1 STATISTICAL OBSERVATION its types and methods of carrying out
Statistical observation - Statistical observation
massive, systematic, be carried out on scientific basis according to pre-developed plan And program.
Statistical reporting
. By time of registration of veils.
By completely ( complete) observation continuous observation
Selective
Observation of the main array
For monographic observation
By time of registration of facts Intermittent Nepre jerky (current) observation
Intermittent observation neperiodic observation One-time observation
ways to get statistical information,
Documentary observation
Direct observation
Survey
development of a statistical hypothesis,
statistical observation,
summary and grouping of statistical data,
data analysis,
interpretation of data.
Stat. observation- This is the initial stage of economic-stat. obs. It represents scientific and organizational work on collecting mass primary data on phenomena and processes public life.
Any stat. obs. carried out through the assessment and registration of characteristics of population units in the relevant accounting documents. Thus, the data obtained represent facts that in one way or another characterize the phenomena of social life.
Stat. obs. must meet the following requirements.
1. Observation phenomena must have scientific and practical value and express certain socio-economic types of phenomena.
2. Direct collection of mass data should ensure the completeness of facts related to the issue under consideration, since phenomena are in constant change and development. If complete data is not available, the analysis and conclusions may be misleading.
3. To ensure the reliability of stat. data requires a thorough comprehensive check of the quality of the collected facts.
4. In order to create the best conditions for obtaining objective materials, a scientific organization of statistics is necessary. observations.
Stat. obs. carried out in two forms: by providing reporting and conducting specially organized statistical observations.
Reporting This organized form of statistical observation is called. in which information is received in the form of mandatory reports within certain deadlines and in approved forms.
In this case, the source of information, as a rule, is primary Accounts in accounting and operational accounting documents.
Specially organized stat. obs. is the collection of information through censuses, one-time records and surveys. An example of a specially organized stat. obs. could be: a population census, all kinds of sociological surveys.
Types of stats obs. differ in the time of data recording and in the degree of coverage of units of the population under study.
Based on the nature of data recording over time, observations are distinguished. continuous and intermittent. The latter, in turn, is divided into obs. periodic and one-time.
Continuous is such an observation. which is carried out systematically. In this case, registration of facts is carried out as they occur, for example, registration of acts of civil status. At the current obs. There should not be a significant gap between the moment the fact occurred and the moment it was registered.
Intermittent is such an observation. which is repeated at certain intervals.
One-time obs. carried out as needed, from time to time, without observing strict frequency, or even carried out once.
By coverage units of the studied population, continuous and non-continuous statistics are distinguished. obs.
Solid they call this observation. in which all units of the population being studied are subject to examination without exception. By continuous observation. reports are received from enterprises and institutions.
Not continuous they call this observation. in which not all units of the population under study are examined, but only a predetermined part of them, for example, the study of trade turnover and prices in city markets. The main type of discontinuous observation. is selective
1 F forms, types and methods of statistical observation.
Statistical observation - the first stage of statistical research, which is a scientifically organized collection of mass data about the phenomena and processes of social life being studied. Statistical observation – this is a mass systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists of recording the displayed characteristics of each unit of the population.
Statistical observation can be carried out by state statistics bodies, research institutes, economic services of banks, exchanges, and firms. It must be massive, systematic, be carried out on scientific basis according to pre-developed plan And program.
The forms of statistical observation are reporting and specially organized observations.
Statistical reporting – this is the main form of statis. observation, with the help of which the statistician Authorities, within a certain period of time, receive from enterprises, institutions, organizations the necessary data in the form of legally established reporting documents, signed by the persons responsible for their provision and the reliability of the information collected.
Specially organized statistical observation is the collection of information through censuses, one-time records and surveys (for example, population census, sociological research, census of industrial equipment, remains of raw materials and supplies). In order to obtain information on the level of consumer spending and income of the population, a reporting network of statistics on the family budgets of workers, employees and peasants has been organized.
Observation registration form. Register observation – This is a form of continuous statistic. observations of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, a stage of development and a fixed end. It is based on the introduction of a statistical register. The register is a system that constantly monitors the state of the observation unit and evaluates the strength of the influence of various factors on the indicators being studied.
Types of statistical observation . Statistical observations can be divided into groups: 1) according to the coverage of population units; 2) By time of registration of veils.
Bydegree of coverage of the study population statistical observation is divided into two types: continuous and non-continuous. At completely ( complete) observation all units of the population being studied are covered. Continuous observation provides complete information about the phenomena and processes being studied. At continuous observation Only a certain part of the population being studied is covered, and it is important to determine in advance which part of the population being studied will be subject to observation and what criterion will be used as the basis for sampling. There are several types of incomplete observation: selective, observation of the main array, monographic.
Selective is the observation of a portion of the units of the population under study, selected by random sampling. At proper organization sample observation gives fairly accurate results that can be applied with a certain probability to the entire population.
Observation of the main array covers a survey of certain, most significant characteristics of the studied units of the population.
For monographic observation characterized by a comprehensive and in-depth study of only individual units of the population that have any special characteristics or represent some new phenomenon. The purpose of such observation is to identify existing or emerging trends in the development of a given process or phenomenon.
By time of registration of facts observation can be continuous or intermittent. Intermittent in turn includes periodic and one-time. Nepre jerky (current) observation carried out by continuously recording facts as they arise. For example, the registration of deaths, births, and marriages by civil registry offices (registry offices) is continuously carried out.
Intermittent observation carried out either regularly, at certain intervals (periodic observation), or irregularly, once, as needed (one-time observation). Example neperiodic observation may be a population census, which is carried out at fairly long intervals, and all forms of statistical observations, which are monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, annual, etc. character. One-time observation characterized by the fact that facts are recorded not in connection with their occurrence, but according to their condition or presence at a certain moment or over a period of time.
Along with the types of statistical observation, the general theory of statistics considers ways to get statistical information, the most important of which are the documentary method of observation, the method of direct observation, and questioning.
Documentary observation based on the use of data from various documents, such as accounting registers, as a source of information. Considering that, as a rule, high demands are placed on filling out such documents, the data reflected in them is the most reliable and can serve as high-quality source material for analysis.
Direct observation carried out by recording facts personally established by registrars as a result of inspection, measurement, and counting of signs of the phenomenon being studied. In this way, prices for goods and services are recorded, working hours are measured, an inventory of warehouse balances is taken, etc.
Survey is based on obtaining data from respondents (survey participants). A survey is used in cases where observation cannot be carried out by other means. This type of observation is typical for conducting various sociological surveys and public opinion polls. Statistical information can be obtained by different types of surveys: expeditionary, correspondent, questionnaire, personal.
To obtain information about the state and development of the country's economy or other data characterizing the cultural and material level of society, statistical research is carried out. The latter consists of three successive stages: statistical observation of summary and grouping collected materials and analysis of summary results.
Statistical observation acts as one of the main methods of statistics and as one of the most important stages of statistical research
. Statistical observation- this is a systematic, scientifically organized collection of data on the phenomena and processes of social life through registration according to a pre-developed observation program. In the process of statistical observation, one obtains the primary statistical information necessary to carry out the functions of statistics.
Thus, during statistical observation, for example, of agricultural rental enterprises in the region, data on their number, composition of workers, products produced, income distribution, livestock numbers, size of sown areas, etc. are recorded. Or another example: when studying certain phenomena of social life The availability of accounting and reporting data turns out to be insufficient, since they cannot always provide a complete and accurate picture of any phenomenon or process. Take, for example, definitions of the size and composition of the population in a country. This issue is of great national importance. Meanwhile, there is no reporting that would give an accurate answer on the size and composition of the population. Therefore, there is a need to organize special monitoring. Or this example: the price level on the agricultural market. Monitoring the level of food prices of government policy is of great interest to economic analysis. At the same time, the necessary reporting on this issue does not exist.
