Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (November 11, 1875, Poltava, Russian empire- December 26, 1933, Menton, France) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet statesman, writer, translator, publicist, critic, art critic.
From October 1917 to September 1929 - the first People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR, an active participant in the revolution of 1905-1907 and October revolution 1917. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (02/01/1930).
Anatoly Lunacharsky was born into the family of an official. He graduated from the Kyiv Gymnasium and studied at the University of Zurich (Switzerland), at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Philosophy.
In 1899, Anatoly Lunacharsky returned to Russia, engaged in propaganda and literary activities, and was exiled to Vologda. There he met A. Bogdanov, N. A. Berdyaev, A. Remizov, B. Savinkov and others. He became especially close to Bogdanov, whose sister he was married to in his first marriage.
In 1911, Anatoly Lunacharsky moved to Paris, where, together with M. N. Pokrovsky, F. I. Kalinin and others, he created the “Forward” group. Actively participates in polemical battles with the Mensheviks and G. V. Plekhanov on issues of strategy and tactics of the revolutionary struggle. He returned to Petrograd in May 1917. As part of the “Mezhrayontsy” he joined the RSDLP (b) at the VI Congress in June 1917.
In October 1917, Anatoly Lunacharsky was appointed People's Commissar of Education and became a member of the Council of People's Commissars. But already on November 2 (15), 1917, having learned about the bombing of the Kremlin during the establishment of Soviet power in Moscow, he resigned. She is motivated by the impossibility of coming to terms with the destruction of the most important artistic values, “a thousand victims,” the ferocity of the struggle “to the point of bestial malice,” and the powerlessness “to stop this horror.” The resignation letter was published in the Menshevik “New Life”. However, the Council of People's Commissars did not accept his resignation; Lenin persuaded Lunacharsky to stay. At the same time, A. Bogdanov wrote to Lunacharsky: “I am sad that you got involved in this matter, because for you the disappointment will be much worse.”
Lunacharsky was always disliked by the party elite and never completely trusted him. Lunacharsky himself was well aware of this. He, the only “long-liver” of the Council of People’s Commissars (from October 1917 to 1929), was never a member of the party’s Central Committee. Hence the extreme difficulty in interpreting his position. There is an opinion about Lunacharsky both as a romantic and a utopian, who reminded even in harsh times of the inviolability of the ideals of beauty, love and goodness as the foundations human life. He is called capricious, vaudeville, and anecdotal. They remember that he resigned eight times after learning about the shelling of the Kremlin, fainted, and that he did not make any compromises. His second marriage was to the actress of the Maly Theater, the famous beauty N.A. Rosenel.
In 1929, Lunacharsky was removed from his post as People's Commissar of Education. This is the year of the “great turning point”, begun by I. Stalin and reflected in the sphere of culture. The People's Commissariat for Education was headed by the military A. Bubnov, who put an end to the eclecticism of the “liberal” Lunacharsky.
September 12, 1929 Lunacharsky is appointed chairman of the Committee for the Management of Scientists and educational institutions Central Executive Committee of the USSR, engaged in literary work. His works on general theoretical issues of culture, especially art, literary criticism, theater studies, aesthetics, and pedagogy are known. He is elected academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1933, Anatoly Lunacharsky was appointed ambassador to Spain. On the way to Menton he died.
Books (12)
Introduction to the history of religion. In 6 popular lectures
We present to the attention of readers a book by the famous Soviet political figure, publicist, critic, art critic, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences A.V. Lunacharsky (1875-1933), dedicated to the history of religion.
The book was based on lectures given by the author in October 1918 in St. Petersburg. The work gives an idea of scientific explanation religious beliefs and their origin, sets out the history of religious beliefs starting from the very first stages of development; two types of religious views are described - metaphysical and historical.
The author examines the main pagan religions - Hindu, Iranian and Hellenic, introduces the reader to the most important points the development of the Jewish religion, and then details the history of Christianity down to its modern forms.
The book "Europe in the Dance of Death" takes its rightful place in literary heritage A.V. Lunacharsky.
Dedicated to an extremely interesting and complex period - the first imperialist war, it is a collection of articles and essays, reports from the battlefields, as well as recordings of conversations with prominent political figures in Europe, published for the first time. All this was sent by the author to the newspapers “Kyiv Mysl” and “Den”, whose French correspondent he was.
About upbringing and education
The book presents selected works by A.V. Lunacharsky, devoted to the main problems of the construction of the Soviet school, issues of upbringing and education.
The publication is intended for a wide range of readers interested in the history of Soviet culture and education.
Lectures, articles, letters and other materials.
Here are materials from correspondence with V.I. Lenin, lectures and articles on the history of religion, the history of atheism, morality and religion, art and religion.
Interesting debate by A.V. Lunacharsky with representatives of the church.
Selected atheistic works.
