashchenko, B.M. Zhitkova, N.A. Smirnova.

PC. Kozlov in 1893-1895 made a number of outstanding expeditions to the middle Tien Shan, Lob-Nor and Nan-Shan, the materials of which are replete with zoological observations of mammals (yaks, kulans, antelopes, mountain sheep, bears, etc.). Later, the scientist traveled to Mongolia and Tibet (1899-1901; 1907-1909). With a special contribution from P.K. Kozlov’s contribution to Russian theriology is the fact of the extraction of rare specimens of trumpet-eared jerboas for the first time in the world.

M.N. At the beginning of his scientific career, Bogdanov began studying mammals of the Volga region; the results of these studies were presented in 1871 in his master's thesis “Birds and animals of the black earth strip of the Volga region and the valleys of the middle and lower Volga.” This scientific work contained information about 56 species of mammals, their groups noted in the Volga region, natural stations characteristic of different species of mammals were described, and an analysis of traces of the past in the life of animals of the Volga region, starting from the pre-glacial era and ending with the post-glacial era, was carried out. In 1873 M.N. Bogdanov visited at that time the deserts of Central Asia and the Khiva oasis, practically unexplored scientifically. The result of these studies was the scientific work of the scientist “Essays on the nature of the Khiva oasis and the Kizyl-Kum desert.”

Zoologist N.Ya. left a lot of valuable information on the mammals of the Caucasus. Dinnik, who lived and worked in Stavropol. Long years who studied the nature of the Caucasus and traveled to the upper reaches of the Kuban, Laba, Digoria and mountainous Balkaria, N.Ya. Dinnik wrote and published 63 scientific papers containing valuable materials on various species of animals, including Caucasian mammals.

K.A. Satunin became the first Russian zoologist to begin studying mammals in the Moscow province. The materials of these studies were published by him in the scientific summary "Vertebrates of the Moscow Province. Mammals" in 1895. The Caucasus, unexplored in zoological terms at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, provided Satunin with rich scientific material. The peculiar position of the Caucasus and the mixed nature of its fauna prompted K.A. Satunin came up with the idea to undertake a detailed analysis of the Caucasian fauna and develop a division of this region into zoogeographical areas. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, K.A. Satunin was one of the few theriologists in Russia and truly created an era in the study of the fauna of the Caucasus.

Almost at the same time we were studying with Satunin scientific research other outstanding zoologists of the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

A.A. Brauner studied steppe mammals, as well as the fauna of Crimea, publishing a number of valuable studies on zoogeography and mammal fauna. At the same time, another researcher, N.F., was working in Siberia. Kashchenko, who published about 120 scientific works, most of which are treatises on mammals of the Tomsk region, Western Siberia and Turkestan.

During the same time period, B.M. was actively engaged in studying the theriofauna of various regions of Russia. Zhitkov, who made an invaluable contribution to the study of fur-bearing and commercial mammals. Important information about the species composition, lifestyle, and systematic status of mammals is available in the results of scientific expeditions of B.M. Zhitkova to Simbirsk province, Kolguev, Novaya Zemlya, Kanin, Yamal Peninsula.

An excellent specialist in pinnipeds, cetaceans and hunting at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century was N.A. Smirnov. He was the author of numerous works, which provided comprehensive information for that time on the taxonomy, geographical distribution and biology of various groups of animals. In 1912 N.A. Smirnov published a very informative article “On the distribution Penniredia in the Northern Hemisphere", which gave a general overview of the distribution of pinnipeds in the northern seas and introduced successful biological terminology for the first time. According to the theriologist, "..."Geophiles" breed on land and avoid ice, while the pup of "lagophiles" “occurs only on ice, and many species of this group almost never come to land.” Very valuable materials were collected by N.A. Smirnov on the biology and hunting of the White Sea seal, as well as on the biology of the most common animals of the Arctic.

The works of the outstanding Russian zoologist S.I. were of great importance in the formation and development of theriology in Russia during the period described. Ogneva. One of the first scientific works this scientist was dedicated to mammals Central Russia, in which, in addition to a detailed systematic description of individual representatives, their dichotomous identification tables were given, comparative review known subspecies, detailed geographical distribution in Russia. Later, S.I. Ognev significantly expanded his expeditionary research and published a number of quite significant works related to different parts Russian state. In particular, he studied in detail the fauna of the Voronezh region, Crimea, Caucasus, Transcaspian region, Semirechye, North-East Siberia and the Ussuri region. The result of this painstaking work of collecting and processing collected material a scientific report by S.I. Ognev "Beasts of the USSR and adjacent countries."