In all such cases, specially organized statistical observation is carried out. The latter is considered the foundation of statistical research, because in the process of its implementation information is generated that is subject to processing and analysis at subsequent stages of the research. Statistical observation information must be objective and of high quality, which means it must be ensured by the correct scientific organization of its management and proper execution of the observation itself.
The task of statistical observation is determined by the tasks that are set for the study of certain processes and phenomena and arising from the needs of managing them. Their essence is to obtain, in the shortest possible time, complete and reliable information about the facts being studied; the most important task of statistical observation is probably an objective reflection of the observed (tested) phenomena and the process of social life. The task of statistical observation (as well as the goal) should be clearly formulated according to the results of the study and taking into account the object of observation.
The scientific organization of statistical observation requires compliance with certain requirements for its implementation. Let's call them
1. The phenomena to be observed must have a certain national economic significance, as well as scientific or practical value
2. Since social phenomena are in constant change and development and have different qualitative states, statistical observation must ensure the collection of mass data that reflects the entire set of facts. Incomplete information about the processes under study will lead to erroneous conclusions based on the analysis results.
3. The complex relationship and interweaving of economic phenomena leads to the orientation of statistical observation towards collecting not only information that directly characterizes the object under study, but also information that contributes to a change in its state. Therefore, surveillance data must be complete. The completeness of data is understood as the completeness of spatial coverage of units of the population under study, the essential aspects of phenomena, as well as the completeness of time coverage.
4. Information obtained from the results of statistical observation must be reliable; the observed data are subject to careful and comprehensive verification of their quality. The peculiarity of the specified requirement is that if unreliable information is received, its defects cannot be eliminated in the process of further processing, which makes it difficult to make scientifically based decisions. It is clear that statistical information is considered qualitative if it is truthful, probable and arithmetically accurate.
5. Statistical observation is carried out on a scientific basis according to a pre-developed program, which provides a scientific approach to solving methodological and organizational issues
6. Statistical observation data must be comparable. Only in this case is their generalization and comparison in space and time ensured
In cases where statistical information is necessary for the implementation of management functions, it includes such a requirement as timeliness. It is clear that statistical data, even if they are quite accurate (or probable), but arrive untimely, cannot be used for making management decisions.
Besides the brevity of the questions, one of the important requirements is that they be consistent, since certain answers must control each other. For example, when conducting a population census, it is no coincidence that the form contains questions about age, education, occupation, and sources of livelihood. Age information controls the correctness of answers.
The scientific organization of statistical observation involves determining the object and unit of observation, developing and testing the program. Statistical observation is carried out in accordance with the organization and plan for its implementation.
. Object of statistical observation is a set of social phenomena and processes that are subject to statistical observation. For example, when studying Agriculture the object of observation is a set of agricultural enterprises.
Identification of an observation object is, as a rule, a complex and responsible task. Mass social phenomena and processes have many properties; they are closely related to each other. Therefore, the selection of a research object should be based on scientific principles its definitions. The latter should provide grounds for separating a given object from adjacent objects, which are the subject of independent research. The definition of an object of statistical observation must have precise indications of its features and properties.
For example, it will not be enough to indicate that the population of agricultural enterprises is subject to observation. The identification of agricultural enterprises as an object of statistical observation requires the precise establishment of a system of characteristics of an agricultural enterprise, depending on the objectives of observation; such characteristics can be: form of ownership, production direction, level of technical equipment, organizational forms of management, etc. Precise definition observation object is necessary to obtain comparable data, avoiding possible cases double accounting of individual facts or omission of some category of its elements.
The characteristic of an object of statistical observation is that it cannot be studied directly as a whole; this requires the identification of individual units within it.
. Unit of statistical observation- This compound element object of research, which is the basis of the account and the bearer of essential features and properties that are subject to registration. This is the primary element of the research object. The unit of observation should be changed based on the objectives of observation and the complexity of the objects of study.
Therefore, in each specific statistical study of mass facts, one or more units of observation are taken. Thus, in a population census, the unit of observation is usually a person. But if we believe that the family is also subject to research, then in this case two units of observation are already established: the person and the family.
In a statistical study of the agricultural sector, different units of observation can be adopted in different cases and depending on the objectives of the study. For example, when studying productivity and labor and its payment, the unit of observation will be an individual worker: when studying the structure of agriculture by enterprise size, the unit of observation will be each individual enterprise, that is, a separate administrative and economic unit. The latter includes collective agricultural enterprises, state farms, rental enterprises, private farms, subsidiary farms in the agricultural sector, etc.
The correct definition of the unit of observation is essential for the organization and conduct of statistical research. This largely determines the objectivity of the results obtained.
Thus, the definition of the object and unit of statistical observation should be based on scientific principles - this must be well presented to everyone who participates in its organization and implementation
This is a preliminary stage of statistical research, which is a systematic, scientifically organized accounting (collection) of primary statistical data on mass socio-economic phenomena and processes.
Not every data collection can be called statistical observation. Observation will be statistical, firstly, when it is accompanied by the registration of the studied facts in the appropriate accounting documents for their further generalization, and secondly, when it is of a mass nature. This ensures coverage of a significant number of cases of manifestation of a particular process, necessary and sufficient to obtain data that relate not only to individual units of the population, but also to the entire population as a whole.
Statistical observation must meet a number of important requirements:
a) be carried out continuously and systematically;
b) accounting of mass data should be such that not only the completeness of the data is ensured, but also their constant change is taken into account;
c) the data must be as reliable and accurate as possible;
d) the phenomena under study must have not only scientific, but also practical value.
The collection of statistical data can be carried out both by state statistics bodies, research institutes, other government agencies, and by economic services of banks, exchanges, enterprises, and firms. Only in this case do researchers receive reliable and sufficiently diverse statistical information that allows them to comprehensively study socio-economic phenomena.
Stages, forms, types and methods of statistical observation
Statistical observation (collection of primary statistical material) consists of three main stages:
preparation of statistical observation;
organization and production of surveillance;
control of the received primary data.
On preparation stage In statistical observation, the goal is determined, the object and unit of observation are established, and tools and an observation program are developed. General purpose of statistical observation is to obtain reliable information about trends in the development of phenomena and processes for subsequent adoption management decisions. It must be specific and clear. A vaguely defined goal can lead to the collection of the wrong data that is necessary to solve a specific problem.
The goal defines the object of statistical observation. Observation object there is some statistical population under study or individuals(population, workers), or legal entities (enterprises, firms, educational establishments), or physical units (production equipment, vehicles and transportation, residential buildings), i.e. the statistical population under study consists of individual units.
This is the primary element of the object of statistical observation, which is the carrier of the characteristics that are subject to registration. Indication of the most important features allows us to establish boundaries of the study population. For example, if it is necessary to conduct a study of the profitability of printing enterprises, then it is necessary to determine the forms of ownership of these enterprises, the organizational and legal basis, the number of employees of the enterprise, the volume of product sales, i.e. something that distinguishes both state and non-state enterprises, and small and large enterprises. Only in this case will we receive reliable statistical information.
The observation unit must be distinguished from the reporting unit. The reporting unit is the unit from which the reporting data comes. It may or may not coincide with the unit of observation.
Justification of the goal, selection of observation units, reporting units, selection of essential features, period of time for statistical observation, reporting forms are set out in the statistical observation program. Usually surveillance program name a list of questions that are subject to registration during observation. In order for an observation program to be scientifically substantiated and correctly designed, it must meet the following requirements:
clear and specific formulation of the main purpose of observation;
determination of the place and time of observation, where the critical moment is determined (the date or time interval at which the registration of signs is carried out) and the period (the period for filling out the statistical form);
identifying a number of the most significant features of the object of observation;
a comprehensive definition of the type, main features and properties of the phenomenon being studied;
the questions formulated in the program should not be ambiguous;
compliance with the logical principle of the sequence of questions;
inclusion in the program of control questions to verify the collected statistical data;
combination of closed and open questions programs.
The program is drawn up in the form of a document, the so-called statistical form, which ensures uniformity of information received from each reporting unit. The form has a title part (information about those who conduct observation) and an address part (address and subordination of the reporting unit). The program has an application - instructions ( statistical observation tools), which determines the procedure for conducting observation and the procedure for filling out the reporting form.
