In this lesson welet's repeatbasic information about two-part and one-part sentences, about the types one-part sentences, about two-part incomplete sentences.Let's consideralgorithm for solving task B4.
Topic: Preparation for the Unified State Exam
Lesson: Two-part and one-part sentences
I. Features of completing type B4 tasks
IN task B4 Unified State Exam you need to find (most often) a one-part sentence of a certain type in a complex sentence. It is obvious that, firstly, you need to be able to find something complex, and secondly, you need to know the types of one-part sentences and not confuse them with two-part incomplete ones.
II. Complex sentences
Recall that a sentence in which there is one stem is called simple, and a sentence in which there are two or more stems is called complex . Let's look at a short text.
Let's emphasize the basics.
(1) We went out of town. (2) There was no longer the smell of acacia and lilac, no music could be heard, but there was the smell of the field, the wheat was green, and the gophers were squeaking. (3) Everywhere you look, everything is green, only here and there is a white stripe of blossoming apple trees.
Therefore, there are two complex sentences in this text: 2 and 3.
III. Two-part and one-part sentences
As you know, a sentence containing two main members (subject and predicate) is called two-part . A sentence that has one of the main members is called one-piece .
But! You need to be careful: a sentence with one main member may turn out to be two-part incomplete.
Let's look at microtext.
Let's emphasize the basics.
(1) The office was dark and quiet. (2) Nikitin for some reason began to think about how in two or three years he would go to St. Petersburg for something.
The first sentence has one stem: “ it was dark and quiet" This is a simple sentence, it has only one main member, similar to the predicate. This is a one-part offer.
The second sentence has two stems - it is a complex sentence. " Nikitin becamethink" is a two-part full offer: there is both a subject and a predicate. In the second part there is only a predicate - “ will go" It is clear from the context that we're talking about about Nikitin. This means that this is a two-part incomplete.
IV. Types of one-part sentences
Let us recall the types of one-part sentences.
In impersonal sentences there is not and cannot be a subject. Whatever we try to substitute will result in an addition. The predicate can be expressed:
Impersonal verb - dawn;
Personal verb in the meaning of impersonal - smelled;
Infinitive form of the verb - don't be late;
The verb “to be” and the word “no” in negative sentences - No.
The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed short passive participle and adverb - it was done, it was getting fresh.
It is also possible: verb in impersonal form + infinitive - it started getting dark.
Or like this: linking verb “to be” in impersonal form + state category word + infinitive - I was sorry to leave.
Rice. 1. Impersonal one-part sentences
IN definitely personal There is no subject in the sentence, but it can be restored. But restore not from the context, as with a two-part incomplete, but from the form of the predicate. Chief member can be expressed:
Verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural of the present and future tense of the indicative mood;
Verbs of the 1st and 2nd person imperative mood.
Rice. 2. Definitely personal one-part sentences
IN vaguely personal in sentences, the one who acts is unknown or unimportant. The main term can be expressed:
Verb 3rd person plural present and future tense;
3rd person plural imperative verb;
Verb in plural past tense indicative;
Verb in the plural conditional mood.
Rice. 3. Indefinitely personal one-part sentences
BUT! This can be tricky! It is important not to confuse the indefinitely personal with the two-part incomplete. Here's an example:
We didn't really know how to solve the problem. They called Nadezhda Alexandrovna all the time.
They called Nadezhda Alexandrovna all the time.- Two-part incomplete
It is clear from the context that we called, that is, the subject is said.
IN generalized-personal The sentence speaks of an action that is attributed to everyone together and to each individual. The main term can be expressed
Verb 2nd person singular. numbers and an imperative verb;
3rd person plural verb. h.
Generalized-personal sentences also include the following: sometimes you go outside and you’re surprised.
Rice. 4. Generalized personal one-part sentences
Title sentence is a one-part sentence with a main member similar to the subject. Such sentences communicate the existence and presence of an object. The main member is the subject.
Let's look at examples:
What a weather!- nominative
Cold autumn. - nominative
Rain on the street. - two-part incomplete
Rice. 5. Denominative one-part sentences
A nominative sentence can be extended by a definition.
Please do not confuse denominations with two-part incomplete ones. Two-part incompletes are common circumstances.
Here are some suggestions. Let's give them a description.
I would be very pleased to talk with you(one-part impersonal).
I’ll invite her to the garden, walk a little and explain myself.(single-part definitely-personal).
This will be eaten in the kitchen(one-part indefinite-personal).
Rice. 6. Two-part and one-part sentences ()
V. Analysis of task type B4
Now let's complete task type B4.
Find complex sentences, which include a single-component definitely-personal. Write the numbers of these complex sentences.
Let's analyze the text. Let's see which sentences are simple and which are complex.
(1) I quickly galloped through the gorges, had breakfast in Kazbek, drank tea in Lars, and arrived in Vladikavkaz in time for dinner.
(2) I will spare you from descriptions of mountains, from exclamations that express nothing, from pictures that depict nothing, especially for those who were not there, and from statistical remarks that absolutely no one will read.