In addition to the ongoing expeditionary activities (during this period N.A. Severtsov, A.P. Fedchenko, N.M. Przhevalsky, N.N. Miklukho-Maclay, I.S. Polyakov and others made their travels), the first biological stations: Sevastopol (1871), Solovetskaya (1881), on deep lake(1891), etc. Marine and freshwater fauna are being intensively studied, and the foundations of hydrobiology are gradually being formed. Terrestrial vertebrate researchers publish special work, dedicated to groups of species, for example, ungulates, rodents, carnivores. Attempts are being made to create general summaries on fish, reptiles, birds and mammals, as well as on some orders of insects. The first habitat maps appear. Issues of historical change and origin of local faunas are discussed.

In the 19th century, domestic researchers, in addition to the discovery of several dozen new species of mammals, laid the foundations for the organization of modern zoological museums (Fischer, Brandt, Radde), developed the principles of scientific etiquette (Middendorf), and presented the first maps of the ranges of Russian mammals (Bogdanov).

Russian naturalists enthusiastically accepted the theory of C. Darwin (it is enough to mention N.A. Severtsov, S.A. Usov, the Kovalevsky brothers, I.I. Mechnikov, K.A. Timiryazev, M.A. Menzbier) and applied it not without success it in embryological, paleontological and comparative anatomical studies.

Ecology during this period took shape as an independent science, having passed in Russia from the pioneering work of N.A. Severtsov before the research of M.N. Bogdanova, A.A. Silantiev (zoologists), V.V. Dokuchaeva, G.F. Morozova and others.

At the beginning of the 20th century. publish their evolutionary research A.N. Severtsov and N.K. Koltsov. During the period of “scientific societies,” there was a consolidation of natural scientists not only in Russia, but throughout the world. In 1889, the first international congress of zoologists took place. The First International Ornithological Congress (1884) was chaired by the Russian zoologist G.I. Radde.

The stage of development of Russian zoology under consideration is also characterized by the strengthening of applied and pedagogical aspects of science. University-type textbooks are being created in both zoology and comparative anatomy. Atlases and guides are printed. Applied topics cover problems of nature conservation, acclimatization of animals and plants, development of the scientific foundations of rational fishing (including fish farming) and hunting, beekeeping, sericulture, etc. Scientists determine the most effective ways control agricultural pests, deal with scientific issues of breeding. Research in the field of epidemiology begins, medical zoology is born.

Russian zoologists have begun to recognize themselves as a single team of researchers; they care about the continuity of scientific work. A.P. Bogdanov begins publishing materials on the history of Russian zoology (4 volumes were published), and F.P. Koeppen - “Library of Russian Zoology”.

« Soviet period“The development of zoology is characterized by a several-fold increase in the number of domestic researchers, specialized zoological and environmental institutions (including in the system of the Academy of Sciences), a significant differentiation of zoological disciplines, and the emergence of new complex scientific directions.

According to V.S. Shishkin divides this period of development of domestic zoology into two stages. The first one, which can be called " institute", begins in 1917 and lasts until about the 1960s. XX century

During this period, starting in the 1920s, the study of mammals in the Soviet Union increased significantly. N.V. made a great contribution to the development of theriology at this time and the study of various systematic groups of mammals. Charlemagne, A.A. Migulin, Ya.P. Zubko, B.M. Popov, B.S. Vinogradov. According to S.I. Ognev, a particularly valuable contribution to the works of the above-mentioned theriologists is the inclusion in the description of more well-known groups of animals, their comparative anatomical features (the structure of the cervical vertebrae, pelvic bones, limb bones, ear bones, genitals, etc.).

Among the galaxy of famous Soviet theriologists, it is necessary to mention A.I. Argiropoulo is the author of small but valuable works, mainly on the taxonomy of rodents. Characteristic of the scientific works of this scientist is the presence of numerous original drawings the author himself, as well as the inclusion of exotic species in the systematic characteristics of large groups, which gave a clearer idea of ​​the latter.

An outstanding Soviet theriologist was A.N. Formozov, who collected a wealth of zoological material, which served as the basis for such the most famous and significant works as “Fluctuations in the number of game animals” and “ Snow cover in the life of mammals and birds of the USSR." A.N. Formozov made a great contribution to the study of mammals in Mongolia, as well as the fauna and ecology of rodents.