At the second stage, the most important organizational issues of statistical observation are resolved. They consist in choosing organizational forms of observation, types of observation and methods of obtaining statistical information that correspond to the goals and objectives of a specific statistical observation.
All the variety of forms, types and methods of observation can be presented as follows.
According to the form of organization of statistical observation: reporting; specially organized statistical survey - census; registers.
By type of statistical observation: a) by time of registration of facts (current or continuous; discontinuous - periodic, one-time); b) according to the coverage of population units (continuous; non-continuous - the main array, selective, monographic).
By methods of obtaining statistical information: direct observation; documentary method; survey - expeditionary, questionnaire, turnout, correspondent, self-registration.
The main form of statistical observation is reporting. If primary accounting ( primary accounting document) registers various facts, then the reporting is a generalization of primary accounting.
An official document, which is signed by persons responsible for the provision and reliability of the collected information, and is approved by state statistics bodies. In addition to annual reporting, there may be daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly and quarterly reporting. Reporting can be submitted by mail, telegraph, teletype, or fax.
A census can be classified as a specially organized statistical observation. In practice, a census of population, material resources, green spaces, unfinished construction projects, equipment, etc. is carried out.
An observation repeated at regular intervals, the purpose of which is not only to determine the size and composition of the population under study, but also to analyze quantitative changes in the period between two surveys. Of all the censuses, the most famous are the population censuses.
A form of continuous statistical observation is register observation(register), the objects of which are long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, stage of development and fixed completion time. The register is based on a system for tracking the status of variables and constant indicators. In statistical practice there is a distinction population registers And business registers. Currently in Russia there is a Unified State Register of Enterprises of All Forms of Ownership (USRPO), the information fund of which contains: register code, information about territorial and industry affiliation, form of subordination, type of ownership, reference information and economic indicators ( average number workers; funds allocated for consumption; residual value of fixed assets; balance sheet profit or loss; authorized capital). When closing an enterprise within ten days, the liquidation commission informs the register maintenance service about this.
Let us briefly consider the types of statistical observation based on the time of registration of facts. Continuous (current) statistical observation- is a systematic recording of facts or phenomena as they become available in order to study their dynamics. For example, civil registration (births, marriages, deaths), registration by insurance companies of all accidents and other adverse events as they occur.
Species continuous monitoring are one-time and periodic. The first is a one-time continuous observation to collect quantitative characteristics of a phenomenon or process at the time of its study. Periodic observation is carried out at certain intervals using similar programs and tools. For example, periodic research of passenger flows in public transport, periodic registration of producer prices for individual goods (once a month or quarter).
Based on the coverage of population units, statistical observation can be continuous or incomplete. Continuous observation covers all units of the population under study (for example, a general population census). In its turn, partial observation covers only part of the population under study. Depending on how this part is selected, non-continuous observation can be divided into selective (based on the principle of random selection), the main array method (the most significant or largest units of the studied population are studied) and the so-called monographic observation (a detailed study of individual units of the studied population in order to identify emerging trends).
As for the methods of obtaining statistical information (methods of statistical observation), there are three main methods: direct observation, documentary observation and survey.
A fairly reliable source of data is direct observation when it is possible to establish a fact subject to registration. But this method requires significant labor costs and the availability of all necessary conditions. It is most often used when monitoring the commissioning of construction projects.
Another reliable way- documentary, based on the use of various accounting documents (invoices, complaints, etc.) as a source of information and facilitating the obtaining of accurate information.
An observation method in which the source of information is the words of respondents is called a survey. Its varieties are: oral (expeditionary), questionnaire, correspondent, turnout survey and self-registration.
An oral survey can be either direct (direct communication between the enumerator and the respondent) or indirect (for example, by telephone).
At questionnaire method a certain number of respondents receive special questionnaires either in person or through printed means. This type of survey is used in studies that require indicative results that do not claim to be highly accurate (studying public opinion).
The in-person method is used in continuous observation when personal presence is necessary (registration of marriages, divorces, births, etc.).
At correspondent method information is provided by a staff of voluntary correspondents, as a result of which the material received is not always of high quality.
Finally, when self-registration method The forms are filled out by the respondents themselves, and the enumerators provide advice and collect the forms. In statistical practice different kinds statistical observations can be combined, complementing each other.
At the third stage, the collected statistical material must pass control. As practice shows, even with clearly organized statistical observation there are errors and errors that require correction. Therefore, the purpose of this stage is both counting and logical control of the received primary data. The discrepancy between the calculated and actual values of the studied quantity in statistics is called observation error. Depending on the reasons for their occurrence, registration errors and representativeness errors are distinguished.
Account control is used to identify errors, especially to check totals. In addition to counting, logical control is also used, which can cast doubt on the correctness of the data obtained, since it is based on the logical relationship between the signs. For example, during a population census, the obtained fact that a five-year-old child has a secondary education is called into question, and in this case it is clear that an error was made when filling out the form.
If registration errors are characteristic of any observation (continuous and incomplete), then representativeness errors- only partial observation. They characterize the discrepancies between the values of the indicator obtained in the population being surveyed and its value in the original (general) population. Representativeness errors can also be random or systematic. Random errors occur if the selected population does not completely reproduce all the characteristics population and the magnitude of these errors can be estimated. Systematic errors of representativeness can arise if the very principle of selecting units from the original population is violated. In this case, the completeness of the collected data is checked, arithmetic control of the accuracy of the information is carried out to determine its reliability, and the logical relationship of the indicators is checked.
Statistical observation ends with a control check of the collected data.
To study socio-economic phenomena and processes of social life, one must first of all collect the necessary information about them - statistical data. Statistical data (information) is understood as a set of quantitative characteristics of socio-economic phenomena and processes obtained as a result of statistical observation, their processing or corresponding calculations.
Statistical information is necessary and government agencies management, and private entrepreneurs. Thus, data on the economic situation in the country, on the existing purchasing power of the population, its composition and size, the profitability of enterprises in various sectors of the national economy, the dynamics of unemployment, and changes in price indices for individual goods are needed by government services to improve the taxation system for enterprises and individuals, making changes in customs and investment policies, development of measures for social protection of various segments of the population. The same information is also required by private entrepreneurs for planning and organizing production.
The main properties of statistical information are its mass nature and stability. The first feature is related to the peculiarities of the subject of research of statistics as a science, and the second suggests that once collected information remains unchanged and, therefore, has the ability to become outdated. Therefore, conclusions about the state and development of the phenomenon, made on the basis of an analysis of information obtained several years ago, may be incomplete and even incorrect.
An important part of any statistical study is statistical observation.
Statistical observation is a mass, systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists of recording selected characteristics for each unit of the population.
An example of statistical observation is public opinion polls, which have become especially popular in Russia in last years. Such observation is undertaken with the aim of identifying people's attitudes towards certain issues of interest or controversial events. The study of public opinion is the basis common system market research is its important integral part. Such observation requires interviewing a number of individuals according to a predetermined program.
Statistical observation can be carried out by state statistics bodies, research institutes, economic services of banks, exchanges, and firms.
The process of conducting statistical observation includes the following stages: preparation of observation; conducting mass data collection; preparing data for automated processing; development of proposals to improve statistical observation.
Any statistical observation requires careful, thoughtful preparation. The reliability and reliability of information and the timeliness of its receipt will largely depend on it.
Preparation of statistical observation is a process that includes different types of work. First, it is necessary to resolve methodological issues, the most important of which are determining the purpose and object of observation, the composition of signs to be registered; development of documents for data collection; selection of the reporting unit and the unit for which observation will be carried out, as well as methods and means of obtaining data.
In addition to methodological issues, it is necessary to solve problems of an organizational nature, for example, to determine the composition of the bodies conducting surveillance; select and prepare personnel for observation; draw up a work schedule for preparing, conducting and processing observation materials; replicate documents to collect data.