(3) I stopped at a hotel where all travelers stop and where, meanwhile, there is no one to order the pheasant to be fried and the cabbage soup to be cooked, because the three invalids to whom it is entrusted are so stupid or so drunk that no sense can be achieved from them.
(4) They announced to me that I had to live here for three more days, because the “opportunity” had not yet arrived and, therefore, I could not go back...
(5) For fun, I decided to write down Maxim Maksimych’s story about Bel...; you see that sometimes an unimportant incident has cruel consequences!
The first sentence has one basis: galloped, arrived, ate breakfast, drank- these are homogeneous predicates. The second, third, fourth, fifth sentences are complex. Let's highlight the basics. Second sentence: I will deliver those who do not express, who do not depict, who were not, no one will read. Here's a one-part sentence I'll spare you. The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 1st person singular. numbers of the present tense - this means that it is definitely personal.
Third sentence: I stopped, passers-by stop, order, three disabled people are stupid or drunk, she is entrusted, it is impossible to get any sense. Here are two one-part ones: command, cannot be achieved. There is not and cannot be a subject here. These are impersonal offers.
Fourth sentence: They announced that I must live, the opportunity has not arrived and cannot leave. There is a one-piece here. The predicate is expressed by the verb past. vr. plural numbers. This means that it is indefinitely personal.
Fifth sentence: I decided to write it down, you see, the incident has consequences. There is something definitely personal - see.
Answer: 2, 5.
Bibliography
1. Bogdanova G.A., Vinogradova E.M. Russian language and literature. Russian language (basic and advanced levels) 10-11. - M.: Russian word.
2. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: Brief theoretical course for schoolchildren: Textbook. Benefit. - M.: Publishing house Mosk. University, 2006. - 240 p.
4. Federal Institute pedagogical measurements ().
Homework
1. Complete task type B4:
Rice. 7. Task type B4
2. Complete task type B4:
Rice. 8. Task type B4
3.* Find one-part and two-part sentences, determine their grammatical basis and the way of its expression. Write down the numbers of one-part (A) and two-part (B) sentences. If both types are presented in a sentence, write it like this: 2A, 2B. Add missing punctuation marks.
1. A thundercloud passed over the hill - it became hot.
2. They placed him a guard booth with a field telephone not far from the powerful pumps.
3. In addition to rivers, there are many canals in the Meshchersky region.
4. The boy laughed well, the way people laugh in villages when going out at night.
5. It was dawning sadly and tenderly, the way it always dawns in Moscow.
6. Outside the window, Tverskaya Street was gradually brightening, and from somewhere came the busy bell of a working tram.
What is a two-part offer? Let's look at the terminology together. As is known, all of them, according to the composition of their main members, are divided into one-part and two-part. a two-part sentence has two main members: subject and predicate, a one-part sentence has only one, which is called a special term - “the main member of a one-part sentence.”
Types of two-part sentences
In turn, two-part ones, in accordance with the type of predicate, are divided into nominal and verbal, which are further divided. Thus, among two-part verbal sentences there are conjugated verb sentences (for example, "The child laughed") and infinitives ( "Child - laugh!"); Among nominal sentences, sentences with a predicate, an expressed adjective ( "The night is amazingly bright"; "This noise is forest noise") or a noun in any case form ( “He seemed to be about twenty years old.”).
Incomplete two-part
In order to accurately determine what it is, it is necessary to understand the difference between incomplete and single-component.
One in which one of the members (major or secondary) is omitted. They are often used in colloquial speech. Examples of sentences of this type are common in dialogues.
- What did they give him?
- Kitten.
In this dialogue, the second sentence is incomplete. Its meaning is understood by us from the context. The addition “to him” and the predicate “gave” are missing here. would look like this: “They gave him a kitten.”
Signs of an incomplete sentence
If a predicate or subject is missing in a two-part sentence, it can be confused with a one-part sentence. To prevent this from happening, you need to know the signs of an incomplete sentence.
1. It senses the omission of a certain word, which can be restored from the speech situation or from previous sentences.
Thus, the presence of a dash can tell us that one of the members is missing. Consider, for example, the following sentence: “My sister wants to go to the theater, and I want to go to hockey.” The second part of this sentence is missing a predicate (“I want to go”). However, not all cases with a dash are incomplete sentences. For example, "Bug is a dog", - complete.
2. The sentence contains minor members that can only be attributed to the missing member.
- Where are you going?
- I'm shopping.
In this example, the adverbial “(for) shopping” can only refer to the missing predicate “I’ll go” or “I’m going,” so it’s an incomplete two-part sentence.
3. There is no subject, and the predicate is represented by a verb in the third person singular form in the future or present tense, or in the singular form of the past tense. Exception - (such as “forbidden”, “reliance”, “it is getting dark”), as well as personal ones in an impersonal meaning (“it is getting dark”). Here is the following two-part subject-dropping sentence as an example.