No less significant is the contribution of other major Soviet scientists in the study of global and domestic theriofauna. Among them should be named N.P. Naumov and P.A. Sviridenko, authors of numerous works on the fauna and ecology of mouse-like rodents and ground squirrels; V.G. Heptner, a well-known specialist in the taxonomy and ecology of gerbils; IN AND. Tsalkin, author of a number of works on ungulate mammals of the USSR; B.A. Kuznetsov, researcher of the theriofauna of Turkestan, Transbaikalia, the Far East and Kuril Islands; A.P. Kuzyakin, a long-time bat researcher; ON THE. Bobrinsky, a famous theriologist and zoogeographer, author of numerous keys to mammals of the USSR. A.G. studied cetaceans in the USSR. Tomilin and M.M. Sleptsov; insectivores - S.U. Stroganov; issues of commercial fauna were occupied by S.P. Naumov and N.P. Lavrov; ecology of mammals - I.I. Barabash-Nikiforov, E.I. Orlov and L.G. Kaplanov; Biology of Mammals of Kamchatka and the Pechersko-Ilychevsky Nature Reserve - V.V. Raevsky, Yu.V. Averin, V.P. Teplov and E.N. Teplova.

The scientific materials accumulated during this period are summarized in reports and keys to mammals of the USSR (Smirnov; Turov et al.; Argiropulo; Turova-Morozova; Tembotov).

The second, conventionally named "coordinating"- the stage of creating scientific councils, specialized scientific societies in individual zoological disciplines, coordinating international cooperation. It emerged in the second half of the 20th century. and continues to some extent to the present day, despite the sharp change in socio-political conditions in Russia.

The formation of the domestic zoological school followed the development of world science, but at the same time some unique features were determined: specific objects of long-term research, traditional forms, methods, topics and areas of zoological work, connections between science and education and practical activities.

A unique long and glorious path was traveled by Russian zoologists-teachers: from “The Outline of Natural History” by V.F. Zuev - the first domestic zoology textbook, to such books as, for example, the three-volume “Systematics of Mammals” by V.E. Sokolov, two-volume “Zoology of Vertebrates” by N.P. Naumov and N.N. Kartashev, “General Ornithology” by V.D. Ilyicheva, N.N. Kartashev and I.A. Shilov and a number of later publications.

Finally, our state (within the borders of the existing USSR) had a species diversity of mammals, birds and fish, amounting to almost 10% of the diversity of the world fauna in each of these classes. The discovery (including species new to science) and the study of this diversity has become the work of life for several generations of zoologists of domestic scientific schools. This work continues to this day.

The importance of studying the history of individual national scientific schools was emphasized by a Russian zoologist of the late 19th century. A.P. Bogdanov, when he wrote in 1885: “Reality varies cultural peoples in many ways, and especially in the particulars of worldview and practical needs, is very different, and therefore particular syntheses scientific facts will also need to be different in different countries and have their own special, inherent, private character. This is confirmed by the fact that the history of science in each country can only be written by its son, and not by a stranger who has not experienced in his soul the moral and mental struggle during the historical development of its tribal ideals of life and culture, which for the comprehensiveness of human development cannot and should not put on one common uniform, official European uniform.”

Available on this scientific stage Data on the distribution, biology, and abundance of various mammal species have been published in a number of works (Dal; Tembotov; Prokofieva; Golubev et al.; Tarasov; Tkachenko; Levchenko et al.; Tikhenko et al.).

Numerous publications are devoted to the medical and veterinary significance of certain species of mammals in various regions of Russia (Kruglikov et al.; Shafershtein et al.; Shafershtein, Pokrovskaya; Rudnev et al.; Pilipenko, Shchekina; Tarasov; Tinker et al.; Korenberg et al.; Nikiforenko and etc. ).

In the 1980-1990s. In connection with the intensive development of agriculture, especially in the steppe parts of the country, many works appear that address the issues anthropogenic impact on the biology of mammals of various species (Tarasov; Tkachenko et al.). Some works characterize the shares of different mammal species in the structure of theriocomplexes of various regions of Russia (Tarasov; Levchenko et al.).