Carrying out mass data collection includes work directly related to filling out statistical forms. It begins with the distribution of census forms, questionnaires, forms, statistical reporting forms and ends with their delivery after completion to the bodies conducting surveillance.
The collected data at the stage of their preparation for automated processing is subject to arithmetic and logical control. Both of these controls are based on knowledge of the relationships between indicators and qualitative characteristics. At the final stage of the observation, the reasons that led to the incorrect completion of statistical forms are analyzed, and proposals are developed to improve the observation. This is very important for organizing future surveys.
Obtaining information during statistical observation requires a lot of financial and labor resources, as well as time.
Purpose of observation. Statistical observations most often pursue a practical goal - obtaining reliable information to identify patterns of development of phenomena and processes. For example, the purpose of the 1994 Russian microcensus was to obtain data on the size, composition of the population, and its living conditions.
Observation task predetermines its program and forms of organization. An unclear goal can lead to the fact that during the observation process unnecessary data will be collected or, conversely, the information necessary for analysis will not be obtained.
Object and unit of observation. Reporting unit. When preparing an observation, in addition to the purpose, it is necessary to determine exactly what is to be examined, i.e., to establish the object of observation.
Under the object observation is understood as a certain statistical totality in which the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes occur. The object of observation can be a set of individuals (population of a particular region, country; persons employed at industry enterprises), physical units(machines, cars, residential buildings), legal entities(enterprises, farms, commercial banks, educational institutions).
To determine the object of statistical observation, it is necessary to establish the boundaries of the population being studied. To do this, you should indicate the most important features that distinguish it from other similar objects. For example, before conducting a cost-effectiveness survey industrial enterprises, it is necessary to determine the forms of ownership, organizational and legal forms of enterprises, industries and regions to be monitored.
In statistics, the unit of observation (in foreign literature the term “elementary unit” is used) refers to a component element of an object that is the bearer of characteristics subject to registration. For example, in demographic surveys the unit of observation may be the individual, but it may also be the family; for budget surveys – family or household.
The observation unit must be distinguished from the reporting unit. The reporting unit is the entity from which data about the observation unit is received. Thus, when organizing statistical observation in capital construction, information can be obtained from project or contractor organizations, or from developer enterprises.
The observation unit and the reporting unit can be the same. For example, if it is necessary to determine the volume of capital investments disbursed in a year, then the developer enterprise will be both an observation unit and a reporting organization. However, when studying the process of concentration of capital investments, the reporting unit will still be the developer, and the observation unit will be the construction sites and objects the construction of which is carried out by this developer.
The basis of all natural science is observation and experiment. So, from the above we can say the following:
Observation - This is a systematic, purposeful perception of a particular object or phenomenon without influencing the object or phenomenon being studied. Observation allows you to obtain initial information on the object or phenomenon being studied.
Experiment - a method of studying an object when the researcher actively and purposefully influences it by creating artificial conditions or uses natural conditions necessary to identify the corresponding properties. The advantages of an experiment compared to observing a real phenomenon or object are:
1. Opportunity to study in " pure form", without the influence of side factors that obscure the main process;
2. Under experimental conditions, results can be obtained more quickly and accurately;
3. During an experiment, tests can be carried out as many times as necessary.
The result of an experiment or measurement always contains some error. If the error is small, then it can be neglected. However, two questions inevitably arise:—
first, what is meant by small error, and, secondly,—
secondly, how to estimate the magnitude of the error. That is, the results of the experiment require a certain theoretical understanding.
The accuracy of statistical observation is the degree of correspondence of the value of any indicator (the value of any attribute), determined from the materials of statistical observation, to its actual value.
The discrepancy between the calculated and actual values of the studied quantities is called observation error.
Data accuracy is a basic requirement for statistical observation. To avoid observation errors, prevent, identify and correct their occurrence, it is necessary to: ensure high-quality training of personnel who will conduct observation; organize special partial or complete control checks of the correctness of filling out statistical forms; carry out logical and arithmetic control of the received data after completing the collection of information.
2. TYPES AND FORMS OF STATISTICAL OBSERVATION
In domestic statistics, three forms of statistical observations are used.
statistical reporting of enterprises, organizations, institutions.
specially organized statistical observation (census, etc.)
register – a form of continuous statistical monitoring of long-term processes
Statistical observation is classified:
By observation time:
current surveillance – continuous registration of signs (registry office, crime, etc.) is carried out.
periodic observation - carried out at certain intervals (standard of living in the city of Chelyabinsk, the cost of the consumer basket, population census).
one-time – observation carried out once for a specific purpose.
By coverage of population units:
Continuous surveillance - information must be obtained on all ESNs
Not a complete observation:
The main array method - the most significant units of the population being studied are examined (study a mechanical engineering enterprise in the Chelyabinsk region).
Sample observation – random selection of ESNs to be observed.
Monographic surveillance - where one ESA is observed, often used to design a mass surveillance program.
By data collection method:
Direct observation - the registrars themselves, by direct measurement and weighing, establish the fact of the subject to be registered (a child under the age of 1 year in the clinic).
Documentary observation – various documents are used (drawing up a declaration)
Survey - the necessary information is obtained from the words of the respondent.
Expedition survey - carried out by specially trained workers who obtain the necessary information based on a survey of relevant persons and themselves record the answers in a form. An expedition survey can be direct (face to face) or indirect (telephone survey)
Correspondent survey - information is provided by a staff of voluntary correspondents; this method requires low financial costs, but does not provide the exact meaning of the observation being carried out.
Self-registration - the forms are filled out by the respondents themselves, and the registrars only hand out the questionnaire forms to them and explain how to fill them out.
Statistical observations can be divided into groups according to the following criteria:
time of registration of facts;
coverage of population units.
Depending on the time of registration of facts, there are continuous (current), periodic and one-time observations. With ongoing observation, changes in relation to the phenomena being studied are recorded as they occur, for example, when registering births, deaths, and marital status. Such observation is carried out in order to study the dynamics of a phenomenon.
Data reflecting site changes may be collected over multiple surveys. They are usually carried out using a similar program and tools and are called periodic. This type of observation includes population censuses, which are carried out every 10 years, and registration of producer prices for individual goods, which is currently carried out monthly.
A one-time survey provides information about the quantitative characteristics of a phenomenon or process at the time of its study. Repeated registration is carried out after some time (undetermined in advance) or may not be carried out at all. The one-time survey was an inventory of unfinished industrial construction in 1990.
Based on the coverage of population units, statistical observation can be continuous or non-continuous. The task of continuous observation is to obtain information about all units of the population under study.
Until recently Russian system State statistics relied primarily on continuous observation. However, this type of observation has serious disadvantages: the high cost of obtaining and processing the entire amount of information; high labor costs; insufficient efficiency of information, since collecting and processing it requires a lot of time. And finally, no continuous observation, as a rule, provides complete coverage of all units of the population without exception. A larger or smaller number of units necessarily remain unobserved, both during one-time surveys and during such a form of observation as reporting. For example, currently a significant part of private sector enterprises do not provide the necessary information to state statistics bodies, even despite adopted Law RF “On liability for violation of the procedure for submitting state statistical reporting.”
The number and proportion of units not covered depend on many factors: the type of survey (by mail, by oral interview); reporting unit type; registrar qualifications; the content of the questions provided for in the observation program; time of day or year when the survey is carried out, etc.
Incomplete observation initially assumes that only a portion of the units in the population being studied are subject to survey. When conducting it, it is necessary to determine in advance what part of the population should be subjected to observation and how to select those units that should be surveyed.
One of the advantages of non-continuous observations is the possibility of obtaining information in a shorter time and with less expenditure of resources than with continuous observation. This is due to a smaller volume of collected information, and therefore lower costs for its acquisition, verification, processing, and analysis.
There are several types of partial observation. One of them is selective observation. This is a fairly common type, based on the principle of random selection of those units of the population being studied that should be subjected to observation. When properly organized, sample observation gives fairly accurate results that are quite suitable for characterizing the entire population under study. This is the advantage of selective observation compared to other types of incomplete observation.