In order to print everything that Lunacharsky wrote on issues of religion and theism, several large volumes would be required.
This book contains only some of his works from those that were written mainly after the October Revolution. socialist revolution, during the period of Soviet power.
This collection contains 38 different works. All of them are divided into four sections and are arranged mainly chronologically within each section. The collection, as a rule, includes materials already published in print. However, along with this, some manuscripts stored in the Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism and the hitherto unpublished report “The Immediate Tasks of Schools in Areas of National Minorities,” “ Final word at the II Congress of the Union of Militant Atheists”, article “Easter”, articles related to exhibitions of objects religious art abroad, responses to notes from listeners and some others.
Silhouettes: political portraits
In the essays of A. Lunacharsky, K. Radek, L. Trotsky, whose journalistic talent is undeniable, the reader will find voluminous portraits of such bright and original historical figures, like L. Kamenev, L. Reisner, L. Martov, B. Savinkov, P. Struve, P. Milyukov and others.
The originality of the vision of the country’s past is also manifested in the uniqueness of the authors’ perception of the work of democratic writers, the gigantic figure of V.I. Lenin.
LUNACHARSKY, ANATOLY VASILIEVICH(pseudonyms – Voinov, Anyutin, Anton Left etc.) (November 11, 1875, Poltava - December 26, 1933, Menton, France) - Russian and Soviet political and statesman, art critic, literary critic, playwright, translator, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1930).
Born into the family of a Kyiv official. Already in the gymnasium, at the age of 14, he became acquainted with the ideas of Marxism and, as a high school student, led an underground organization of students from Kyiv secondary schools (200 people), who studied the works of democrats of the 1860s and populists, and organized May meetings. In 1892 he joined the Social Democratic group (1892), worked as an agitator in the working-class quarter of Kyiv. Being politically unreliable, he did not receive permission to study at the capital's universities, so he left for Zurich, where he became a student of the idealist philosopher and empiriocritic R. Avenarius. There he also met P.B. Axelrod and V.I. Zasulich, who were members of the Marxist “Group for the Liberation of Labor”; admired G.V. Plekhanov, who introduced him to the study of classical philosophy, as well as the works K. Marx and F. Engels.
In 1897 he returned to Russia, was elected a member of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, but was soon arrested and exiled to Kaluga. There, together with other Social Democrats, especially A.A. Bogdanov, who had a strong influence on him, he launched propaganda work. He was arrested again and exiled to Vologda, then Totma (1901–1903). After the Second Congress of the RSDLP he became a Bolshevik. From 1904 – in exile in Geneva, where he was included in the editorial staff of the newspapers “Forward!” and "Proletarian". In the same 1904 he published his first work - Fundamentals of positive aesthetics. He was considered a major journalist of the RSDLP; At the III Congress of the RSDLP he spoke out with a justification for the importance of organizing an armed uprising, but even then he had philosophical differences with V.I. Lenin, which became the reason for Lunacharsky’s departure from Bolshevism after participating in the Stuttgart Congress of the Second International in 1907.
Having published a great work in 1908 Religion and socialism, became the main theorist of “god-building” - a theological and philosophical rethinking of the ideas of Marxism in the spirit of the philosophy of Mach and Avenarius (the justification of a new proletarian religion without God, which actually turned into the deification of the collective and progress). Lunacharsky believed that “Marx’s philosophy is a religious philosophy” and “follows from the religious dreams of the past.”
In December 1909 he became one of the organizers of the group “Forward!” (Bogdanov, G.A. Aleksinsky, M.N. Pokrovsky, V.R. Menzhinsky and others), who acted among Russian political emigrants and opposed the use of the Duma tribune and other semi-legal and legal opportunities for the party revolutionary work of the RSDLP. In my work Philistinism and individualism(1909) tried to reconcile Marxism with empirio-criticism and religion, which caused a sharp rebuke from Lenin. In 1910–1911 he took part in factional party meetings and “schools” in Italy.
In 1912 he left the Vperyodists and in 1913 joined the editorial board of the newspaper Pravda. With the outbreak of the First World War, he identified himself as an internationalist and opposed chauvinism in politics and art. The events of 1917 found him in Geneva, where, speaking at a rally on January 9, he argued that “Russia must now take advantage of the powerlessness of the government and the fatigue of the soldiers in order to carry out a radical revolution with the help of the revolution.” After February Revolution 1917, leaving his wife and son in Switzerland, returned to Russia, was a delegate to the first All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which began on June 3, 1917, but on June 13 he was arrested by the Provisional Government and imprisoned in the Kresty prison. Elected in absentia to honorary chairmen of the VI Congress of the RSDLP (August 1917). On August 8, he was released from prison and introduced to the editorial staff of the newspaper Proletary and the magazine Prosveshchenie. In the October days of 1917 he worked as part of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP(b).