As for certain territories of the country where studies of various aspects of the life activity of mammals were most intensively carried out, some information about the ecology of different species of mammals is contained in the works of authors who conducted research in Dagestan (Dinnik; Heptner; Boehme; Krasovsky; Sviridenko; Formozov; Lavrovsky, Kolesnikov ; Pavlov ; Lavrenchenko, Likhnova ; Karachay-Cherkessia (Batiashvili, Supatashvili; Tkachenko; Tarasov); Kabardino-Balkaria (Tembotov); Krasnodar region (Turov; Zharkov; Alexandrov); Rostov region (Shilova and others).

Selected materials on the ecological characteristics of species and their practical significance are given in a number of works (Argyropulo; Enukidze; Vereshchagin; Meyer, Scholl; Alekperov, Erofeeva).

However, so far, despite numerous works, there is no complete presentation of domestic theriology. A lot of unique material unknown to science is stored in state archives and private collections. Only reviews of literary sources concerning the history of Russian zoology in general and its individual branches are well known. Of the later works devoted to Russian theriology, the summary “Moscow theriologists” should be noted, as well as the first volume of the new series “Manual of Zoology” - “Protists, Part I” with introductory articles devoted to the history of zoology, including Russian.

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Pavlov A.N. Age-sex structure of populations of some rodent species in Northern Dagestan and its dynamics // Sovrem. problem studied dynam. number popul. alive. - M., 1964. - P. 73-75.

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Batiashvili I.D., Supatashvili Sh.M. Materials for the study of the rodent fauna of the Teberda Nature Reserve and some biotic factors regulating their reproduction // Tr. Inst. def. rast. Academy of Sciences of the GSSR. - 1949. - T. 6. - P. 67-75.

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Shilova S.A., Troitsky B.B., Malkov G.B., Belkovich V.M. The importance of the mobility of forest mouse-like rodents in the distribution of ticks Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. in foci of spring-summer encephalitis // Zool. magazine -1958. - T. 37, issue. 6. - pp. 931-938.; Shilova S.A., Karshin A.A., Shchipanov N.A. Anthropogenic transformation of the fauna of small mammals in the north of the Rostov region // Zool. magazine - 1994. - T. 73, issue. 3. - pp. 98-103.

Enukidze G.P. Materials for studying the wood mouse ( Silvimus silvaticus L.) in the conditions of the Lagodekhi Nature Reserve // ​​Tr. Zool. institute of the Academy of Sciences of the GSSR. - Tbilisi, 1947. - T. 7. - P. 54-68.

Vereshchagin N.K. On the ecology and epidemiological significance of rodents of the Lankaran lowland and mountainous Talysh // Tr. Zool. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Az SSR. - 1949. - T. 13. - P. 54-65.

Meyer M.N., Scholl E.D. Ecological and faunal sketch of mammals of the Vartashensky region Azerbaijan SSR// Uch. zap. Leningr. un-ta. Ser. biol. Sci. - 1954. - Issue. 38, No. 181. - P. 64-78.

Alekperov Kh.M., Erofeeva S.N. Ecological features of the wood mouse ( Apodemus sylvaticus Linn.) on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus within Azerbaijan // Fauna and ecology of the ground. call Azerbaijan. -1965. - P. 67-75.

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Bibliographic link

He V.H. DEVELOPMENT OF THERIOLOGY IN RUSSIA IN THE XVIII-XX centuries. // Advances in modern natural science. – 2008. – No. 5. – P. 17-33;
URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=9972 (access date: 03/27/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

Questions about theriology

Brief history of theriology. Features of the development of theriology in Russia.

Principles of zoological taxonomy. Binary nomenclature of species.

Class Mammals (Mammalia) or Beasts (Theria). General characteristics, morphology, representatives, significance.

Origin and evolution of mammals.

Structural features and distinctive features.

Taxonomy of the class of mammals.

First beasts (Prototheria). Systematic position. Structural features, biology, representatives.

Lower animals or marsupials (Metatheria). Systematic position. Structural features, biology, representatives.

Higher animals or Placentals (Eutheria). Structural features, biology, representatives, significance.

Higher animals or Placentals (Eutheria). Features, taxonomy, representatives.

Insectivores (Insectivora). Systematic position. Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Hedgehog family (Erinaceidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Mole family (Talpidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Family of shrews (Soricidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Incomplete edentates (Edentata). Systematic position. Structural features, biology, representatives, significance.

Lizards (Pholydota). Aardvarks (Tubulidentata). Systematic position. Structural features, biology, representatives, significance.

Chiroptera (Chiroptera). Systematic position. Structural features, biology, representatives, significance.