Number sample population depends on the nature (character) of the socio-economic phenomenon being studied. The sample population must represent all types of units present in the population under study. Otherwise, the sample population will not accurately reproduce the proportions and dependencies characteristic of the population in its entirety.
A type of sample observation is the method of momentary observations. Its essence is that information is collected by recording the values of characteristics of units of the sample population at some predetermined points in time. Therefore, the method of momentary observations involves selecting not only units of the population under study (sampling in space), but also moments in time at which the state of the object under study is recorded - sampling in time).
This type of observation is used when conducting population income surveys.
The next type of non-continuous observation is the main array method. In this case, the most significant, usually the largest units of the population being studied are examined, which, according to the main (for a specific study) characteristic, have the largest share in the population. It is this type that is used to organize monitoring of the work of city markets.
A monographic survey is a type of continuous observation in which individual units of the population under study, usually representatives of some new types of phenomena, are subjected to a thorough examination. It is carried out with the aim of identifying existing or emerging trends in the development of this phenomenon.
A monographic survey, limited to individual units of observation, studies them with a high degree of detail, which cannot be achieved with a continuous or even sample survey. A detailed statistical and monographic study of one factory, farm, family budget, etc. makes it possible to capture those proportions and connections that escape the field of view during mass observations.
General theory of statistics.
1.Programme-methodological issues of the observation plan determine...
-: duration of observation
2.The object of statistical observation is...
+: set of elements to be examined
-: primary element from which information is received
-: social phenomenon subject to examination
3.The unit of statistical observation is...
+: primary unit of the population from which information is obtained
-: primary element, the characteristics of which are recorded
-: socio-economic phenomenon (or process) that is being studied
-: statistical form
4.The object of observation during the census of the land fund of all regions of the country is ...
+: land area of the country
-: land area of each region
-: land fund assessment
-: land Registry
5. The aggregate unit during the census of the land fund of all regions of the country is ...
+: land area of each region
-: land area of the country
-: land fund assessment
-: land Registry
6.The object of observation during the inventory of accounts payable of clients of commercial banks is...
+: commercial banks
-: loans
-: debtor clients
7. The aggregate unit during the inventory of accounts payable of commercial bank clients is...
+: debtor clients
-: volumes of accounts payable
-: commercial banks
-: loans
8. The unit of observation when surveying city residents about their attitude towards housing privatization is...
+: all city residents
-: only owners of privatized housing
-: housing subject to privatization
-: city housing stock
9. The aggregate unit in monitoring the privatization of urban housing is ...
+: housing subject to privatization
-: citizen
-: resident of non-privatized housing
-: city housing stock
10. The unit of observation during a random check of the city’s universities regarding the quality of food for students in the university canteens is ...
+: students
-: University canteens
11. The aggregate unit for a random check of city universities regarding the quality of food for students in university canteens is ...
+: University canteen
-: students
-: University canteen workers
12. In statistics, a qualification is called...
-: body exercising control over surveillance
13. The observation program is a list...
+: questions that need answers
-: work to be carried out
-: observation questions and answers
14. An attributive feature is...
+: type of insurance
-: charter capital
-: par value of the share
-: share capital of the company
15. An attributive feature is...
+: store assortment
-: distribution costs
-: store income
-: store turnover
16. A quantitative characteristic is...
+: work experience
-: profession
-: social status
17. A quantitative characteristic is...
+: store turnover
-: store specialization
-: Name of product
-: type of ownership
18. A continuous feature is...
+: average score of ratings
-: assessment of student knowledge
-: student performance
-: number of students
19. A continuous feature is...
+: tax amount
-: number of taxpayers
-: assessment of student knowledge
-: number of exporting countries
20. A discrete feature is...
+: number of exporting countries
-: volume of exports of goods and services
-: distribution costs
-: tax amount
21. A discrete feature is...
+: number of enterprises consumer services
-: volume of sales of household services to the population
-: quality of household services
-: average cost of household services
22. The objective observation time is...
+: time to which the observation data relates
-: point in time at which data is recorded
23. The critical point of observation is...
+: point in time at which data is recorded
-: time to which the observation data relates
-: time during which the data register is filled
-: time during which observation is carried out
24. The critical moment of the 2002 Russian population census, which was carried out as of 0 o’clock from October 11 to October 12 and lasted from October 12 to October 19, is ...
25. The objective time of birth, if registration of newborns is carried out no later than a month from the date of birth, is ...
+: birthday
-: registration day
26. The subjective time of birth, if registration of newborns is carried out no later than a month from the date of birth, is ...
-: birthday
-: registration day
27. The objective time of the annual report on the production and financial activities of a small enterprise, which is submitted no later than January 10, is ...
-: day of submission of the report
28. The subjective time for submitting an annual report on the production and financial activities of a small enterprise, which is submitted no later than January 10, is ...
-: day of submission of the report
29. The subjective time of the report on the results of sowing spring crops, which is submitted once a year no later than 5 days after the end of sowing, is ...
-: end of sowing day
-: day of submission of the report
-: day of reporting
30. The critical point of the report on the results of sowing spring crops, which is submitted once a year no later than 5 days after the end of sowing, is ...
+: end of sowing day
-: day of submission of the report
-: day of reporting
31. Civil registration according to the degree of coverage of units is ... observation.
+: solid
-: main array
-: current
-: periodic
32. Civil registration according to the time of registration of data is ... observation.
+: current
-: main array
-: solid
-: periodic
33. Registration of persons liable for military service according to the degree of coverage of units is ... observation.
+: solid
-: monographic
-: current
-: periodic
34. Registration of persons liable for military service according to the time of registration of data is ... observation.
+: current
-: monographic
-: solid
-: periodic
35. A survey of regular listeners of “Music-radio” radio programs based on the degree of coverage of units is ... an observation.
+: selective
-: monographic
-: solid
-: current
36. A survey of regular listeners of “Music-radio” radio programs based on the time of data recording is... observation.
+: periodic
-: one-time
-: solid
-: current
37. The organizational form of the census of perennial fruit and berry plantings is ...
-: reporting
-: register
38. The organizational form for compiling lists of taxpayers is ...
+: register
-: reporting
39. The organizational form for recording visits to cultural institutions is ...
+: reporting
-: specially organized surveillance
-: register
40. The organizational form for registering the results of exchange trading is ...
+: reporting
-: specially organized surveillance
-: register
41. Registration errors are inherent in ... observation.
-: continuous
-: selective
-: current
-: periodic
42. Errors of representativeness are inherent in... observation.
+: selective
-: continuous
-: current
-: periodic
43. Registration errors may be...
+: random and systematic
-: logical
-: arithmetic.
44. The organizational form of statistical observation is...
+: reporting
-: selective observation
45. The organizational form of statistical observation is...
+: specially organized surveillance
-: direct observation
-: selective observation
46. The organizational form of statistical observation is...
+: register
-: direct observation
-: selective observation
47. Types of statistical observation (according to the coverage of population units) - ...
+: solid and not solid
48. Types of statistical observation (according to observation time) - ...
+: current, periodic and one-time
-: continuous and not continuous
-: direct, documented and survey
49. Types of statistical observation (by source of information) - ...
+: direct, documented and survey
-: continuous and not continuous
-: current, periodic and one-time
50. Sample observation is...
+: not continuous
-: solid
-: current
-: periodic
-: one-time
-: direct
-: documented
-: by poll
51. A type of non-continuous statistical observation is...
+: survey of the main massif
-: current statistical observation
-: specially organized surveillance
52. Sequence of stages of statistical research:
1: observation preparation
2: collection of primary statistical information
3: summary and grouping of primary information
4: analysis of statistical information
53. Continuous statistical observation is inherent in errors...
+: registration
-: representativeness
-: only random
-: only systematic
54. Statistical reporting is ... statistical observation.
-: program
55. The list of signs or questions to be recorded during the observation process is called ...
+: surveillance program
-: statistical form
-: observation tools
56. Variation is a change...
+: characteristic values in time and space
-: mass phenomena over time
-: structures of a statistical population in space
-: composition of the population
57. In statistics, a qualification is called...
+: a set of quantitative and qualitative restrictive characteristics
-: supervisory authority
-: person performing surveillance
-: statistical observation program
58. The object of statistical observation is...
+: statistical population
-: unit of observation
-: unit of statistical population
-: reporting unit
59. Unintentional observation errors are called...
+: random
-: systematic
-: errors of representativeness
-: statistical
60. A quantitative characteristic is...
+: store turnover
-: store inventory
-: product range
-: type of ownership
61. The method of momentary observations is a type of...
+: selective observation
-: continuous observation
-: main array method
62. Continuous variation of a trait makes it advisable to construct...
+: interval variation series
-: discrete variation series
-: distribution row
63. Statistical observation used to obtain information about the size of the resident population at a critical moment is ...