From October 1917 to 1929 - People's Commissar of Education. One of the organizers and theorist of the Soviet education system, higher and vocational training. During Civil War 1918–1920 he went to the fronts and campaigned. He did a lot to preserve old architectural and cultural monuments in the context of the construction of a “new way of life.” He tried to attract the old intelligentsia to cooperation with the Soviet government, to protect scientists from persecution by the Cheka. However, he was involved in the demolition of some cultural monuments and the creation of new ones, dedicated to the figures of the revolution and their predecessors, by remaking them from existing ones. He was a supporter of the organization of the “philosophical steamship” of 1922 (mass expulsion of the largest Russian scientists and thinkers abroad), and the dismissal of old professors from Soviet universities for political reasons. Formerly the author of a huge number of works on various issues of literature, music, history of theater and painting, architecture, anti-religious propaganda, he was unable to prevent and actually sanctioned the destruction of the old Academy of Sciences in the name of creating a Communist Academy as a counterbalance to the traditional higher education. Under his leadership, the Soviet education system was reoriented from the acquisition of knowledge to the political indoctrination of new generations in the spirit of communist ideology. Linking the assessment of artistic level with the social criteria of works, an active figure in Proletkult, Lunacharsky became one of the founders of the theory of socialist realism. Not always consistent in his views and assessments, often changing them in changing conditions, he nevertheless entered Russian culture as an original thinker, a talented defender of realism in culture and art, a prolific agitator and propagandist, a man of encyclopedic knowledge.
Since 1927 he was involved in diplomatic work: he was deputy. head of the Soviet delegation at the disarmament conference. Headed the Soviet delegation to the League of Nations
In 1929, he left the post of People's Commissar when appointed to the post of Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
From 1933 he was appointed plenipotentiary envoy to Spain, but on the way he fell ill and soon died (in Menton, in the south of France).
The ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall.
Natalia Pushkareva
The son of a major official. Studied at the University of Zurich. He was close to the Liberation of Labor group. In 1897 he returned to Russia, a member of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. He was arrested and exiled several times.
Since 1904 in exile. In Geneva, he was a member of the editorial board of the newspapers "Forward" and "Proletary". In 1907 he abandoned Bolshevism and was a supporter of the “Forward” group and “God-building.” In 1912 he left the Vperyodists and in 1913 joined the editorial board of the newspaper Pravda.
One of the organizers and theorist of the Soviet education system, higher and vocational education. During the Civil War, he constantly went to the fronts, conducted agitation and propaganda among the troops. He tried to attract the old intelligentsia to cooperate with the Soviet government, tried to protect scientists from persecution by the Cheka.
From the beginning of the October Revolution, for twelve years, he was the first people's commissar of education. A man of exceptional and versatile talent - politician, diplomat, speaker, critic, publicist, researcher, playwright and poet, to whom not only friends, but even enemies paid tribute - he possessed rare knowledge in a wide variety of fields humanities, was knowledgeable in certain areas of natural science, biology, physics, chemistry and was a major and exceptional scholar in the field of literature and art. A keen connoisseur of all types of art, he equally deeply studied the sculpture of classical antiquity and Renaissance painting, gothic architecture and medieval primitives, classical music and theater history, printmaking and ballet. But his competence in the field of the history of modern art and literature was absolutely amazing. Not a single more or less noticeable phenomenon in the field of Western European and Russian art, theater, music, cinema, painting, sculpture, or architecture passed him by. His numerous books and essays on these issues represent a documentary encyclopedia of culture, art and literature of the 20th century.
However, A.V. Lunacharsky worked most of all in the field of theory and history of literature, world and Russian. His “Literary Silhouettes”, a course on the history of Western European literature, “Critical Etudes”, the collection “Philistinism and Individualism”, which were repeatedly published and sold in huge editions, as well as a huge mass of his uncollected works, scattered across magazines, collections, encyclopedias (their number exceeds thousand), contain broadly generalized, deep, passionate, exciting original characteristics of the main phenomena of Russian literature of the 18th-20th centuries. and world literature from the Greco-Roman era to the present day.
The Literary Encyclopedia, the founder and editor-in-chief of which was A.V. Lunacharsky, suffered an irreplaceable loss with his death. It was as if he was created to lead this complex and difficult matter. Enormous knowledge and political tact helped him avoid the extremes into which literary criticism has more than once fallen over the years. And as a person and comrade of exceptional sensitivity, attentiveness, simplicity and charm, he knew how to group around him the people needed for the cause.
Since 1927 he was involved in diplomatic work, deputy. head of the Soviet delegation at the disarmament conference. In 1929 he left the post of People's Commissar and was appointed chairman of the Scientific Committee of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
In 1933, Lunacharsky was appointed plenipotentiary envoy to Spain, but on the way he became seriously ill and soon died.
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