Suborder of fruit bats (Megachiroptera). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Suborder of bats (Microchiroptera). Distinctive features, biology, taxonomy, representatives, significance.

Primates. Systematic position. Structural features, biology, representatives, significance.

Suborder of lower primates (Prosimii). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Suborder of higher primates (Anthropoidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Lagomorpha (Lagomorpha). Systematic position. Structural features, biology, taxonomy, representatives, significance. Objects of fishing and breeding.

Family of hares (Leporidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Rodents (Rodentia). Systematic position. Structural features, biology, representatives, significance. Objects of fishing and breeding.

Squirrel family (Sciuridae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Beaver family (Castoridae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Mouse family (Muridae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Hamster family (Cricetidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Order Carnivora (Carnivora). Structural features, biology, taxonomy, representatives, significance.

Mustelidae family. Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning. Objects of fishing and breeding.

Canidae family (Canidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning. Objects of fishing and breeding.

Cat family (Felidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning. Objects of fishing and breeding.

Bear family (Ursidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Raccoon family (Procyonidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Family of true seals (Phocidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Walrus family (Odobenidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives.

Family of eared seals (Otariidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Order Cetacea (Cetacea). Structural features, biology, taxonomy, representatives.

Suborder of baleen whales (Mustacoceti). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Suborder of toothed whales (Odontoceti). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Order Damanas (Hyracoidea). Structural features, biology, taxonomy, representatives.

Order Proboscidea. Structural features, biology, taxonomy, representatives.

Siren Squad. Structural features, biology, taxonomy, representatives.

Order Odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla). Structural features, biology, taxonomy, representatives, significance. Domesticated representatives of this order and their wild ancestors.

Order Artiodactyla (Artiodactyla). Structural features, biology, taxonomy, representatives, significance. Objects of fishing and breeding.

Pig family (Suidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning. Objects of fishing and breeding.

Deer family (Cervidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning. Objects of fishing and breeding.

Bovid family (Bovidae). Goats. Rams. Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning. Domesticated representatives and their wild ancestors.

Bovid family (Bovidae). Bulls. Gazelles. Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning. Domesticated representatives and their wild ancestors.

Musk deer family (Moschidae). Distinctive features, biology, representatives, meaning.

Camel family (Camelidae). Structural features, biology, representatives, significance. Domesticated representatives and their wild ancestors.

Life forms and environmental groups mammals.

Adaptation of mammals to aquatic habitats. Changes in morphological and ethological parameters.

Adaptations of mammals to the air habitat. Changes in morphological and ethological parameters.

Adaptations of mammals to a burrowing lifestyle. Changes in morphological and ethological parameters.

Adaptations of mammals to an underground lifestyle. Changes in morphological and ethological parameters.

Adaptations of mammals to a terrestrial lifestyle. Changes in morphological and ethological parameters.

Adaptations of mammals to an arboreal, climbing lifestyle. Changes in morphological and ethological parameters.

Seasonal changes in the morphological characteristics of mammals. Their adaptation to seasonal phenomena.

Seasonal changes in the ethological characteristics of mammals. Their adaptation to seasonal phenomena.

Ecological groups of mammals, their economic significance.

Feeding characteristics and trophic ecology of mammals. The structure of the digestive organs in different groups.

Population structure and dynamics of mammal numbers.

Peculiarities of reproduction of mammals. Reproductive biology.

Commercial teriology. Trophy hunting.

Peculiarities of behavior of mammals. Behavioral ecology.

Migration of mammals, their adaptive significance.

Annual life cycle of mammals. Winter sleep and hibernation.

Hunting and commercial species of mammals in the Russian Federation, and measures to regulate their numbers.

Rare species of mammals and measures for their protection.

Mammals of the fauna of Russia. Distribution, habitats and population control measures.

Morphometric parameters of mammals. Features of taking measurements in different groups.

Features of the definition and description of mammals.

Theriofauna of individual natural zones of Russia.

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Similar terms
• 2 Sections of theriology
• 3 Related sections
• 4 Societies
• 5 Congresses
• 6 Institutes
• 7 Laboratories
• 8 Magazines
Literature

Introduction

Zoology section Theriology

Branches of zoology

Acarology Physical Anthropology Apiology Arachnology Helminthology Herpetology Ichthyology Carcinology Ketology Conchology Malacology Neuroethology Myrmecology Nematology Oology Ornithology Paleozoology Planktology Primatology Protozoology Theriology Chiropterology Entomology Ethology

Famous zoologists

Georges Cuvier · Charles Darwin Carl Linnaeus · Konrad Lorenz Thomas Say · Edward Wilson Alfred Russel Wallace others...