+: solid
-: current
-: periodic
-: one-time
-: selective
64. The surveillance program is a list...
+: work to be carried out
-: questions to be answered
-: answers obtained as a result of observation
-: signs subject to statistical survey
65. Program and methodological issues of the observation plan determine ...
+: target, object, unit and surveillance program
-: place, time, type and method of observation
-: surveillance data monitoring system
-: characteristics subject to registration
66. Registration errors may be...
+: random
-: random and systematic
-: systematic
-: logical
-: arithmetic
-: logical and arithmetic
67. The main array method is...
+: type of statistical observation
-: by statistical observation
-: form of statistical observation
-: type and form of statistical observation
68. The unit of observation in population statistics is...
Human
-: the household
-: family and household
69. The subject from whom data is received during statistical observation is called...
Reporting unit
-: case
70. A population census is... observation.
+: one-time, specially organized, continuous
-: periodic, specially organized, continuous
-: periodic, register, continuous
-: one-time, register, continuous
-: periodic, specially organized, not continuous
-: one-time, specially organized, selective
-: periodic, register, selective
71. The subject from whom data on the progress of statistical observation is received is called...
+: reporting unit
-: unit of observation
-: unit of statistical population
72. The method of momentary observations is a type of...
+: selective observation
-: continuous observation
-: monographic survey
-: main array method
73. A quantitative indicator is...
+: physical volume of output
-: cost
-: wage
-: the price of the product
74. Quantitative indicators are...
+: living labor costs
-: cost
-: wage
-: the price of the product
75. A quantitative characteristic is...
+: work experience
-: social status
-: profession
76. An attributive feature is...
+: type of insurance
-: work experience
-: sum insured
-: authorized capital
77. Classification of statistical data is...
+: methodological standard for distributing a population into groups
-: summation of the values of characteristics characteristic of statistical data
-: determination of the number of groups of elements of the population
-: determination of average values of a characteristic in groups
78. A multi-stage division of a population according to an attribute with clearly defined requirements and conditions for assigning elements to a particular group is called ...
+: classification
-: grouping
-: summary
-: nomenclature
79. The statistical standard for dividing a population over a long period of time is ...
+: nomenclature
-: classification
-: grouping
80. The distribution of a homogeneous population according to the values of a varying characteristic is carried out using ... grouping.
+: structural
-: typological
-: analytical
-: attributive
81. The distribution of a heterogeneous population into qualitatively homogeneous groups is carried out using ... grouping.
+: typological
-: structural
-: analytical
-: attributive
82. A grouping that allows us to identify the relationship between characteristics is...
+: analytical
-: typological
-: structural
-: attributive
83. The grouping of privatized enterprises in the region, presented in the form of a table, is ...
-: structural simple
-: structural combinational
-: typologically simple
84. Grouping of small enterprises by the duration of one turnover of all working capital, formatted as a table, is...
+: analytical
-: typological
-: structural
-: attributive
85. Grouping respondents by political orientation, formatted as a table, is...
+: structural
-: typological
-: analytical
-: attributive
86. The grouping of insured objects, presented in the form of a table, is...
+: analytical simple
-: structural simple
-: structural combinational
87. The grouping of those convicted by court sentences, presented in the form of a table, is...
+: structural combinational
-: analytical Raman
-: structural simple
-: analytical simple
88. The grouping of dairies in the region by volume of milk processing, presented in the form of a table, is ...
+: analytical
-: typological
-: structural
-: variational
89. The grouping of countries by labor potential, presented in table form, is...
+: typological combinational
-: structural simple
-: structural combinational
-: typologically simple
90. The attributive series of distribution is the distribution...
+: freight turnover by mode of transport
-: cargo turnover at the cost of 1 ton of cargo
-: drivers by age
-: drivers by length of service
91. The variation series of a distribution is the distribution...
+: commercial banks by size of authorized capital
-: bank creditors by type of ownership
-: bank employees tariff category
-: bank employees by education
92. The attributive series of distribution of enterprises is the distribution by ...
+: form of ownership
-: specific gravity export products
-: arrived
-: volume of products produced
93. The variation series of a distribution is the distribution...
+: cities by number of inhabitants
-: farms by quality of sown areas
-: sown area by crops
-: city residents by social status
94. In the series of distribution of families by number of children, the option is ...
+: number of children
-: number of families
-: number of households
-: number of men and women
95. In the series of distribution of cities by number of inhabitants, the frequency is ...
+: number of cities
-: number of inhabitants
-: population density
-: size of living area
96. In the series of distribution of firms by number of employees, the option is ...
+: number of employees
-: number of firms
-: authorized capital
-: loan debt
97. In the distribution of credit institutions by size authorized capital frequency is...
+: number of credit institutions
-: amount of authorized capital
-: the amount of equity
-: involved funds
98. A statistical table is one that shows...
+: ratio of men to women by region
-: country's balance of payments
-: number of regions
99. A statistical table is one that shows...
+: distribution of firms by number of employees
-: schedule of commuter trains
-: list of administrative districts
100. According to the structure of the subject, a table characterizing the level economic development countries is...
+: simple
-: group
-: combinational
-: analytical
101. By the nature of the subject, the table describing the living conditions of the country’s population is ...
+: simple monographic
-: group
-: simple list
-: analytical
-: attributive
102. A discrete sign of a group is...
+: number of family members
-: wages of workers
-: per capita income
-: cost of fixed assets
103. A continuous sign of grouping is...
+: wages of workers
-: shoe size
-: level of difficulty of work
-: number of family members
104. A quantitative characteristic of a group is...
+: salary
-: gender of person
-: nationality
-: profession
105. An attributive sign of a group is...
+: nationality
-: enterprise profit
-: person's age
-: size of sown area
-: wage
106. Typological groupings are used for...
+: division of a heterogeneous population into qualitatively homogeneous types
-: characteristics of structural changes
107. Structural groupings are used for...
+: characteristics of the population structure
-: characteristics of relationships between individual characteristics
108. Analytical groupings are used for...
+: characteristics of relationships between individual characteristics
-: dividing the population into qualitatively homogeneous types
-: characteristics of the population structure
109. The subject of a statistical table is...
+: totality, list of units of the totality or their groups
-: number of groups into which observation units are divided
-: system of indicators characterizing units of observation
110. The predicate of a statistical table is...
+: system of indicators characterizing the subject of the table
-: list of observation units
-: list of groups into which observation units are divided
-: table header containing characteristics of observation units
111. A statistical table object characterized by numbers is called...
+: subject
-: attribute
-: predicate
-: header
112. The system of indicators characterizing the object of study is called...
+: predicate
-: attribute
-: subject
-: statistical table
113. The division of a population according to an attribute with clearly defined requirements and conditions for assigning elements to a particular group is called ...
+: classification
-: grouping
-: summary
-: statistical table
114. Grouping, with the help of which a heterogeneous population is distributed into qualitatively homogeneous groups, is called ...
+: typological
-: structural
-: analytical
-: attributive
115. A statistical table is...
+: table characterizing the population by gender and age
-: multiplication table
-: sociological survey questionnaire
116. A statistical table represents...
+: form of the most rational presentation of the results of statistical observation
-: information about something, arranged in lines and columns
-: numerical characteristics placed in the columns of the table
-: distribution range
117. The basis of a group can be...
+: both qualitative and quantitative attribute
-: quality sign
-: continuous quantitative characteristic
-: discrete quantitative characteristic
118. Statistical tables based on the nature of the development of the predicate are...
+: complex
-: monographic
-: list
-: structural
119. A grouping in the form of a table is...
+: structural
-: analytical
-: typological
-: complex
120. A grouping formed by a table is...
+: combined
-: structural
-: analytical
-: simple
121. Grouping, with the help of which a homogeneous population is distributed according to the values of a varying characteristic, is called ...
+: structural
-: typological
-: analytical
-: attributive
122. The predicate of a statistical table is
-: object under study
+: indicators characterizing the object under study
-: information located in the top headings of the table
-: the basis of the group
123. A grouping in the form of a table is
-: typological
-: analytical
-: simple
+: combinational
124. A group is called complex
+: in which the division of the population into groups is carried out according to two or more characteristics taken in combination
-: which is intended to study the composition of homogeneous
aggregates according to some varying characteristic
-: revealing the relationships between the phenomena being studied and their
signs
-: allowing to distribute a heterogeneous population into qualitatively homogeneous groups
125. Grouping, which allows us to identify the relationship between characteristics, is
-: typological
-: structural
+: analytical
126. Grouping, which makes it possible to distribute a heterogeneous population into qualitatively homogeneous groups, is
+: typological
-: structural
-: analytical
-: attributive
127. A method that allows two groups that are incomparable due to a different number of identified groups to be brought into a comparable form is
+: secondary grouping method
-: building a complex grouping
-: primary grouping method
-: building a combinational grouping
128. The subject of group statistical tables contains
-: list of units of the population
+: grouping of population units according to one characteristic
-: grouping of population units according to several characteristics
-: indicators characterizing the object under study
129. Indicators characterizing the volumes and dimensions of socio-economic phenomena are
+: absolute values
-: relative values
-: indexes
-: coefficients
130. Indicators characterizing the volumes and dimensions of socio-economic phenomena are expressed ... in units of measurement.
-: natural
-: labor
-: cost
+: natural, labor and cost
131. Indicators characterizing the quantitative relationships of phenomena are quantities
-: absolute
+: relative
-: natural
-: labor
-: cost
132. Indicators characterizing the quantitative relationships of phenomena are calculated by
-: divisions of quantities of the same name
-: addition of like quantities
-: subtraction of quantities of the same name
-: divisions of opposite quantities
+: divisions of like and/or unlike quantities
133. The ratio of opposite indicators are relative values:
+: intensity
-: coordination
134. By dividing indicators of the same name, relative values are calculated:
-: intensity
+: structures and coordination
-: intensity and structure
-: intensity and coordination
135. The relative value of intensity is
-: GDP structure
+: GDP per capita
-: share of men in the city population
-: percentage of plan completion
136. Number of marriages per 1000 inhabitants, if
-: more in region A
+: more in region B
-: same in both regions
-: no conclusion can be drawn
137. The relative magnitude of dynamics is
+: percentage increase in investment in the oil industry over the year
-: volume of increased oil production per year (million tons)
-: percentage of completion of the oil production plan for the year
-: volume of increased investment in the oil industry over the year
138. Production declined faster... in 2002 compared to 2001.
-: reduction rates are the same
-: no conclusion can be drawn
139. The relative magnitude of dynamics is
+: percentage increase in real wages per year
-: volume of reduction of the budget deficit (billion rubles)
-: percentage of production plan fulfilled
-: volume of increase in production output (million tons)
140. Growth rates were higher
-: debt amounts
-: debt payments
+: the rates are the same for both indicators
-: the pace is incomparable
141. The relative value of spatial comparison is
-: housing provision for the population in each region
-: cost of 1 m 2 of housing in each region
-: difference in cost of 1 m 2 of housing in regions A and B
+: ratio of the cost of 1 m 2 of housing in regions A and B
142. The relative value of comparison is the ratio
+: minimum wage to subsistence level
-: budget expenditures on health protection to the annual budget
143. The relative value of a structure is the ratio
+: budget expenditures on health protection to the annual budget
-: health care costs to cost utilities
-: the cost of utilities to the purchasing power of the ruble
-: subsistence level to minimum wage
144. The relative value of coordination is the ratio
-: the number of people employed in the national economy of the region to the number of people with higher education
-: number of married men to total number of men
+: total number of men to total number of women
-: number of persons with higher education to population
145. The relative value of spatial comparison is the ratio:
-: volume of cargo transportation by car to the volume of transportation by railway
-: the cost of transporting goods by road to the cost of transporting by rail
-: capacity of automatic telephone exchanges in cities to capacity in villages
+: population of region A to population of B
146. The relative value of coordination is the ratio
+: parts of a whole to each other
-: parts of a whole to a whole
147. The relative value of comparison is the ratio
+: auction price of shares to their par value
-: the value of shares put up for auction to the total value of shares
-: the value of shares in the current period to their value in the base period
148. The relative value of a structure is the ratio
-: parts of a whole to each other
+: parts of a whole to a whole
-: quantitative characteristics of the phenomenon to the environment of its distribution
-: achieved level to planned
149. The share of the rural population is equal to ... if 5 million people lived in the region, including 2 million people in cities.
150. There are ... urban residents per 100 rural residents, if 8 million people live in the region, including 3 million people in cities.
151. Correspondence between types of relative quantities
L1: share of employed people in the total economically active population
L2: food consumption per capita
L3: ratio of men to women in the total number of unemployed
R4: relative plan indicator
R6: relative comparison index
152. Correspondence between types of relative quantities:
L1: share of men in the total number of unemployed
R1: relative structure index
L2: milk consumption per capita
R2: relative intensity index
L3: ratio of men to women in the total population
R3: relative coordination index
R4: relative indicator of plan implementation
R5: relative dynamics indicator
R6: relative plan indicator
153. The relationship between the relative indicators of dynamics (RDI), the plan (RPI) and the implementation of the plan (RPRP) is expressed by the ratio:
+: OPD=OPP´OPRP
-: OPD=OPP:OPRP
-: OPD=OPP+OPRP
-: OPD=OPP-OPRP
154. Relative indicator of the production plan
= ###%, if the plan is fulfilled by 120%, and the increase in production compared to last year was 26%.
155. Relative indicator of implementation of the production plan = ###%, if production output decreased by 4% compared to the base year
and according to the plan it was supposed to increase by 20%
156. Product output compared to last year..., if OPP = 110%, and OPP = 90%.
+: decreased by 1%
-: increased by 1%
-: increased by 20%
-: decreased by 20%
-: did not change
157. The plan was implemented on..., if production output did not change compared to last year, but it was planned to reduce it by 20%.
158. Product output in 2004 compared to 2002 amounted to ....% (with an accuracy of 0.1%) provided:
159. Sales volume in 2000 was equal to ... million rubles, if in 2001 it increased compared to 2000 by 7% and amounted to 256.8 million rubles.
160. Turnover in 2001 was equal to ... million rubles, if it increased in 2001 compared to 2000 by 7%, which amounted to 28 million rubles.
161. The output of products in 2004 is more than in 2003 by ...%, if 26 thousand tons were produced in 2004, and 25 thousand tons in 2003.
162. The relative indicator of plan implementation is equal to ..., if in 2004 products worth 230 million rubles were produced, which is 20 million rubles. less than planned.
163. The relative indicator of the plan is equal to ..., if in 2005 products worth 400 million rubles were produced, and in 2006 it is planned to produce products worth 416 million rubles.
164. For every million rubles. of manufactured products account for ... million rubles. net taxes on products, if in 2004 products were produced for 320 million rubles, and net taxes on products were collected for 50 million rubles.
165. For every 100 unemployed men there are... unemployed women, if 256 men and 316 women are registered at the labor exchange.
166. The share of unemployed women in the total number of unemployed is equal to ... if 260 men and 240 women are registered at the labor exchange.
167. The share of unemployed women in the total population is ###%, if 580 women are registered at the labor exchange, and the total population is 14,500 people.
168. The share of imports in total trade turnover is equal to ###%, if goods worth 25 billion rubles are imported, and the total trade turnover is 500 billion rubles.
169. Total trade turnover is equal to ### billion rubles, if goods worth 24 billion rubles are imported, and the share of imports in total trade turnover is 12%
170. Goods worth ### billion rubles were imported, if the total trade turnover is 300 billion rubles, and the share of imports in the total trade turnover is 24%
171. Relative values are:
-: difference of two statistical quantities
-: sum of statistical quantities
+: quotient of two statistical quantities
-: product of two statistical quantities
172. The relative size of the structure characterizes:
-: development of a phenomenon in a certain environment
+: composition of the population being studied
-: development of a phenomenon over time
-: ratio of parts of the totality
173. The relative size of the structure is defined as
-: the ratio of two opposite quantities;
+: the relationship of individual parts to the entirety;
-: the ratio of two indicators of the same phenomena for different periods or points in time;
-: the ratio of two indicators of the same name belonging to the same population;
174. The relative intensity indicator is the ratio
-: one part of a population to another part of the same population
-: the level of the process or phenomenon under study for a given period of time and the level of the same process or phenomenon in the past
The studied indicator to the size of its inherent environment
-: the same absolute indicator characterizing different objects (enterprises, districts, regions, countries)
175. Relative quantities represent ... two statistical quantities
-: difference
Private
-: work
176. The sum of relative indicators of the structure, calculated for one population, should be
+: strictly equal to 100
-: less than or equal to 100
-: greater than or equal to 100
-: less than, greater than or equal to 100
177. The ratio of opposite indicators is the relative value
+: intensity
-: speakers
-: structures
-: spatial comparison
178. Indicators characterizing the volumes and dimensions of socio-economic phenomena are quantities
+: absolute
-: relative
-: coefficients
-: indexes
179. Indicators characterizing the volumes and dimensions of socio-economic phenomena are expressed in units of measurement
+: natural, labor, cost
-: coefficients, percentages
-: indexes
-: relative values
180. average value is a general characteristic of a varying characteristic:
+: in a qualitatively homogeneous population
-: in any aggregate
-: in a qualitatively heterogeneous population
-: in a quantitatively heterogeneous population
181. The value of the average depends
-: from the volume of the statistical population
-: only from the weights of individual attribute values
-: only from individual characteristic values
+: both from the individual values of the characteristic and from their weights
182. Average score investment risk is calculated using the formula ... if the estimates of four groups of experts of 5 specialists each are known.
+: arithmetic simple
-: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic simple
-: harmonic weighted
183. The average investment risk score is calculated using the formula ... if the estimates of four different groups of experts are known.
-: arithmetic simple
+: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic simple
-: harmonic weighted
184. The average tax... if the tax for all producers is increased by 3%.
-: Will not change;
+: will increase by 3%
-: will increase by 9%
-: will increase by 6%
185. General level population mortality ... if mortality in age groups of the population has not changed, but the proportion of older people in the entire population has increased.
+: increased;
-: decreased
-: change cannot be predicted.
-: did not change
186. The average score of business activity of entrepreneurs is ..., if
187. Average costs of raw materials are equal to ..., if
188. The ratio of the total value of the averaged characteristic to the volume of the population is equal to
-: variations in attribute values
-: median
+: average value of the characteristic
189. The average value of a characteristic in an ungrouped population is calculated using the formula for the average...
+: arithmetic simple
-: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic
-: geometric
-: chronological
190. The average value of a characteristic in a grouped population with groups of different sizes is calculated using the formula for the average...
-: arithmetic simple
+: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic simple
-: harmonic weighted
-: geometric
191. A statistical characteristic that quantitatively describes the pattern of distribution is
+: average
-: variation
-: asymmetry
-: the coefficient of variation
192. Average cost of manufactured products (with an accuracy of 1 million rubles) for the 2nd quarter = ... million rubles, if
193. The average balance of working capital for the second quarter is calculated using the average formula.... given that:
-: arithmetic
-: harmonic
-: geometric
+: chronological
-: quadratic
194. Average number employees (accurate to 1 person) for the 2nd quarter =### people, if
195. Average work experience is calculated using the average formula..., if
-: arithmetic simple
+: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic simple
-: harmonic weighted
-: geometric
196. The calculation of the average share of export products is carried out in the form of average ..., if
-: arithmetic simple
-: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic simple
+: harmonic weighted
-: chronological
197. Average age student is... years old
198. The average age of a student is... years
199. Average value, if all weights are reduced by some constant value,
-: will increase
+: will not change
-: will decrease by the same amount
-: will change in an unpredictable way
200. The power average is
-: arithmetic mean
-: geometric mean
+: root mean square
-: median
201. The harmonic mean is used when calculating the average value if
-: indicators in aggregate are directly proportional
+: the indicators are inversely proportional, or one of the indicators is not specified, but acts as a factor in one of those available in the condition
-: when calculating the average annual growth rate in dynamics series
-: series is interval
202. The average wage of one worker in a team of 5 people is calculated based on the average ..., if
-: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic
-: chronological
+: arithmetic simple
203. The average monthly population for the first quarter is determined by the average ..., if the population is given at 1.01, 1.02, 1.03 and 1.04.
-: arithmetic
-: harmonic
+: chronological
-: geometric
204. Average value..., if all variants of the characteristic are reduced by 1.5 times, and all weights are increased by 1.5 times.
-: Will not change
+: will decrease by 1.5 times
-: will increase by 1.5 times
-: will decrease by 3 times
-: will increase by 3 times
205. The average value is a general characteristic of a varying characteristic
+: only in a qualitatively homogeneous population
-: in any aggregate
-: in a quantitatively homogeneous population
-: in an aggregate that is homogeneous both qualitatively and quantitatively
206. Average value, if all weights are reduced by 20%,
+: will not change
-: will decrease by 20%
-: will increase by 20%
-: will decrease by 80%
-: will increase by 80%
207. The mode in the distribution series is:
+: most common characteristic value
-: highest frequency
-: average value of the characteristic
208. Mode in a discrete distribution series
-: always alone
-: does not exist
+: there may be one or more
209. The median in a distribution series is:
-: the most common value of the characteristic
+: attribute value dividing the series in half
-: highest frequency
-: module of the largest deviation from the average
210. Median in an interval distribution series
+: always alone
-: may or may not exist
-: does not exist
-: there may be one or more
211. The median age of brokers is ... if
212. Mode of number of errors, if
213. Variation is:
+: diversity of values of a certain characteristic in a statistical population
-: differences in the values of different characteristics in individual element totality
-: the sum of deviations of the characteristic values from the average value
-: the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the characteristic in the aggregate
214. Variation in two populations with the same mean values
-: always the same
-: always different
-: differ by no more than 30%
215. Variation in two populations with different means
-: always the same;
+: may be the same or different
-: always different
-: differ by at least 30%
216. The average linear deviation is calculated using ... deviations of individual values of a characteristic from the average.
+: algebraic sum
-: sums of absolute values
-: sum of squares
217. Average linear and standard deviations
-: always the same
+: can sometimes be the same
-: always different
-: always the same in absolute value
218. Dispersion is ... deviations of individual values of a characteristic from the average.
+: middle square
-: work
219. Dispersion can be determined for a characteristic:
-: only high quality
-: quantitative and qualitative
-: only for quantitative
+: for quantitative and alternative
220. If all values of a characteristic are increased by a certain amount, then the variance:
-: will increase by the same amount;
-: will decrease by the same amount;
+: will not change;
-: will increase by the square of this value
221. The coefficient of variation can be calculated based on
+: standard deviation
-: average linear deviation
-: span variation