The athlete turned out to be well prepared for the competition. Immediately defeated all competitors.
Here in the second sentence there is an omission of the subject “he”. This example is an incomplete two-part sentence.
Context meaning
Sometimes it is only by context that one can determine whether a particular sentence is two-part incomplete or one-part. So, consider, for example, a typical case that is used in two different situations.
- What kind of music is playing?
- They play the piano.
Here the second sentence is indefinitely personal, one-part, since it is impossible to determine the person performing the action.
- What do your students do?
- They play the piano.
In this case, an incomplete two-part sentence is presented, since it refers to specific students of one of the interlocutors. We defined what a two-part sentence is at the beginning of the article.
Predicate - verb in the plural of the past tense
A sentence with a predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the past tense and plural, can also be either an incomplete two-part or an indefinite-personal one-part, depending on the context.
It’s dark in your house because another one was built opposite it.
In this, the second part is an indefinitely personal one-part sentence, since it is impossible to determine the person who performed the action.
- What have you done this year?
- We built a house.
In this context, it is clear that the speaker (and perhaps his family) performed the action, so the sentence cannot be called vaguely personal. This is an example of an incomplete two-part.
We hope we have clearly explained what a two-part sentence is and how to distinguish it from a one-part sentence. More detailed information can be found in any Russian grammar textbook, in the “syntax” section. You can also find examples of sentences of these two types there.
Among simple sentences by the presence of main members they distinguish two-part And one-piece. In two-part sentences grammatical basis consists of both main members - subject and predicate, in single-component ones - only one.
It is important that the main member of one-part sentences is neither subject nor predicate, because it combines the functions of the two main members of the sentence.
The following types of one-part sentences are distinguished:
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
- infinitives
- nominative
Definitely personal sentences are one-part sentences in which the main member indicates a specific character and is expressed in the personal form of the verb (1st or 2nd person). No.: I love thunderstorm in early May- here is the form of the main story. indicates a specific person - the speaker himself. The main members are defined-personal. sentence most often expressed hl. 1l. And 2l. units or plural. present or bud. time, as well as ch. pov incl., e.g.: I'm coming on the way to. We're sitting, we think, we write. Don't let it cool down your heart, son! Such one-part sentences are synonymous with two-part sentences: I'm coming on the way to - I'm coming on the way to. Used in formal speech, in business style and in thin literature.
Vaguely personal sentences are one-part sentences in which the action expressed by the predicate forms refers to an unspecified person. For example: In the door knocking (someone unspecified). The main term is most often expressed in the form 3 l. pl. h. present or bud. time, ch. pl. part last time, ch. in consonance inclination. Eg: You are waiting in the audience. You handed over the book (will be handed over). If I asked, I would agree.
Impersonal are those one-part sentences in which the main member denotes an action or state that exists independently of the idea of the person, example: Already it was getting light. Was frosty And It's clear . In impersonal sentences, natural phenomena are called ( Freezing), physical and mental states of a person ( I'm bored), state of the environment, assessment of the situation ( Cold. Good thinking on steppe roads), modal relations ( I wanted toThere is) etc. Predicate in impersonal. the sentence is expressed by an impersonal verb ( It's getting light), a personal verb in an impersonal meaning ( There was a knocking sound in the attic), words of the state category ( How nice it is all around!), short passive participle past. time ( Decided to go on an excursion), negative word ( There is no peace). Most often used in bad times. lit. (accuracy, conciseness).
Infinitives- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed by an independent infinitive and denotes a necessary, inevitable or desirable action, for example: You start! They differ from impersonal ones in that they are impersonal. the infinitive is dependent, and in infinitives it is independent: To you tell about it?- inf. And To you should(need to) tell about it?- impersonalNominative (nominal)- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed in the nominative case of the name and denotes the existence of objects, phenomena, states, for example: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy(Block). The main member combines the meaning of the subject and its existence. The following types of sentences are distinguished: nominative existential: Night. Street; nominative demonstratives: There's an asterisk; nominative emotional-evaluative: What a neck! What eyes!(Krylov).
The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-Part Sentences contain two The main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's getting dark.
Types of one-part sentences
| Principal term expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal proposals | ||
| Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Vaguely personal proposals | ||
| Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood, verb-predicate in the plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Somebody knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal proposals | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). |
Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. Impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
A) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) Composite verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) To me sorry to leave with you; |
A) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter. |
Closed . |
The shop is closed . |
| 5) The predicate no or a verb in an impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone keep quiet! |
Everyone keep quiet. |
| 2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Nominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the form of the genitive case will change to the form nominative case(cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); indicates inevitability or desirability active action (Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).
4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).
In this case, we can talk about one-component and at the same time incomplete sentence(with the predicate omitted).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.
Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.
Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.
4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I'm walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Specify those grammatical features main member, which make it possible to classify the sentence specifically as this type of one-part sentence.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.
A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.
With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).
The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the predicate verb refers to any character (cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).
It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).
The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter gender).
Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).
The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