Story

Theriology(from ancient Greek. θηρίον - beast and -logy; Mammaliology, mammalogy) is a branch of zoology that studies mammals. The term “teriology” is used primarily in Russian-language zoological literature and was proposed by zoologist S.I. Ognev. Subdisciplines of theriology associated with the study of individual groups of mammals, as a rule, do not have established names of their own, with the exception of primatology (primatology, the study of monkeys and other primates), and in Western literature, also cetology (the study of cetaceans).

1. Similar terms

• Mammaliology - according to the Latin name of the class Mammals (lat. Mammalia)
• Mammalogy - abbr. from mammaliology
• Mammology (from Latin mamma - mammary gland and Greek logos - science) is the science of the mammary gland and its structure; a branch of practical medicine dealing with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various breast diseases.
• therology - according to the second Latin name for the class of animals (lat. Theria)

2. Sections of theriology

• hippology (hippology) - the science of horses
• ketology - the science of cetaceans (whales, dolphins)
• primatology - the science of primates (monkeys, lemurs)
• rodentology - the science of rodents (mice, rats, hamsters, beavers)
• chiropterology - the science of bats ( the bats, fruit bats)

3. Related sections

• cynology - the science and practice of dog breeding
• felinology - the science and practice of breeding cats

4. Societies

• International Federation of Mammalogists(formerly IUBS Section of Mammalogy). Founded in 1974 as the Section of Theriology (Mammalogy) at the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS). In 2006, it was transformed into the International Federation of Mammalogists under the auspices of IUBS.

• In Russia there is the Theriological Society at the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the All-Union Theriological Society at the USSR Academy of Sciences, created in January 1973), uniting scientists and practitioners working in the field of study, protection and practical use of mammals.

• Ukrainian Theriological Society (Ukrainian Theriological Partnership of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine)

• The American Society of Mammalogists(USA). Founded 1919

• The Society for Marine Mammalogy(USA, University of Central Florida). Founded 1981

• Sociedade Brasileira de Mastozoologia(Brazil)

• Mastozoologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Brazil)

5. Congresses

• I International Theriological Congress, Moscow, USSR, 1974
• II International Theriological Congress, Brno, Czechoslovakia, 1978
• III International Theriological Congress, Helsinki, Finland, 1982
• IV International Theriological Congress, Edmonton, Canada, 1985
• V International Theriological Congress, Rome, Italy, 1989
• VI International Theriological Congress, Sydney, Australia, 1993
• VII International Theriological Congress, Acapulco, Mexico, 1997
• VIII International Theriological Congress, Sun City, South Africa, 2001
• IX International Mammalogical (formerly teriological) Congress, Sapporo, Japan, 2005 - , ,
• X International Congress, Argentina, 2009

6. Institutions

• The Mammal Research Institute at the University of Pretoria (South Africa, Pretoria).

7. Laboratories

• Laboratory of Theriology ZIN RAS (St. Petersburg). The Department of Theriology (Mammals), founded in 1917 as a subdivision in the Department of Terrestrial Vertebrates, has existed as an independent laboratory since 1968.
• Laboratory of Theriology at the Department of Vertebrate Zoology of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova (Moscow). .
• Theriology Section Zoological Museum of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova (Moscow). It was formed in 1932: at that time it was a laboratory (later renamed a section, then a department) as part of the scientific and systematic department of the museum. .
• Mammal Laboratory Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow). .
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS (Novosibirsk).
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Vladivostok). It was created in 1962 and was called Zoology of Vertebrate Animals. Since 1989 - Laboratory of Theriology, since 1992 - Vertebrate Zoology, since 1984 - Theriology.
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Tashkent). Founded 1950
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus (Minsk).
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Alma-Ata). Previously: lab. mammals
• Laboratory of Theriology Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan (Baku).

8. Magazines

• Journal of Mammalogy(USA)
• Mammalia(France)
• Acta Theriologica(Poland)
• Mammalian Biology (Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde)(Germany)
• Australian Mammalogy(Australia)
• Mastozoología Neotropical(Argentina)
• Acta Chiropterologica(Poland)
• Mammalian Species
• Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology